Talilnik in Livarski Kalup Z Maharskega Prekopa Na Ljubljanskem Barju

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Talilnik in Livarski Kalup Z Maharskega Prekopa Na Ljubljanskem Barju Arheološki vestnik (Arh. vest.) 49, 1998, str. 31-53 31 Talilnik in livarski kalup z Maharskega prekopa na Ljubljanskem barju Anton VELUŠČEK in Tatjana GREIF Izvleček Abstract Avtorja predstavita nedavno odkrite metalurške pripomočke The authors present the metallurgic implements that we- z Maharskega prekopa na Ljubljanskem barju ter s tem po- re excavated at Maharski prekop on the Ljubljana moor many vezane začetke metalurške dejavnosti v jugovzhodnih Alpah. years ago and they discuss the origins of metallurgic activity in the south-eastern Alpine region. UVOD tezalo v trikotniku med Iščico, Maharskim pre- kopom in kolovozom Ig - Škofljica (Harej 1986, Med pregledom arheološkega gradiva s koliš- 18), medtem ko mi ugotavljamo, da gre za več čarskih naselbin Ljubljanskega barja je bilo med naselbin, pri čemer Maharski prekop ločujemo najdbami z Maharskega prekopa odkritih več delov tako od kolišča ob Strojanovi vodi (V. Dežmano- talilnika in keramičnega kalupa. Fragmenti izvi- vo kolišče), kakor tudi od kolišča v strugi Iščice rajo z izkopavanj leta 1973 in 1977. Najdbi sodi- (IV. Dežmanovo kolišče) (Velušček 1997a, 79 s). ta med najstarejše doslej odkrite dokaze o meta- Leta 1970 so se na kolišču Maharski prekop, lurgiji na območju Slovenije; zaradi pomembno- 20 m severno od Jessetove sonde 1 iz leta 1953 sti najdbe ju želiva predstaviti v sklopu eneolit- (Jesse 1954, 97, risba 1, 2), začela intenzivna si- skih kovinskih najdb in hkrati najzgodnejše me- stematična arheološka izkopavanja, ki veljajo za talurgije z območja Slovenije. doslej največja moderna izkopavanja koliščarskih naselbin na Ljubljanskem barju. Arheološke ra- ziskave so pod vodstvom Bregantove potekale v METALURŠKI PREDMETI Z MAHARSKEGA šestih kampanjah od leta 1970 do leta 1977, in PREKOPA NA LJUBLJANSKEM BARJU sicer julija in avgusta 1970,1972,1973,1974,1976 in 1977. Doslej je bilo raziskanih 1184 m2 povr- Maharski prekop leži na ledini Spodnje mo- šine, pri čemer je bil odkrit jugovzhodni del na- stišče severovzhodno od Iga. Na relativno majh- selbine (Bregant 1996, 24; cfr. Bregant 1974b, 33; ni medsebojni oddaljenosti je bilo tod odkritih 1975, 9-10, pril.l). Medtem ko so izsledki izko- več lokacij koliščarske kulture. Že Korošec si je pavanj do leta 1974 deloma objavljeni (Bregant zastavljal vprašanje, ali gre pri kolišču, ki ga je 1974; 1974a; 1975), je velik del arheološkega gradiva, poznal z ledine Spodnje mostišče in katerega dolžino vključno z materialom zadnjih dveh izkopavalnih ocenjuje na 300 m, za eno samo naselbino ali za sezon, še neobjavljen. Celotno gradivo hrani Mestni več naselbin (Korošec 1954,8). Bregantova je oce- muzej v Ljubljani. nila, da kolišče pokriva prostor dolžine 700 in ši- Koliščarska naselbina Maharski prekop je bi- 2 rine 150 m oziroma površino okoli 100.000 m (Bre- la, kakor tudi Blatna Brezovica in Notranje gori- gant 1974, 33; 1974a, 8). Harej je menil, da gre ce, sprva uvrščena v zgodnjo bronasto dobo (Ko- za večji kompleks enotnega kolišča, ki se je raz- rošec 1963,47; 1964, 35; Bregant 1974,23; 1974a, 54; Harej 1976, 85 ss). Parzinger je kasneje kera- drokronološke raziskave koliščarskih naselbin na mični inventar z Maharskega prekopa na podla- Ljubljanskem barju (Čufar, Levanič, Velušček 1997; gi tipološke analize keramike uvrstil v dva kul- 1998; Velušček 1997, 25 s). turna oziroma časovna horizonta (Maharski pre- kop - a in Maharski prekop - b), ki ustrezata kul- Opis fragmentov kalupa (si. 1): Fragmenti ka- turnima skupinama Boleraz in Baden. Najdišče lupa (inv. št. Al 1851) so bili odkriti v kvadrantu je bilo torej datirano v srednji eneolitik, pri če- št. XIX, leta 1973. Ohranjenih je pet fragmentov mer elementi, mlajši od badenske kulture, na tem (si. 1). Velikost fragmentov znaša 30 - 80 mm, kolišču naj ne bi bili prisotni (Parzinger 1984, 39). debelina sten pa 11 - 25 mm. Teža 220 g. Kalup Parzingerjevo datacijo podpirajo tudi radiokar- je izdelan je iz finejše, prečiščene in sivo žgane bonski datumi - absolutne datacije na osnovi ra- gline, mestoma so na njegovi zunanji površini vidne diokarbonskih meritev z dendrokronološkimi ko- sledi črnega "premaza", podobno kot pri kuhinj- rekcijami segajo v razponu od 3880 pr. n. š. do ski keramiki. Kalup je enostranski, nejverjetneje 2930 pr. n. š. (Bregant 1974b, 33; 1975, 49) - ter trikotne oblike. izsledki paleobotaničnih raziskav (npr. Šercelj, Cu- liberg 1980, 86). Opis fragmentov talilnika (si. 2: 1,2): Fragmen- Med keramičnimi ostalinimi z Maharskega pre- ti talilnika (inv. št. Al 1852) so bili odkriti leta kopa najdemo tudi elemente, kijih ni mogoče uvr- 1977 v kvadrantu št. LXX. Posodi pripadajo trije stiti v Parzingerjeva horizonta badenske kulture. ohranjeni fragmenti (si. 2: 1,2). Talilnik je bil pra- Na časovno starejše fragmente, ki po oblikovni, vokotne oblike. Dimenzije fragmentov znašajo 37 dekorativni in tehnični plati sodijo v t. i. alpsko - 75 mm; ohranjena višina sten talilnika je 33 - 45 facies lengyelske kulture, je opozorila že Bregantova mm, debelina sten pa 12 - 25 mm. Teža 185 g. (Bregant 1975, 41, 43). Gre za fragmente z vre- zanimi in vdolbenimi linijami (Bregant 1975, t. 9: 3, 4, 6), za fragment s kombinacijo vrezanih linij in trikotnih vbodov (Bregant 1975, t. 12: 11) ter del ostenja z vbodi (Bregant 1975, t. 13: 7), ki odstopajo od preostalega gradiva in imajo ana- logije v zgodnjeeneolitskih kulturah. Tipološko najstarejša keramika naj bi ležala stratigrafsko lo- čeno od ostalega gradiva; Bregantova zanjo dom- neva, daje bila na najdišče naplavljena (Bregant 1975, 43). Otipljivejše dokaze za to tezo bi lahko prinesla šele bodoča izkopavanja, čeprav lahko upravičeno pričakujemo večplastno naselbino. To ne dokazujejo le tipološke značilnosti keramič- nih najdb z Maharskega prekopa, temveč tudi den- SI. 2: Poskus rekonstrukcije talilnika (Maharski prekop). Mestni muzej Ljubljana, inv. it. Al 1852. M. = 1:3; (risba: 1). Su- SI. I: Poskus rekonstrukcije kalupa (Maharski prekop). Mestni Snik, loto: F. Stele). muzej Ljubljana, inv. St. Al 1851 (loto: E Stele). Fig. 2: A reconstruction of a smelting-pot (Maharski prekop). Fig. I: A reconstruction of a mould (Maharski prekop). Mestni Mestni muzej Ljubljana, inv. no. Al 1852. Scale = 1:3; (dra- muzej Ljubljana, inv. no. Al 1851 (photo: F. Stele). wing: I). Sušnik, photo: F. Stele). Izdelan je bil iz sivo žgane, prečiščene gline. V Do "industrijske faze" po Strahmu, pride šele primerjavi s kalupom je bolj grobe in porozne faktu- v žarnogrobiščnem obdobju (Strahm 1994, Abb. re. 2,3). S površinskim pregledom je bilo ugotovljeno, da je talilnik prežgan, kar bi pomenilo, da je bil uporabljen. Temu v prid govori nekaj desetink mm RUDIŠČA Z BAKROVO RUDO debela plast temnorumenorjave usedline na no- IN BAKROVIMI MINERALI V SLOVENIJI tranji steni največjega ohranjenega dela posode. Analiza te usedline je pokazala, da gre za sledo- Slovensko ozemlje je že v antiki slovelo kot bogato ve bakra, ki je ostal na posodi po uporabi. Baker rudonosno območje s številnimi rudišči kovinskih je bil iz sulfidne rude.1 mineralov. V polpretekli dobi je bil rudnik žive- ga srebra v Idriji najpomembnejši rudnik habs- burške monarhije, po količinskih zalogah živega ENEOLITSKE KOVINSKE NAJDBE srebra pa drugi rudnik na svetu. Tudi rudnik svinca IN ZAČETKI METALURGIJE V SLOVENIJI in cinka v Mežici je bil ekonomsko pomemben; po pridobljenih količinah kovin ga uvrščamo med Začetki obdelovanja in uporabe kovin segajo pomembnejše rudnike te vrste (npr. Jelene 1953, na Bližnji Vzhod v 9. tisočletje pr. n. š. (Strahm 11 s; Drovenik, Pleničar, Drovenik 1980,129; Dro- 1994, Abb. 2,3). Prve kovinske predmete je člo- venik 1987, 25 ss; Paulin 1987, 201 s; 1991, 343 s; vek pridobival iz bakrovih mineralov in samorod- Ocepek 1996, 311 ss). Manj znano je, da so na- nega bakra ter jih obdeloval s tolčenjem in glaje- stala na območju Slovenije tudi bakrova nahaja- njem, torej podobno kot kamnita orodja. lišča ter svinčevo-cinkova nahajališča, ki vsebu- Uvodni, t. i. "predstopnji metalurgije" je sle- jejo bakrove minerale. Izmed prvotnih bakrovih dila "začetna faza" (Strahm 1994) (okvirno neo- mineralov v njihovih rudah je najbolj pogosten litik) s segrevanjem in obdelovanjem samorod- halkopirit, slede mu bornit Cu5FeS4, halkozin Cu^S, nega bakra. V tehnološkem smislu se je "meta- tennantit Cu3AsS3 25 in tetraedrit Cu3SbS3 rs. Pri lurg" posluževal z enostavno pirotehnologijo ter sekundarnih procesih sta nastala predvsem ma- tehnologijo obdelovanja kamnitih orodij. Med de- lahit in azurit Cu,[OH | CO,]2, v manjši meri co- javnosti najzgodnejših metalurgov štejemo segre- vellin CuS, kuprit in digenit Ču()S5 (Drovenik 1987, vanje, tempranje, taljenje, hladno in vroče kova- 25). nje. V Sloveniji so nastala najstarejša bakrova ru- Začetni fazi je sledila "eksperimentalna faza" donosna območja v starejše paleozojskih skladih (okvirno zgodnji in srednji eneolitik), v kateri že metamorfne kamenine na južnem vznožju Pohorja lahko dejansko govorimo o zgodnji metalurgiji. - Okoška gora, in na južnem pobočju Kozjaka, Metalurgi so s površja pobirali in tudi že kopali kjer je z rudo bogato nahajališče Remšnik. ter talili bakrovo rudo. Najdbe iz Evrope in Pa- Na Okoški gori je nahajališče svinčeve, cinko- lestine dokazujejo, da so prvi metalurgi sprva upo- ve in bakrove rude, v Remšniku je sestava rude rabljali s kovino bogato oksidno (kuprit Cu20) podobna, s to razliko, da vsebuje tudi srebro. V in karbonatno bakrovo rudo (npr. malahit metamorfnih kamninah Pohorja in Kozjaka so še Cu,[(OH), | CO,]) (Durman 1983, 12 ss; Pernic- druga, manj znana rudišča, med drugimi tudi na- ka 1990, 28 ss; Ottaway 1994, 93 ss; Strahm 1994, hajališče halkopirita v Bistriškem jarku. V šta- Abb. 2, 3). Iz tega obdobja poznamo prve narav- lenskogorskih plasteh so v dolini Velunje pojavi ne in slučajne kovinske zlitine. svinčevo-cinkova ruda, ki jo spremljata baker in V nadaljevanju razvoja tehnologije obdelave kovin antimon. so kovino vlivali, kovali in tanili. Sledilo je obdob- Tudi devonski skladi so ponekod orudeni z ba- je krajše prekinitve v razvoju, temu pa obdobje "raz- krom, neposredno pod njihovim stikom s spodnje- vite metalurgije" v poznem eneolitiku in zgodnji karbonskimi plastmi.
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