Oak Ridge National Laboratory Fusion Research Capabilities

D. Youchison (Fusion Energy Division) 2020 INFUSE Workshop November 23, 2019

ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the US Department of Energy ORNL (X-10) began as a nuclear reactor laboratory specializing in isotope production in 1943

2 ORNL grew into a leading nuclear science laboratory

Trained nuclear Contributed Examined Designed, built, Developed engineers to the design the safety, and operated techniques at the Oak Ridge of naval nuclear environmental, 13 experimental for nuclear fuel School of Reactor propulsion and waste reactors reprocessing Technology systems disposal challenges of nuclear energy

ORSORT established ORNL’s Geneva reactor ORNL’s Low ORNL’s Bulk Shielding by Alvin Weinberg exhibited at UN Intensity Test Reactor, 1950–1991 and Hyman conference on the Reactor–First visible Rickover, 1950 Peaceful Uses of Atomic Cerenkov glow, 3 Energy, 1955 1950 ~4600 staff members Oak Ridge National Laboratory Thomas Zacharia, Laboratory Director Communications: David Keim Partnerships: TBD Counterintelligence: Selin Warnell Office of Institutional Planning: Ken Tobin Internal Audit: Gail Lewis Office of Research Excellence: Moody Altamimi Michelle Buchanan Jeff Smith General Counsel: David Mandl Deputy for Science and Technology Deputy for Operations Office of Integrated Performance Management: Brian Weston

Computing and Energy and National Neutron Nuclear Science Physical Exascale Second US ITER Computational Environmental Security Sciences Sciences and Engineering Sciences Computing Target Station Project Sciences Sciences James Peery Paul Langan Alan Icenhour David Dean Project Project Suzanne Herron Jeff Nichols Moe Khaleel Assoc Lab Director Assoc Lab Director Assoc Lab Director Assoc Lab Director Doug Kothe Graeme Murdoch Interim Director Assoc Lab Director Assoc Lab Director Ann Weaver, COO Director Interim Director Renae Speck, COO Computational Biosciences Division: Cyber and Neutron Scattering Fusion Energy Division: Center for Nanophase Deputy Project Project Manager: Deputy Project Sciences and Julie Mitchell Data Analytics Division: John Canik (interim) Materials Sciences: Director: Graeme Murdoch Director: Engineering Division: Environmental Division: Hans Christen Nonreactor Nuclear Karren More Lori Diachin (LLNL) Technical Director: Suzanne Herron Kate Evans Sciences Division: Shaun Gleason Neutron Technologies Facilities Division: Chemical Sciences TBD Technical Systems Computer Science Stan Wullschleger Field Intelligence Division: Mike Pierce Division: Phil Britt Division: and Mathematics Electrical Element Division: Mark Wendel (Interim) Isotope and Fuel Materials Science Graham Rossano Division: and Electronics Kendall Card Research Cycle Technology and Technology Barney Maccabe Systems Research National Security Accelerator Division: Division: Division: National Center Division: Rick Raines Emerging Fulvia Pilat Brad Johnson Sean Hearne • Fusion S&T n=135 for Computational Energy and Technologies Division: Research Reactors Reactor and Nuclear -Fusion Materials • Plasma S&T Sciences Division: Transportation Budhendra Bhaduri Division: Systems Division: Yutai Katoh James Hack Tim Powers Jeremy Busby • Confinement Experiments Sciences Division: Nuclear Physics Division: Xin Sun Nonproliferation Proton Power Transformational Marcel Demarteau • Theory & Modeling Division: Upgrade Project: Challenge Reactor Cecil Parks John Galambos Program: TBD • Remote Systems

Business Services Environment, Safety, and Health Facilities and Operations Human Resources Scott Branham, CFO John Powell, Director Jimmy Stone, Director Mardell Sours, Director Accounting Operations Division: Engineering Management Division: Doug Freels Facilities Management Division: Compensation: Mark Keck Libby Brown Kory Miike Environmental Protection Division: David Skipper Diversity and International Office Division: Business Operations Division: Health Services Division: Integrated Operations Support Division: Deborah Bowling Debbie Mann Bart Iddins, MD Kim Jeskie Employee Benefit Programs Division: Contracts Division: Laboratory Modernization Division: Scott McIntyre Nuclear and Radiological Protection: Brooks Baldwin Jim Serafin Mike Stafford Employee and Organizational Development Division: Carla Agreda Information Technology Services Division: Office of Technical Training Division: Jeff Ullian Laboratory Protection Division: Kris Torgerson Bill Manuel Safety Services Division: Sharon Kohler Information and Process Management: Jeff Ault Logistical Services Division: Cheri Cross (Interim) Labor Relations Division: Transportation and Waste Management Division: Jeff Shelton Utilities Division: Bob Baugh Patrick Bocian Talent Acquisition Division: Gary Worrell

4 ORNL aligned with FES strategic plans FES strategic plan submitted to Congress identifies: ORNL engagement in the major themes • Massively parallel computing with the goal AToM SciDAC RF SciDAC GSEP SciDAC of validated whole-fusion-device modeling PSI SciDAC SCREAM SciDAC Exascale app project Leadership-class computing Whole device modeling HPC at ORNL

Fusion materials program Proto-MPEX • Material science as it relates to plasma and PHENIX collaboration (Japan) fusion sciences EUROfusion project

Material mechanical Low Activation Materials & testing Development (LAMDA) Lab

Shattered pellets for disruption mitigation • Research in the prediction and control of ELM pacing transient events Pellet fueling

Shattered Pellet Injection ELM Suppression

• FES user facilities will be kept world-leading W erosion & migration studies Transient studies • Continued stewardship of discovery in plasma Plasma heating science

5 NSTX-U DIII-D Five high-level thrusts provide growing capabilities • Develop a fusion whole device modeling capability leveraging ORNL high-performance computing expertise and commitment to advanced computing • Build the Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (MPEX), a world-leading capability to test plasma facing materials • Develop the next generation of fusion plasma facing and structural materials leveraging the largest materials program in the Office of Science, LM-PFCs • Provide a solution to the problem of power and particle exhaust compatible with high duty cycle operation – Fusion Energy System Studies • Develop fuel cycle and blanket technology

6 Building Towards Fusion Whole-Device Modeling Capability

• Present efforts: AToM SciDAC collaboration – Focus on integrating models/codes that will form the plasma component – Using ORNL’s “Integrated Plasma Simulator” (IPS) to optimize plasma performance – The challenge is integrating an edge plasma model onto the well established core model • Long-term goal: FNSF integrated design capability – HPC enabled integration of plasma, neutronics, and engineering components • New effort: Integrate RF heating with plasma + transport simulation for optimization of Proto-MPEX performance

7 Advancing fusion nuclear science Proto-MPEX Pellet-Lab

PFC HHF Testing @ ARL

EB-60

Fuel Cycle

8 Transient Mitigation using Pellet Technology

SPI-II with Gas Manifold • Disruption Mitigation – Shattered pellet injector (SPI) experiments on DIII-D deliver deep penetration and assimilation to maximize dispersal of plasma energy into radiation to spread out the heat over greatest area possible – Large High-Z (Ar, Ne) pellets developed for thermal mitigation and runaway electron dissipation – SPI experiments on JET and KSTAR are planned in support of ITER DMS • ELM Pacing – Experiments on DIII-D demonstrated peak heat flux deposited in the divertor per ELM decreases with Three cryogenically cooled increasing injection frequency barrels inside the guard vacuum

9 Neutron Science irradiation facilities at ORNL

10 LAMDA

<100 mR/hr

11 12 Enabling Long Pulse operation, PMI Research, and Plasma Processing with RF and Microwave Technology • We have broad range of capabilities to support research in a RF Power in variety of areas 30 psig blower Gas barrier – Numerous CW higher power transmitters RF Power out • FMIT system for high power RF transmission line component testing (1.5 MW, 40-80 MHz) • RF and Gyrotron power for Proto-MPEX plasma source development 10 dB coupler – 100 kW at 13.56 MHz Gas barrier Water cooling line

– 100 kW and 30 kW at 3-30 MHz IR viewing window port – 100 kW at 28 GHz, 53 GHz, and 140 GHz

– Several plasma processing systems for plasma-assisted physical Resonant Ring testing of RF transmission line components vapor deposition, RF sheath studies, and diagnostic development for 1 hour at 6 MW proves component performance • Continuity of graduate student and intern program commitments • Developing new diagnostics to advance understanding of the antenna environment and RF sheath through development of Doppler Free Saturation Spectroscopy (very accurate/non- pertubative) • Modeling capability of fields and plasmas (COMSOL, GENRAY, 100 kW Helicon Antenna on AORSA) Proto-MPEX

13 ORNL: Fusion Plasma Facing and Structural Materials • High temperatures, plasma bombardment, and hard-spectrum neutrons • Not a single material currently exists that can meet specifications for a fusion energy device • Structural materials (steels, silicon carbide, etc.) require significant advances over fission materials • ORNL leads the US and an international effort in fusion materials • ORNL is a world leader in Advanced Manufacturing at the Manufacturing Demonstration Facility www.iter.org 14 15 16 Addressing Power Handling Challenges Can Involve New Materials Achievement • Demonstrated that a nearly isotropic high- conductivity, low-Z plasma facing material is possible by combining pyrolytic graphitic ligaments with an isotropic-engineered microstructure Significance and Impact • For the first time, the thermal efficiency of low-Z armor is comparable to the copper heatsink Allcomp densified foam • Max Planck IPP interested in fielding the monoblock in >350 W/mK, ~1.5 g/cc the W7-X stellarator for potential use in divertor scraper element Research Details • Densified graphitic foam and mock-ups produced • Thermal properties measured, k=265 W/mK to date, expect 350 W/mK • Robust braze joint obtained on CuCrZr tubes • Hot water IR thermography showed that using no braze joint actually delivers best thermal performance • W-coated monoblocks in development D. Youchison, A. Lumsdaine, J. Klett, R. Dinwiddie, P. Bingham

17 SUMMARY ORNL has PIs covering many areas of Expertise & World-class Capabilities in Fusion Energy

Nuclear science • ORNL Leadership & technology – Fusion materials Materials science – Fusion technology & technology – Boundary physics – Plasma theory & modeling • Maintain & grow collaborations – Long-term staff at DIII-D & NSTX-U – JET, W7-X, KSTAR, EAST, WEST, etc. • Expand ORNL fusion S&T impact – MPEX Fusion science – ITER Research & technology – Advanced modeling & simulations

Modeling & simulations 18