1997MNRAS.289..721A Astronomy Accepted where The T. The Mon. BC noted recorded. recorded Such showers shower earlier 1 around observers, only 273° 20 Hasegawa the the meteor 1954), © 19th 1997 are and INTRODUCTION 1803 occurrence R. April Not. and 5 century, events those RAS that although mean to accounts peaks 15 (Denning April showers Arter 1997 where outburst Unit, R. a in © and In (1993) 10. BC. Lyrid Declination Astron. a of can the April Royal Queen 'normal' 21-22, significant Herschel It Early finds Arago of of the be interval meteor Newton in is that chronicles and (Olivier orbit 16. 1923). a Soc. much Mary associated activity recurrent also events historical determinations Received Astronomical in with were 289,721-728 years (b) I. 1835 and (1864) Amongst shower sometimes April outburst (1865) 1925) higher a described of P. of is Westfield outburst recorded visual (see 1997 the meteor 45°. very with records. Williams 14-26 the and value. ABSTRACT Asteroids between compared at considerations orbits International In Key Poynting-Robertson Lyrids, manner mean required as declination above is and April Quetelet maximum activity (1997) By a the was one order Dutch low zenithal the College, Right placed Denning claimed words: events as shower the April Weiss belong first by 14; belonging The Society orbit April In 'stars of conditions, in observed based until latter in to ancient Ascension 70° to a most University particular, 1839 are Meteor records the Comets of original to Drummond hourly small activity generate comets: of (1867) fell Lyrids around that was have to (1886) a a the Astronomical and on radiant part Lyrids sometimes and number the stable years, suggest the like • in meteors Chinese band to form then these of to mean rate been Provided Lovell Society in 90°. found of true peaks so (a) Lyrid April London, 1803. rain'. Meteors the were note individual: they 687 but as the set for 1997 drag of of of of that determined, an meteors, D' Meteors April radiant complete orbit observed of January Mile age data criterion meteors meteors can Union III i with will would Denning meters racies persisted by based placing and change Oppolzer GI elements about exist Marsden tion. has by 1867 of Lyrid End = of Thatcher were The and be Lindblad 10 79 the determined. and were (Thatcher). the been the Oppolzer not a Road, the between Whether by only ~ Catalogue on in 31~6. discerned 8 set was have meteor parent was and whole the of the with in Weiss order more (equinox NASA Astrophysics the peak the try 17 1923), through made of London (1864). from this the also as (1982) obtained radiant used Nippon a probable early the An & do q=0.921, - possible World a comet period (1862). of Lyrid comet (1867) this set than Porubcan of April meteors, shower, with eliminated value Initial and orbit the so this process E1 on It of the observations within 1950). Astrometric 1.5 of gives of change here. is 4NS Meteor 1861 of stream a the about any of normal Meteor Lyrid 20th and the were Wide derived In and meteors, x 14 recent also of the determinations of e=0.981, 337 10 the a A set stream (1991) other This a meteoroids. meteors apparition, and these a Galle century was D' Lyrids search in 6 by meteor meteoroid suggested new or yr. 10° Catalogue yr modified of Web if activity Orbits position Declination by Auwers Society in is a observations lower 28 for recorded the meteors repeated were away is (1867) about change Lindblad very mean meteor was w=213~9, excess (Hoffmeister Data close was and orbits pages. the with right held at recognized value hard and for eliminated. moving from (1861), 10° of of that carried orbit a data to orbit April have to due well-determined solar cometary satisfying and System Cometary the of the at represents be sets, no lower & in a to ascension Meteors seems =272°, for the effects Lund, the to Porubcan comet published judge, for Q=31~9 0.105, had identification radiant obtained an orbital inclinations Lyrids. on Pape longitude the 1915, out and this in as the expected the this iterative declina to appear- early A inaccu b=34°, as and Cj1861 Orbits, all of (1861) comet when April these a mean were given 1948; para orbit have well new and real was and the the
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A initial surprising, one of R A of-meteoroid other radar principle, the A A A A A A dominated separately. indicates subset elements R. 18 by graphically selected and meteors exist one meteors Since was containing original was only from together. and Year ejection In containing P meteors meteors. 53 52 84 82 85 57 65 64 64 52 52 50 50 50 53 93 63 79 64 41 68 65 65 79 79 meteors, the in clumping radar fact, Society are considered between photographic applied Date that those the two by 6European since Month of Table the meteors by as The from denoted 4 4 4 4 or 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 meteoroid, all the reduced; and size, effects the they velocity further (UT) were the also The meteors. set In radar R - R only the meteors detected same only letter 21.367 21.351 21.430 21.410 22.440 to 21.973 21.044 23.916 22.790 21.660 23.018 22.976 22.912 22.563 22.558 21.556 21.552 21.546 24.908 22.432 22.352 23.320 22.369 16.218 19.559 1 procedure the were about it the Day the principle, 18 obtained • will contains mean selected meteors Radar that without is each of Fireball the photo meteors, sets by Provided the 2 detec of mean prob itera radar other solar selected A Harvard selected also the the are the the To 35 20 Radiant 270°.698 270°.698 270°.698 268°.698 269~698 274~190 of 271°.998 273°.398 272".898 273°.198 273°.698 272°.698 272°.698 269°.698 280°.697 273".698 273".698 272°.698 271°.200 274°.100 271°.898 273~698 273~698 271~698 272~698 of as of in meteors, 0< Network; and from precise by (J2000.0) D' R we four the versely, rejected been by by subset of every observations concentration in Posen the meteors, attempting and One excluded detection orbit these the reason meteors, radar the radar 30°.993 33~993 by 38':994 36':994 33".994 33°.994 33°.994 32".994 32".993 32".993 33".200 3t993 33~194 34~994 32~994 33".194 32°.994 36°.994 33°.550 33°.000 28°.993 32~694 34~294 31~994 33~294 - A the the that 6 Table the Lindblad obtained Lindblad have six reduction the described is Both meteor orbits; 7Nippon set meteors closer one included they was meteors. full also (1961) that consisting of included one NASA Astrophysics by 1). 0.918 0.910 0.900 0.880 0.911 0.923 0.931 0.924 0.952 0.902 0.908 0.883 0.990 0.947 0.936 0.929 0.915 0.919 0.928 0.925 0.911 0.938 0.917 0.927 0.915 number although meteors from photographic of technique. were set q all for recorded shown 3S were Lindblad to However, to the when was The & & iterative o meteors, radar were Meteor to was technique consisting viet; its the within ·0.169492 -0.003400 -0.074272 -0.035401 keep in selected 0.058720 0.023624 0.035791 our 0.283046 0.232883 0.031606 0.098844 0.017809 0.078740 0.004831 0.081235 0.021500 0.209996 0.155207 0.055519 0.157233 0.114155 0.062305 0.237361 0.050520 0.065703 Porubcan, Orbital Lindblad Porubcan 14 produce selected observed l/a exclusion them, mean 10 of their in marginally alone its mean photographic 'Harvard they set, graphically meteor 563 Table subjective the in procedure. orbit Society; P & One Elements these our and from that work. 0.950 0.980 0.928 0.970 1.156 0.732 0.782 0.909 0.983 0.786 0.950 0.996 0.939 0.926 0.980 0.800 0.859 0.895 0.943 0.951 0.971 1.069 since 0.853 1.003 1.033 but were May, Porubcan was analysed of of in orbit the radar when & radar after (1991). and was subset additional 1 during six all they Table the six radar the within Porubcan not (number orbit. above they 1'1.0 80°.0 84°.9 80°.2 80°.4 80°.2 81°.5 80°.5 79°.1 79°.0 80~7 80~5 76~9 80~5 78~0 80~4 73".6 78".5 78°.5 79°.3 78°.8 78~9 79~7 78~1 72~1 used. 8Dutch (J2000.0) Using and meteors meteor compared meteors so no set of In judgement meteors. meteors were the remaining reduced meteors precise 1961-1965; them 1, were it the the 218°.0 222".0 account containing Data 216':3 219°.8 222°.5 210°.6 212".8 211°.6 215".2 21tl 216".3 213°.0 216':0 215".5 213°.1 215".5 213~2 211~2 21~0 212~2 1~ 31~9 211~3 are Three 2lto 20f8 21t.l 195".6 the (1991) so These This publication w the the was clearly selected the Meteor second first meteor orbits it 10556). April meteors than selected selected pre-set are separately. meteor 31°.7 31°.7 32~9 3t5 30°.7 33°.2 32".5 32".9 32".8 33°.6 32".4 31°.4 31".4 34°.1 26':7 29°.8 32~5 32~7 32~0 32~0 32~0 31~1 32~6 32°.7 original enough. was alone not procedure that n System to of by three on procedure. was three to not could to the (denoted the selected the McCrosky were lyrids automatically was The a the taken limit, produced the of orbits thus mean and where four minimum. additional However, were set basis not the mean value selected selected same One on we has hence of of radar when work Con were orbit by have 725 that also are the the the
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Dey on procedure, denoted a procedures a the In 0.917 listed not I) are to orbits how single individual in The mean all April all differences in and mean ascension by are small more produce Fig. radiant. for and and large. in on it elements the for 25 selection 24 photographic 0.195668 much both to what Society in mean 215".104 might technique. 272~698 Mean the both the each 71.355 34°.160 30~981 (set the letter the the It orbits Lyrid by for 0.818 .2 0.025 0.921 how radar each 0.921 4 values observations orbits Table in is circular namely In mean Radar relevant we two three two sky. (set I) In of orbit photographic interesting general, all the mean of difference is be obtained and much Table between (A, stream orbital 0.073306 and selected St. total, this and meteors procedure these show of 1, letters that the sets meaning generally II). radar 5".159 4°.097 • 2°.149 3~287 1".414 of 0.070 Dey declina in In obvious P q, and a the scatter orbital eccen Provided the is orbits work, selec or mean radar every e 2, there addi Note were were with sets, when Orbital ele due (set and this for for set we set R) (A all 23 by to to is 0.062959 Radiant 272°.544 214°.050 Mean 33'.513 79°.387 32~075 the 0.942 0.920 Elements Combined selection sand where where which a(l-e because be precisely seems simultaneously of out ing define orbits on oid. obtained initially lowing da de da two this meteor the the teristics). mation to has under (e (the & by de dt (J2000.0) dt 0.091375 St. In =0.818) Whipple the 4.8, evaluate meteors, (J2000.0) photographic t.262 5".098 under value 1~994 1°.515 a 0.085 0.021 1~801 the requiring change equations, Dey mean 2a 2a(2 order given 5e(l-e -1'/(2 p of integrates the 1'/ C is of 2 meteoroid the to 2 relationships as a(l_e )=Ceo. orbit can (1- -51'/e has of being NASA had meteors the corresponding the + of opposed confirm Hence, influence the with radar physical to a the 0.071765 orbit + will, (1950) be 3e 213°.912 272~590 a e Mean namely 1'/) C constant 79°.095 32~072 33°.652 radar (namely effect obtain 2 3e 2 the any 0.934 0.922 numerical )0.5 2 ) s 2 effect the Poynting-Robertson is ) , one gained )1.5 (numerically). a 2 and of value), ' was (known ) Set simply smaller Astrophysics Data orbits ' 1.85. knowledge (although same ' course, if showed radius that and to can 0.099375 dimensions that I St. to the of made exist then of we of a the t.419 5".040 2~227 1".892 1".485 0.093 0.022 without Hence, Dey circularize the =31.60, photographic (e obtain Poynting-Robertson the change to the motion. to a the value orbit semimajor assume from observed (see =0.971, and © depend and to give Poynting-Robertson that any corresponding 1997 mean Poynting-Robertson the of 0.063500 integrate However, 272°.189 the 214~852 e), Hughes when bulk in Mean as doing 33°.362 3t.078 79°.351 other in for of e the .4 0.086 0.942 0.016 0.918 Thus, time RAS, cgs =0.971) then various an and and the on that the difference Set mean meteoroid axis density physical effect. the units orbit, these given meteors this. 0.093302 required II a St. reduce MNRAS meteoroid the mean et if the the considerable (a over 3'.418 2~029 1°.523 value 1~548 1°.683 sets a Dev System value al. but value of value From about given it physical For value of radar two 1981): characteristics is 30 2.53 drag, photographic orbits. have comes between orbits of necessary the 289, interest, of au). of of to meteoroid drag, 5 the equations of e (in x 5.1. drag au) a meteors a meteor evolved is 721-728 the achieve charac 10 e This can would Wyatt evolv above about infor order 0.818 with 11 than then This fol /sp, has the
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Jacchia REFERENCES Denning Drummond Denning by and also Galle Lindblad Betlem Lovell Whipple Marsden Herschel Lebedinets Hoffmeister Koseki Hoffmeister Hasegawa Kaschejev Hughes Wu Williams Weiss Wyatt Newton Southworth Sekanina Sekanina SekaninaZ., Olivier Oppolzer Quetelet Oppolzer McCrosky Pape Lindblad Verlag, 354 logue III. Planet Parent Rickman up phys., p.547 Oxford 97 Comets, Filantes, 15 the Z., acknowledges for No C. T. J., E., S. to A C. H., Uppsala L. Williams M., A, D. H. F., R., 1867, W. W. A, F. P., many NASA Astrophysics I. B. A, B. 12th B/9230086 Z., Z., of T., T., 1867, 7, G., Whipple 1.,1993, P., B. C. Center R. Bodies. de W., A, V. P., Leipzig 1861, L., 1861, Sekiguchi J. G., R. Williams Whipple A, 261 c., Orbits. 1839, F., F., Brussels Meteors c., 1864, B. 1976, 1973, 1970, L., 1864, 1862, 1925, B., H., E., Lignie D., magnitude. N., Wu Astron. 1954, 1865, Williams B., Astron. A, 1923, 1886, Porubcan stimulating 1982, 1915, Tkachuk Universitet 1948, I. 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