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Valorisation Des Ressources Ornithologiques De La Vía Parque Isla De Salamanca Analyse Du Marché Potentiel Comme Destination Écotouristique"

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Valorisation Des Ressources Ornithologiques De La Vía Parque Isla De Salamanca Analyse Du Marché Potentiel Comme Destination Écotouristique Diplôme d'Etudes Spécialisées en Gestion de l'Environnement "Valorisation des ressources ornithologiques de la Vía Parque Isla de Salamanca Analyse du marché potentiel comme destination écotouristique" Travail de Fin d'Etudes présenté par Cédric DUMORTIER en vue de l'obtention du grade académique de Diplômé d'Etudes Spécialisées en Gestion de l'Environnement Année Académique : 2004-2005 Directeur : Prof. M.-F. GODART RESUME La Vía Parque Isla de Salamanca (VIPIS), située sur la côte nord de la Colombie, à l’embouchure du fleuve Magdalena, fait partie de l’Ecorégion Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, dont l’intérêt écologique est reconnu internationalement. La VIPIS, composée de plusieurs écosystèmes distincts, abrite une avifaune variée, dont la liste a été établie sans toutefois qu’aient été étudiés en profondeur son état général et son évolution. De grandes concentrations d’espèces migratrices s’observent sur le site d’Isla de Salamanca, qui constitue une aire de passage pour certaines espèces, une zone d’hivernage pour d’autres, en plus d’être l’habitat naturel de nombreuses espèces résidentes, dont deux considérées comme endémiques à cette partie de la côte caraïbe. Le site a pourtant subi de profondes altérations au cours des dernières décennies, occasionnant des bouleversements écologiques dont l’impact a été catastrophique sur la faune du parc. Des signes de récupération encourageants, fruits d’une politique de protection efficace, n’occultent cependant pas les menaces qui pèsent encore sur le site. Les pressions causées par la population locale en sont une, des projets de développement industriel en forment une autre. La richesse de l’avifaune de la VIPIS laisse entrevoir une possibilité de développement d’un écotourisme orienté vers l’observation des oiseaux. Ce tourisme ornithologique, produit direct de l’engouement pour l’ornithologie, plus communément connu sous sa dénomination anglo-saxonne de birdwatching, semble en effet présenter beaucoup d’avantages pour les sites qui en font l’objet. Les retombées financières générées par le tourisme ornithologique et ses contributions en matière sociale sont loin d’être négligeables tandis que l’impact occasionné sur l’environnement semble être maîtrisable et moins négatif que la plupart des autres formes d’activités touristiques. De nombreux pays ont ainsi déjà pris conscience du potentiel que revêt le tourisme ornithologique et l’ont encouragé de diverses manières. Celui-ci est aujourd’hui devenu un marché à part entière, avec ses acteurs et ses destinations privilégiés, ses codes et ses statuts bien définis. Le tourisme ornithologique semble donc être une piste valable pour le développement écotouristique de la VIPIS. Ce parc dispose en effet manifestement d’atouts en la matière, dont la richesse ornithologique n’est que le plus évident. Les caractéristiques du parc le destinent toutefois selon nous plutôt à un tourisme familial, s’adressant à un public urbain de proximité, qu’à un tourisme d’ornithologues que nous nous plaisons à qualifier ‘de haut vol’, sans pour autant rejeter d’office ce dernier. En tant que tel, l’aspect ornithologique ne constitue donc qu’une des composantes de l’offre touristique à mettre en place à la VIPIS afin d’en faire un lieu d’éducation à l’environnement. L’oiseau y jouera certes un rôle important, mais sans dédaigner les autres fonctions propres à ce type de site. Nous considérons en effet que la protection de la VIPIS, et de l’environnement en général, passe par une meilleure connaissance de ce site par la population environnante et son ‘appropriation’ par celle-ci. Il nous semblerait dommageable de vouloir y privilégier un tourisme élitiste, au risque de continuer d’en aliéner la population de Barranquilla, voisine du parc. TABLE DES MATIÈRES PREMIERE PARTIE: PRESENTATION GENERALE DU PARC ISLA DE SALAMANCA ......................................................................................................1 1. Description générale ............................................................................................................................1 2. Situation géographique........................................................................................................................1 3. Description biophysique ......................................................................................................................2 4. Climat ....................................................................................................................................................3 5. Végétation .............................................................................................................................................3 6. Faune .....................................................................................................................................................6 a) Avifaune..................................................................................................................................................6 b) Ichtyofaune .............................................................................................................................................6 c) Mammifères ............................................................................................................................................6 d) Amphibiens.............................................................................................................................................7 e) Reptiles....................................................................................................................................................7 f) Autres ......................................................................................................................................................7 7. « Le plus grand écocide de l’histoire de Colombie »........................................................................7 8. Dimension socio-économique de la VIPIS.........................................................................................9 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................................9 2. Impact des activités économiques et usages des ressources naturelles ...............................................10 2.1. Historique......................................................................................................................................10 2.2. Usages actuels des ressources naturelles de Isla de Salamanca...................................................10 a) La pêche ...........................................................................................................................................10 b) La culture maraîchère ......................................................................................................................11 c) Le ‘Palilleo’......................................................................................................................................11 d) La production de charbon de bois ...................................................................................................11 e) L’extraction du sel ...........................................................................................................................12 3. Les groupes écologiques.......................................................................................................................12 9. La VIPIS et le tourisme colombien ..................................................................................................13 1. Le tourisme dans le contexte colombien ..............................................................................................13 2. Le tourisme sur la côte caraïbe de la Colombie ...................................................................................13 3. L’écotourisme en Colombie .................................................................................................................15 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................16 DEUXIEME PARTIE: APPROCHE DU TOURISME ORNITHOLOGIQUE.......17 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................17 2. Le tourisme ornithologique dans la mouvance de l’écotourisme .................................................17 2.1. Définition ...........................................................................................................................................17 2.2. Marché de l’écotourisme ...................................................................................................................19 2.3 Profil de l'écotouriste et activités de celui-ci......................................................................................19 3. Birdwatching et tourisme ornithologique .......................................................................................21 3.1 Quelques définitions ...........................................................................................................................21 3.2. Le phénomène Birdwatching.............................................................................................................23 3.2.1. Bref historique............................................................................................................................23
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