ANNALES HISTORICO-NATURALES MUSEI HUNGARICI NATIONALIS Tomus 72. Budapest 1980.
Some Anthropological Problems of the Early Postglacial and Historic Europoids
by T. TÓTH, Budapest
Abstract — Analysis of the geographical distribution of some morphological characters revealed by finds originating from epochs before the social contemporary period. With 1 table and 4 figures.
Material and method
As known from the special literature of this field it was LTJMDMAN (1952, 1967) who probably studied most profoundly the geographical distribution of the craniomorphological characters. In the last decades a number of further significant series have been found in the postglacial epochs of the human society. For this reason it seemed a short analysis of the chosen subject indicated. Series origin ating from more than two hundred localities of the Europoids' area have been analysed by author of present paper; some of these series are presented in a summarized form in the numerical reports of Table 1. From the craniomorphological characters the first cranial index (8:1) and the second one (17:1) as well as the numerical values of the bizygomatic breadth (zy-zy) and those of the nasal index (54:55) were drawn into the analysis. The numerical data of 94 series have been evaluated according to the metrical categories given by ALEXEYEV and DEBETS (1964).
Interpretation of results
Topography. — To make the results of our investigations well arranged and the micro- evolutionary phenomenons in space comparation distinctly to express, all data of the cranial index and the facial breadth have been denoted in topography (Fig. 1) from the Mesolithic to the beginning of the Neometallic Age. During the Mesolithic period populations characterized by the smallest facial breadth (strongly gracilic) (both men and women) lived only in the southwest part of the area of Europoids (all of the localities are in Portugal). Hyperdolichocrany is well expressed in the Mesolithic male groups and the major part of them is characterized by the massivity of the splanchnocranium. The female groups show clearly the process of brachycephalization (West-Mediterranean ; South-Cen tral Germany). Considering the total macroarea the finds from north-eastern localities are character ized by the massivity of the splanchnocranium nevertheless is this feature of the skull in the centra regions with temperated clima weakly expressed, but in the more south-western part of the macroarea the splanchnocranium is gracilized (hypomorphy). In the Neolithic Age the tendency toward a brachycephalic skull can be observed in the male groups, too; the male group of the population from the Danish Middle period is close to that of the finds of the Final Neolithic from the Atlantic Belt, in addition a morphological nearness may be ob served between the male group from the Danish Late period and the Mesolithic series from South- Central Germany. It should be mentioned that the male series from the Swedish Trichterbecher cul ture is very close to the male group of the Swiss Cortaillod culture. Still to be confirmed it can be sup posed that in connection with the chronological sequencyof both cultures (Cortaillod 3500-2500 B. C., Trichterbecher 2400-2200 B. C.) an infiltration from the Western Alps to Scandinavia seems to be very acceptable. One obtains the same impressions concerning the strong similarity between the male series from the early period of East-Baltic and from Mesolithic sites of Teviec-Hoëdic. On the other side we have to take into consideration the morphological difference between two Neolithic populations from Poland. The male group from the Middle-Neolithic Ligurian sites reveals a strong similarity to that from Baumes-Chaudes in Lozère. The male group from the Lower Danube Boian culture is very similar in respect to a number of characters to the men of the locality Rössen-Hinkelstein (Fig. 1). The gracility of the skull is more expressed in the male series from the CSSR Linearbandkeramik
Ann. Hist.-nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., 72, 1980 than on the skulls of the male group from Mesolithic sites of Portugal. The Neolithic groups from the Czecho-Moravian Basin are characterized by a long face and hyperdolichocrany of the neurocranium (Table 1). The Neolithic male group from the Middle-Danubian Basin is more similar to that from the Swiss Cortaillod than to the male series from Niederhessen or from the Schnurkeramik of Poland (Fig. 1). The male group from the Aeneolithic-Copper Age of the Tisza-Maros region seems to have a morphological affinity to the Neolithic group of the Tisza Basin and this makes the survival of parts of the Neolithic population very probable. The male series from the Hungarian Baden culture and that on from Russe at the Lower Danube as well as that from Toscana display a morphological affinity. The male group from Bas-Languedoc is quite close to that one from the Neolithic Altendorf. The Aeneolithic ,,Basques" reflect a morphological nearness to the male group from the Swiss Cortaillod. Presumably there is a continuity between parts of the Neolithic Boian population from the Lower Danube and the Aeneolithic one from Russe; the well expressed topographical nearness of both groups may be explained in this way (Fig. 1, Table 1). The signs of an early brachycephalization are in the Glockenbecher population of the Elbe-Saale zone (Table 1) as clearest expressed. In respect to the topography of the Bronze Age finds the following facts seem to be worth noting. The male group of the Middle-Danube Basin (sensu stricto Tisza-Basin; Table 1) approximate to the Neolithic population of the same region better than to that from the Copper Age and reveal an obvi ous morphological similarity to the series from Southern Carpathians (Sarata-Monteoru), too. A mor phological nearness of the male group from Czecho-Moravian Basin to the similar Late Neolithic group (Schnurkeramiker) from Poland is without doubt. The male groups from Lozère and Bas- Languedoc reflect almost identical morphological characteristics. The male part of the population from Southern Britain is characterized by a more massive skull than the males from Scotland. The male series from the Lower Rhône zone (Poladian, Narbonnais-Roussillon) is extremely close to the male groups from the Hungarian Baden culture and to that from Toscana. If at the level of subtribal groups of mini-quantity morphogenetical connections are in fact presumable, it seems to be verified that the mountains of the Alps have not been any geographical barrier even in the Paleometallic period. In the eastern part of the area of Europoids the male group from the Ukrainian late period (Srubnaya) reflects a morphological nearness to the male series from Neolithic Cernavoda at the Lower Danube and to the remains from South Aral region (Koktsha III.) (Fig. 1, Table 1). A morphological similarity can be observed between the South Uzbekistan and South Tadzhikistan populations. The populations from the Lower Volga and Ukrainian late periods (both Srubnaya) are quite differ ent, because the first of them having a more massive face is close to the group of Ukrainian early period (Yamnaya) (Fig. 1, Table 1).
I ig. 1. Topography of craniological series (males, sequence as in Table 1 ) Cranial height. — As it is known the index of cranial heightlength (17:1) reflects accord ing to LUNDMAN'S opinion a morphological character of the skull which has got a distribution in the postglacial millenia till the modern times around two mean values (71 and 73) along the same meri dional lines in the area of Europoids. According to him the western part of the area (from northern Norway to northern Portugal) is characterized by a lower cranium, while the central region (from the peninsula Kola through the Eastern-Baltic and Odera-Western Alps direction to the Apennine peninsula) by a high one (Fig. 2). Analysing the data of the excavated or publicated finds only in the last decades one can observe different characteristics from the above mentioned craniometrical iso- rhithms. The sporadic finds from the Danish Mesolithic sites lying west of the isoline have a rather high cranium (KOELBJERG and RAVNSTRUP; JÖRGENSEN 1973), quite similarly is the Mesolithic popu lation from the East-Baltic Zweinieki (Latvia) also characterized by orthocrany, but the hyperdoli- chocran group from the Ukrainian Voloshskoye (situated eastward of the isoline) has a low-built skull and the type of the cranium is the same as in the groups from the early period of the Upper Pale- olith (Table 1). From the 28 Neolithic male groups only the series from England, Lozère (Homme- Mort) and Switzerland are characterized by values reaching the geographical limits of chamaecrany; all of the other West-Euro paean find-complexes have higher crania just the same as those from the
Fig. 2. Principal isorithms of second cranial index (17:1). Stone age (S), Iron age (I) and Contem- poraneous period (N) (after LUNDMAN 1952) eastern part of the area. A similar situation can be found in the female groups, among them only the series from Niederhessen and Lozère (Baumes-Chaudes) are in agreement with the western isolines. On the other hand the female groups from the Southern Rangifer Isle and the Polish Schnurkeramik (situated both in the eastern zone) are characterized by chamaecrany. The female groups of the Swiss Cortaillod and chose from the Middle period of Ligurian have values falling between the extreme limits (Table 1). Among the 16 series from the Aeneolith-Copper Age the whole „Basque" group of the Pyrenees and the female group of the Bas-Languedoc are characterized by intermediary values. Only the finds from the Grottes de la Meuse seem to agree with the isoline given by Lundman. All of the western groups have as high values as the eastern populations. The Fatyanovo population from the East-Baltic (i. e. eastward of the isoline) is obviously chamaecran, in other words the skull is low-built. The male group of the population of the Afanasyevo culture, which had been developed in the most eastern zone of the Europoids' area, has a relatively low-built skull, charaterized by inter mediary isorithmic values (between 71 and 73). During the Bronze Age the male as well as the female groups from the Lower Volga and Central-Asia have skulls with the features of chamae- and ortho- crany representing opposite values to the meridional isorithmics, whereas in the population from the western zone one can find as high values as in the eastern groups. During the above mentioned social historic period the craniometric data do not agree with LUNDMAN'S isolines (Table 1). It seems to be without doubt that the lithic and paleometallic finds from the Carpathian Tisza Basin belong to the eastern zone outlined by Lundman (Table 1). There are some finds from the Iron Age (from sites in Italy and Iran) revealing morphometric values differentiating from those of the eastern zone. From the mediaeval groups of the Middle-Danube Basin a mozaicity of the morphometrical values can be obtained which have all of the characteristics of the western as well as the eastern zone (Table 1). It should be mentioned that according to BARRAL and his coworkers (BARRAL & BRACCO, SIMONE 1968) in comparating the Neolithic-Paleometallic groups of Alpinoids on the basis of their micro- regionality the series of the western groups have higher skulls than the eastern ones (these results are in contrast with the observations of Lundman). Nasal index.—The male and female groups of the Mesolithic populations from the western zo ne of the Europoids' area are more chamaerrhines, whereas the male groups from the north-eastern zo ne may be classified as mesorrhine ones, the female groups have narrow nose. Mesorrhiny dominates in Neolithic male as well as in female groups, although in a few groups the percentage of narrow nose is increasing in relation to those with a broad nose. During the Aeneolith-Copper Age mesorrhiny is also dominant in some populations A dominancy of mesorrhiny can be observed in the Bronze Age populations, too, whereas in the East-Baltic, Bas-Languedoc, Southern Carpathians (Sarata Monte-
Fig. 3/A. Distribution of some craniological characteristics (males, Avar period, VI-IXth c). 1 = Dolichomesocranic: medium wide-faced; 2 = Subbrachycranic: relatively wide-faced; 3 = Brachy- mesocranic: relatively wide-faced — Fig. 3/B.= Chamaeorthocranic: medium vide-faced; 2 = Ortho- chamaecranic: relatively wide-faced; 3 = Orthochranic: relatively wide-faced. — Fig. 3/C. 1 = Do lichomesocranic — chamaemesorrhine. 2 = Subbrachycranic — mesorrhine, 3 = Brachymesoc- ranic — mesorrhine. — Fig. 3/D. 1 = Chamaeorthocranic — chamaemesorrhine, 2 = Orthocha- maecranic — mesorrhine, 3 = Orthocranic — mesorrhine.— Note: The graphical representations of the character complexes (1—3) are identical oru) and from the South Aral region (Koktsha III ), that is over the western, middle and eastern parts •of the Europoids' area leptorrhinic skulls are present. Besides that a tendency to leptorrhiny can be found in the male group of the Ukrainian Srubnaya population (Table 1). A few groups from the Iron Age show an interregional mozaicity characterized by different values. The morphological iden tity between Hasanlu IV. from Iran and the East-Baltic Kivutkalns from the Bronze Age is worth men tioning, nevertheless the morphological identity will not suffice to postulate any genetical interrela tionships between them. In connection with the early peoples of the Middle-Danubian Basin it seems to be note worthy that during the Neolithic Age male as well as female groups have had broad nose, they could be classified as chamaerrhinic. During the Aeneolithic-Copper Age the width of the nose is decreasing (mesorrhinic skulls) and the same tendency became expressed in the Bronze Age, too — inspite of the persisting mesorrhiny of the nose (Table 1). Mediaeval Age in the Middle-Danubian Basin. — The application of the above mentioned methods to relatively short chronological period (700 years) and to any restricted geographic belt, deserves without doubt attention. The geographical distribution of the craniological finds dating from the Avar and Hungarian Conquest as well as from the Arpadian age (Figs. 3/A D— 4/A-D) proves the morphological mozaicism of the populations. The gradient of the bizygomaticbreadth seems to be increasing in the Avar period from the west to the east, whereas in the Arpadian age the same gradient is decreasing, at least for the male series. The group of conquering Hungarians is char acterized by especially high mean values of the bizygomatic breadth (zy-zy) (Table 1). According to the above mentioned character-complexes in the Transdanubian region the values of these two cra nial indices regrouped from the Avar period to the Arpadian age. The same alterations took place concerning the facial width in the relation of the series from the Avar period and the Arpadian age on the territory of Danube-Tisza Interfluvial. The spreading of the brachycran component may be the consequence of the settlement of the conquering Hungarians. A transgredient similarity can be observed between the different microregions. E. g. the male groups from the Transdanubian region be longing to the Avar period and Arpadian age occupy a transitional state between those from Tiszán túl Avar period and Danube-Tisza Interfluvial dating to the Arpadian age. The same craniomorpho logical relations exist between the male groups from Northern Hungary and South-Tiszántúl as well as Danube-Tisza Interfluvial, all belonging to the Arpadian age. All of these connections may reflect the relations existing between the territorial groups in the course of the above mentioned 700 years.
Fig. 4/A. Distribution of some craniological characteristics (males, Arpadian age, Xl-XIIIth c); 1 = Mesocranic: Medium wide-faced, 2 = Dolichomesocranic: relatively narrow-faced, 3 = Do- lichocranic: medium wide-faced, 4=Mesodolichocranic: medium wide-faced. — Fig. 4/B. 1 = Orth- ocranic: medium wide-faced, 2 = Chamaeorthocranic: relatively narrow-faced, 3 = Orthochama- ecranic: medium wide-faced, 4 = Chamaeorthocranic: medium wide-faced. — Fig. 4/C. 1 = Me socranic — chamaemesorhinne, 2 = Dolichomesocranic— leptomesorhinne, 3 = Dolichocranic — mesorrhine, 4 = Mesodolichocranic — mesorrhine. — Fig. 4/D. 1 — Orthocranic chamae mesorrhine, 2 = Chamaeorthocranic = leptomesorrhine, 3 = Ortochamaecranic — mesorrhine, 4 = Chamaeorrthocranic — mesorrhine. — Note: The graphical representations of the character complexes (1—4) are identical Discussion and conclusions
In evaluating the geographical distribution and epochal connections of the cranio morphological traits as well as the subcontinental similarities viz. differences we have to take into consideration different reasons and factors. It is clear that the social and natural-ecolog ical relations in the different epochs might have manifested themselves with different effec tiveness, but some of them have permanently influenced the development of the morphologi cal mosaicism. Inspite of the stagnations in some epoches the density of the populations was increasing and therefore reached groups consisting of different numbers of individuals the boreal zone which became habitable in the early Holocene. The expansion of ethnic groups was recently analysed by CAVALLI-SFORZA (1972). We are the opinion that any mozaicism of the character-complaexes have not been caused only by the migration of greater groups over crossing greater distances as well as by only individuals covering smaller distances. It seems us very reasonable to accept that in the history of man subtribal groups of mini-quants (consisting of 30-60 individuals) were forced by social-economical factors (population den sity) as well as by different natural-ecological influences (inundations, earthquakes etc.) to a migration over subcontinental distances. This type of mechanisms as an infiltration may not be regarded as identical with the migration of supertribal quantity. The correlations between food consumption and morphological characters in different ethnic groups have been analysed by a number of authors ; food consumption and feeding habits were determinated in the postglacial millenia at least by agroclimatological and bio- geochemical factors (ALEXEYEVA 1968, 1973; CAVALLI-SFORZA 1972; FEREMBACH 1973). All of these factors have influenced the craniomorphological characters unrelated to the existing interactions between the autochtonous and infiltrated components. The interactions between the above mentioned components may have been influenced by a further factor, namely by that of the heterosis, although in the above applicated areal-morphological comparisons its effectivity as that of a single factor can be hardly established. We think that in the alterations of the morphological traits the relatively often (i.e. secular) infiltration had had a stronger effectivity than the factor mentioned above. Therefore was the autochtonous character of the populations in the chronological sequence extraordinaly relative, in addition was the influen ce of any heterosis effect on the craniometrical values intraspecifically reduced, it surely did not cause any alteration in the singular phylogenetical position of the mankind.
Note — The summarized series from the Mediaeval age of the Middle-Danubian Basin involve besides the numerical data of the author of present paper those of following authors: I. ALLODIATORIS,. L. BARTUCZ, GY. FARKAS, K. ÉRY, P. LIPTÁK, E. LOTTERHOF, A. MARCSIK, J NEMESKÉRI, E. STEIN and S. WENGER.
References
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Author's address: DR. TIBOR TÓTH Anthropological Department Hungarian Natural History Museum H-1062 Budapest, Bajza utca 39 Hungary Table 1. Numerical comparison of different craniological series (Europoids)
Characteristics Neurocranium Splanchnocranium —_ ^ MARTIN'S numbers 8:1 17:1 45. 54:55 •< Series o* ? d* $ rf 1 9 rf 1 o
u IS European, early period 71.2 72.3 69.7 71.1 140.8 134.9 50.6 52.1 (BILLY 1972) (21) OD (13) (5) (9) (7) (10) (8)
Jpp e eoli t European, late period 73.3 75.0 72.1 71.6 140.7 129.9 48.3 47.7 2 (BILLY 1972) (11) (11) (9) (7) (7) (6) (7) (6)
Afalou-Bou-Rhummel 74.8 76.4 74.6 73.8 141.6 134.3 54.0 55.5 (FEREMBACH 1973) (23) (14) (13) (10) (21) (12) (21) (9) Taforalt, Marocco • 74.5 77.0 74.4 73.5 147.4 131.5 52.1 54.2 (FEREMBACH 1965) (13) (6) (7) (3) (8) (4) (7) (5) Muge (Moita+ Arruda) 72.9 71.5 74.3 72.8. 124.5 120.7 54.2 50.1 (FEREMBACH 1973) • (8) (11) (5) (6) (4) (7) (6) (8) Teviec+Hoêdic 72.9 74.2 73.9 74.2 139.3 130.8 52.0 49.5 (RIQUET 1967) • (11) (13) (8) (9) (10) (10) (9) (9) Centro-South Germany (summ.) 75.6 79.1 74.6 72.9 135.4 129.9 50.7 53.6 (RIQUET 1967) • o (7) (11) (6) (11) (7) (11) (6) (10) jc North-Europe (summar ized) 72.8 75.5 74.6 76.9 150.0 139.0 — 44.5 (RIQUET 1967) • iSOli t (6) (3) (4) (3) (2) (1) (2) San Teodoro, Italy 72.4 — 72.8 — 137.0 — 46.2 — t (FEREMBACH 1973) • (4) (4) (3) (3) Zveinieki, Latvia 72.8 73.8 75.3 74.9 136.9 129.2 47.9 47.6 (DENISOVA 1975) (11) (6) (11) (5) (11) (6) (10) (5) Vassilyevka I. 70.1 69.9 73.8 — 140.7 134.0 48.0 45.4 (KONDUKTOROVA 1973) (9) (2) (3) (11) (2) (4) (1) Vassilyevka III. 71.2 72.4 76.2 — 139.3 125.6 47.5 45.2 (GOHMAN 1966) (16) (7) (3) (16) (7) (13) (6) Voloshskoye 66.2 71.7 69.2 72.7 129.2 131.0 46.6 41.5 (DEBETS 1955) (6) (3) (6) (3) (5) (2) (4) (2) Ukraine (summarized) 69.9 71.8 72.1 72.7 138.2 128.1 47.4 44.4 (KONDUKTOROVA 1973) (31) (12) (12) (3) (32) (11) (21) (9)
Portugal (summarized) 75.5 75.7 74.2 72.8 128.3 122.0 49.9 50.8 (RIQUET 1972) (17) (15) (7) (8) (12) (11) (8) (8) Early-Mediterranean Car- diaux 71.1 75.1 73.8 75.7 129.5 120.5 53.0 47.5 (RIQUET 1973) (5) (3) (3) (1) (4) (2) (5) (3) Grottes de la Lozère, B. Chaudes 72.2 69.6 73.5 70.1 129.0 125.5 44.2 45.1 (RIQUET 1973) (19) (9) (12) (6) (3) (2) (6) (5) Gr. de la Lozère, Homme Mort 71.8 74.3 70.1 72.9 127.8 119.7 42.1 46.0 *o o (RIQUET 1973) (7) (8) (6) (7) (4) (7) (6) (7) Final et Chalcolithique Atl. 76.7 78.0 72.8 75.1 131.8 126.1 50.2 49.5 (RIQUET 1973) (13) (12) (4) (6) (9) (7) (9) (5) Bandkeramiker, Early and Late 73.3 75.7 73.9 74.2 127.5 J18.3 46.4 49.9 (RIQUET 1973) (44) (35) (14) (8) (18) (9) (23) (16) Rössen-Hinkelstein cul ture 74.4 74.2 74.4 75.0 125.3 120.0 52.4 49.7 (RIQUET 1973) (21) (10) (11) (7) (12) (6) (12) (6) 1 Continuation of Table 1.
Characteristics Neurocranium Splanchnocranium MARTIN'S numbers 8 :1 17:1 45. 54 55 Series < rf 9 d* 9 rf 9 rf 9
Niederhessen, Altendorf 75.2 74.1 73.6 71.1 130.5 119.8 49.3 53.4 (PERRET 1938) (39) (20) (19) (12) (31) (12) (28) (10) Denmark, Middle Period 76.0 75.9 74.7 75.1 131.5 120.9 49.6 50.9 (JÖRGENSEN 1973) (27) (20) (14) (18) (17) (14) (17) (11) Denmark, Late Period 77.2 77.4 76.0 75.0 135.5 128.5 49.5 51.1 (JÖRGENSEN 1973) (56) (16) (40) (12) (43) (13) (37) (10) Trichterbecherkultur 74.3 75.1 72.4 73.1 128.5 124.1 45.6 49.8 (JÖRGENSEN 1973) (51) (26) (3D (16) (19) (ID (20) (11) England (summarized) 71.0 73.4 70.3 74.3 131.4 126.2 45.9 48.7 (BROTHWELL 1973) (50) (20) (22) (10) (8) (3) (26) (7) Zveinieki, Early Period 72.6 — 76.2 — 139.1 — 46.9 - (DENISOVA 1975) (14) (14) (12) (10) Zveinieki, Middle-Late Period 75.4 78.6 74.0 75.4 139.9 133.1 49.0 47.3 (DENISOVA 1975) (35) (10) (29) (6) (27) (7) (28) (6) Dnepro-Donets Culture (summ.) 74.0 75.2 75.9 75.7 146.7 135.4 49.1 49.8 (DEBETS 1966) (128) (73) (60) (39) (83) (36) (76) (36) Vassilyevka II. 76.9 79.9 75.6 80.6 153.5 141.0 48.2 46.7 (GOHMAN 1966) (10) (5) (3) (2) (9) (5) (7) (5) Vovnigi, Ukraine 74.8 74.7 75.3 75.0 146.2 134.0 49.3 49.1 (KONDUKTOROVA 1973) (40) (19) (22) (6) (40) 03) (31) (8) Dereivka, Ukraine 74.4 76.3 75.9 75.1 144.5 132.5 50.4 50.2 (KONDUKTOROVA 1973) (42) (23) (17) (15) (12) (4) (14) (9) Poland, Schnurkeramik 72.0 73.3 72.9 71.5 130.9 121.4 52.8 50.9 (WIERCINSKI 1973) (14) (11) (5) (5) (9) (7) (7) (8) Poland, Zlota-Kultur 77.5 77.5 75.5 73.8 129.2 126.4 50.1 49.7
Neo ! (WIERCINSKI 1973) (15) (11) (12) (8) (13) (7) (13) (5) Central Germany, Schnur keramik 70.3 74.5 75.7 73.7 127.9 124.2 50.9 49.8 (BACH et al., 1975) (33) (17) (16) (6) (16) (6) (17) (10) Cortaillod, Switzerland 73.8 74.3 71.7 72.6 128.9 121.4 49.8 50.8 (SAUTER 1973) (27) (26) (16) (18) (16) (13) (18) (15) Middle Period, Ligurie 71.9 74.4 74.1 72.1 128.8 121.8 49.9 53.7 (CORRAIN-PARENTI 1973) (17) (5) (8) (4) (14) (6) (15) (5) Linearbandkeramik, CSSR 71.6 73.8 77.4 76.0 122.5 122.5 52.3 56.0 (JELINEK 1973) (11) (13) (5) (10) (4) (2) (8) (7) Schnurkeramik, CSSR 69.5 73.6 73.7 74.8 130.5 119.5 47.3 48.1 (JELINEK 1973) (42) (18) (23) (9) (8) (2) (28) (12) Southern Rangifer Isle 75.6 73.9 72.1 71.1 142.9 133.5 48.3 49.9 (DEBETS 1973) (27) (17) (8) (3) (23) (14) (20) (11) Nea Nikomedeia 79.6 75.6 73.9 75.5 128.0 120.7 59.4 53.5 (ANGEL 1973) (4) (7) (3) (6) (4) (7) (4) (6) Cernavoda I. ( NECR ASOV-CRISTESCU 73.1 74.9 — — 133.0 126.9 49.0 53.0 1973) (37) (37) (7) (7) (8) (7) Boian-culture (Cernica) (NECRASOV & CRISTESCU 74.1 74.9 — — 125.7 123.3 49.6 51.0 1973) (30) (23) (14) (12) (14) (12) Tisza-Basin, Hungary (TÓTH 1973,1977 FARKAS 73.6 75.3 78.5 76.6 130.3 118.8 51.9 54.7 1977) (15) (22) (4) (8) (3) (7) (6) (8) Continuation of Table 1.
Splanchnocranium Characteristics Neurocranium ""•«««^ MARTIN'S 54 o numbers 8:1 17:1 45. 55 Series < î 9 d* 9 d* Î
Tisza-Maros Region 73.1 74.0 73.6 74.5 131.1 112.0 50.5 51.6 (FARKAS 1977)_ (22) (24) (8) (7) (7) (4) (11) (8) Glockenbecher, CSSR 80.3 81.7 76.8 78.1 133.1 124.5 50.0 51.8 (JELINEK 1973) (33) (22) (22) (12) (19) (15) (22) (14) G lockenbecher(Elbe-Saale) 83.5 82.5 78.8 77.0 132.0 129.7 49.0 52.1 (24) (21) (10) (10) (8) (6) (14) (13) (BACH — BACH 1976) Russe, Bulgaria 74.8 78.7 76.2 76.8 126.9 119.7 48.8 50.8 (BOEV 1973) (27) (20) (14) (12) (18) (7) (24) (10) Baden-Culture, Hungary • 76.0 — 76.3 — 128.9 — 46.9 — (NEMESKÉRI 1951, 1956) (15) (7) (9) (10) Tripolye (summarized) 74.6 75.1 75.1 74.8 129.8 125.2 47.7 50.5 (DEBETS, 1973) (21) (11) (16) (10) (14) (6) (16) (9) Toscana (summarized) 76.0 74.2 73.8 72.5 128.3 122.3 47.4 52.6 (CORRAIN — PARENTI & 1973) (12) (8) (12) (7) (12) (4) (12) (5) Q Kamm-Grübchen-Keramik 79.0 78.3 74.4 73.1 140.1 133.7 48.1 49.3 u (DEBETS 1973) (23) (20) (17) (16) (21) (15) (18) (14) Fatyanovo Culture 69.9 70.4 70.4 70.2 134.4 126.6 47.3 49.0 I (DENISOVA 1975) (42) (17) (30) (16) (35) (15) (35) (14) la Afanasyevo Culture 51.1 (summ.) 74.3 74.7 72.2 73.4 141.6 131.8 51.1 (22) (12) (17) (11) (18) (12) (20) (10)
ene o (DEBETS 1973) Namazga Culture (sum < 51.9 50.9 marized) 69.6 72.1 74.6 72.6 129.8 123.2 (DEBETS 1973) (16) (18) (8) (10) (18) (19) (17) (19) Grottes de la Meuse 79.5 79.2 71.0 71.2 130.9 128.3 50.0 51.4 (RIQUET 1973) (42) (31) (26) (14) (25) (18) (19) (10) Grottes artific, Marne 77.7 79.5 74.8 75.1 132.3 124.4 49.7 51.3 (RIQUET 1973) (150) (155) (117) (108) (101) (113) (76) (79) Chalcolithic, Bas-Langue 44.7 47.3 doc 75.8 75.2 77.2 71.8 130.5 123.5 (RIQUET 1973) (40) (37) (21) (15) (22) (8) (15) (7) Summ., Seine-Oise-Marne 77.8 76.6 73.5 73.2 129.9 122.8 48.6 50.0 (RIQUET 1973) (115) (94) (45) (39) (42) (32) (42) (33) Néo-Enéolithiques Basques 73.8 75.8 72.3 71.7 129.6 128.6 45.6 46.5 (RIQUET 1973) (22) (25) (12) (10) (11) (13) (9) (10)
Tisza-Basin, Hungary (TÓTH 1973,1977 FARKAS 73.7 75.3 75.4 76.0 130.1 122.8 49.6 51.0 1977) (182) (188) (48) (53) (55) (49) (64) (50) Sarata-Monteoru (NECRASOV & CRIS- 74.3 75.2 75.2 77.1 130.6 123.6 46.1 48.2 TESCU 1973) (48) (46) (11) (ID (18) (16) (18) (16) N Aunjetitz Culture, CSSR 70.9 73.2 74.9 75.9 130.8 122.6 49.3 50.1 O (JELINEK 1973) (117) (61) (69) (36) (49) (26) (62) (34) Kivutkalns, Latvia 70.6 72.6 73.2 74.7 129.2 123.1 44.5 48.2 (DENISOVA 1975) (33) (9) (30) (9) (31) (10) (28) (8) Yamnaya, Early; Ukraine 74.3 77.6 74.0 76.4 137.0 128.4 47.7 49.9 (KONDUKTOROVA 1973) (35) (6) (15) (3) (30) (5) (27) (5) Katakombnaya, Middle; 75.4 136.3 129.2 48.6 49.7 Ukraine 75.2 78.1 73.4 (KONDUKTOROVA 1973) (52) (24) (24) (13) (42) (16) (46) (20)
20 Természettudományi Múzeum Évkönyve 1980 Continuation of Table 1.
Characteristics Neurocranium Splanchnocranium MARTIN'S numbers 8 1 17:1 45. 54 55 Series < rf 2 rf î rf ?
Srubnaya, Late; Ukraine 73.2 73.7 74.8 72.5 133.0 123.6 46.9 49.3 (KONDUKTOROVA 1973) (32) (17) (15) (9) (17) (9) (13) (12) Yamnaya, Lower Volga 74.2 77.8 71.2 75.0 140.2 132.2 48.2 50.2 (FIRSHTEIN 1967) (21) (6) (11) (6) (16) (5) (19) (6) Katakomba, Lower Volga 76.2 76.2 73.3 75.1 137.5 128.7 48.7 49.5 (FIRSHTEIN 1967) (16) (6) (9) (4) (13) (6) (16) (6) Srubnaya, Lower Volga 73.5 74.8 72.3 72.0 136.6 127.6 49.0 49.2 (FIRSHTEIN 1967) (36) (23) (21) 07) (33) (19) (30) (17) Southern Tadzhikistan 72.8 74.5 71.8 73.3 131.8 124.5 48.4 48.1 (KIYATKINA 1976) (23) (18) (11) (14) (18) (18) (17) (15) Sapalli Tepe, Uzbekhistan 73.3 73.5 70.5 71.1 130.5 121.8 48.9 50.3 (HODJAYOV 1977) (18) (29) (14) (29) (21) (29) (17) (26) Dolmens de la Lozère 78.4 75.4 72.5 72.7 133.9 126.4 49.3 47.8 (RIQUET 1967) (28) (15) (17) (8) (10) (7) (14) (9) N Bas-Languedoc, Early c Period 78.5 80.6 73.3 77.5 133.5 125.3 46.0 50.5 (RIQUET 1967) (18) (14) PQ (9) (7) (11) (8) (6) (6) Poladian; Provence, Ni çois, etc. Early-Middle 78.2 78.0 72.9 72.3 132.6 123.1 48.7 50.4 (RIQUET 1967) (37) (19) (20) (13) (15) (8) (19) (11) Poladian; Narb.-Roussil- lon, Early-Middle 76.3 77.1 72.0 72.5 128.9 121.3 47.7 48.1 (RIQUET 1967) (50) (41) (36) (27) (35) (29) (24) (19) England (summarized) 81.3 — 72.8 138.5 50.9 (BROTHWELL 1973) (48) (25) (40) (13) Scotland (summarized) 81.9 — 75.3 133.9 50.4 (BROTHWELL 1973) (37) (35) (20) (17) Tepe-Hissar III., Iran 71.6 73.0 71.8 72.0 124.9 120.5 49.4 50.4 (RATHBUN 1975) (51) (32) (42) (21) (43) (27) (44) (32) Koktsha III., South-Aral (GINSBOURGH & TRO- 74.4 76.8 76.2 74.7 133.4 128.5 46.3 48.2 FIMOVA 1972) (13) (10) (10) (6) (13) (10) (12) (9)
Italy (IX—III. c. B.C.) summ. (DAVIDE 1959, MESSERI 1963, CORRAIN 1969, 75.3 — 70.7 130.8 46.6 1972) • (51) (29) (23) (24) La Tène, Central Danube (NEMESKÉRI & DEÁK 75.5 — 74.0 . 127.7 47.8 1954; VLCEK 1957) • (51) (25) (29) (34) C La Tène, South Germany- 78.3 78.3 72.0 73.9 135.2 125.7 48.1 50.3 o Switzerland (HUG 1940) (52) (50) (33) (27) (20) (21) (14) (16) Late Roman Period (summ) Transdanubia 76.4 — 72.9 132.0 47.4 (TÓTH 1974) • (55) (42) (42) (51) Dailaman, Iran (summar ized) 69.6 — 71.8 127.4 47.3 (IKEDA 1963, 1968) • (22) (10) (17) (17) Hasanlu IV. (IX—VIII. c B. C.) 70.5 74.1 72.0 71.4 121.2 118.9 44.7 47.7 (RATHBUN 1975) (27) (15) (11) (4) (18) (10) (28) (12) Continuation of Table 1.