Abbreviations and Definitions

The following sections define many of the terms and abbreviations that readers will encounter in Part III. Degrees AJCU Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities APPA Association of Higher Education Facilities B.A. Bachelor of Arts Officers B.D. Bachelor of Divinity ASEE American Society for Engineering Education B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts CASE Council for Advancement and Support of B.S. Bachelor of Science Education D.B. Bachelor of Divinity CB The College Board D.C. Doctor of Chiropractic CCA Career College Association D.D. Doctor of Divinity CCCU Council for Christian Colleges & Universities D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Science or Doctor of Dental CGS Council of Graduate Schools Surgery CHEA Council for Higher Education Accreditation D.M.D. Doctor of Dental Medicine CIC Council of Independent Colleges D.O. Doctor of Osteopathy COE Council for Opportunity in Education D.P. Doctor of Podiatry COGR The Council on Governmental Relations D. Pharm. Doctor of Pharmacy CUPA-HR College and University Professional Association D.V.M. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine for Human Resources J.D. Doctor of Jurisprudence EDUCAUSE EDUCAUSE L.H.D. Doctor of Humanities ETS Educational Testing Service Litt.D. Doctor of Letters HACIJ Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities LL.B. Bachelor of Laws NACAC National Association of College Admission LL.D. Doctor of Laws Counseling M.A. Master of Arts NACUA National Association of College and University M.B.A. Master of Business Administration Attorneys M.D. Doctor of Medicine NACUBO National Association of College and University M.Div. Master of Divinity Business Officers M.F.A. Master of Fine Arts NAFEO National Association for Equal Opportunity in M.S. Master of Science Higher Education M.S.W. Master of Social Work or Master of Social NAFSA NAFSA: Association of International Educators Welfare NAICU National Association of Independent Colleges and O.D. Doctor of Optometry Universities Ph.B. Bachelor of Philosophy NASFAA National Association of Student Financial Aid Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy Administrators Ph.G. Graduate in Pharmacy NASPA National Association of Student Personnel Administrators NASULGC National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges Other Abbreviations NAWE NAWE: Advancing Women in Higher Education AAC&U Association of American Colleges and NCAA National Collegiate Athletic Association Universities NCURA National Council of University Research AACC American Association of Community Colleges Administrators AACN American Association of Colleges of Nursing UCEA University Continuing Education Association AACRAO American Association of Collegiate Registrars UNCF United Negro College Fund and Admissions Officers WCC Women's College Coalition A ACTE American Association of Colleges for Teacher WHES Business-Higher Education Forum Education AAHE American Association for Higher Education AALS Association of American Law Schools AAMC Association of American Medical Colleges Definitions AASCU American Association of State Colleges and Universities Administrators—institutional staff members with administra- AAU Association of American Universities tive responsibilities who teach no more than one class per term and AAUP American Association of University Professors who have titles such as dean of instruction, academic dean, dean of ACCT Association of Community College Trustees faculty, dean of students, librarian, registrar, coach, etc. ACCU Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities ACE American Council on Education Audiovisual Materials—teaching and learning aids that are nei- ACPA American College Personnel Association ther books nor microforms, that are interpreted through hearing and/or sight, and that require special equipment to use. Audiovisual ACT American College Testing materials include motion pictures, records and tapes, filmstrips, ADEA American Dental Education Association slides, transparencies, videotapes, and the like. AGB Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges Branch Campus—a relatively permanent unit of an institution AHC Association of Academic Health Centers that offers an organized program(s) of work requiring at least two xviii AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES years of study (as opposed to merely courses) located in a commu- Institutional System—a complex comprising two or more sep- nity beyond a reasonable commuting distance from the main cam- arately organized or independently complete postsecondary units pus or parent institution. under the control or supervision of a single administrative body (Compare Multi-campus Institution.) Calendar—the system by which an institution divides its year into periods for instruction. The most common systems include Intermediate Degree—a formal recognition (degree or certifi- those based on semesters, trimesters, and quarters. cate) for a program between the master's degree and the doctorate, which in essence is the terminal degree without the dissertation. Cluster College—a group of institutions, located within close Examples are Master of Philosophy, Candidate in Philosophy, etc. proximity to each other, that cooperate in providing educational programs and other facilities to students in all institutions forming Internships—short-term, supervised work experiences, usually the aggregate. Cluster colleges cooperate more closely than institu- related to a student's major field of study, for which the student tions joined in a consortium. earns academic credit. Cooperative Education—a program in which a student alter- Learning Resource Center—a specially designed study area nates between periods of full-time study and full-time employment where individual students or groups are provided with study sup- in a related field. Typically, five years are required to complete a plies and equipment, usually including books, programmed mate- bachelor's degree under this plan. rials, and audiovisual supplies. Main Campus—the most important unit in an institution that is Early Admission—the practice of admitting students who have made up of one or more branch campuses. The main campus not yet completed high school—usually students of exceptional (sometimes called the parent institution) usually houses the core, ability who have completed their junior year. primary, or most comprehensive program and is usually also the Extension Education—instruction other than that offered in the location of the central administrative office. regular campus academic program. Examples include evening or Microforms—books, periodicals, and other materials that have weekend colleges or correspondence courses. These programs been photographically reduced in size for storage, protection, and often are designed to serve the special needs of learners such as inexpensive publication. These materials must be read with the aid part-time or fully employed students. of enlarging equipment. External-Degree Program—a system of study that grants Minority Group—any racial, religious, ethnic, or social aggre- credit for courses at institutions other than that offering the degree; gation of people who have suffered some discrimination due to that often counts as extrainstitutional learning; and that often bias. IPEDS surveys (formerly HEGIS) suggest the following five emphasizes off-campus, self-directed study. racial/ethnic groups as minority categories: Black, non-Hispanic; First-Professional Degree—signifies completion of academic American Indian or Alaskan Native; Asian or Pacific Islander; His- requirements for a selected profession based on a program requir- panic; and under the heading White, non-Hispanic, Middle Eastern. ing at least two academic years of postsecondary study. First-pro- For the purposes of this questionnaire, women are not considered a fessional degrees include architecture; dentistry; medicine; minority group. optometry; osteopathic medicine; pharmacy; podiatry or podiatric Multicampus Institution—an organization that resembles an medicine (including chiropody); veterinary medicine; chiropractic; institutional system but is unequivocally designated as a single law, general; theological professions, general. body organized according to one of the following specifications: (1) an institution having two or more administratively equal cam- 4-1-4—a semester system that consists of two terms, each about puses responsible to a central governing structure (that may or may 16 weeks long, divided by a one-month term during which students not be located on one of the campuses) or (2) an institution having participate in intensive short courses, independent study, employ- a main campus with one or more branch campuses. (Compare Insti- ment, or other educational activities. tutional System.) Free University—programs—usually operating without credit, Open Admissions—policy of admitting high school graduates grades, or attendance constraints—set up by students and faculty and other adults generally without regard to conventional academic for discussion of issues and subjects not necessarily typical of those qualifications. Virtually all applicants with high school diplomas or covered in other postsecondary courses. the equivalent are accepted. Full-Time Instructional Faculty—those members of the Organized Occupational Program—a course of study consist- instructional/research staff (including those with released time) ing of an integrated series of required and elective courses designed who are employed on a full-time basis and whose major regular to prepare students for employment in a job or cluster of occupa- assignment is instruction. The group includes department heads (if tions. Programs are science- or engineering-related in areas of data- they have no other administrative title and hold faculty rank) but processing technologies, health services and paramedical does not include administrators with titles such as dean of instruc- technologies, mechanical and engineering technologies, or natural tion, academic dean, dean of faculty, dean of students, librarian, science technologies. Other non science- and nonengineering registrar, coach, etc., even though they may devote part of their time related programs are in business and commerce technologies, and to classroom instruction. public service-related technologies. Completion requires at least one but less than four years of full-time attendance, or the equiva- Honors Program—any special program for highly capable stu- lent in part-time attendance, and culminates in formal recognition dents that offers the opportunity for educational enrichment, inde- that the student has completed an organized program. pendent study, acceleration, or some combination of these activities. Part-Time Instructional Faculty—those members of the instruction/research staff who are employed to teach less than— Independent Study—an arrangement that allows students to and are paid for less than—a full-time course load, however defined complete some of their college program by studying on their own by the institution. rather than by attending scheduled classes and completing standard assignments. Typically, students plan these programs in consulta- Post-Baccalaureate—graduate study beyond the bachelor's tion with a faculty advisor or committee, who evaluates their degree including that toward the first-professional (see definition), progress. master's, intermediate (see definition), and doctoral awards. Abbreviations and Definitions xix

Quarter—an academic calendar period of about 11 weeks. Each Middle Eastern, and Pacific area studies, as well as other similar academic year is made up of four quarters, but students can make fields. normal academic progress by attending three quarters annually. bs / mng: Business and management degrees. comm: Communications degrees. Those offered in communica- Rolling Admissions Plan—an admissions procedure by which tions (general), journalism, radio and television, advertising, com- the college considers each student's application as soon as all munication media, and other similar fields, required materials have been received and reviewed. Colleges educ: Education degrees. following this practice usually notify applicants of admissions engr: Engineering degrees. decisions continuously over several months in contrast to other fine / ap arts: Fine and applied arts degrees. Those offered in institutions that announce all decisions simultaneously. painting, drawing, sculpture, art history and appreciation, music Semester—a period of about 17-18 weeks that makes up half of (performing, composition, theory, and liberal arts programs), the usual academic year at institutions following this calendar dance, dramatic arts, applied design, cinematography, photogra- system. phy, and other similar fields. for lang: Foreign languages degrees. Sponsored Research—projects funded by extra-institutional hlth prof: Health professions degrees. Those offered in nursing, financial sources, such as government or industry. dental and medical specialties, occupational therapy, optometry, Student Services—systems and facilities provided to contribute pharmacy, physical therapy, dental hygiene, public health, medical to student well-being outside the context of formal academic record librarianship, podiatry or podiatric medicine, chiropody, instruction. Student services are provided by counseling centers, biomedical communication, veterinary medicine, speech pathology financial aid programs, student health systems (unless operated as and audiology, chiropractic, clinical social work (medical, psychi- a self-supporting enterprise), registrar's procedures, and admis- atric, and specialized rehabilitation services), medical laboratory sions offices. technologies, dental technologies, radiologic techniques, and other similar fields. Telecourses—Televised courses, taken for credit, that are broad- home ec: Home economics degrees. Dietetics, cast on public or cable stations that can be viewed in the home or interdise: Interdisciplinary degrees. Those offered in general on campus. liberal arts and sciences; biological, physical, and natural sciences; humanities and social sciences; engineering; and other disciplines, Terminal Degree—one that represents the highest formal aca- law: Law degrees. (Undergraduate). demic recognition or certificate available to an individual in a given lett: Letters degrees. Those offered in English (general); English field. literature; comparative literature; classics; linguistics (includes 3-3—a calendar system in which the academic year is divided phonetics, semantics, and philosophy); speech, debate, and foren- into three terms with students enrolled in three courses per term. sic science (rhetoric and public address); creative writing; teaching of English as a foreign language; philosophy; religious study; and Trimester—an academic calendar period of about 15 weeks. other similar fields. Three trimesters make up each academic year, but students can phys sci: Physical sciences degrees. Those offered in physical make normal academic progress by attending two terms annually. sciences (general), physics, chemistry, astronomy, astrophysics, Unclassified Students—students who take courses for credit but atmospheric sciences and meteorology, geology, geochemistry, are not candidates for a degree or other formal award. geophysics and seismology, earth sciences, paleontology, ocean- ography, metallurgy, and other similar fields. Upper Division Only—Institution that has no freshman or pub aff / sves: Public affairs and services degrees. Those offered sophomore postsecondary program. Students complete lower divi- in community services (general), public administration, parks and sion studies at other institutions before entering the upper division recreation management, social work and helping services (other institution to earn their bachelor's degree. than clinical social work), law enforcement and corrections (bac- calaureate and higher programs), international public service (other Weekend College—a program that allows students to take a than diplomatic service), and other similar fields. complete course of study by attending classes only on weekends. soc sci: Social sciences degrees. Those offered in social sciences These programs generally are restricted to a few areas of study and (general), anthropology, political science and government, sociol- require more than the traditional number of years to complete. ogy, criminology, international relations, Afro-American (black culture) studies, American Indian cultural studies, Mexican-Amer- ican cultural studies, urban studies, demography, and other similar Degrees Awarded fields. theo: Theology degrees. Those offered in theological profes- as: Area studies degrees. Those offered in Asian, European, sions (general), religious music, biblical languages, and religious American, Latin American, African, Islamic, Russian and Slavic, education.