RISK & RESILIENCE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK for PHILIPPINE HERITAGE SITES & STRUCTURES

Grace C. Ramos EnP 328 Carmen Bettina S. Bulaong, co-author https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24530042

https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/27/19/look-quake-damage-in-batanes

http://www.juliabroad.com/2013-2015/2014/2/27/pampanga-december-2013-1 https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/typhoon-yolanda/44932-yolanda-haiyan-tagle-palo-leyte Title

• Body

https://philnews.ph/2018/05/10/philippine-historical- landmarks-vandalized-rotten-forgotten/

https://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/5-historical-buildings-you-need-to-see-in-escolta/

GCRamos 2017 CHALLENGE AT HAND

How can risk and resilience management principles be organized into a design and management framework for the protection and sustained viability of Philippine heritage sites and structures? 1. What design and management issues beset different categories of Philippine heritage sites and structures?  In search  Risk 2. What types of risks that pose threats to Philippine heritage of a Management sites and structures? framework Principles

3. What are the general features of Philippine heritage sites and structures that make them pre-disposed to risks?  Heritage  Risk 4. What are the key risk management principles that underlie Profile Resilience the long-term survival of sites and structures? and  Risks to Philippine 5. What are the factors that account for resilience of sites and structures? Philippine Heritage Heritage 6. What are the relationships between and among the risk and resilience variables and the features of Philippine heritage sites and structures? Manila, Angono, METHODOLOGY Iloilo, Zamboanga CASES

•Systems Theory DESIGN & •Social construction MANAGEMENT of Risk PRINCIPLES •People-space dialectics •R= HEV H • Hyogo EXISTING RESILIENCE E • Sendai FRAMEWORKS THEORIES • Climate V Change Act • 100 Resilient Cities 6 CASE SITES

City of Manila Municipality of Angono City of Iloilo City of Zamboanga CITY OF MANILA Classification First Class City

Land Area 4,045.80 has.

Population 1,581,082 persons https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/01/19/feast-of-san-sebastian-to- be-celebrated-in-high-mass-today/

http://wikimapia.org/6219916/University-of- Population Density 41,282/ sq.km. Santo-Tomas#/photo/3419166 Barangays 897 Registered Heritage 482 Structures/Sites Risks Flooding, liquefaction, ground shaking Fire due to old structures and informal settlements ; Urbanization effects Average Income 374,313 https://www.payscale.com/research/PH/Location=Iloilo-City/Salary 194,455 CLUP

8 MANILA HERITAGE MAP MANILA HERITAGE ON RISK MAPS MANILA HERITAGE SITES

MANILA CATHEDRAL MANILA CITY HALL SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH

SAN SEBASTIAN UST MAIN BLDG. MUNICIPALITY OF ANGONO Classification First Class Municipality

Land Area 2,300 has. Population 102,407 http://www.baldtrekker.com/2017/03/10/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs/ Population Growth Rate 1.78%

Population Density 60/ ha. Barangays 10 http://angono.gov.ph Registered Heritage 9 Structures/Sites http://whatsup.ph/rizal-travel-guide-art- capital-philippines-and-other-parts-of-rizal/ Risks Flooding, Landslides, Drought; Urbanization Spillover effects Average Income (Rizal) 246,286 NSO

https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-23wOGqBLUEw/WV46- bfIQQI/AAAAAAAACnI/FSPSzZrDYKcaHolc7nD7iJ_QxmcWd- HbwCLcBGAs/s1600/Francisco%2B0%2Blead.jp ANGONO HERITAGE MAP ANGONO HERITAGE ON RISK MAPS ANGONO HERITAGE SITES

PETROGLYPHS CARLOS FRANCISCO HOUSE ST. CLEMENT CHURC CITY OF ILOILO

Classification First Class City https://www.scoopnest.com/user/inqui rerdotnet/608285218089279488-flags- adorn-the-restored-old-iloilo- provincial-capitol-where-the-june-12- Land Area 73.34 sq.km vin-d39honneur-will-be-held Population 461,841

Population Growth Rate 1.02%

www.hiveminer.com Population Density 5,836/sq.km https://www.panaynews.net/isis-to-disrupt- jaro-fiesta-fake-news-pro-6/ Barangays 180

https://iloilo-travel- Registered Heritage 228 guide.blogspot.com/2012/01/st-annes- church-in-molo.html Structures/Sites Risks Flooding, liquefaction, ground shaking https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/histor y-and-culture/3951/historical-sites-iloilo/ Urbanization effects Average Income 202,324 https://www.payscale.com/research/PH/Location=Iloilo- City/Salary 16 ILOILO HERITAGE MAP ILOILO HERITAGE ON RISK MAPS ILOILO HERITAGE SITES

CASA REAL JARO CATHEDRAL MOLO CHURCH

OLD CITY HALL OLD JARO MUN. HALL CITY OF ZAMBOANGA Classification First Class City Land Area 1,453.27 sq.km

https://zamboanga.com/z/index.p Population 861,799 hp?title=File:Fort_pilar_2012.jpg Population Growth 2.38% Rate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City#/m http://www.bucor.gov.ph/facilities/srppf.html edia/File:ZAMBOANGA_CITY_Asia's_Latin_City Population Density 593/ sq.km _City_Hall_and_Plaza_Rizal_(Ayunamiento_y_Pl aza_Rizal).jpg

Barangays 98 Registered Heritage 18 https://www.beautifulmosque.com/Taluks Structures/Sites angay-Mosque-in-Barangay-Philippines Risks Armed Conflicts Flooding, Storm Surge Urbanization effects https://blog.edukasyon.ph/college-life/the- students-guide-to-the-western-mindanao- Average Income 186,212 state-university-college-entrance-test- wmsucet/ https://www.payscale.com/research/PH/Location=Iloilo- City/Salary

http://www.bucor.gov.ph/facilities/srppf.html ZAMBOANGA HERITAGE MAP ZAMBOANGA HERITAGE ON RISK MAPS ZAMBOANGA HERITAGE SITES

FORT PILAR SAN RAMON PRISON TALUKSANGKAY MOSQUE

WMSU NORMAL SCHOOL CITY HALL DISASTER RISKS CITY/ MUNICIPALITY NATURAL HUMAN-INDUCED MANILA ANGONO ILOILO 2019 Traffic, Sea Port Activities Blue Alert due to Semana Santa ZAMBOANGA Drowning Fire Neighborhood Fire Neighborhood Fire Earthquake Intensity V earthquake Tropical Depression Tropical Depression “Chedeng” Water Pollution Informal Settlers and Building Dead fish from low level of Encroachment on Manila Bay dissolved oxygen 2018 Flooding Tropical Cyclone. Tropical Storm Detection of Flood Risk Areas. Tropical Storm “Vinta”. Heavy Landslides “Karding”. Typhoon “Ompong”. Evacuation, and damage to private Rains property. Water Pollution Manila Bay Overflows, leaves garbage. Earthquake “Blue Alert” from series of quakes PHIVOLCS explains trend in killer Tsunami earthquakes Fire Neighborhood Fire with casualties 2017 Flooding Tropical Depression “Maring” Inclement weather by habagat Tropical Depression Vinta. Landslide Evacuation in caution from landlslides 2016 Fire, Feast of the Black Nazarene Health and Life Safety due to Processional Walk crowding, Children getting lost Vehicular accidents, Drowning Holy Week with high volume traffic to provinces and places of worship Fire Trips to beaches/resorts Violence National and local elections , Protest Rallies Shooting, Bomb/grenade explosion, Fire/conflagaration, Commotion/Violence Incident/Harassment/Threat incident Tornado Tornado causes heavy damages 2015 Landslides, Typhoon Undas. Typhoon “Koppu” Typhoon Hanna Flooding 2014 Landslides Typhoon “Hagupit”/ “Ruby” Tropical Depression “Agaton” Typhoon Flooding Typhoon Luis 2013 Flooding, Storm Surge, Torrential rain brings waist-deep floods Typhoon Yolanda and strong winds Armed Conflict Shooting, Bomb explosion, Fires Oil Spill 800,000 liters of oil leak 2012 Flooding Rains cause dams to overflow Landslide Heavy rain and earthquakes cause landslides 2011 Flooding Typhoon “Nesat” DISASTER RISKS CITY/ MUNICIPALITY NATURAL HUMAN-INDUCED ILOILO 2019 Traffic, Sea Port Activities MANILA ANGONOBlue Alert due to Semana Santa ZAMBOANGA Drowning Fire Neighborhood Fire Neighborhood Fire Earthquake Intensity V earthquake Tropical Depression Tropical Depression “Chedeng” Water Pollution Informal Settlers and Building Dead fish from low level of Encroachment on Manila Bay dissolved oxygen 2018 Flooding Tropical Cyclone. Tropical Storm Detection of Flood Risk Areas. Tropical Storm “Vinta”. Heavy Landslides “Karding”. Typhoon “Ompong”. Evacuation, and damage to private Rains property. Water Pollution Manila Bay Overflows, leaves garbage. Earthquake “Blue Alert” from series of quakes PHIVOLCS explains trend in killer Tsunami earthquakes Fire Neighborhood Fire with casualties 2017 Flooding Tropical Depression “Maring” Inclement weather by habagat Tropical Depression Vinta. Landslide Evacuation in caution from landlslides 2016 Fire, Feast of the Black Nazarene Health and Life Safety due to Processional Walk crowding, Children getting lost Vehicular accidents, Drowning Holy Week with high volume traffic to provinces and places of worship Fire Trips to beaches/resorts Violence National and local elections , Protest Rallies Shooting, Bomb/grenade explosion, Fire/conflagaration, Commotion/Violence Incident/Harassment/Threat incident Tornado Tornado causes heavy damages 2015 Landslides, Typhoon Undas. Typhoon “Koppu” Typhoon Hanna Flooding 2014 Landslides Typhoon “Hagupit”/ “Ruby” Tropical Depression “Agaton” Typhoon Flooding Typhoon Luis 2013 Flooding, Storm Surge, Torrential rain brings waist-deep floods Typhoon Yolanda and strong winds Armed Conflict Shooting, Bomb explosion, Fires Oil Spill 800,000 liters of oil leak 2012 Flooding Rains cause dams to overflow Landslide Heavy rain and earthquakes cause landslides 2011 Flooding Typhoon “Nesat” DISASTER RISKS CITY/ MUNICIPALITY NATURAL HUMAN-INDUCED MANILA ANGONO ILOILO 2019 Traffic, Sea Port Activities Blue Alert due to Semana Santa ZAMBOANGA Drowning Fire Neighborhood Fire Neighborhood Fire Earthquake Intensity V earthquake Tropical Depression Tropical Depression “Chedeng” Water Pollution Informal Settlers and Building Dead fish from low level of Encroachment on Manila Bay dissolved oxygen 2018 Flooding Tropical Cyclone. Tropical Storm Detection of Flood Risk Areas. Tropical Storm “Vinta”. Heavy Landslides “Karding”. Typhoon “Ompong”. Evacuation, and damage to private Rains property. Water Pollution Manila Bay Overflows, leaves garbage. Earthquake “Blue Alert” from series of quakes PHIVOLCS explains trend in killer Tsunami earthquakes Fire Neighborhood Fire with casualties 2017 Flooding Tropical Depression “Maring” Inclement weather by habagat Tropical Depression Vinta. Landslide Evacuation in caution from landlslides 2016 Fire, Feast of the Black Nazarene Health and Life Safety due to Processional Walk crowding, Children getting lost Vehicular accidents, Drowning Holy Week with high volume traffic to provinces and places of worship Fire Trips to beaches/resorts Violence National and local elections , Protest Rallies Shooting, Bomb/grenade explosion, Fire/conflagaration, Commotion/Violence Incident/Harassment/Threat incident Tornado Tornado causes heavy damages 2015 Landslides, Typhoon Undas. Typhoon “Koppu” Typhoon Hanna Flooding 2014 Landslides Typhoon “Hagupit”/ “Ruby” Tropical Depression “Agaton” Typhoon Flooding Typhoon Luis 2013 Flooding, Storm Surge, Torrential rain brings waist-deep floods Typhoon Yolanda and strong winds Armed Conflict Shooting, Bomb explosion, Fires Oil Spill 800,000 liters of oil leak 2012 Flooding Rains cause dams to overflow Landslide Heavy rain and earthquakes cause landslides 2011 Flooding Typhoon “Nesat” DISASTER RISKS CITY/ MUNICIPALITY NATURAL HUMAN-INDUCED MANILA ANGONO ILOILO 2019 Traffic, Sea Port Activities Blue Alert due to Semana Santa ZAMBOANGA Drowning Fire Neighborhood Fire Neighborhood Fire Earthquake Intensity V earthquake Tropical Depression Tropical Depression “Chedeng” Water Pollution Informal Settlers and Building Dead fish from low level of Encroachment on Manila Bay dissolved oxygen 2018 Flooding Tropical Cyclone. Tropical Storm Detection of Flood Risk Areas. Tropical Storm “Vinta”. Heavy Landslides “Karding”. Typhoon “Ompong”. Evacuation, and damage to private Rains property. Water Pollution Manila Bay Overflows, leaves garbage. Earthquake “Blue Alert” from series of quakes PHIVOLCS explains trend in killer Tsunami earthquakes Fire Neighborhood Fire with casualties 2017 Flooding Tropical Depression “Maring” Inclement weather by habagat Tropical Depression Vinta. Landslide Evacuation in caution from landlslides 2016 Fire, Feast of the Black Nazarene Health and Life Safety due to Processional Walk crowding, Children getting lost Vehicular accidents, Drowning Holy Week with high volume traffic to provinces and places of worship Fire Trips to beaches/resorts Violence National and local elections , Protest Rallies Shooting, Bomb/grenade explosion, Fire/conflagaration, Commotion/Violence Incident/Harassment/Threat incident Tornado Tornado causes heavy damages 2015 Landslides, Typhoon Undas. Typhoon “Koppu” Typhoon Hanna Flooding 2014 Landslides Typhoon “Hagupit”/ “Ruby” Tropical Depression “Agaton” Typhoon Flooding Typhoon Luis 2013 Flooding, Storm Surge, Torrential rain brings waist-deep floods Typhoon Yolanda and strong winds Armed Conflict Shooting, Bomb explosion, Fires Oil Spill 800,000 liters of oil leak 2012 Flooding Rains cause dams to overflow Landslide Heavy rain and earthquakes cause landslides 2011 Flooding Typhoon “Nesat” DISASTER RISKS CITY/ MUNICIPALITY NATURAL HUMAN-INDUCED MANILA ANGONO ILOILO 2019 Traffic, Sea Port Activities Blue Alert due to Semana Santa ZAMBOANGA Drowning Fire Neighborhood Fire Neighborhood Fire Earthquake Intensity V earthquake Tropical Depression Tropical Depression “Chedeng” Water Pollution Informal Settlers and Building Dead fish from low level of Encroachment on Manila Bay dissolved oxygen 2018 Flooding Tropical Cyclone. Tropical Storm Detection of Flood Risk Areas. Tropical Storm “Vinta”. Heavy Landslides “Karding”. Typhoon “Ompong”. Evacuation, and damage to private Rains property. Water Pollution Manila Bay Overflows, leaves garbage. Earthquake “Blue Alert” from series of quakes PHIVOLCS explains trend in killer Tsunami earthquakes Fire Neighborhood Fire with casualties 2017 Flooding Tropical Depression “Maring” Inclement weather by habagat Tropical Depression Vinta. Landslide Evacuation in caution from landlslides 2016 Fire, Feast of the Black Nazarene Health and Life Safety due to Processional Walk crowding, Children getting lost https://sonshineradio.com/manila/tag/philippine-coast-guard-pcg/ Vehicular accidents, Drowning Holy Week with high volume traffic to provinces and places of worship Fire Trips to beaches/resorts Violence National and local elections , Protest Rallies Shooting, Bomb/grenade explosion, Fire/conflagaration, Commotion/Violence Incident/Harassment/Threat incident Tornado Tornado causes heavy damages 2015 Landslides, Typhoon Undas. Typhoon “Koppu” Typhoon Hanna Flooding 2014 Landslides Typhoon “Hagupit”/ “Ruby” Tropical Depression “Agaton” Typhoon Flooding Typhoon Luis 2013 Flooding, Storm Surge, Torrential rain brings waist-deep floods Typhoon Yolanda and strong winds Armed Conflict Shooting, Bomb explosion, Fires Oil Spill 800,000 liters of oil leak 2012 Flooding Rains cause dams to overflow Landslide Heavy rain and earthquakes cause landslides 2011 Flooding https://ph.news.yahoo.com/violentTyphoon-incidents “Nesat-marred” -philippines-2019-064429946.html R-H RELATIONSHIP TYPOLOGIES

RISK AND RESILIENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF HERITAGE SITES RELATIONSHIP FACTORS & STRUCTURES IN CASE STUDIES TYPOLOGY

A Structure: Features inherent to the material dimension of the heritage subject

Location: Physical site context B defined by both natural and man- made elements

People: Attributes of users, communities, organizations that C bear on resilience Processes: People and space dynamics that continuously redefine heritage subjects D RISK & HERITAGE CONSERVATION VARIABLES

Inherent Features Interventions that Negatively Impact & Context A & B C & D Age and Location Maintenance Reconfiguration Patronage/ Relocation Ecosystem Design Use Change Natural Hazards T Physical Exposure Vulnerabilities I Vulnerability/ Social and Economic Governance Changing Lifestyles Sensitivity Vulnerabilities Institutions and Legal Diminished Specialized Role M Adaptive Mechanisms Gentrification Capacity Erosion of Cultural Diversity E Conflicts Production & Time Value Chains Information &Technology Flows Power Structures PHYSICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONAL MULTI-LEVEL NETWORKS NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS & PROCESSES IMPACT LEVELS o Structures and Sites o Individual/ Household/ Community o City/ Municipality/ Region o National o International IMPACT FACTORS Physical Vulnerabilities : design and physical site context

Social and Economic Vulnerabilities : demographics, abilities, disabilities, social class Changing Lifestyles : alterations in behavior systems

Diminished Specialized Role : weakening of the distinct image, products, services

Weak Governance : administrative systems Gentrification : change in composition of neighborhoods Erosion of Cultural Diversity : narrowing array of customs, traditions, social practices, livelihood, values, beliefs IMPACT FACTORS Conflicts : short or long-term disruptions in the social processes

Weak Institutional and Legal Mechanisms : Inefficacies and inefficiencies of governance systems

Complicated and Unsustainable Production and Value Chains : Economic processes that involves indiscriminate extraction of resources, long distribution lines, etc. Non-calibration of Information and Technology : knowledge and technology not adapted to the local context

Disproportionately Slanted Power Structures : inequities in the disposition of power OUTCOMES

https://images.summitmedia-digital.com/townandcountry/images/gallery/8120/main- buildings-affected-by-the-earthquake-ph-2019.jpg

https://www.thenational.ae/image/policy:1.598553:1499986508/image/jpeg.jpg ?f=16x9&w=1200&$p$f$w=dfa40e8 OUTCOMES  Physical strength and stability of  Cultural diversity structures  Conflict resolution  Social and economic enablement  Strong institutions and legal  Adaptable lifestyles mechanisms

 Enhanced specialized role of  Sustainable production and value community and LGU chains

 Community-based growth and  Calibrated information and technology development  Equity and balance in power  Capacitated governance structures OUTCOMES INTERVENTIONS Physical strength & stability of structures

▪ Building ▪ Extra Mass or Components/ Mutual Reserve Crowding Capacities

. Sealing ▪ Ductility and Framing Systems

. Wind ▪ Flexibility resistance and Base and Roof Isolation Forms Physical strength and stability of structures INTERVENTIONS Social and economic enablement Adaptable lifestyles

 Enhanced specialized role of community and LGU

 Community-based growth and Access toCapacitated information governance

 Cultural diversity Grandt Planners, Inc. Better heritage appreciation  Conflict resolution Balanced  Strong institutions and legal mechanisms development  Sustainable production and value chains Regional identity http://marinduquegov.blogspot.com/2011/02/cong-velascos-livelihood-program.html  Calibrated information and technology Public realm  Equity and balance in power structures

40 https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1015885 INTERVENTIONS

 Enhanced specialized role of

community and http://www.pinoyroadtrip.com/2019/01/rizal-itinerary- angono-petroglyphs-pinto-museum.html LGU Local economy

 Community-based Inclusive growth and Spatial Forms development Regulated  Capacitated densification

governance https://www.choosephilippines.com/do/festivals/4873/giants- still-exist-arts-capital-philippines/ Distinct  Cultural diversity neighborhoods

https://journeyunderblueskies.wordpress.com/2015/08/08/taking- pride-of-angonos-street-murals/

http://www.theguidon.com/1112/main/2011/12/untouched-magic- art-and-life-in-angono/ INTERVENTIONS

Enforced regulations

Delineated Protected Areas Grandt Planners, Inc. Culturally- sensitive Spaces

Collaborative Innovation

Grandt Planners, Inc.

Grandt Planners, Inc. INTERVENTIONS

 Sustainable production and value chains Directed  Calibrated Urbanization information and Grandt Planners, Inc. technology Parity in Resource Allocation  Equity and balance in Contextual Built power Form structures

Grandt Planners, Inc. OUTCOMES

National level impacts International Level outcomes

 greater variety of form  country’s clarified and stronger role in the global production network  more and better maintained public places  imageable built forms  improved socio-economic activities and indicators  contextual application of new knowledge and technology  responsive building and development laws  competitive traded goods and services  greater global competitiveness.  better resource allocation TOWARDS LONG-TERM RESILIENCE

TIME TOWARDS LONG-TERM RESILIENCE

TIME URBAN MORPHOLOGY

1885 Iloilo 1920 Manila 1918 Zamboanga 1950 Angono https://www.antiquemapsandprints.com https://www.ebay.co.uk https://en.wikipedia.org https://www.pinterest.ph TOWARDS LONG-TERM RESILIENCE

TIME DEVELOPMENT STAGES

https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/ultimate-guides/quezon-city-travel-guide http://www.interaksyon.com/trends-spotlights/2019/ TOWARDS LONG-TERM RESILIENCE

TIME DYNAMIC NETWORKS TOWARDS LONG-TERM RESILIENCE

TIME SEASONALITY

https://www.pinterest.ph https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/ https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/1 TOWARDS LONG-TERM RESILIENCE

TIME RELATIVITY

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