Nos. 16-1436 & 16-1540 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States DONALD J. TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ET AL., Petitioners, v. INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ASSISTANCE PROJECT, ET AL., Respondents. DONALD J. TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ET AL., Petitioners, v. STATE OF HAWAII, ET AL., Respondents. On Writs of Certiorari to the United States Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth Circuits BRIEF OF NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE & EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ASSISTANCE PROJECT, ET AL. SHERRILYN A. IFILL AJMEL QUERESHI Director-Counsel Counsel of Record JANAI S. NELSON CHRISTOPHER KEMMITT SAMUEL SPITAL NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE & JIN HEE LEE EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE & 1444 I Street NW EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. Washington, DC 20005 40 Rector Street, 5th Floor (202) 682-1300 New York, NY 10006
[email protected] (212) 965-2200 September 18, 2017 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................... iii INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE .......................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ............................. 3 ARGUMENT ............................................................. 6 I. OUR COUNTRY’S LONG HISTORY OF SANCTIONING THE STEREOTYPE THAT CERTAIN RACES OR ETHNICITIES ARE INHERENTLY DANGEROUS HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF DEEP NATIONAL SHAME AND IS ANATHEMA TO THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF OUR CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY. ................. 6 A. Slavery, Jim Crow, and Lynching ................. 7 B. The Chinese Exclusion Act .......................... 13 C. The Japanese-American Internment .......... 17 II. THE EXECUTIVE ORDER AT ISSUE PUNISHES INDIVIDUALS BASED ON THEIR RELIGION, HARKENING BACK TO SHAMEFUL PERIODS OF OUR NATION’S HISTORY. ....................................... 22 A. The Executive Order Is Based on, and Perpetuates, the False and Pernicious Stereotype that Muslims Are Inherently Dangerous.