No. 6. MARCH 1907. Vol. XII. SOUTH PLACE MAGAZINE

C onten ts PA GE SUMMARIES OF SUNDAY MORNING DISCOURSES DELIVERED AT SOUTH PLACE CHAPEL ...... 81

THE MODERN ORCHESTRA ...... 87

NOTES AND COMMENTS ...... 91

IN MEMORIAM-Mrs. Sarah S. Westbury...... 92

AN OUTLINE OF PANTHEISM...... 94 E.A. c.

SOUTH PLACE DISCUSSION...... 95

NOTICES ...... 95

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~ol\bon : SOUTH PLACE ETHICAL SOCIETY, FINSBURY, E .C. A. & H. B. BONNER, 1&2 T OOK'S COURT , FURNIVAL STREET, E C. 'tluttr Ilart ®trriral ~ tlritiu. ------...... ------South Place Chapel & Institute, Finsbury, E.C Object of the Society. " The object of the Society is the cultivation of a rational religious sentiment, the study of ethical principles, and the promotion of human welfare, in harmony with advancing knowledge. " MARCH, 1907. The followillg DiSCOURSES will be delivered 011 SWlday 1II0rmllg5, Service be~i1l1Iillt: at 11.15. March 3rd.-G. P. GOOCH, M.P.-Historyand Progress. Antbems ! 1. Wbat of the nigbt, watchman (No. 75) ...... T~o"s ..lIe I', I slept and dreamed (No. 239·) ...... De Lacey' ) No. 121. All grim and soiled, and brown with tan Hymns ,No. 59. We all must work with bead or band (No .•81 O.B.) March loth.-JOHN M. ROBERTSON, M .P.-Hopes and Fears from Woman Suffrage. A tb \1. Now arisetb the sun of liberty ...... Mo za.l. n ems I.. If I were a voice (No. 250) ...... Ambroise Thomas. H I No. 99· Be true to every Inmost thougbt (No. 477 O.B.) ymns No. Life is onward-use it (No. 3'5 O.B.) March 17th.-JOSEPH McCABE.-A Huudred Years of Education Controversy. Anthems I 1. My Heart Is weary waitin!! for tbe May...... Hiles I.. The future bides in it (No. 218) ...... • .. . .. Tr01lSstll •. Hymns I No. 61. Do not croucb to-day and worship (No. 300 0 B.) No. 77. Men who'e boasl it IS tbat ye (No. 386 O.B.) March'4th. - HERBERT BURROWS.-The Evolution of Man in the Social Organism. Antbems I 1. How lovely are tbe messengers ...... M,,,clol,so",, 2. Tbe wolldly hopes men set tbeir hearts upon ...... Lehmauu. Hymns I No. 8. All men are equal in Iheir birtb (No. 47 O.B.) NO.93. All before us lies the way (No. 509 O.B.) March 3Ist.-JOHN A. HOBSON, M.A.- The Power of Woman. Antbem l 1. Song of D,,5tinl;'... .., ...... Brah"". 12. Orpbeus with bts lute ...... Slll/iv~lI. Hymns I No. 2. Tbere's life abroad! From each green tree (No. 11 O.B ) No.,g. Tell me not in mournful numbers (No. 60 O.B.) SUNDAY SCHOOL. Tbe Cbildr!!n meet a.t Armfield's. Hotel opposite tbe CHAPEL every.Sunday.mornlng, at 1t.151 and thtlr lesson IS given dUring the disconrse. Members and friends wishing their children to allend the school are requesled to communicate with tbe Secretaries. March 3.-Questions In Etbics. lo.-MRS. G. KUTT NE R. Religions of the World.-1. 17.-Ml>s H. T. LAW. 24.-Music and Recitations by tbe Children. " 31.-No Meeting. Visitors brlngtng children to tbe Sunaay MornIng services are cordIally Invited to allo\\ tbem to allend tbe Children's lesson. Visitors lIIay tafle ally Seats vacallt after the first Allthem, and they are IIIviled t, obtain il/jol1l1atioll regllrdillg the Society ill tlte Library 011 SlIIlday 1II01'llillgS. A Collectioll is 1IIade at the close of each Service to el/able Visitors to cOlltribute to the expmses of the Society. . The Chapel 15 licensed for MarrIages. Cyclists desirillg to attmd the Services are ill/olllled that the COlllmittee have nade arrallgelllmts for hOllSillg their mac/mles ill the base/JItllt. Arrangements can be made for the conduct 01 Funeral Services on appllca­ Uon to the Secretary. MEMBERSHIP. "Persons payIng for sWings in tue Society's place of Meeting for tue time beIng are tbereby constituted members of the Society. Members who are twenty-one years of age aud upwards, wbose names have been twelve months upon the registel, and whose subscrIptions for the previous quarter bave been paid, shall be qualified to vote and to uold oflicp.."-Bxtract {ram Ihe Rules. Slttings may be obtained upon application in the Library, Or to Mrs. HAROLD SEYLER, loa Featherstone Buildings, Holborn, W.C., Hon. Registrar of Members and Associates, prices varying from IS. to 10S . per quarter. Persons under 21 are char&,ed balf the usual rates. ASSOCIATES. Persons residing at a distance, and who are unable to attend tbe service. regularlYt may become Associates of tbe Society upon payment of an annual Subscription of ss- wltll the SOUTH PLACE MAGAZINE .

• d. Monthly. No. 6. Vol. XII. MARCH, 1907. 28. Gd per annum, pod rrl'e. ======~--~~====~~ (The writers of Articles appearillg ill tltis I1Iagazme aI'e alolle rcspollsible lor lite oPilliolls tltercin cxpn~sed.)

UMMARIES OF U~DAY MORNING DISCOURSES DELIVERED AT SOUTH PLACE CHAPEL.

JANUARY 13TH: "THE LARGER HOPE." By HERBERT BURROWS.

::'11 \:\y can remember how thirty years ago, when hell was much more on men's lips than it is now, the late Canon Farrar preached his famou. sermons in \Vestminster Abbey on .. Eter­ nal Hope," in which he stroye to _how his f ellow-Christia 1S that, after all, they n ed not be in such mortal terror of being­ burnt after death in material fire and flames. ) I i. difficult for the younger generation to reali, e what a sensa­ tion those sermons caused in the orthodox world. The chil­ ,dr n of those days are now, a. Ingersoll prophesied they would be, skating o\'('r the floor of hell. Everywher hope, the larger hope, is becoming- the keynote of life. Physically, mcntally, morally, the horizon is widening day by day. Faith, hope, love- these three. ]

JANUARY 20TH: "THE WORLD V\lE MAKE." By J . A. HOBSON, M.A . To the various inhabitant of the earth, the world appear in­ different aspect, . The conception of the Earth-\\"orm must be small in area. To the Dog, th \\'orld is worth what his dif­ ferent en e-qualiti reveal to him. To the dome. tic Cat, it mean the result of that absolutise temperament which mould everything to its purposes. If we look into· the life of early man, he mu, t ha\"e had a very limited local habitation in a minute fraction of the earth. He had no u~e for most objects which fell in his k n-they d id not exist fOI­ him. But \\·jth expan ion of area comes greater knowledge. Educatio!1, m~agr~ as_it is, teaches a finer discrimination of objects, and the world is far more real and vari-ed than to- the primitive man. Whereas the lower forms of life are subjcct to their environment, Man' has become the creator of his enyiron­ ment. It is a different world for each of us. The infinite variety of idea that confront the human mind compel it to make a selection, and so it creates the world in which it lives. Philo~ sbphers of various schools have discussed the questions of the power of matter over mind and the power of mind ovcr matte!:, with endle s complication. The Stoics did not deny the misery in the world, but a serted the power to overcome it. They ought to negate the world, whereas the modern idea is to transform it. Our power is very limited: we must bend to Nature, for we can only make use of her by obeying her. By co-operation and social institutions man moulds his elwirol1- mcnt. The ciences do not unroll themselves as di intere ted occupations, but are accepted because they are useful to man­ kind. Botany rests primarily upon the need for food, and Astronomy upon the need for guidance. Utility i the source and end of cience. There was need for cienti ts to disavow their belief in science for its own sake, and to declare that their pursuit was for some human service. Human psychology has been grudgingly admitted by the general body of scientists, and mu t be further developed. \Vhat is need d is to determine the true limits of the human spirit in individuals and societies to form man's happiness. The evil effects of super titious valuations imposed by modcrn education on the plastic minds of children IS apparent. It would be a great benefit if the free expression of ideas upon the needs of man was encouraged. The revaluation of the sciences, and, the mind of man, unburdened from the dead hand of the pa t, would transmute the world and make it worthy for human habitation. Such freedom would lead up to the opportunity of spiritual freedom. SUGh . psychical engi­ neering would produce results, as in the material world. " ' hat can we do to more fully recogni e the instinct of creation In man? A special word to social reformers: an undue absorption in " anti" and destructive work injure our nature for creatin! work. The social reformer who does not "form" is not d.oing his best. There must be more and more of the enthu­ siasm of "making," not always of the greatest, but in the smaller affairs. To ome Rationalists the assertion of a cer­ tain amount of faith is a great difficulty. 'Ve must takc risks, we must have faith in the destiny of man and the proO"res!'> of the world. '" JANUARY 27TH: "THE STATE OF RUSSIA." By AYLME'R MAUDE. 'TilE influence of Russia has in the past been an enormous drag on the progres of Liberalism in Europe, , vVhen I\icholas II ascended the throne, he received ::t depu­ tation from the Zem t\"o (the Local Governments), who came to congratulate him on his acce ion, and in the speech he made to them on January 30, 1895, referring to the hope a few of them had timidly expressed, that the people would be allowed some small hare in the go\"ernment of the country, he said: " It i not unknown to me that recently in ,ome Zemstvo lJ11eeting voices have been heard of men "\vho have been carried away b\' insen, ate fancie concerning the participation of re­ pres-ent~tives of the Zem tvo in the 'affairs of thc goyernmcnt of the country. Let all men know that I, devoting m)' whole strength to the national welfare, will maintain the prin ipl' of Autocracy as firmly and infallibly as it was preserved by My late, never-to-be-forgotten Parent." The Japanese \ i\Tar, howev r, shook the Tsardom to its base. It is from the first disaster of that war, in February, 190 +, that the present reform movement may be aid to date. In December the Mo cow Town Council mu tered courage to make a declaration of the need of p'op~lar repre entation in the government of Ru sia. oUter th frightful na"al disaster at Tsu- hima, in June, 1905, a Gongres of Members of Zemst\'os and Town Council. met at 1\10 cow, and appointed a deputation to lay the needs of the country before the Tsar. The fourteen men selected included Roditchcf and Petrunkevitch- two of the "cry men whom the Tsar had scolded on hi, ac es ion to the throne. ] J now addres ed them in a different tone :- " Abandon," he said, "your doubts. It is my immo\'ablc ,,-ill-the Imperial will- to summon elected representati\'es of the people. . • .• You may tell this to all your neighbours both in the country and in the towns," After thi , howe\'er, Pharaoh's heart was again hard n d ; and the very next month, when a Congres, of Representatj\-e. of Zemstvos and To\\'n Council met in Moscow, they were di persed by the police, and their papers eized. Then came the memorable railway tI-ikes of October, 190 5, which brought about the Manife to in which the Tsar granted a Con titution to Russia, in accordance with whi -h, in l\fay, 1906, the first Ru ian State Duma met in t. Petersburg, COIl­ taining an overwhelming majority of members who were in favour of Parliamentary governmcnt for Russia. The Duma soon came into deadly conflict with the Tsar's Mini ters, and it was dismissed after only ten week. ' exi t nce. In the Ukase dismissing them, the Tsar said: ' "The repre­ sentatives of the nation have strayed into spheres beyond their competence, and have been making enquiries into the acts of. local authorities established by Our elves, and have made com­ ments on the imperfections of the Fundamental Laws which can only be modified by Our Imperill.l will." \\That that meant was that the Duma had unearthed the. fact that the Jew-baiting w~ich have disgraced Russia for some time past are fomented, 'and iii part organised, by official , and that incendiary proclamations were actually printed on a secret printing-press kept in the PoJice Department in Peters­ burg.

FEBRUARY 3RD: "THE FOURTH FRENCH RE\,OLUTION." By J OSEPH MCCABE. TilE \\'ork that has ju t bccn accompli hed in France is in onc sense a fresh revolution, but in reality the completion of one part of the work of the fir t reyolution. The work then b gun was. the delivct-ance of the country J rom aristocracy and sacerdo­ cracy. The errors of the Rc\'olutionists led fatally, through the Xapoleonic excesses, to the great reaction of the \Vhite Terror. So sacerdocracy spread once more oyer the land. To-day the nation eompletcs the process of seeulari ing its functions. Legi lalion, social service, and education have been successively. put upon a purely human basis. Kow the Church is disestablished. . . The important point that has been mi sed qr ignored by most of our journal. in their 'on fused comments on the pro­ ce dings in France is that that country ha ceased to be a Christian country. T11e Vati an has issued a diplomatic Kote plau. ib1y arguing that it should in all equity haye a' nuncio at Paris to direct the fortunes of its 36,000,000 French Catholics. You turn to ·the late t edition. of your "Encyclopa>dia Brit­ tanica "-if you have ·not yet found it out-and you find the figure accredited by that authority. You open one of the most recent and weighty volumes on European stati~tics (Dr, Juraschek' ), an,d there again you find the fig·ure . And you wonder where these 36,000,000 Catholics are dlu'ing the French elections, and how, for instance, a province lik~ Burgundy~ with · 27' deputie " has, for years ~:mly returned one Cathol,ic deputy-and , hc a great and philanthropic employer- to . the. Chamber. The figure is one of those exaggerations t.hat make one think the Vatican has ;'\dopted Dan,ton.'s motto: "Toujours de I'audace." . Taine said, on. Catholic authority ten year ago, that . out of two million Pari iat;\s onl)'. OJllf woman in tweh'e and one man· in 40 \\'ere practi. ing Catholic.~; fOl' the provinces, one woman in four and one man in twelve were the 86

figures he arrived at. His figures are certainly close to the mark to-day. I know on high clerical authority that the number of Easter confession. in France last year was less than 5,000,000; that is the maximum number of practising Catholics over seven years of age. Profes or Frommel has given their total number as 7,000,000. The Catholic Abbe Dessaine has confessed that they are reduced to "une minorite presque infime." The Abbe Naudet has said that" the c1ero-y have lost all they won in the la t thirty years except their wealth "-the one thing which Engli h joumals tell us they have lost. So this non-Catholic France naturally decided to admit this minority no longer to a privil ged position in its midst. How it came about that the State still ' retains ome interference in Church matters is easily understood by those who know any­ thing about religious or:ders in Catholic countries. A govern­ ment needs unusual measures to control the eel-like movements of these bodies. But the who-le blame rcaI1y rests with the Vatican. Three-fourths of the French bi hop~ and the elitc of the FI-ench laity had expressed a readmes to set up those As ociations to which the Govemment was prepared to hand oyer the whole property of the State-Church, when the Vatican issued its crude prohibition. Even hostile writers admit that Royalist influence at Rome had .omething to do with this. The government strained the loyalty of its upporters in still trying to meet the bishops; and ao-ain the Vatican bluntly for­ bade them to accept. Now the government has legalised all religiou mcetings_ It i·s a fine indication of the moral pro­ gres of France to contrast the violence of 1793 with the magnanimity of 1907-

FEBRUARY 10TH: "THE EVOLUTION OF WOMAN IN THE SOCIAL ORGANISM." By HERBERT BURROWS . . THIS subject is so wide and far-reaching that not even the fringe of it can be touched in a single lecture. But it is neces­ . ary that some thought should just now be given to it, for of late year, and especially at this time, it has become of in­ -creasing importance, and on the way it is approached and handled depends not only the future of woman but a!. 0 the future oi man. Neither men nor women can work out their . ocial salvation alone, and apart from each other, and unless the place and position of woman in the social organism be carefully studied and thought out, man's social evolution will he one-sided and imperfect. The pre ent uffrage agitation is in itself comparatively unimportant, in the sense that it is (nly one of many lines of force all converging to the common focus, the definite place of woman as a human individual and ~ocial being in the commonwealth. On the fact as to' whether these lines of force are definitely thought out and realisea depends the social evolution and development of the race at large. Everything points to the fact that woman, in the not distant Suture, will occupy an entirely new relation to man in general life- intellectually, socially, mentally, -morally, ' and even physi­ cally. The burdens of the past will drop from her nature, and she will stand erect as a social being, so that she and man may be really and in truth help, meet fof each other. This consummation will involve a complete change in the i'elation of woman to man in the community at large, that i. , OlS to her place in the ocial oro-anism. In spite of the philo­ sophical objections to the tel'm, the organic " unity" idea of 'Society as a whole i the inevitable outcome of the best physi 'al .'icience which bases itself on the concept of the unity of the unj'\rerse. Mo t of our social evils arise from the fact that men .a,!d women fail to see that to obtain a healthy social state it is necessary to recognis that the same laws of relation, cohe­ rence, and mutual growth, apply to the individual human units

THE MODERN ORCHESTRA.

'ON Tuesday, January 15th, Mr. T, R. Croger gave the first of .a course of ' three lectures on c'The ::\1usical Instrumenb u~cd in the. 88

~Iodern Orchestra," the special subject of the eyening being the woodi wind. It had been said by Sir Chas. Stanford that more good ID usic could be heard in London on one day than in any city qn the Conti­ nent in a fortnight, and altbough he had no new di covery to bring forward, he thought It would be intere nng and useful to those who "'ere in the h:1 bit of attending concert ·, to kIlOW something about the inbtTuments employed. especially as orchestral music was now happily in such great favour with the public. A the beauty of :1. picture depended on the kill with which the painter combined and contmsted his colour and tints, so the beauty and effect of a ~ymphony wa produced by tbe combination and contra ·t of various Ill~truments, each having its O\\'n peculIar character of tone; and it had occurred to him that the bearer~ would be all the better able to appreciate the effect of the whole, ancl to follow the interior parts of the harmony, if they had ~It leat borne knowledge of the powers and qualities of the individual in trument . After a few introductory remarks on the art of conducting, ancl the eccentricities of some conductors, ~[r. Cr ger proceeded to ex­ llibit and describe the flute, piccolo. oboe, cor anglais clarionet, ba cbrionet, and bas oon, the tone of each being di played by the lecturer, NIL A. J. Shorter, Mr. Oyey, and Mr. Sneath, Miss Gertrude "-ard being the accompanist, and at the conclusion two movements from a quintet by Beethoven, in which the horn al 0 bore a part, were played. Many interesting points :' ~re n~entioned in the course of the lecture. Flutes, of a very prllllltlve kllld, were said to have been known to the Clllnese 4,000 rears ago. Th.e first record of anything like a band in England was in 1557; in 178-+ a military band consisted of two oboes; two clarionet , two French horns, :md two ba~soons. The one-keyed fI ute wa im'en ted in 1660, by a French­ man. Quantz who taught Frederick the Great to play it, and wrote a great deal of music for him, strongly objected to more than one key, and said it was impo sible to play properly with more! In Handel's time the 8-keyed flute had COme into use, and in the year in which Mendelssohn died (r847), Th. Boehm, of Munich, produced the cylindrical flute, with the holes in the correct position., so as to be perfectly in tune,' and of such yolume of tone that Wagner objected to it as nOl being a flute at all. The oboe wa probably the mo t

On January 2::md ::'IfI'. Croger gave hi, ~econd lecture, dealing with a u.bject as to which it had been said. by Dr. E. Prout, " There i nC} ~ecttOn of the orchestra the treatment of which giye ' ~ o much trouble, and causes so much perplexity to student ·. a~ the bra~ s instruments." In the course of his remark, :l passing reference wa made to the ob30lete instrument, the serpent, a specimen of which was exhibited, although it wa not Illade of brass, but of wood cO\'erec1 with leather, and also to the ophicleide, which is now rarely if ever u ed. but both (If IV.hich, particularly the serpent, .once Qccupied a prominent position. The latter was saId to haye been invented by a monk in 1590, and was played in the Life Guards' Hand as late as 1870, and a part for it was found in the cores of St. Paul, Naalllall, and other works. fn describing the actual in truments now in use. ::\11'. C1'Oger dealt uccessively with the French horn, trumpet. cornet, sax-horn, trom- bone, euphonium, and bass tuba. He pointed out that the horn origin:llly was only capable of giving certain fixed notes. the octave and higher harmonics of the fundamental tone, and it was the introduction of valves, by an oboe player named Blumei, in 1813, and their development to perfectiou by Adolphe Saxe, about 1840, whereby the pitch could be lowered a semitone, a tone or a minor third which made it possible to play a scale, or anything like a melody, upon it. Even as thus perfected it wa not capable of rendering eveTY kind of music, and writers for the orchestra were ad\·ised not to rely too much upon text-book-, but to study the z,ctual instrument it elf, in tances being cited in which Beethoven, Richard Strauss, and others had written passage. for the horn which were IJI'acticallr impossible. A Mr. Fredk. Cord er aid: "Modern composers \\Tite impossible passage , and leaye it to the unfol tunate performer to disco\'er how they arc to be played." In the third act of Lohengrin the crooks were upposed to be changed ten times ill ODe page, sometimes in the middle of a b;)T. The use of the trumpet \qs origin;;1.lIy confined to royalty, and when the Emperor Sigismuncl, in 1426, gave the town of Aug_burg lea\'e to u c it great indignation was arou ed at fir t, but after that it beg-:U1 to come into general use. Great doubts had been expressed wheth r the trumpet parts written by Bach and Handel were, or could have been, pbyed. on the in truments then ),11 use, as there was no evidence that the slIde trumpet was In use before 1800, but ' it was quite certain they were never played so well as at . the prescnt day. It beautiful tone rendered the trumpet the pnnclpal brass instrument in the orchestra, bl,lt a band compo~ed entirely of trumpets, such as hc once lle.'ud, was too uniformly brilliant to be altogether sati factory. The tone and capabilities of the variou instruments were wel! d isplayed by Mr. Croger (horn), Mi - LiIian ::\Iukle (trumpet and cornet), and Mr. Plumler (trombone, euphoniul1l, ophicleide, and tuba), and instruments lent by Messrs. RudaH,. Carte, and Co. and "'.'Ifessrs. Besson and Co. containing certain. iinpro\'ements, were ex~ hibited and explained. The lecture wa ' concluded by a three-part song rend~red on the cornet, horn, a~d trombone. The pianofo~te acco.mp..'lnImen ts throughout the ever.ll1g were ;:tbly played by MISS A. V. Mukle. ' . 1 . O.n January 29th 1\1r. Croger concluded the. course .by cleal~ng­ wit.h stringed instruments, . th.e maIn portion of the le~ture bemg naturally clevoted to the vlOl ll1 .. A .few words were g'l\'en to ~he harp, drums, and other perCUSSIOn mstruments, and theD, comll1g go

to the violin, it appeared that nothing of the kind played with a bow was known in Europe before the tenth century, and this was the only means by which a u tained tone and the sympathetic quality, for which the violin famIly were celebrated, were attainable. The ancestor of the violin was the viol, which was made in various size , and had seven strings, so close together that it was hardly possible to play on onc alone; some, termed viols d'amour, a very handsome specimen of which 'Wl exhibited, had subsidiary wires beneatb the principal strings to reinforce the tone. Next came the rebec, which had only three string, and a bridge, so that one string at a time .could be played upon. It had a much coarser tone than the viol, and was mainly used at fairs and out-door gatherings, but it was from it really th."lt the yiolin wa developed, by adding a fourth string, and improving the shape. Gaspar da Bartolotti, more generally called da Salo, from the place of his birth, was the first maker of a violin, about 1560. The violin, though weighing only 15 ozs., consisted of 83 pieces, and had to bear a strain on the strings which had been calculated at about iI- cwt., the pressure on the bridge being about 28 Ibs., but this was partially borne by the sound-post, which had been called the soul of the violin. The bow was of great importance, and might be called the "better half" of the violin, the most celebrated makers being Tourte in France, and John Dode! in England, who e bows fetched large sums now, thougb he died in poverty, and was buried in Kew Churchyard. Corelli (born 1653) wa one of the first to write music specially fOI' the violin; up to that time it had only been used to play music written for the voices. A pupil of his introduced double stoPl1ing, and by uegrees the compas was vastly extended, by carrying the hand right up the finger-board-the first three posi~ions only being- previously used-and by the introduction of harmoDlcs, which gave another two octaves. Paganini made great use of both these devices, and wa such an extraordinary player in every respect, so diabolically clever, in fact, tbat his mother felt it her duty to write to the newspapers to contrac1.ict the rumour that he was a child of the devil. After a long struggle the violin ousted the viol, and on the re toration of Charles U. he brought with him from France 24 fiddlers, who formed the fir t string band in England. The viola, though only a fifth lower than the violin, had a very different quality of tone, being differently proportioned. It was rarely used as a 010 instrument, and, perhaps, for that reason, players Qf it were comparatively rare. Berlioz wrote a viola concerto, founded on Byrcn's poem of Harold in Italy, for Pag:mini, who had a fine Stradivariu in trument but it was not florid enough for his tastc, and he rejected it, but when he heard it played some time afterw;trds he was immen ely charmed. Suggestions had been made for an instrument an oct;Jve below thc violin and the late Mr. Strevon and Dr. Stclzner, of Dre den, had experimented in this direction, but they had not as yet met with any favour. The violoncello, which was developed from the viol da gamba, and tbe double bass from the cellone, were then described, and their tone displayed, and the lecture w;ts ' concluded . by some concerted piece by Purcell, A. Dolmetsch, and Schubert, the performers bemg Miss Maud aver)". and :\1essrs. H. V. Crog~r, T. R. Crag-er, Loveday> and Turner, :\liss Katc Smith playing the ptanoforte. 91 It was stated incidentally, that £2,500 had been given for a -violin, £3,200 for a 'cello, and it was said that Signor Piatti sold one for £4,000, but very good instruments could be obtained for much Jess money, and, in fact, on one occasion a number of experts were unable to distinguish between an old Italian instrument and a modem -one co ting £2, when played behind a screen by a well-known violinist. Mr. Croger's entertaining manner and quiet humour were greatly -enjoyed by a considerable audience on each and all of the three ·evenings, and at the conclusion of the course three hearty cheers were ,given for the lecturer.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

It is evident that what is known as the" secular solution" 'of the education difficulty is coming to be regarded with favour even in quarters where considerable opposition might be looked for. The Times of February 13th contains -an interesting article, given the prominence of large type, and occupying two columns and a half, on "The Secular Solu­ tion," the author being Mr. D. C. Lathbul'Y, formerly editor of the Guardian, and later of the Pilot. Mr. Lathbury announces himself in favour of the complete ecularisation of alI educa­ 'tion imparted by the State, but ,vould give the sects permi - si on to enter the schools either before or after the school holll's to give religious lessons, there being, however, no compul­ 'sion on any child to attend, and teachers employed by the 'State being prohibited from giving such in truction. Without expressin cy any opinion on the conditions by which the . ecular 'Solution is accompanied in this case, it is significant to note that Mr. Lathbury, a leading member of the Church of Eng­ land, ba es his proposal on the old Nonconformist principle ." that the State shall not pay for any kind of religious teach­ ing." He welcomes such a solution as not only logical, but .Just, thereby differing from Mr. Birrell and other present-day Nonconformists, who speak of being" forced" to the secular 'solution, when, if they were true to their principles, they would welcome it as carrying- out their often-expressed view 'that the State should be wholly neutral in matters of religion.

South Place and the other Ethi<;al Societies will have an ~pportunity this month of setting forth their position in the matter of secular education and of representing the injustice -of being compelled to pay taxes for the support either of simple Bible teaching or of complicated theological catechisms. The. .question is so very important that it is scarcely necessary to urg a large attendance at the meeting on the JIth March. Besides this particular demonstration by the Ethical and Posi- 92 tivi t Societies, good work .,\'olud be done if member, \\'erc to: secure the holding of meetings, either through their connection with local societies or by individuaL initiath'e, in their rcspec­ tive districts, with a view to the discus, ion of the que lion and thc pas ing of resolutions. \,\'e have no doubt that thc newly­ formed Sccular, ~,ducation League, which de en'cs the hcarty support of EthiCists, would give a si, tance in this \\ork. The question is rapidly becoming one of practical politics, and energctic work at thc prcsent juncture in keeping thc ubject before the publ ic mind would be particula rl y eff e tiye. 0 long as the State subsidises eit~er jl) the school or elsewhere a part.icular variety of religiou, opinion, it virtually penalises that right of free enquiry which has been the \\'atchword of this ociety since its fOllJ;datioll,

I MEMORIAM: MR. SARAH S. 'VESTBURY.

ADDRESS I~ SOl:TH PLACE CHAPEL, FEI3RL"ARY 1 T, By Io 'ErII MCCABE. l\Iy Fricnds, it is our 'Pllinful fortune to comc here again so soon to say that solemn word, Farewell-a word of which no u s';! can c\'cr wear away the sadnc~s. One more of tho e who h:1YC for many years watched and aidcd the progre 5 of this Society ha passcrl from it into the inexorable silencc, One more face-a familiar, respccted, and pleasant face-will be mised from it gathel ings: onc more voice is gone from its coun eb: onc more heart from its work, ome of you have come hcre with a deeper personal :orrow, You mourn. that the hand is now cold which ,for long years ga\'e to your lives all the tcndcmcss and power of wifehood and motherhood, I cannot speak for you. You will lay your sorrow ilently on this altar of dcath before it pas5es away, and the sympathy of the oldcr members of this Society is with you. ome of you are here beca.use you are touched that a kindly, helpful friend has gone from your circle: that one who knew how to appreciate life aright and 10\'e it ha had to quit too soon. Some of you have come to say a word of last greeting to a comrade in spirit, a genuine sharer in big):! aims and high ideal. For all I can but utter the common feeling of loss and sorrow, and ay a few \\'ord~ of appreci..1.tion. I ,haye l1cyer quite understood the hope of the g-Teat poet:- ~'Oh, may there be no moaning at the bar When I put out to sea." It seems '; noble ambition to leuye a wound in a few hearts when wc' quit this world. l:if~ live on and a' hundrcd joy and intercsts remain for us, But 1t )- a m::\nly and grateful th1l1g to forget them faT it moment, ~lDd suffer a \ycll -borne sorrow for the dead, Mrs. Westbury was ,a greatly'csteemed member of this Society. It was a characteristic-almost a distinction-of hers that when the' Society did anything that she thought noblc or' useful- took any public action, or did anything in pecial furtherance of its grcat work 93 -she not only responded generously beforehand to any appeal, but she wrote afterwards to thank those who had taken an active part in it. 0 public worker looks for words of this kind, but there . are ome gathered here to-day about her remains with more regret .and tenderness because she had that habit. It meant that she had 110t only a fine sensitiveness of mind, but 'a1so a real interest in useful work. She had the genial feeling, which we think right, that life is .a privilege, a thing to be enjoyed: that if one is fortunately placed in the strange ordering of this world one dees well to appreciate the gift. It i our experience that this is part of the best discipline of life. Men and women who have wi sely and happily appreciated life do not .c1ing in despair to the thin joys when the end is inevitable. They look back on a sunny stretch in which happine 5 has predominated, .and face the dark valley with courage and ~erenity. But it is one of the chief serious aim of such a Society as thi ' to pre\'ent enjoyment from becoming too selfish. We can say that Mrs. 'Ve ·tbury took the 'stamp and impre s of that ideal of ours out '1nto the world. We have no profound philo ophy to attain, no range of hazardous convictions to be anxious over. The spirit of human helpfulnes is all we stand for. To spread charity and generosity and sympathy about us in our own circles, to plead the ca use of truth and justice in the large world. It is a simple yet an arduous gospel for .11 , with powers and will that are at the mercy of every whim and change of our bodily condition. We are here to say that our dead friend was a worthy witnes to our truth, and that her aim and will were consistently higb. '''hat he was to the nearer few is for 'S ilent recollection. But the older members of this as ociation remem­ ber ber as a cheerful and genial friend, a prompt and strong sup­ porter of its object , a happy and honourable woman \yho took her opportunities to smootb tbe rough way of life for those that come after, and to rebuke folly and malice. Br ' uch women one of the great works of the world is being uno tentatiously done every da y. It is a matter of great grief to all that he could not stay a few yea rs longer to enjoy the autumn-time of life. Some day, i.f people insist on holding a higher standard before them, and working for it, there will be a greater security for all that a time of rest, a time of gentle enjoyment of the grateful affection one h~s created, will be given to us between the years of work and the passmg away. For our friend tbat time wa lamentably bortened. A deadly and painful di ease attacked her. She truggled bravely :l.gain t it, as ·every healthy-minded man or woman will do, but had to yield to tbe terrible and pitiles power. And J underst:lnd tbat she maintained our spirit of courage and dignity to the end. That cnd was tr::tgic. 'Ve need not try to take any other Ylew of it. Poets ba\'e hung g arlands about the figure of death. I t is high literature, but not life. Better face the naked tragedy, and work on until ::t better order of thing is reached in whicb it will he far le-s frequent. Yet there was thi ~ calming thought for ber, and such as ber. Her work ~va 5 done, and honourably done. She wa loyal to the ideal of the SocIety she belonged to and loved. She h.anded on something of the spirit its grea.t traditions have engender~d to friends and younger men and women who may help to spread It. She supported every effort to make tbe world better for those who arc to come. One can die resignedly with that consciousness. One may well fear death with- ·out it. We take our leave, then, of our friend Mrs. Westhury, a loyal! member of our Society. vVe offer over ber remains a sincere assur­ ance that we have appreciated her helpfulness and kindliness and courage; that .we are glad .for whatever happine~s she found in life­ and in our nnd t, and pamed for whatever pamed her: that her pa -ing-away has taken something from our lives of which we feel tbe loss, yet that we are the richer and the better for having had her with us_ We honour the high and steady aim she held in all the ­ task and difficuItie of life. And we feel great sorrow that the · autumn of her life has not been longer or more kindly. and that we are so soon forced to utter the irrevocable, Farewell.

The body of Mrs. Westburv, conveyed to Bolton, Lanca. hire. was. received lh~re by many friends, with expre~ ions of ~rief and re pect. After a bnef graveside sen-ice, the remams were mterred at Tong Cemetery on Saturday, February 2nd, '907.

AN OUTLINE OF PANTHEISM.

PANTHEISM.- ITS STORY AND SIGNIFICANCE. By J. ALLAN ON PICTON. (Constable.) This is an era of pocket editions, and of a resultant compactness . -both material and verbal-which in general is an advantage. Mes r . Constable, however, in their new series of shilling booklets on ,. Religious, Ancient and Modern," appear to be carrying the art of compression to extreme. This, at least, is the impression created by the first member of their series-Mr. Allanson Picton's "Pan­ thei 1~1: its. Story and Significance." In a more literal sense than that ln .whlch the phra e is u ually employed the book!s ouly fault is that lt is too hort. Even so skilled and direct a writer as Mr. Picton cannot adequately develop, this voluminous theme within the narrow compa. of ninety small pages. He has more nearly succeeded, however. under these restrictive conditions, in giving us a hlstoncal and philosophical presentment of the Pantheist's creed, than perhaps any other living writer could have done. To readers who have followed the delightful intricacies of this author's" Religion of the Universe" it is only necessary to remark of the slighter work now under revi~w that it is characterised by the . same qualities of scholarship, scrupulous ju tne , skill in dialectic, and the eloquence that springs from intense eame tness and lucid ' thought. The hi torical sketch of Panthei m and its fore-runners i a model of concise narration. It is only in his treatment of modern Pantheism as a philosophic belief that we feel-as Mr. Picton him­ self ha.s evidently felt-the restl-ictions of spa.ce imllOSed by the mode of publication. Of the controversial element in Pantheism there is scarcely a hint, and the objections whose actual or seeming cogency hinders many Ethicists from fully acccpting Spinoza's view of the universe find no answer indicated in these pages. For in­ stance, the Dutch philosophcr's most difficult doctrine of " inadequate ideas" as an explanation of the presence of evil in a world of God' -that doctrine which appears to' many of us to rest upon a great aS5umption-is indicated with a brel'ity that leayes the enquirer 95 merely perplexed. But as a short and attractiYe introduction to the study of Pantbeism, tbis little book, by the mo t distingui hed disciple of Spinoza now in England, deserves a cordial welcome from all who. appreciate clear and scholarly writing informed by yig-orous thought. E. A. C.

SOUTH PLACE DI CUSSION.

():\ February 6th a Public Conference was held. the ,ubject being •. What have England and the otber Power don:! in Egypt?" .\Ir. R. H ilmy, the opener gave a rapid account of the condition of the Eg-yptian people during the 19th century up to the year rSS:!, and contrasted it with that during the Engli h occupation, which dates from that time. Mr. Hilmy, who takes tbe point of yiew of a n.atiYe Christian was strongly of the opinion that tbe general condition of the people wa a ya t improvement upon the former state of thing .. It was true tbat the Khedive and his Government were merely the puppets of Lord Cromer, and that there was no political freedom. ] le was in favour of political freedom himself, but thought that reforms should be introduced slowly, because the people were not yet fit for them. He gave many intere ting figures, showing the good re ults of Lord Cromer's rule. An animated discus ion fC'Ilowed, in which other' Egyptian gentlemen took part, widely differing from :\11'. Hilmy, and :b~erting that the English occupation was not the be~t thing for Egypt.

NOTICES.

To t h e Member s of South P lace E thical Societ y - We wish to. tender our deep appreciation of the many manife tations of regret, regard, and esteem, shown by all upon the passing of our wife and mother, Sarah S. Westbury. In our grief, it i a solace to us to kno\\' that she, who loved all good and noble things, was not her 'elf un loyed. \Ve find it impossible to approach each member in person, but our thanks are sincere and individual. F. \;I,·ESTBURY. CLA1.'DE F. \VE TBl,"RY. The Chestnuts, 163 King's Avenue, S.VI., February 4th, 1907.

Members of the South Place Ethical Society who may wish to help in any part of its work, are cordially invited to place themselves in communication with the Secretaries of the sub,committees having charge of the activities in which they are interested, Ltmoin g Library -The Librarians haye much pleasure in acknow­ ledging the following gifts:- From Mrs. Mona C.aird : A copy of her new \York, "Romantic Cities of Provence" (H 9). From Mr. F. W . Read: "My Pilgrimage to the "'ise i>len of the East," by Moncure D. Conway (N 3). ' From Mr. C, Hug-he: "The Philanthropist," by John F. Causton . (0 r :!). . . From :\1r. 'Vestbury, for the Children's Library: "The Fail}' Talc ,9 6 that Never Ends," by Louie Stacey; "The Log of H.M.S. C Bonaven­ tura '," by H. Breaks; ~' Song and Poems of Fairyland," arr. A. E. \Vaite ; " The Sea a nd 1tS Wonders," b)- :\lary and Elizabeth Kirby ; c'The \;IJ'orld at Home, or Pictures from Far-off Lands"; , C Won by the Sword " by G. A. H enty, and" Anchor-vVatch Yarns," by F. ~l. AUen (0 10). " The Opal Sea," by J. C. Van Dyke (0 12), h as been added to the Library. Sunday Evening Lectures.-The third erie of these lectures will be held on April 7th, 14th, 21 t, and 2Sth, and May 26th. As in the 1:wo pre\'iou. years, they will deal with matters of current controversy, a.nd each lecture will be followed by discus ion. New Members.- Yrr. Chas. E. Edwarcl , :q Hampden Road, Horn- scy, N. Mrs. Harrington, 22 Gascoyne Road, South Hackney, N.E. Mrs. F. A. Hawkins, 13 Thurlow Park Road, West Norwood, .E. :\lL Geo. G. Yreek, 31 Colebrook Row, Islington, N. ~lr s . A. C. Hclen Mercdith 42 Clovelly :\1ansion , Gray's Inn R oad, W.C. ' Mc C. F. We tbury, The Chestnuts, South Road. CI:1ph:1J11 Park, S.v.-. Neqr Associates.-Mr. A. R. Andrew , Portsea, IS S T ettenhall Road, \;IJ'oh·erhampton. YIr. and :\lrs. R. R. Dickill on, SS Tynmouth Road, South Tot­ ten ham, N. Removal.-Miss Carpenter, to 34 Manor Park Road, Redland, Bristol. Deaths.- At 55 Buxton Road, Chingford, on Saturday, ::!6th Janu:1ry, Agnes, the wife, comrade, and fl'l end of Hugh P arry. On February 4th, :\1r. Charles Filcr, of 89 Gore Road, South H ack­ ney, N.E. On January 30th, :\1rs. "'estbury, at The Che tnuts, South RO:1d, Clapham Pa.rk, S.V,T. Advertisements in the Ma.gazine. -It having been suggested that South Place members who have apartments to let might find it con­ venient to advertise them in the Magazine, the Magazine Committee are willing to accept such advertisements at a charge of 2S. for the first 2.j. words, and Id. per word after. To Correspondents. -All articles, carrespondence, or other matter .for the Magazine should be addressed to the Editor, South Place .Institute,· Finsbury, E.C., or 65 Harley Road, HarJesden, N. W., .and should reach him not later than the 15th of the month. The Editor will be glad to insert letters on subjects of general interest 'to the readers of the Magazine, but correspondents are requested to condense their remarks as much as possible. All communications should be written on one side of the paper only. It is desired that articles and letters be signed. The SOUTH PLACE MAGAZINE is published for the Committee by A. and H. B. Bonner. I and 2 Took's Court, Chancery Lane. It is for sale in the Library of South Place Chapel. and also on the boo!

Rlgistrar oj Membus awl Associates: Mrs. IlAHOl"D S&Vt.ER. Ion Fealherstone Buildings, . . Holborn, W,C. Et/.lor of MlIg".~,": F, W. READ, 65 Harley Road, Horlesden, N.W. Librnrimu "MISS MARv RAwr.. INGs. 406 Mare Street, Hackney, N.R. lWALLIS MANSPORD, Cherry Tree Court, 53 Aldersgate SlIe".t, E,C, R •• bullditlg Fu"d 7',u.I ... W. RAWI.INGS, 406 Mare Street, Haclmey, .N.Ii.. . I I. R. CART~R, Courtfield, Ross Road, Walllllgton, Surrey. GENERAL COMMITTEE. JOHN ALnRl!o. C. E. FAIRHALfl. J. MRTCALF. Mrs. ARKLAY. T. GANT.R. P. M, OVERY, C. R. BRACE . W. HALLtDAY. Miss UAWLINGS. J. R, CARTER. G. KUTTNER. WL1AN RONE". A, J. CLEMENTS. Miss F. A. LAW. . C. WAnE. E, CUNNINGHAM. MI5. LtDSTONE. E. Wn.l.lAMS. Dr, A. DELVE. N. LIDSTONE. THEO. R. WItIOHT. SecrettHles of Sub,Committees, Huildlllg C. R. B"ACE. 26 Bethune Road. Slamford Hill, N. Concert ALFRKO " CLIIMENTS, '5 Call1den Road, N W , Decoration .. Miss E. HARRINGTON. 22 Gascovne Rd., S. Hackney N. E Discussion ... W C, W AOE, .07 En~le6eld ~oad, Canon bury. N, ' C. E, FAlRHALL, 18 Firs ManSIOns, Musw.1! HIU, N. Finance Mrs. LIDSTONE. 96 Blacl