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Ciccone 2018.Pdf A multifaceted approach into the effect of coloured environment on impulsivity using personality, behavioural and neurological methods. Nicholas William Ciccone Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Cultures School of Design February, 2018 - ii - The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2018 The University of Leeds and Nicholas William Ciccone - iii - Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Stephen Westland for his continued support through this process. Meetings with him always helped to re-energise and focus my mind on my research and his considerable knowledge has helped me understand the complexities of colour science. I hope to stay in contact and find opportunities to work together in the future. I would also like to thank my mother Suzanne Ciccone and siblings Joseph Ciccone and Annabella Ciccone for their emotional support through this process, my father Nicholas Ciccone for his financial support and my friends Solomon Horton and Aaron Ritchie along with colleagues for the many coffee breaks and conversations that have picked me up in the tougher times and helped me celebrate the good ones. - iv - Abstract The direct interplay between colour and impulsivity has yet to be researched despite growing interest and activity in the field. The implications of gaining a better understanding of this area helps: realise the impact of LED use in modern environments, address the lack of evidence in reported crime and impulsive psychopathologies relating to coloured light and builds an understanding of impulsivity as a testable concept. The comparison of personality, behaviour and neurological approaches were used to understand: The effect of colour on moods and personality traits associated with impulsiveness, how colour interacts with impulsive behaviours and to explore how colour alters brain activity relating to impulsivity. Various methods were used in each approach: four self-report personality measures, two behavioural tasks and an electroencephalogram for information regarding brain activity. Results from the personality approach indicated that participants felt more impulsive under red light. However results from behavioural and neurological approaches differed indicating that blue light caused increased bursts in a balloon analogue risk taking task and increases in frontal (F3, FZ and F3 position) beta wave activity. These both suggest an increase in impulsiveness. Faster reaction times in the blue go no/ go task condition hinted at better performance but may also be an indication of hampered behavioural inhibition. These findings are contrary to the traditional notion that long wavelength lights are stimulating and short wavelength lights are relaxing but do align with the effects observed when intrinsically photoreceptive ganglion cells are active. It is recommended that until further empirically robust research is conducted, interventions relating to coloured environments effect on serious impulsive pathologies should not be implemented. Most prominently cases of blue light being used to reduce violent crime and suicide. The research also highlights the complexity of impulsivity, the difficulties in measuring it and the need to focus on sub-constructs in order to make accurate inferences about the effect of colour and impulsiveness in the future. - v - Research Image of the Year Submission This image comprises of five pictures taken of the coloured conditions used in this PhD. Once stitched together and aligned into a single image it displays the complete test environment where participants underwent EEG (brain imaging), personality questionnaires and behavioural tasks. - vi - Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................................................... iv Research Image of the Year Submission ................................................................ v Table of Contents ................................................................................................ vi List of Tables .........................................................................................................xi List of Figures ...................................................................................................... xiii 1. Research outline and purpose ......................................................................... 16 1.1 Context of Work ......................................................................................... 16 Advancements in lighting technology ..................................................... 16 Case studies ............................................................................................. 17 Business applications .............................................................................. 18 1.2 Aims of Investigation .................................................................................. 19 1.3 Overview of Studies ................................................................................... 19 1.3 Academic Impact ........................................................................................ 20 1.4 Thesis Structure .......................................................................................... 21 2. Background Literature .................................................................................... 22 2.1 Colour Ontology ......................................................................................... 22 2.2 Colour Vision .............................................................................................. 25 Basic Colour vision theory and pathways. .............................................. 25 Cone spectral sensitivity ......................................................................... 27 Metamers ................................................................................................ 27 Retino-cortical pathways ........................................................................ 28 Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ................................... 29 ipRGC pathways ...................................................................................... 31 2.3 Colorimetry ................................................................................................ 32 Colour Physics ......................................................................................... 33 Object colour ........................................................................................... 35 Brightness ................................................................................................ 36 D65 37 2.4 Colour Models ............................................................................................ 38 RGB colour model. .................................................................................. 38 Tristimulus colour space. ........................................................................ 40 Colour Temperature ................................................................................ 47 - vii - 2.5 Defining Impulsivity and its constructs. ..................................................... 48 2.6 General theories of impulsivity .................................................................. 57 Ego (cognitive) depletion and self-control. ............................................. 57 Automatic vs. controlled processes/cognitive control ........................... 59 Inter-temporal choice ............................................................................. 61 Inhibitory control .................................................................................... 63 2.7 Impulsivity, mood and personality ............................................................. 64 Mood, Emotion and Affect ...................................................................... 65 Impulsivity ............................................................................................... 67 2.8 Theories of Mood, affect and emotion. ..................................................... 69 General Emotion Theory: Evolutionary ................................................... 69 Cognitive-mediational theory ................................................................. 71 Somatic theories ..................................................................................... 71 Hybrid theories ........................................................................................ 72 Perceptual theory .................................................................................... 72 Situated perspective on emotion ............................................................ 72 2.9 Impulsivity within personality, mood and behaviour. ............................... 73 Emotional dysregulation ......................................................................... 73 Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) ................................................. 74 Mania .....................................................................................................
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