BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 9:1-149. 1997 1

An illustrated marine flora of the Pelican Cays, Belize

Diane S. Littler and Mark M. Littler

(DSL, MML) Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, V.S.A. (DSL) Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 V.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, V.S.A.

ABSTRACT.-The Pelican Cays, Belize, Central America, represent a benign and biologically diverse environment dominated by sessile photosynthetic and filter-feeding populations. Most are delicate and particularly susceptible to physical damage and eutrophication. Pelican Cays has a rich marine flora, totaling 190 taxa, with 86 Rhodophyta (red algae), 23 Phaeophyta (brown algae), 72 Chlorophyta (green algae), 5 Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) and 4 Magnolio­ phyta (flowering plants). Each species description includes the author citation, original refer­ ence, basionym and synonyms when appropriate. The detailed descriptions are accompanied by line drawings of anatomical and morphological features to aid in identification. Distribu­ tions are listed for the Caribbean Basin, along with the habitat where each taxon is typically found, and 73 new seaweed records are added for Belize. The cause of the exceptionally high biodiversity in such a small area is the unusual convergence of complex mangrove, coral, sea­ grass and algal biomes under stable oligotrophic conditions. Nearly one-fourth of the macro­ phyte flora are rare or uncommon species. The long-lived coarse, leathery and calcareous form groups dominate with 67% of the taxa, indicative of constant, low-nutrient conditions. Few of the ephemeral filamentous and sheet-like green algae that predominate under elevated nutrient regimes are present. The preponderance of long-lived red algal taxa (86 of 190 total macrophyte taxa) is a further indication of a relatively pristine environment. Botanical survey and inven­ tory information on the spectacular Pelican Cays ecosystem is provided in the hope of contrib­ uting toward a timely conservation plan and responsible management of the resource.

The atoll-like Pelican Cays, located in the In comparison, the treatment "Marine Plants Central Province of the Belize Barrier Reef of the Caribbean and Adjacent Seas" (Littler (Maps 1-3), comprise a pristine, low-energy, et al. 1989) contained only 209 taxa obtained mangrove-island ecosystem dominated by over an8-year period. In the past, we have sessile photosynthetic and filter-feeding popu­ recorded rich floras of important undocu­ lations. Most are morphologically delicate mented macrophytes in Belizean mangrove and vulnerable to damage from boat wakes, systems such as Twin Cays (Littler et al. 1985) physical disturbance and sedimentation, as and Tobacco Range (Littler et al. 1995). well as natural (Lapointe et al. 1993) and an­ However, the Pelican Cays' macrophytic di­ thropogenic (Littler et al. 1993) eutrophica­ versity far exceeds that of Twin Cays and To­ tion. The predominant algal form groups bacco Range combined. The cause of this (67% of taxa are coarsely-branched thick­ unusually high marine plant biodiversity in leathery or calcareous forms) indicate con­ such a small geographic area is the unique stant, low-nutrient conditions with a paucity juxtaposition of mangrove, coral, seagrass and of the filamentous and sheet-like green algal algal biomes under stable oligotrophic condi­ forms that characterize nearby eutrophic tions (e.g., indicated by consistently "gin­ mangrove cays (e.g., Man-of-War Cay, Chan­ clear" waters). The preponderance of long­ nel Cay, Douglas Cay). lived red algal taxa (86 out of 190 total macro­ The macrophyte biodiversity of the Peli­ phyte taxa) is a further indication of a rela­ can Cays area (190 taxa) is greater than any tively benign, pristine environment (Littler et comparable system studied in the Caribbean. al. 1987). 2 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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Map 1. Location of the atoll-like Pelican Cays group on the Central Province of the Belize Barrier Reef, Central America. NUMBER 9 3

Our emphasis is primarily on the large Methods and Materials macrophytic forms that are not ubiquitously dispersed by birds, wind-aerosols and ships. Collections from the Pelican Cays' man­ We cover the three major phyla of marine grove prop roots, seagrass flats and shallow algae, Rhodophyta (red algae, 86 taxa), Phaeo­ ribbon reefs were made from February 1992 phyta (brown algae, 23 taxa) and Chlorophyta to May 1995 by hand while snorkeling. (green algae, 72 taxa). Also included are Cya­ SCUBA diving was employed to collect from nophyta (blue-green algae, 5 taxa), which rep­ the deeper slopes of seagrass beds and ribbon resent an important macrophytic component reefs. During February 1993, we began re­ in some habitats, and the flowering plant phy­ cording observations of populations and is­ lum Magnoliophyta (seagrasses, 4 taxa), even land systems in the Pelican Cays Group using though generally omitted from algal floras names of locations from charts and some of and texts. The seagrasses play a major role in our own site designations (Maps 2, 3). Our the ecology and population dynamics of Peli­ research team has now made multiple sea­ can Cays' ecosystems and, therefore, must be sonal marine plant collections at 43 different incorporated in any comprehensive treat­ sites from the 11 major islands of the Pelican ment. Cays. Manatee Cay was collected at 11 sites, Bird Cays at 6 sites, Fisherman's Cay at 5 sites The algal biodiversity of the unique Peli­ and the remaining cays at 3 sites each. A co­ can Cays is documented as a first step toward ordinated transect method was used among establishing a baseline of systematic informa­ the three divers to facilitate complete system­ tion essential to further research and of use to atic and habitat coverage. Specimens for managers of this remarkable resource. The pressing were combined in large mesh bags, approach used is an illustrated flora, whereby while separate plants were placed in individual each taxon is given a general morphological plastic bags at the time of collection, later description followed by a more technical ana­ transferred to polycarbonate scintillation vi­ tomical treatment, and a plate of one to five als, fixed in 5% Formalin and finally pre­ diagnostic habit and anatomical line drawings. served in 70% ethyl alcohol. This resulted in The product is a fully illustrated floristic 150 identified bulk collections for pressing treatment that can, also serve as a field guide to and 300 separate identified collections pre­ the marine plant life of the Pelican Cays. served in individuallabeled vials. In the labo­ A CKNOWLEDGMENTs.-Special thanks for ratory, portions of each species' collection support and funding go to Harbor Branch were retained in vials with liquid preservative, Oceanographic Institution (HBOI Contribu­ while the remainder of thalli and bulk materi­ tion No. 1189) and the Smithsonian Marine als ~ere dried and pressed as herbarium Station at Link Port, Florida (SMSLP Contri­ speCImens bution No. 429). Both organizations were Dried herbarium collections, wet preserved extremely helpful during all aspects of this materials and, when at the Carrie Bow Cay work. Additional funding was provided by (CBC) field station, living specimens were NSF Grant DEB-9400534 and the Caribbean examined macroscopically and microscopi­ Coral Reef Ecosystem Program of the Na­ cally, after portions were prepared on glass tional Museum of Natural History (CCRE slides for anatomical study. Thallus sections Contribution No. 523). We gratefully ac­ were made by hand (in the field) or by freez­ knowledge Barrett L. Brooks for his continu­ ing microtome, stained with 1% aniline blue ing support and assistance throughout all of and mounted using a 20% glucose syrup (Karo our field and laboratory efforts and Michael J. Syrup, Corn Products, Inc.) solution in dis­ Wynne and Richard B. Searles for their thor­ tilled water containing a trace of phenol. All ough reviews and excellent suggestions, which anatomical illustrations were drawn with a improved the manuscript considerably. camera lucida on a Zeiss Universal Micro­ David B. Lellinger's excellent review, helpful scope to assure accuracy; internal meas­ suggestions and editorial assistance made the urements were made with a calibrated ocular final publication possible. micrometer. The specimens generated by this 4 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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Map 2. Overview of the atoll-like Pelican Cays and nearby mangrove islands (adapted from drawing by M. K. Ryan). NUMBER 9 5 study are deposited in the Algal Collection of Cat Cay (South Island), the southwest the V.S. National Herbarium, National Mu­ margin of this small mangrove island (Map 2), seum of Natural History, Smithsonian Insti­ just below the mouth of Cat Cay Bay, con­ tution, Washington, D. C. tains a narrow grass flat (Thalassia testu­ dinum), except at regular points where "ribbon reefs" of the leaf coral Agaricia tenui- General Characteristics of Pelican Cays folia form crescents connected at their proxi­ mal ends to the mangrove islands. Here the Cat Cay (Cat Cay Bay), a ribbon reef trees and seagrass flats extend as points onto dominated by the leaf coral Agaricia tenuifolia the ribbon reefs. Several of these extended delimits the southwest margin of the south­ flats contain large populations of the red alga westward-facing embayment (Map 3). The Hydropuntia cornea Qocally valued as an aph­ western margin of this bay (from the ribbon rodisiac when prepared in porridge, also reef to the northernmost limit) is one of the commercially available as "Double Trouble richest (greatest biodiversity) sites in the Peli­ Sea Moss" in the Lesser Antilles). The man­ can Cays. As mentioned above, the reason is grove root systems contain unusually exten­ the unusual combination of coral, mangrove, sive populations and colonies of stony corals algal and seagrass systems related to the stable along with macroalgae, sponges, tunicates and seawater quality in this compact embayment. anemones. The eastern margin of Cat Cay Bay is richer Manatee Cay (Map 3), at the westward­ in algal populations and contains relatively facing lagoon (Tony's Lagoon), was surveyed fewer "hanging root" filter-feeding communi­ in considerable detail. This is by far the most ties than the westward margin. The southern spectacular large habitat in the Pelican Cays ­ tip of Cat Cay extends as a striking ribbon­ in terms of colorful tunicates, sponges, tube reef grass flat for several kilometers to the worms, bivalves, anemones and algae. At the south - an especially pristine coral/algal/ north and south of the entrance (cut off by a seagrass system that we have called Five Mile shallow ribbon reef of Agaricia tenuifolia) are Flat (described below) - before returning uniquely large populations of the red northward to Little Cat Cay to complete the agariphyte Gracilaria mammillaris; several atoll-like perimeter of the system. other commercially valuable Gracilaria spp. are present as well. This system is teeming Particularly striking dominants of the with larval fish stages, and the mangrove root hanging root communities of the south Cat systems are heavily burdened by plants and Cay embayment are colorful tunicates multilayered filter-feeding animals. We rou­ (Clavelina picta, C. puertosecensis), sponges tinely have seen large tarpon (Megalops atlanti­ (Mycale laxissima, various rope sponges), cus) in this lagoon. Many of the sessile root worms, bivalves and anemones. Algal domi­ communities have dropped en masse to the nants are the red algae Coelothrix irregularis, lagoon floor and continue to thrive in most Acanthophora spicifera, Spyridia filamentosa, cases at the outer edges of the undercut bank. the brown algae Lobophora variegata, Dictyota There is a remarkable hanging population of spp., Padina sanctae-crucis and the green algae extraordinarily large Avrainvillea digitata be­ Caulerpa racemosa, C. sertularioides, C. mexi­ ginning at the intertidal level of the north side cana, C verticillata, Halimeda opuntia and of Tony's Lagoon. Nearby, to the east, are Dictyosphaeria cavernosa. gigantic Penicillus pyriformis among the Tha­ Such robust macroalgal populations are lassia blades. The entire margin of the lagoon indicative of constant, stable, low-nutrient was surveyed, and all indications are of a deli­ conditions. Species that are unusual are fo­ cate long-lived community that has undergone liose fleshy red forms (Gracilaria, Meristiella), little human disturbance, most likely due to epiphytic crustose corallines and the large the shallow ribbon reef barrier across the green alga Udotea cf. occidentalis. Three mouth (restricting access) and the large vol­ markedly different growth forms of Codium ume of the embayment. Most importantly, spp. are also present. large patches of recently manatee-grazed Tha- 6 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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Map 3. Enlarged view of the major islands and habitats surveyed during the present study (adapted from drawing by M. K. Ryan). NUMBER 9 7 lassia testudinum indicated the presence of finger coral Porites porites. Behind this crest, manatees at the time of the study (Feb 1994 shallow seagrass beds adjoin the mangroves. and May 1995). There is an abundance of Gracilaria cervicor­ Cassiopea Cove (Map 3) has a shallow Tha­ nis, G. mammillaris and Hydropuntia cornea lassia testudinum flat containing a row of on the seagrass and mangrove root systems. Rhizophora mangle islets that demarcates and The slight embayment on the south end of obscures the eastern-facing entrance. The the cay is sandy and slopes upward to very outer, northern margin of these have several dense Thalassia testudinum stands; these man­ large populations of the agar-producers Gracil­ grove root systems are not particularly rich aria cervicornis, G. mammillaris and Hydro­ and contain algal populations similar to those puntia cornea. This south to north elongated of the west side of Steward Cay to the north. lagoon is characterized by exceptionally long Frenchy's Ponds, named for the multiple blades of the seagrasses Syringodium filiforme pairs of large French angelfish, on the south­ and T. testudinum (> 1.0 m), as well as abun­ western region of Fisherman's Cay (Map 3) dant populations of Cassiopea xamachana and are rich in sessile invertebrates but tend to­ C. frondosa comprised of several morphologi­ ward algal domination. Noteworthy algal cal forms. The brown crown conch Melon­ populations are draped masses of Halimeda gena melongena was common, and ulvalean opuntia suspended from mangrove prop roots algal indicators of eutrophication were only and mound-like colonies of A vrainvillea asari- observed on the east side. The hanging root folia. Communities on mangrove prop roots populations along the west side, while diverse, indicate little physical disturbance; however, contained no unusual algae and were not as they are not as spectacular as those of Tony's spectacular as those of Cat Cay Bay, Tony's Lagoon, Cat Cay Bay or Great Bay. Lagoon or Great Bay. The eastern margin Great Bay (Map 3), at the north of Fish­ was unremarkable. erman's Cay, has a north facing entrance and A small pond to the south of Tony's La­ is entered over a broad Thalassia testudinum goon (Map 3), with a shallow entrance from flat containing isolated coral heads with scat­ the west, contains several unique features. tered islets of Rhizophora mangle along the Foremost is a spectacular population of giant western sill. Noteworthy features are abun­ Avrainvillea asarifolia (30 cm x 20 cm blades) dant standing crops of commercial agaro­ at the south entrance. The orange tunicate phytes, such as Gracilaria cervicornis, G. Ecteinascidia turbinata also reaches quite large mammillaris, Meristiella gelidium and M. echi­ colony sizes, dominating entire hanging roots. nocarpum, along the northwestern (outer) Bryopsis plumosa is exceptionally robust (15 border of the lagoon, among isolated colonies cm long here), and the hanging roots contain of the fire coral Millepora complanata. Viva an interesting form of Caulerpa nummularia rigida blades are prevalent on a nearby islet (dominant) with convex lower surfaces of the root beneath a bird roosting site. Sponge, bivalve and tunicate populations are spectacu­ ramuli. lar and surpassed only at Tony's Lagoon and Avicennia Cay (Map 2), a small cay just to Cat Cay Bay. Avrainvillea nigricans forms a the southwest of Manatee Cay, was surveyed sparse aggregation on the shallow peat bank at from the steep reef slope to the edge of the the southern margin, beneath which are gi­ mangrove prop roots. This is a mangrove gantic specimens of Udotea cf. occidentalis, cf. island resting on an isolated patch reef. The extending in a 10 m x 1.0 m strip. Further outer slope is composed of Agaricia tenuifolia back among the shallow roots is an extensive leveling off in the shallows to form a gorgo­ patch of A. digitata. Cassiopea xamachana are nian/seagrass community. The CBC station common and several brown crown conchs manager (S. Hays) observed a living manatee Melongena melongena were also observed. in this habitat during May 1995, while diving Dominant macroalgae on the roots are Acan­ with our group. On the north side of the cay, thophora spicifera and various forms of Caul­ a shallow crest is present formed mainly by erpa racemosa. Coelothrix irregularis forms the fire coral Millepora complanata and the dramatic neon-blue patches on submerged 8 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON fallen logs. The benthic community just be­ and dying French angel fish and gray snapper. neath the mangrove roots lies on a bi­ The northern margin of this island is espe­ valve/Halimeda-hash substrate and is domi­ cially rich in the elkhorn coral Acropora pal­ nated by rhizophytic plants {Thalassia testu­ mata and gorgonian patch reefs, with another dinum and Caulerpa racemosa covered by large fish camp conspicuous along the mangrove mats of Ceramium sp., Caulerpa mexicana and shoreline. Caulerpa sertularioides}. Dominants on the The Bird Cays comprise three islands (Map peat bank among shallow prop roots are 2), the westernmost of which is similar in al­ Padina gymnospora and Caulerpa verticillata. gal community structure to Co Cat Cay and Recently, B2 Ponds, the double-pond sys­ Little Cat Cay to the south (described below). tem of the northeast area of Fisherman's Cay The northeastern and southeastern Bird Cays (Map 3), appear to be considerably degraded, are located in the lagoon and are surrounded mostly by sedimentation and boat damage by narrow seagrass flats that drop from an (physical) relative to our observations in Agaricia margin to steep sediment-strewn 1992-1993. Colorful sponges and algae domi­ slopes. Both of these islands contain bird nate the mangrove prop roots of both ponds. roosting sites, and ulvalean green algae associ­ The western margin is healthy and contains a ated with eutrophication are present but mangrove root community dominated by minimal. gorgonians, anemones, stony corals and algae Co Cat Cay and Little Cat Cay (Map 2), such as Lobophora variegata. Adjacent is a the two westernmost cays in the Pelican Cay seagrass bed with Bryopsidales, red and green group, are not particularly unique or spec­ forms of Laurencia, Coelothrix irregularis and tacular. They are interesting in that their al­ Ceramium grading into an Agaricia tenuifolia gal floras are similar to those of the western ribbon reef before dropping sharply to lagoon cays of Blue Ground Range and Stewart Cay depths (24 m). to the north. The eastern borders of each are composed of narrow strips of seagrass beds Ridge Cay (Map is surrounded by sea­ 2) that slope steeply into the lagoon with scat­ grass beds and is the only site in which we tered heads of Millepora complanata at the collected the economically important car­ margins. The mangrove-root epiphytes are rageenan producer Eucheuma isiforme (also heavily sedimented and uninteresting, i.e., used to make sea-moss porridge). The bedded various epiphytic Galaxaura spp., Acantho­ mangrove prop roots are covered with inter­ phora spicifera and Lobophora variegata. The esting and colorful populations of small epi­ western borders are richer and more interest­ phytic clumps of seaweeds such as Botryo­ ing, with broad shallow seagrass flats contain­ cladia spinulifera, Anadyomene stellata, Bryop­ ing large fan and whip gorgonians, Millepora sis plumosa, Laurencia spp. and Codium spp. complanata, Montastrea and Porites heads. The Some lagoonward hanging roots contain un­ roots are rich in Anadyomene stellata, Lobo­ usually large populations of Caulerpa spp. and phora variegata, Gracilaria mammillaris, Bry­ Halimeda opuntia. opsis plumosa and many Caulerpa spp., along Northeast Cay, the northernmost island with anemones and corals. Little Cat Bay (Map 2), contains a substantial fish camp at is a two-parted bay containing several unusu­ the western tip and serves as a local anchorage ally large forms of seaweeds, particularly for sailboats. The small coves southeast of the Udotea cf. occidentalis, with a shallow seagrass fish camp contain a community similar to the ribbon flat across its mouth. The southern B2 Ponds on Fisherman's Cay, but are rela­ portion outside of the mouth is especially rich tively depauperate and overgrown by curtain­ in seaweeds that exhibit "gigantism". The like masses of a colonial diatom/Ceramium mangrove prop roots on the western tip of association. The mangrove prop roots outside Little Cat Cay are heavily epiphytized by the the coves are richer but algal dominated weedy red alga Acanthophora spicifera. (Laurencia papillosa, Digenia simplex, Acantho­ The reef at the southeast tip of Cat Cay, phora spicifera). Unattended fish traps inside just at the start of Five Mile Flat where it the small coves in May 1995 contained dead joins the island (Map 2), was surveyed to 30 m NUMBER 9 9

deep. Below 26 m deep, the monotonous Format of Descriptions sandy bottom levels off and slopes gradually Within the five phyla treated, species are deeper. From 20-26 m deep, sand inundated arranged by order and family following the rubble prevails with sparse biota. From 20 m current taxonomic checklist of Wynne (1986). deep and upward, Halimeda spp. and Lo­ Genera are arranged alphabetically within bophora variegata are abundant. At 8 ln deep and upward, sponges, bryozoans and, in par­ each family, and species are listed alphabeti­ ticular, the macroalgae Penicillus pyriformis, cally under each genus. We have incorporated Halimeda spp., Udotea spp. and L. variegata the most recent taxonomic literature, thus dominate among the actively growing Agari­ resulting in substantial departures from Tay­ cia tenuifolia that extends between 3 and 15 lor (1960). m. Many encrusting algae such as Peyssonnelia The binomial and author(s) of each taxon boergesenii, ]ania adhaerens, crustose Coralli­ are given with the reference where the name naceae and Amphiroa spp. occur on the dead was first published. Whenever appropriate, skeletons of A. tenuifolia. From 7 m deep and the basionym is listed below the taxon fol­ upward, the seagrass Thalassia testudinum, lowed by appropriate synonyms. Each de­ large gorgonians (whips and fans) and other scription is as short and concise as possible, corals such as Porites porites, P. astreoides and giving typical shape, size-range, color, blade Millepora complanata dominate. features, stipe (when present) and holdfast Five Mile Flat itself is exceptionally pris­ characteristics. Dimensions are often given as tine and encloses the vast southern portion of (20-)30-50(-80) indicating that the normal the atoll-like Pelican Cays Lagoon (Map 2). It range is from 30-50 but individuals may be contains numerous patch reefs capped with found with measurements as low as 20 or as Thalassia testudinum. Five Mile Flat and its high as 80. The organism's anatomy, dealing patch reefs serve as feeding habitat for abun­ with the more technical internal structure, is dant schools of permit (Trachinotus falcatus) also detailed. Reproduction is included when and bonefish (Albula vulpes). features aid in identification of the species. Abundance, referring to the likelihood of In summary, the Pelican Cays represent encountering a given species, is described as spectacular, high-biodiversity, low-energy common (frequently observed), locally abun­ environments dominated by photosynthetic dant (patchy, but abundant when found), un­ and filter-feeding populations. Most are common (not normally encountered) or rare physically delicate and highly susceptible to (seldom located). damage from boat wakes, physical contact Habitat information is provided describing (e.g., trampling), sedimentation and nutrient the environs where each entity typically oc­ enrichment. Few of the ephemeral sheet-like curs, including substrate type and depth and filamentous green algae indicative of eu­ range. The distribution is presented as a list trophic bird islands or anthropogenically pol­ of Caribbean Basin localities (in clockwise luted systems are present. Survey and inven­ geographical order) in which a given taxon tory information on the Pelican Cays man­ has been documented, using Taylor (1960) as grove complex, where coral reef, mangrove, the baseline of information, with recent addi­ seagrass and macroalgal ecosystems merge, is tions accompanied by the appropriate refer­ presented as a first step toward a holistic con­ ences (when published) or specimen numbers servation/management plan. We strongly (unpublished). This treatment goes no fur­ suggest that future scientific studies emphasize ther north in the United States than Florida; undisturbed sampling methodologies, avoid those interested in the more northern flora unnecessary hardware that could serve as sub­ should consult "Seaweeds of the Southeastern strates for competitively-superior, early­ United States" by Schneider and Searles successional fouling organisms and tagging (1991). Where multiple citations occur in a should be as unobtrusive as possible so as to single reference, these are coded to that refer­ not detract from the natural beauty of this ence using symbols (e.g., *, t, +, §, efl, etc.). remarkable island ecosystem. Abbreviations of herbaria cited throughout 10 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON the species treatments are those established by 3(2). Thallus red, violet, pink, white-pink to bluish­ Holmgren et al. (1990). Since efforts to date green (occasionally iridescent); pit connections to systematically collect throughout the Car­ between cells present; reproduction by non-motile ibbean are incomplete, many taxa show artifi­ cells Rhodophyta p. 10 cially disjunct distributions. 3(2). Thallus generally pale to dark green or olive Anatomical and morphological drawings to dark brown; pit connections between cells ab- are presented to allow the user to visually sent; reproduction by motile cells 4 interpret key diagnostic features. Specific 4(3). Thallus predominately pale to dark green; technical terminology has been kept to a starch present in cells; plants often coenocytic minimum to facilitate use by colleagues in (without cell walls) Chlorophyta p. 16 other disciplines. Technical terms that do not have a non-technical general-dictionary equiv­ 4(3). Thallus olive to dark brown (occasionally alent, but are necessary for adequate descrip­ iridescent blue when living); starch not present in cells; plants never coenocytic Phaeophyta p.15 tion (e.g., moniliform, cervicorn), are defined and illustrated where they first occur in the text, or in the glossary at the back. New rec­ ords for Belize are indicated by double aster­ Key to the Rhodophyta isks (>1-)1-) before the binomial, as well as before the Pelican Cays' specimen cited. 1. Thallus not calcified...... 2 1. Thallus calcified...... 68 Keys to the marine plants of Pelican Cays 2(1). Thallus uniseriate (one cell wide; finely fila- Both vegetative structure and reproductive mentous) 3 development are important in marine plant 2(1). Thallus other than uniseriate throughout 5 taxonomy. However, many reproductive features are rarely found or difficult to see. 3(2). Axial cells > 250 ,."m diam . . 54. Griffithsia heteromorpha To make this treatment as user-friendly as possible, we have constructed an artificial key 3(2). Axial cells <250 ,."m diam 4 based primarily on anatomical and morpho­ 4(3). Branching of erect filaments alternate on logical characters that are readily observed. every cell 48. Antithamnion antillanum The key has been designed specifically to 4(3). Branching generally absent, when present not distinguish species at Pelican Cays, Belize. on every cell 55. Lejolisia exposita The format is that of a typical dichotomous key. Each number in parentheses following 5(2). Thallus mostly unistratose (one cell layer the initial number represents the entry which thick; midrib often several cells thick) 6 led to that selection. This double numbering 5(2). Thallus other than unistratose 7 system enables the user to utilize the key 6(5). Main branching pseudodichotomous, secon­ backwards as well as the standard method of dary branching from midrib; apices generally keying forward. forked...... 60. Caloglossa leprieurii 6(5). Main branching from midrib; apices pointed Key to the Phyla or rounded, not forked ...... 61. Hypoglossum cf. heterocystideum 1. Thallus with vascular system, consisting of true roots, stems and leaves . 7(5). Main axes of polysiphonous segments (central ...... Magnoliophyta (Seagrasses) p. 19 cell surrounded by pericentral cells of equal length) 1. Plants without vascular system...... 2 ...... 8 7(5). Main axes other than above 15 2(1). Thallus blue-green, gray, gray-green, to blue- gray; cells without distinct plastids . 8(7). Thallus bushy and erect; not having a pros- ...... Cyanophyta p. 19 trate axis...... 9 2(1). Thallus not blue-green, gray, gray-green to 8(7). Thallus generally creeping; consisting of a blue-gray; cells with distinct plastids 3 prostrate axis giving rise to similar upright axes .... 11 NUMBER 9 11

9(8). Thallus with apical filaments (fine hair-like 18(17). Bulbous blades forming from stolon tufts at apices); main axes strongly recurved; (runner); surface covered with minute, microscopic branchlets of uniform length . spines 43. Botryocladia spinulifera ...... 72. Herposiphonia pecten-veneris 18(17). Bulbous blades forming from single hold- 9(8). Thallus with lateral filaments; main axes not fast; surface smooth 42. Botryocladia shanksii recurved; branchlets of various lengths 10 19(17). Thallus firm in texture, not segmented, 10(9). Branchlets forming at every joint; basal seg- cavity obscure [branches cylindrical] . ment of branchlet uniseriate ...... 41. Coelothrix irregularis ...... 82. Murrayella periclados 19(17). Thallus soft in texture, segmented, cavity obvious 20 10(9). Branchlets forming at every other joint; basal segment of branchlet multiseriate . 20(19). Thallus slightly constricted and solid (with ...... 66. Heterosiphonia crispella transverse partition) only at base of branches [branches cylindrical..... 40. Lomentaria baileyana 11(8). Thallus of 8-10 pericentral cells; prostrate apex upcurved; erect branchlets strongly arched; 20(19). Thallus divided into segments by numerous transverse partitions [segments cylindrical to apical filaments tenninal... 71. Herposiphonia parca slightly swollen] 21 11(8). Thallus of four pericentral cells; prostrate apex not upcurved, erect branchlets not strongly 21(20). Plants> 2 cm high, erect; attached by basal arched; apical filaments spiraling about tip, not rhizoids only; branches cylindrical to slightly flat- solely terminal...... 12 tened 38. Champia parvula var. parvula 21(20). Plants <2 cm high; prostrate; attached by 12(11). Rhizoids not in open connection to parent numerous short bundled rhizoids at or near joints; cell, cut off by cell wall . branches decidedly flattened ...... 84. Polysiphonia flaccidissima . 39. Champia parvula var. prostrata 12(11). Rhizoids in open connection to parent cell, without cell wall 13 22(15). Uniseriate axis (central large filament, not a chamber filled with mucilaginous gel) surrounded 13(12). Branching dichotomous . at joints or throughout by one to two layers of cells ...... 83. Polysiphonia atlantica (basal parts often with thicker cortication) 23 13(12). Branching irregular to alternate 14 22(15). Central axis of many cells 31

14(13). Branches forming in axis of apical filaments 23(22). Erect thallus of uniform construction ...... 85. Polysiphonia havanensis throughout, generally finely filamentous [cortication 14(13). Branches replacing apical filaments . present solely at joints or throughout] 24 ...... 86. Polysiphonia scopulorum 23 (22). Erect thallus differentiated into main branches, branchlets and with ascending or de- 15(7). Blades or thallus with obvious mucilaginous scending corticating filaments from joints 28 central cavity (with or without sparsely scattered central filaments) 16 24(23). Corticated by rectangular cells in longitudi- 15(7). Blades or thallus without obvious mucilagi- nal rows; spines present at joints . nous central cavity...... 22 ...... 49. Centroceras clavulatum 24(23). Corticated by rounded or polygonal cells 16(15). Found in extremely high intertidal [thallus not in longitudinal rows; spines absent...... 25 constricted into oval segments without cross parti- tions] 28. Catenella caespitosa 25(24). Corticating cells completely covering cen- 16(15). Found at various depths but not in ex- tral filament 53. Ceramium nitens tremely high intertidal areas 17 25(24). Corticating cells only at joints 26

17(16). Thallus with bulbous blades on tough stalk, 26(25). Lower row or rows of joint cells wider than dark red 18 long 52. Ceramium flaccidum 17(16). Thallus of cylindrical or slightly swollen (at 26(25). Lower row of joint cells not wider than intervals) branches, not dark red 19 long 27 12 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

27(26). Branching cervicorn; thallus < 1.5 cm high; 37(36). Mature thallus > 10 cm high [thallus to 90 tetrasporangia cruciately divided . cm high, sparse; branching scant; brancWets 2-14 ...... 51. Ceramium cruciatum mm long, tapering at base; cortication complete to 27(26). Branching evenly dichotomous; thallus tips]. 62. Dasya baillouviana > 1.5 cm high; tetrasporangia tetrahedrally divided 37(36). Mature thallus generally < 10 cm high ..... 38 ...... 50. Ceramium brevizonatum vac. caraibicum 38(37). BrancWets abundant [brancWets whorled at 28(23). Main axis uniformly corticated; brancWets close intervals (whorls obscure with age), soft, corticated at joints only...... 29 flowing, completely covering all branches] . 28(23). Main axis not corticated at apices; ..... 64. Dasya mollis branchlets not corticated...... 30 38(37). BrancWets sparse, irregularly placed [thallus to 7 cm high; branching dichotomous to irregular; 29(28). Plants < 10 cm high; branchlets to 60 /lm basal branches sparsely covered with brancWets; diam., sharply tapering ... 56. Spyridia complanata basal cell of brancWet 18-20 /lm diam.] . 29(28). Plants > 10 cm high; branchlets < 50 /lm ...... 63. Dasya crouaniana diam., not sharply tapering ...... 57. Spyridia filamentosa 39(35). Apical cell visible at branch apex; apices pointed; ultimate branches constricted or pinched 30(28). Thallus < 8 cm high; main filaments to 400 at base; stolon having rhizoids in small bundles; /lm diam.; uncorticated; branchlet apical cells in spermatangia in exposed sori . sets of 2-3, pointed...... 58. Wrangelia bicuspidata ...... 69. Chondria polyrhiza 30(28). Thallus to 20 cm high; main filaments to 39(35). Apical cell not visible but sunken in termi­ 200 /lm diam., completely corticated proximally; nal depression or pit; apices usually blunt, truncate; branchlet apical cells solitary, blunt . ultimate branches generally not constricted at ..... 59. Wrangelia penicillata bases; thallus not stoloniferous; spermatangia formed in sori within terminal pits...... 40 31(22). Thallus having coarse stiff brancWets 32 31 (22). Thallus not having coarse stiff branch1ets 34 40(39). Distal branches densely covered with short, tough, knobby branchlets 41 32(31). Thallus creeping; branching pinnate or feather-like 68. Bostrychia tenella 40(39). Distal branches not densely covered with short, tough, knobby branchlets 42 32(31). Thallus erect; branching radial 33 41(40). Thallus yellow-brown; surface cells 40-130 33(32). Branchlets spine-like or with several spine­ /lm diam.; immature cells often with surface pro- like projections per thick brancWet, seldom cov­ jections 76. Laurencia gemmifera (in part) ered with epiphytes..... 67. Acanthophora spicifera 41(40). Thallus purple-green to olive-brown; surface 33(32). Branchlets stiff, simple (not branching) from sparse to crowded, often covered with epi- cells 8-27 /lm diam.; immature cells never with surface projections 80. Laurencia papillosa phytes 70. Digenia simplex 42(40). Surface cells generally> 40 /lm diam 43 34(31). Thallus with fine branching, lax, hair-like brancWets either terminal or sheathing branches... 35 42(40). Surface cells generally < 40 /lm diam 46 34(31). Thallus without finely branching, lax, hair- like brancWets 49 43(42). Main axes typically encrusted with calcare­ ous red algae [branchlets 1-2 mm diam. thallus to 35(34). Axis covered with filamentous, mostly per­ 16 cm high; branchlets not closely placed distally]... sistent, densely pigmented branchlets (ramuli); ...... 74. Laurencia corallopsis tetrasporangia whorled in stichidia 36 43 (42). Main axes not encrusted with calcareous red 35(34). Axis not covered with ramuli but with col­ algae 44 orless filaments (trichoblasts) only forming at apex of branches and brancWets; tetrasporangia not 44(43). Plants pale green to purple-green, occasion­ whorled in stichidia...... 39 ally with rose-pink tips [branching dense, alternate to irregular; branches 0.2-1.2 mm diam.] . 36(35). Cortication proximal, not present on most .. 78. Laurencia microcladia axes 65. Dasya rigidula 44(43). Plants other than pale green to purple-green 36(35). Cortication present on all axes 37 ...... 45 NUMBER 9 13

45(44). Immature surface cells with minute surface 56(54). Branchlets pinched at base; surface cells projections in apical areas; yellow-brown occasion- never in longitudinal rows..... 120 Gelidiella setacea ally with red-brown tips . 56(54). Branchlets not pinched at base; surface cells ...... 76. Laurencia gemmifera (in part) at least initially in longitudinal rows . 45(44). Immature surface cells without minute sur­ ...... 10. Gelidiella sanctarum face projections; yellow-green with stubby or peg­ like branchlets, often rose ... 77. Laurencia intricata 57(53). Thallus tough, stiffly erect; main axes un- 46(42). Dark bright green; branching sparse below, branched, bearing short branchlets . crowded above; branchlets club-shaped; micro­ ...... 9. Gelidiella acerosa scopic spot apparent in each surface cell of living or 57(53). Thallus brittle, not stiffly erect; main axes freshly preserved specimens... 79. Laurencia obtusa branched, bearing spine-like branchlets 58 46(42). Other than dark bright green; branching sparse to numerous; branchlets cylindrical, blunt, 58(57). Apices terminate in wide, flattened hooks.... wart-like; microscopic spot absent in surface cells ... 25. Hypnea musciformis of living or freshly preserved specimens...... 47 58(57). Apices straight or slightly curved . 47(46). Tetrasporangia 90-130 /lm diam., concen­ ...... 26. Hypnea spinella trated just below tips of branchlets; branching closely alternate or almost opposite [pale buff to 59(49). Blades thin, < 300 p,m thick 60 light pink with red tips] ..... 81. Laurencia poiteaui 59(49). Blades thick, > 300 /lm thick 62 47(46). Tetrasporangia < 90 /lID diam., branching not closely alternate to almost opposite.... 48 60(59). Branch tip with multiple cells; blades 3-15 48(47). Thallus 1-7 cm high; branches often com- mm wide; margins with small teeth . pressed [dark red, red-brown to pink-purple] ...... 37. Cryptonemia species ...... 73. Laurencia caraibica 60(59). Branch tip with solitary apical cell; blades 48(47). Thallus to 12 cm high; branches not com- narrowly strap-shaped, < 1.0 mm wide; margins pressed [green-purple] 75. Laurencia flliformis smooth, not toothed...... 61

49(34). Thallus cylindrical (excluding hooked api- 61 (60). Branching irregular . ces) 50 ...... 45. Gelidiopsis planicaulis 49(34). Thallus flat or compressed 59 61(60). Branching dichotomous . 50(49). Thallus large, 16-70 cm high ...... 46. Gelidiopsis scoparia ...... 29. Eucheuma isiforme 62(59). Thallus prostrate, creeping, when in calm 50(49). Thallus generally < 16 CID high 51 water, forming low creeping mounds 63 51 (50). Branch tip of multiple cells...... 52 62(59). Thallus erect 65 51(50). Branch tip with solitary apical cell 53 63(62). Branches < 2 mm wide [deep red to green- 52(50). Thallus to 8 cm high; branches 230-310 /lm yellow] 30. Meristiella echinocarpum diam., often fusing together ...... 44. Gelidiopsis intricata 63(62). Branches 1-2 cm wide 64 52(50). Thallus to 4 cm high; branches (150) 180- 220(-300) /lID diam., never fusing together . 64(63). Blades with numerous spine or spur-like ...... 47. Gelidiopsis variabilis projections, not fusing to one another; pale yellow to red-brown 31. Meristiella schrammii 53(51). Branches <200 /lm diam 54 53(51). Branches >200/lmdiam 57 64(63). Blades without numerous spines but often with broad, blunt lobes; often fusing with adjacent 54(53). Branches generally < 120 /lm diam. 55 branches; mottled red-brown with metallic gold­ 54(53). Branches generally > 120 /lm diam. . 56 copper surface sheen ... 35. Hydropuntia crassissima 55(54). Plants to 1 cm high; surface cells in longitu­ dinal rows...... 11. Gelidiella species 65(62). Branches thickly strap-shaped [> 5 mm wide, dark red, branching somewhat dichotomous; 55(54). Plants to 2 cm high; surface cells not in apices rounded] 33. Gracilaria mammillaris longitudinal rows, irregular ...... 13. Gelidiella trinitatensis 65(62). Branches only slightly compressed 66 14 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

66(65). Iridescent bright blue, red or purple . 76(75). Branches 150-600 p,m diam., swollen at ...... 27. Ochtodes secundiramea ends; joints at dichotomies or trichotomies 66(65). Not iridescent bright blue, red or purple ... 67 . 15. Amphiroafragilissima 76(75). Branches 1-2 mm diam., not swollen at 67(66). Branches often irregular and gnarled, ends; joints rarely at dichotomies . branching irregular, mottled pale yellow, pink or ...... 16. Amphiroa rigida var. antillana green 34. Hydropuntia cornea 67(66). Branches not gnarled but smooth and slip­ 77(72). Thallus soft, gooey, slick 78 pery, distal branching distinctly cervicorn (one side of dichotomy not developing further), red-brown 77(72). Thallus firm to hard 80 to green-yellow 32. Gracilaria cervicornis 78(77). Outer branching dichotomous [thallus 68(1). Thallus forming crusts 69 compact; branching tight; medullary filaments to 68(1). Thallus branching 72 40 p,m diam., cells to 5 diameters long] ...... 1. Liagora ceranoides 69(68). Thallus as thick crusts (2-5 mm thick) or 78(77). Outer branching irregular or alternate .... 79 forming knobby nodules (5-8 cm diam.); not epi- phytic on other marine plants .. 79(78). Outer branches 1-2 mm diam. [calcification ...... 18. Hydrolithon boergesenii mostly in outer mucus; cortical filaments 4-7 times 69(68). Thallus as thin crust « 1 mm thick); gener­ dichotomously branched; surface cells oval, bead- ally epiphytic on other marine plants...... 70 like, 12-20 p,m diam.] ...... 3. Trichogloeopsis pedicellata 70(69). Thallus to 350 p,m thick, of three or more cell layers; cells vertically aligned . 79(78). Outer branches < 1 mm diam. [calcification ...... 24. Titanderma pustulatum light; medullary filaments 40-80 p,m diam., surface cells 13-19 p,m diam., without apical "halo"] . 70(69). Thallus < 320 p,m thick, generally one to ...... 2. Liagora dendroides two cells thick (very old thalli may be to 4 cells thick); cells horizontally elongated 71 80(77). Thallus rock hard, heavily calcified, branch- 71(70). Thallus radiating from an original 4-celled ing irregular...... 81 structure 17. Fosliella farinosa 80(77). Thallus firm but flexible, moderately calci­ 71(70). Thallus radiating from an original 8-celled fied, branching (when present) generally dichoto- structure 23. Pneophyllum fragile mous 82

72(68). Thallus branching with distinct uncalcified 81(80). Branches < 1.5 mm diam . flexible joints...... 73 ...... 22. Neogoniolithon strictum 6~) 7.2( .. Thallus branching without distinct uncalci- 81(80). Branches> 1.5 mm diam . fled Jomts 77 ...... 21. Neogoniolithon spectabile 73(72). Reproductive structures axial; joints consist­ ing of one tier of cells; medulla tiers of uniform 82(80). Thallus forming crusts . length 74 ...... 36. Peyssonnelia boergesenii 73(72). Reproductive structures lateral; joints of 82(80). Thallus not forming crusts 83 more than one tier of cells; medulla tiers of variable length 75 83(82). Surface hair-like filaments absent ...... 8. Tricleocarpa fragilis 74(73). Delicate, to 1 cm high; segments < 100 p,m 83(82). Surface hair-like filaments present 84 diam 20. ]ania capillacea 74(73). Not delicate, to 4 cm high; segments> 100 84(83). Branches flat 5. Galaxaura marginata p,m diam 19.]ania adhaerens 84(83). Branches cylindrical 85 75(73). Branches with some portions, generally at the segments, flattened or compressed [plants in 85(84). Branches densely but evenly covered by loose clumps; branching strictly dichotomous]. . hair-like filaments 86 ...... 14. Amphiroa beauvoisii 85(84). Branches other than densely covered by 75(73). Branches cylindrical throughout 76 hair-like filaments 87 NUMBER 9 15

86(85). Short surface filaments 1.0-1.5 mm long; 10(9). Thallus generally prostrate 11 surface filaments 3-5 mm long; medulllary fila­ 10(9). Thallus mainly erect 12 ments overlapping basal cell of surface filaments..... 11(10). Branching irregular to dichotomous; blade ...... 4. Galaxaura comans 75-125 1J.ffi thick, light brown with blue iridescence 86(85). Short surface filaments 30-40 1J.m long; sur­ ...... 92. Dictyota humifusa face filaments to 1.6 mm long; medullary filaments 11(10). Branching strictly dichotomous; blade 100- not overlapping basal cell of surface filaments ...... 6b. Galaxaura rugosa "tetrasporic stage" 200 1J.m thick, light brown with dark spots ...... 96. Dictyota pfaffii 87(85). Distal branches smooth, proximal branches 12(10). Blades narrow with each successive division, with short inconspicuous surface filaments . 0.1-0.2 mm wide at apices .... 97. Dictyota pulchella ...... 6a. Galaxaura rugosa "gametophytic stage" 12(10). Blades consistent in width throughout 13 87(85). Branches covered with rings (whorls) of 13(12). Outer branching consistently cervicorn . minute hair-like filaments ...... 91. Dictyota cervicornis ...... 7. Galaxaura subverticillata 13(12). Outer branching other than cervicorn..... 14

Key to the Phaeophyta 14(13). Blades uniformly 0.5-2.0 mm wide, often 1. Thallus filamentous...... 2 twisted; surface cells 10-20 1J.m diam ...... 94. Dictyota linearis 1. Thallus not filamentous 3 14(13). Blades to 15 mm wide, seldom twisted; sur- 2(1). Thallus coarsely filamentous (> 100 1J.m face cells 20-30 /lm diam. . . diam.), growing as tangled matted turf . . 95. Dictyota menstrualis ...... 101. CVictyerpa" stage of Padina jamaicensis 15(6). Blades without an inrolled outer margin 16 2(1). Thallus finely filamentous « 100 1J.m diam.), as tufts or scattered in mixed turf communities.... 4 15(6). Blades with an inrolled outer margin 17

3(1). Filaments uniseriate (single series of cells); 16(15). Thallus prostrate, as slick crust with only plurilocular sporangia cylindrical; lateral hairs ab- margins free from substrate . sent 87. Feldmannia indica ...... 99b. Lobophora variegata crust morph 3(1). Filaments multiseriate (several series of cells); 16(15). Thallus as overlapping shelves, in shelf-like propagules broadly triangular; lateral hairs present.... layers; blades free from substrate ...... 89. Sphacelaria tribuloides ...... 99a. Lobophora variegata decumbent morph

4(2). Thallus hollow . 17(15). Blades generally 2 cells thick near base ...... 88. Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis .. 103. Padina sanctae-crucis 4(2). Thallus not hollow 5 17(15). Blades other than 2 cells thick near base ... 18

5(4). Blades flat, thin, only 2-8 cells thick, not aris­ 18(17). Blades generally 4 cells thick, 2-3 cells thick ing from a distinct cylindrical stalk; cells arranged near margin, 6-8 near base .. in longitudinal rows; air bladders absent...... 6 ...... 100. Padina gymnospora 5(4). Blades thick, leathery, generally > 10 cells 18(17). Blades generally 2 cells thick, 3-4 near base.. thick, arising from distinct stalk cells not arranged ...... 102. Padina pavonica in longitudinal rows; air bladders present. 19 19(5). Blades pyramid-shaped, clustered; air blad­ 6(5). Blades strap-shaped...... 7 ders embedded or partially embedded in center of 6(5). Blades fan-shaped 15 blade 20 19(5). Blades leaf-like; air bladders spherical, form- 7(6). Blades with distinct but thin midrib . ing in axial of blade stalk or branch 21 ...... 90. Dictyopteris delicatula 7(6). Blades without midrib 8 20(19). Blades round to rounded triangular, center concave (totally sunken bladders), tapering sharply 8(7). Medulla 2-5 cells thick at margins . towards stalk, ridges often toothed ...... 98. Dilophus alternans . 108. Turbinaria tricostata 8(7). Medulla generally 1 cell thick 9 20(19). Blades roundly to sharply triangular, often with large convex center bulge (partially sunken 9(8). Margins toothed 93. Dictyota jamaicensis bladder), tapering gradually toward stalk, ridges 9(8). Margins smooth 10 smooth...... 109. Turbinaria turbinata 16 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

21(19). Main axes smooth . 9(4). Thallus as mesh or net-like membranes ...... 106. Sargassum ramifolium ...... 124. Microdictyon curtissiae 21(19). Main axes with minute spines or knobs, 9(4). Thallus other than mesh or net-like mem- rough 22 branes 10

22(21). Air bladders with solitary spine near base; 10(9). Individual cells visibly distinct, bulbous or bladder stalk flattened, often winged with toothed club-shaped...... 11 margins 104. Sargassum acinarium 10(9). Individual cells not visibly distinct 16 22(21). Air bladders without basal spines; bladder stalk cylindrical...... 23 11(10). Stipe present 12 23 (22). Blade apices rounded to slightly notched; air 11(10). Stipe absent 13 bladders smooth without cryptostomata ...... 107. Sargassum vulgare 12(11). Branching whorled at apex of parent branch ...... 120. Ernodesmis verticillata 23 (22). Blade apices slightly rounded to pointed; air bladders roughened with cryptostomata . 12(11). Branching lateral to parent branch ...... 105. Sargassum polyceratium . 118. Siphonocladus rigidus

13(11). Thallus generally as solitary, large, spherical Key to the Chlorophyta cell 14 13(11). Thallus as clusters of large macroscopic cells 1. Thallus not calcified...... 2 ...... 15 1. Thallus calcified...... 53 14(13). Cells shiny dark green, reflective; growing 2(1). Thallus hollow, tubular 3 on any substrates; attached by small, distinct cells 2(1). Thallus other than hollow tubes 4 ...... 119. Ventricaria ventricosa 3(2). Thallus as loose-lying, tangled, aggregation of 14(13). Cells translucent green, not reflective; grow­ ing on crustose coralline algae; attached by fine filaments; filaments 16-50 /lm diam. [1-3 cells in transverse section, only older mature blades tubu- rhizoids . lar]; sparsely branched throughout ...... 138. Halicystis stage of Derbesia osterhoutii ...... 112. Enteromorpha chaetomorphoides 15(13). Thallus formed of large (5-15 mm diam., 1­ 3(2). Thallus as attached clusters or tufts of dis­ 4 cm long), creeping, round or oval macroscopic tinctly tubular blades; blades 1-10 mm diam., gen- cells 121. Valonia macrophysa erally unbranched or branched only near base ...... 113. Enteromorpha flexuosa 15(13). Thallus sack-like, hollow, formed of small (0.1-3.0 mm diam.), crowded, angular or polyhe- 4(2). Thallus as membranous sheets, not net-like.... 5 dral cells 117. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa 4(2). Thallus other than solid membranous sheets 9 16(10). Thallus loosely filamentous 17 5(4). Blade membrane with faintly visible veins 6 16(10). Thallus other than loosely filamentous 32 5(4). Blade membrane without visible veins 7 17(11). Stipe present; thallus feather-like or plume- 6(5). Cells between veins random . like 18 ...... 122. Anadyomene saldanhae 17(11). Stipe absent; thallus not feather-like or 6(5). Cells between veins parallel . plume-like...... 20 ...... 123. Anadyomene stellata 18(17). BrancWets randomly arranged . 7(5). Thallus not epiphytic, 5 mm diam., not > ...... 133. Bryopsis hypnoides crust-like 114. VIva rigida 18(17). 1-2 19 7(5). Thallus epiphytic on larger plants, 1-5 mm BrancWets in rows diam., crust-like 8 19(18). BrancWets to 1.5 cm long, length shortening 8(7). Thallus one cell thick throughout; surface toward apex; main axes < 200 J.lm diam . hairs present 110. Pringsheimiella scutata ...... 135. Bryopsis plumosa 8(7). Thallus center often 2-3 cells thick; surface 19(18). BrancWets 2-5 mm long, of uniform length; hairs absent...... 111. Vlvella lens main axes> 200 J-lm diam..... 134. Bryopsis pennata NUMBER 9 17

20(17). Filaments unicellular or with few partition- 30(29). Thallus loosely filamentous, small, 1-3(-30) ing walls...... 21 cm high; main axes obvious . 20(17). Filaments having many regularly spaced ...... 128. Cladophora montagneana partitioning walls...... 24 30(29). Thallus tightly compact, hemispherical to spherical clumps, to 20 cm high; main axes not 21(20). Filaments with microscopic transverse sup- obvious 127. Cladophora laetevirens ports or trabeculae 147. Caulerpa fastigiata 31(29). Thallus often tightly compact; main axial 21(20). Filaments without microscopic transverse cells 80-140 /-lm diam., 4-12 diameters long; with- supports. 0 ••• 0 0 0 •••••• 0 •• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 •••• 0 ••••• 00 •• 0.0..... 22 out annular constrictions at base ...... 130. Cladophora vagabunda 22(21). Thallus generally unbranched, stiff; fila­ 31(29). Thallus loosely filamentous; main axial cells ments with no partitioning walls, entirely coeno- 240-800 /-lm diam., 7-9 diameters long; short series cytic; sporangia terminal . of annular constrictions common where basal cell ...... 132. Bryobesia cylindrocarpa meets rhizoid 129. Cladophora prolifera 22(21). Thallus branched, lax; filaments often with cell wall at point of branching; sporangia terminal.. 32(16). Surface or shallow subsurface stolons obvi- ...... 23 ous and abundant 33 32(16). Stolons absent 44

23 (22). Branching strictly dichotomous o. 0 •••• ...... 136. Derbesia fastigiata 33(32). Frond branchlets flat, midrib flat or com- pressed, appearing flat 34 23 (22). Branching not strictly dichotomous ...... 137. Derbesia marina 33(32). Frond midrib and branchlets cylindrical or spherical 35 24(20). Filaments unbranched or seldom branched...... 25 34(33). Branchlets constricted at base; midrib com- pressed but not flat 155. Caulerpa taxifolia 24(20). Filaments abundantly branched 27 34(33). Branchlets not constricted at base; midrib flat 149. Caulerpa mexicana 25(24). Filaments extremely fine (10-30 /-lm diam.), collapsing when removed from water; nuclei one to 35(33). Branchlets in distinct whorls 36 few per cell 131. Rhizoclonium riparium 35(33). Branchlets not in distinct whorls 37 25(24). Filaments coarse (> 80 p.m diam.), strong, not collapsing when removed from water; cells 36(35). Basal or lower branchlet segments less than multinucleate 26 5 diameters long; whorls crowded distally ...... 144. Caulerpa charoides 26(25). Filaments stiff; cells (80-) 100-375(-400) /-lm 36(35). Branchlet segments (including basal or diam., 1-5 diameter long; growing in large mounds lower branchlet segments) more than 5 diameters . 126. Chaetomorpha linum long; whorls crowded along most of erect branch ...... 156. Caulerpa verticillata 26(25). Filcunents lax; cells 300-700(-1000) /-lm diam., as long as wide; not growing in large 37(35). Branchlet tips swollen, spherical, oval, disc mounds 125. Chaetomorpha crassa or club-shaped 38 37(35). Branchlet tips cylindrical or conical, not 27(24). Branching unilateral, distal 28 swollen 41 27(24). Branching abundant, varied 29 38(37). Branchlets disc-shaped 39 28 (27). Main filaments 375-460 /-lm . 38(37). Branchlets tips swollen, spherical, oval or ...... 115. Cladophoropsis macromeres club-shaped 40

28(27). Main filaments 150-280 IJ-m . 39(38). Stolons 400-850 Jlm diam., branchlets solely ...... 116. Cladophoropsis membranacea disc-shaped 150. Caulerpa nummularia 39(38). Stolons 1-2 mm diam.; branchlets disc- 29(27). Main axes generally 100 /-lm diam 30 < shaped to club-shaped . 29(27). Main axes > 100 /-lm diam 31 ...... 153. Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata 18 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

40(38). Stolons 3.0-4.5 mm diam.; branchlets with 48(47). Thallus to 15 cm high; branches 3-8 mm mottled or spotted pigmentation, seldom evenly diam.; hairs or hair scars 50-105 Ilm below apex of green, alternately opposite, often in 4 longitudi­ utricles; wall at apex of utricles to 23 J-tm thick; nally aligned rows or 2 opposite rows at 1800 apart gametangia one or two per utricle ...... 152. Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii ...... 143. Codium taylorii 40(38). Stolons 2-3 mm diam.; branchlets evenly 49(44). Thallus of whorled branchlets (cylindrical, green or often with central star pattern or cat-eye, finger-like) 178. Dasycladus vermicularis scattered or in tight clusters ...... 151. Caulerpa racemosa var. racemosa 49(44). Blades of fine, tightly interwoven filaments ...... 50

41 (37). Branchlets long and cylindrical [feather-like, 50(49). Blades finger-like or somewhat club-shaped. in two opposite ranks] . . 166. Avrainvillea digitata ...... 154. Caulerpa sertularioides 50(49). Blades flattened and expanded, paddle- 41(37). Branchlets coarse, tooth-like or cone- shaped 51 shaped, seldom shortly cylindrical 42 51(50). Blade siphons moniliform throughout . 42(41). Branchlets and main axes compressed to ...... 168. Avrainvillea nigricans somewhat flattened; branchlets marginal, opposite, 51 (50). Blade siphons not moniliform throughout ... tough, upcurved . . 52 ...... 146. Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata 52(51). Blades medium thick to thick (> 2 mm), 42(41). Branchlets and main axes not compressed; without concentric markings; base not deeply branchlets not opposite, not marginal 43 lobed...... 167. Avrainvillea longicaulis f. laxa 52(51). Blades thin 2 mm), with concentric 43(42). Branchlets shorter than diameter of main « markings, base deeply lobed . axes 147. Caulerpa cupressoides var. turneri ...... 165. Avrainvillea asarifolia 43(42). Branchlets equaling or longer than diameter of main axes . 53(1). Thallus having distinct calcified segments ...... 145. Caulerpa cupressoides var. cupressoides connected by non-calcified joints 54 53(1). Thallus not distinctly segmented 61 44(32). Thallus of cylindrical spongy branches or as prostrate spongy mat, comprised of complex fila- 54(53). Outer segments distinctly cylindrical . ments with swollen surface apices (utricles) 45 ...... 160. Halimeda monile 44(32). Thallus not of cylindrical spongy branches 54(53). Outer segments flattened 55 or as prostrate spongy mat, without cortex of utri- 55(54). Branchlets originating at random, often cles 49 attached at various points...... 56 55(54). Branchlets originating in one plane, single 45(44). Thallus as prostrate, creeping mats, often with overlapping lobes, not with cylindrical attachment apparent 57 branches 140. Codium intertextum 56(55). Thallus crowded, in dense clumps or 45(44). Thallus erect or decumbent, with cylindri- mounds 161. Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia cal or slightly flattened branches 46 56(55). Thallus sparse, in loose mounds or scattered chains 162. Halimeda opuntia f. triloba 46(45). Thallus decumbent Ooosely following sur- face contour) 142. Codium repens 57(55). Segments < 5 mm wide ...... 158. Halimeda goreaui 46(45). Thallus erect 47 57(55). Segments> 5 mm wide 58 47(46). Branches cylindrical, rarely flattened at forks; branching dichotomous at tips, irregular 58 (57). Segments distinctly or indistinctly ribbed, below 141. Codium isthmocladum often tri-Iobed 59 47(46). Branches or forks of branches often flat­ 58(57). Segments essentially rounded, not lobed 60 tened; branching dichotomous throughout...... 48 59(58). Segments generally with distinct ribs; sur- 48(47). Thallus 25-50(-100) cm high; branches 6-25 face utricles angular after decalcification . mm diam.; hairs or hair scars 145-330 p,m below ...... 159. Halimeda incrassata apex of utricle; wall at apex of utricles 4-8 J.lm 59(58). Segments generally without distinct ribs; thick; gametangia 1-7 per utricle . surface utricles spherical after decalcification ...... 139. Codium decorticatum . 163. Halimeda simulans NUMBER 9 19

60(58). Segments 0.7-1.4 mm thick; up to 14 sur­ 70(66). Thallus cylindrical, finger-like . face utricles supported by each subsurface utricle.... . 179. Neomeris annulata ...... 157. Halimeda discoidea 70(66). Thallus parasol-shaped (delicate stipe with 60(58). Segments 0.3-0.5 mm thick; only 2-4 sur­ terminal whorl of rays) 71 face utricles supported by each subsurface utricle...... 164. Halimeda tuna 71(70). Thallus heavily calcified, of 22-80 rays; having corona superior and corona inferior [small 61(53). Thallus brush-shaped with coarse fibrous microscopic rays above (superior) and below cap 62 (inferior) major rays]... 180. Acetabularia schenckii 61(53). Thallus other than brush-shaped 66 71(70). Thallus lightly calcified between rays, of 62(61). BrancWet siphons of equal length, not con­ 10-25 rays; lacking corona inferior . stricted at first dichotomy, fusing laterally to form ...... 181. Acetabularia antillana small blades...... 172. Rhipocephalus phoenix 62(61). BrancWet siphons of unequal length, con­ stricted at all dichotomies, not fusing laterally... 63 Key to the Cyanophyta

63 (62). Corticating lateral brancWets of stipe termi­ 1. Thallus filamentous, forming large tangled nate in long, tapering, bluntly pointed apices...... 64 masses 2 63(62). Corticating lateral brancWets of stipe ter­ 1. Thallus not filamentous 3 minate in short, truncated apices...... 65 2(1). Filaments to 3 cm long, usually curled; cells 64(63). Cap elongated oval, lightly calcified; cap 2-4 p,m long (-10 p,m long prior to cell division); siphons 400-800 Jlffi diam . sheath 4-11 p,m thick 182. Lyngbya majuscula ...... 170. Penicillus dumetosus 2(1). Filaments to 50 cm long, usually straight; cells 64(63). Cap flat topped, heavily calcified; cap si- 4-6 p,m long (-10 p,m long prior to cell division); phons 150-250 p,m diam. . .. sheath 5-80 p,m thick 183. Lyngbya polychroa ...... 172. Penicillus pyriformis 3(1). Thallus wick-like, forming erect bundles . 65(63). Thallus lightly calcified; cap siphons 100- ...... 185. Symploca atlantica 300 p,m diam 169. Penicillus capitatus 3(1). Thallus forming small fuzzy tufts or soft 65(63). Thallus heavily calcified; cap siphons 300- patches 4 500 p,m diam 171. Penicillus lamourouxii 4(3). Thallus to 1 cm high, purple-beige to olive 66(61). Blades fan, cup or paddle-shaped 67 green 185. Dichothrix bornetiana 66(61). Blades not fan, cup or paddle-shaped 70 4(3). Thallus to 8 mm high, lavender ...... 186. Dichothrix fucicola 67(66). Blades cup-like, funnel-shaped ...... 174. Udotea cyathiformis 67(66). Blades flat, fan- or paddle-shaped 68 Key to the Vascular Plants 68(67). Blade often pin-wheel-shaped (of multiple Magnoliophyta (Seagrasses) fan-shaped blades radiating from single axis, grow­ ing in radial planes); lateral appendages not forming continuous cortex 177. Udotea wilsonii 1. Leaves cylindrical 1890 Syringodium filiforme 1. Leaves flat 2 68 (67). Blade of single fan-shaped blades, often with overlapping lobes but always growing in one plane; 2(1). Leaves oval 187. Halophila decipiens lateral appendages forming continuous cortex.... 69 2(1). Leaves strap-shaped 3 69(68). Plants thick, tough; blade lateral appendages random, sparsely scattered .. 175. Udotea flabellum 3(2). Leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide ...... 190. Halodule beaudettei 69(68). Plants thin, almost brittle; blade lateral ap­ pendages abundant, often opposite, closely aligned 3(2). Leaves 4-15 mm wide ...... 176. Udotea cf. occidentalis ...... 188. Thalassia testudinum 20 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

1. Liagora ceranoides 1. Cortical filaments with spherical apical cells. 2. Car­ posporophyte surrounded by involucral filaments (i). 3. Incurved carpogonial branch (c). 4. Typical branch.

3. Trichogloeopsis pedicellata 4. Galaxaura comans 1. Cortex of stiff hair-like surface filaments (Q and medul­ 1. Cortical filament showing spherical apical cells. lary filaments (m) commonly overlapping bulbous basal 2. Cortical filaments showing swollen tips on surface cells (b). 2. Cortex with tightly packed bulbous basal cells hairs. 3. Carposporophyte with descending gonimoblast (b) and intertwined medullary filaments (m). 3. Typical filaments (Q. 4. Typical branch. branch. NUMBER 9 21

Species Treattnents (spermatangial plants pink); branching irregu­ lar; calcification light. Branches to 1.25 mm PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA diam. proximally; apices tapering to 0.3-0.6 mm diam. Medullary filaments longitudinal, Order NEMALIALES cylindrical, 40-80 p,m diam.; cells to six di­ ameters long; branch apices comprised of 3-4 Family LIAGORACEAE medullary filaments. Cortical filaments radial, 1. ::.::-Liagora ceranoides Lamouroux clustered, 3-4 times dichotomously branched; 1816: 239. basal rhizoids occasionally present; apical cells DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft, compact, spherical to oval, 13-19 p,m diam., 13-24 p,m often hemispherical, 3-5{-8) cm high, pink­ long, often initiating fine colorless hairs. white; proximal branching sparse, irregular; Holdfast inconspicuous, pad-like. Spermatan­ distal branching prolific, widely dichotomous; gial tufts 25-50 p,m diam., on outer cortical calcification moderate; basal surface rough. segments; spermatangia 2-5 p,m diam. Carpo­ Branches 1-2 mm diam., short; apices tapering gonial branches erect, of four cells, 15-28 p,m to 0.5 mm diam. Medullary filaments longitu­ diam., near middle of cortical filaments. Car­ dinal, 20-40 p,m diam.; cells cylindrical to posporophytes 100-200 p,m diam., terminal on slightly swollen, to five diameters long. Cor­ outer cortical filaments; involucral filaments ticalfilaments radial, 4-6 times dichotomously few to many. branched, seldom extending beyond mucus; HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or coral basal rhizoids occasionally present, 16-18 p,m fragments; to 15 m deep. diam.; apical cells spherical to oval, 4-12 p,m DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba diam., often bearing fine colorless hairs. (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Cayman Islands, Hispaniola Holdfast inconspicuous, pad-like. Spermatan­ (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico gia 1-3 p,m diam., in clusters on outer seg­ (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), *Guadeloupe, ments. Carpogonial branches incurved, of 3-5 )I-Barbados (*Taylor 1960), Mexico (Humm & Hil­ cells, 12-24 p,m diam., near middle of cortical debrand 1962), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. filaments. Carposporophytes spherical, Littler 24002 (US). 100-500 p,m diam., with basal collar of in­ volucral filaments. 3. Trichogloeopsis pedicellata (Howe) HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or coral Abbott & Doty 1960: 638, figs. 18-20. fragments; to 20 m deep. ~I-Bahamas, DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Turks & Liagora pedicellata Howe 1920: 556. Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Cayman Is­ lands, ~I-J amaica, *Hispaniola, )I-Puerto Rico, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft, fleshy, flac­ *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, tBarbuda (tVroman cid, lateral branches progressively shorter cre­ 1968), §Antigua, *Saba Bank, St. Kitts (faylor ating pyramid-like shape, to 16 cm high, 1962b), *Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), white, (spermatangial plants beige-white); )I-Grenada, )I-Barbados, *Netherlands Antilles, branching irregularly alternate; calcification Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia moderate, with calcareous granules in outer (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, Costa Rica (Soto & mucus. Branches 1.2-2.5 mm diam. Medullary Ballantine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), )I-Mexico (*Taylor 1960), **Belize; Pelican filaments longitudinal, cylindrical, 300-600 Cays: D. & M. Littler 30121 (US). p,m diam., tapering to 35-104 p,m diam. at apices. Cortical filaments radial, 4-7 times 2. ::-::-Liagora dendroidea (P. Crouan & dichotomously branched; basal rhizoids H. Crouan in Maze & Schramm) common, 10-16 p,m diam.; apical cells spheri­ Abbott 1990: 317. cal to oval, 12-20 p,m diam., 15-26 p,m long, Helminthora dendroidea P. Crouan & H. Crouan in Maze often bearing fine colorless hairs. Holdfast & Schramm 1878: 178. Liagora mucosa Howe 1920: 556 inconspicuous, pad-like. Spermatangia 13-20 (see Abbott 1990). p,m diam., in tufts on outer segments. Carpo­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gelatinous, soft, gonial branches erect, of 3-6 cells, 20-25 p,m gooey, flaccid, to 20 cm high, pink-white diam., terminal or replacing lateral branchlet 22 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOp,m lOOp,m

5G Galaxaura marginata 6a. Galaxaura rugosa gametophytic stage 1. Tetrasporic plant: transverse section of darkly pig­ 1. Transverse section of cortex with fused subsurface cells, mented surface cells, large and often fused subsurface cells connecting internal (medullary) filaments and occasional and connecting internal (medullary) filaments. 2. Tet­ surface filament (f). 2. Surface view. 3. Typical branch. rasporic plant: surface view. 3. Typical branch.

6b. Galaxaura rugosa tetrasporic stage 7. Galaxaura subverticillata 1. Transverse section of cortex with hair-like surface fila­ 1. Section of cortex lacking surface filaments. 2. Section ments (f) and medulllary filaments (m) not overlapping of cortex with sort surface filaments. 3. Section of cortex bulbous basal cells (b). 2. Transverse section of cortex with long surface filaments. 4. Typical branch with showing occasional surface filament (s) without bulbous whorled surface filaments. basal cell. 3. Typical branch. NUMBER 9 23

on cortical filament. Carposporophytes 90-215 1960), Mexico (Huerta 1961), Belize (Tsuda & p,m diam., on outer segments; gonimoblast Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30066 filaments descending; involucral (enveloping) (US). filaments few to absent. HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or coral 5. :'r:'rGalaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander) fragments, in spur-and-groove areas seaward Lamouroux 1816: 264. of reef crests; to 12 m deep. Corallina marginata Ellis & Solander 1786: 115, pI. 22, fig. DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks & 6. Galaxaura stupocaulon Kjellman 1900: 75, pI. 14, figs. 1-9, pI. 20, fig. 28. Probably G. /rutescens Kjellman 1900: Caicos, *Jamaica, tSt. Martin, tSt. Kitts (tVroman 75, pI. 13, figs. 14-27, pI. 20, fig. 31 (see Papenfuss et al. 1968), *Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), Mexico 1982). (Huerta et al. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, hemi­ as Trichogloeopsis sp.); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Lit­ spherical, 5-14(-20) cm high, dull chalky tler 30071 (US). pink-red; branching dichotomous; calcifica­ Family GALAXAURACEAE tion moderate. Blades 1.0-2.5(-3.0) mm wide, 300-500 Jlm thick, flat, smooth, often with 4. Galaxaura comans Kjellman 1900: 44, faint cross banding near apices; margins pI. 2, figs. 10-18, pI. 20, fig. 13. slightly thickened. Medullary filaments 8-15 DEscRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, soft, com­ pm diam., sparse, intermixed with gelatinous pact, 2-12 cm high, cream-red; branching ir­ mucilage. Cortex 2-3 cells thick; innermost regularly alternate, seldom dichotomous; cal­ cells 25-65 pm thick, 50-100 pm wide, lightly cification absent or slight. Branches short, pigmented; surface cells of tetrasporic plants crowded, cylindrical, 3-5 mm diam. (to 10 (tetrasporophytes) stalked, oval or spherical, mm diam. inclusive of surface filaments), 22-40 pm diam., 30-60 /lm long, thick walled, densely but evenly covered by stiff hair-like laterally free, with apex rarely pointed; sub­ filaments. Medullary filaments 10-25 p,m surface cells bearing 1-3 surface cells; surface diam., loosely intertwined, extending into cells of sexual plants (gametophytes) narrowly cortex (i.e., overlapping and intertwined with oval or columnar, 10-16 /lm diam., 25-45 /lm bulbous cortical cells). Cortex not distinct; long, with blunt apex; subsurface cells trian­ surface filaments cylindrical, 15-22 p,m diam., gular, compressed, colorless, laterally adher­ intermixed short (1.0-1.5 mm long) with long ent, bearing one surface cell; surface hair-like (to 3-4 mm long); cells at base of filaments filaments rare. Holdfast disc-like, inconspicu­ often bulbous, 30-55 p,m diam., 50-80 p,m ous. long, lightly pigmented. Holdfast inconspicu­ HABITAT.-Common; in tide pools, on ous. Note: Conspecific with Galaxaura lap­ shallow reef flats or mangrove prop roots, in idescens (herein considered a synonym and protected locations; to 10 m deep. tetrasporic stage of G. rugosa). According to DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, *Cuba, Papenfuss et aI. (1982) both have similar 'I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Is­ lengths of surface filaments and Huisman and lands, tSt. Martin, *Antigua, tSt. Eustatius Borowitzka (1990, who consider the surface (tVroman 1968), §St. Kitts, )I-Guadeloupe, filaments too variable to be useful and also §Dominica, )I-Martinique, §St. Lucia, §Bequia, placed G. lapidescens into synomony with G. §Grenada (§Taylor 1969), *Barbados, *Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao (Diaz-Piferrer rugosa as the tetrasporic stage in the life 1964b), *Venezuela, Colombia (Schnetter 1969), history). However, we find only non­ )I-panama, )I-Costa Rica (*Taylor 1960), **Belize; intergrading, discrete populations in the Car­ Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30070 (US). ibbean Basin and, therefore, retain the distinc­ tion (see Rhodophyta key #86 for differences). 6. Galaxaura rugosa (Ellis & Solander) HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments, Lamouroux 1816: 263. mangrove prop roots or rocks, in protected sandy areas; to 12 m deep. 6a. gametophytic stage DISTRIBUTION.-*Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, Corallina rugosa Ellis & Solander 1786: 115, pI. 22, fig. 3. *Cuba, *Jamaica, )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, Galaxaura squalida Kjellman 1900: 55, pI. 6, figs. 1-12, pI. *Guadeloupe, )I-Netherlands Antilles (*Taylor 20, fig. 9 (see Papenfuss et al. 1982). 24 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, com­ J-tm long, pigmentation light or lacking, occa­ pact, loosely dome-shaped, to 12 cm high, sionally bulbous cells lacking. Holdfast incon­ cream-red to rose-red; branching dichoto­ spicuous. Note: Conspecific with Galaxaura mous; calcification heavy. Branches cylindri­ subverticillata according to Huisman and Bor­ cal, 1-2 mm diam.; joints flexible, uncalcified, owitzka (1990), who consider the whorled vs. generally at base of dichotomies. Medullary evenly distributed cortical filaments too vari­ filaments 8-20 p,m diam., sparse, colorless, able to be used; however, we find only non­ intermixed with gelatinous mucilage. Cortex intergrading, discrete populations in the field 3-4 cells thick; innermost cells 30-40(-60) J.Lm and therefore retain the distinction. diam., 25-30(-40) p,m thick, colorless, often HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments, laterally fused; surface cells short, 18-30 p,m mangrove prop roots or rocks, in protected diam., 10-15 p,m thick, 4-7 sided in surface sandy areas; to 12 m deep. view; surface filaments 10-18 p,m diam., to 1 DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba, mm long, absent distally, abundant near base. *Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly Holdfast inconspicuous. Note: See Huisman 1977), )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, *Guadeloupe, and Borowitzka (1990) for details on life his­ *Martinique, St. Lucia (faylor 1969), *Grenada, tory. *Barbados, Cura~ao (Diaz-Piferrer 1964b), Vene­ HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments, zuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Colombia, *Panama, rocks or mangrove prop roots, in protected Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), *Isla de Providencia, areas; to 1 m deep. *Mexico (*Taylor 1960), Belize (Norris & Bucher DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30086 (US). Caicos, *Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, 7. Galaxaura subverticillata Kjellman 1900: t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, )I-St. Barthelemy, §Antigua, 48, pI. 3, figs. 12-14; pI. 20, fig. 17. tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :t:St. Kitts, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, :t:St. Lucia DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, com­ (:f:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), pact, forming hemispherical mounds, 4-7(-9) *Grenada, *Barbados, cQBonaire, cQ Cura~ao cm high, dark red; branching irregularly di­ (cQDiaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, *Colombia, chotomous; calcification moderate. Branches *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San cylindrical, 1.0-1.5 mm diam., fuzzy, ringed Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Isla de Providencia, Great (whorled) with minute hair-like filaments. Swan Island (faylor 1975), *Mexico, *Belize Medullary filaments 7-28 J-tm diam., colorless. (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler Cortex two cells thick; subsurface cells oval, 30128 (US). 40-60 J-tm diam.; surface cells tightly packed, 6b. tetrasporic stage oval, 25-50 J-tm diam., 40-76 J-tm thick, often Galaxaura lapidescens (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 1816: topped by single filament; surface filaments 264. Corallina lapidescens Ellis & Solander 1786: 112, pI. 18-25(-36) J-tm diam., cells 1-3 diameters long; 21, fig. g, pI. 22, fig. 9. G. liebmannii (Areschoug) Kjell­ surface whorled with short (100-200 J-tm) man 1900: 46, pI. 1, figs. 1-10, pI. 20, fig. 41. G. flagelli­ filaments alternating with long [300-500(-900) formis Kjellman 1900: 47, pI. 3, figs. 2-11, pI. 20, fig. 16; (see Papenfuss et al. 1982). J-tm] filaments in younger parts, whorls be­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, com­ coming obscure with age. Holdfast incon­ pact, dome-shaped, 8-12 cm high, cream-red; spicuous. Note: Huisman and Borowitzka branching irregularly alternate; calcification (1990) consider this species conspecific with slight. Branches short, crowded, cylindrical, G. lapidescens (tetrasporic phase of G. rugosa), 1-3 mm diam., densely but evenly covered by stating that the whorled vs. evenly distributed stiff hair-like filaments. Medullary filaments cortical filaments are too variable to be used; 10-16 p,m diam., loosely intertwined, not ex­ however, we find only non-intergrading, dis­ tending into cortex. Cortex not distinct; sur­ crete populations in the field and therefore face filaments cylindrical, 15-22 J-tm diam., retain the distinction. intermixed short (30-40 J-tm long) with long HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments (to 1.6 mm long); cells at base of filaments or rocks, often in areas of moderate wave often bulbous, 30-55 p,m diam., 50-80(-100) surge; to 10 m deep. NUMBER 9 25

DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks & green-yellow to dark brown; branching Caicos, *Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *His­ sparse, alternate or opposite; basal parts creep­ paniola, *Puerto Rico, *Yirgin Islands, t Anguilla, ing; growth from single apical cell. Branches tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, §Antigua tSaba, tSt. cylindrical to slightly flattened; branchlets 2-6 Eustatius (tYroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, §Dom­ inica (§Taylor 1969), )I-Martinique, St. Lucia mm long, scattered or in two opposite rows; (Taylor 1962b), *Barbados, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer apices often recurved or arched. Medullary 1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia cells 30-40 p,m diam., thick walled, grading (Schnetter 1969), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), smaller toward surface. Surface cells spherical Mexico (Huerta 1958), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); to oval, 8-10 p,m. Rhizoids tough, pad-like, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30146 (US). ventral on creeping stolon. Tetrasporangial branchlets often club-shaped; tetrasporangia 8. Tricleocarpa tragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman develop at apices. Cystocarps as swollen areas & Townsend 1993: 100, table 2. on branchlets. Eschara fragilis Linnaeus 1758:·805. Corallina oblongata Ellis & Solander 1786: 114, pI. 22, fig. 1. Galaxaura ob­ HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates, longata (Ellis and Solander) Lamouroux 1816: 262. Tri­ often principal components of mixed turfs; cleocarpa oblongata (Ellis & Solander) Huisman & Borow­ intertidal to 7 m deep. itzka 1990: 168, figs. 46-49, 53-56 (see Silva et al. 1996). DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks & DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy to sparse, Caicos, *Cay Sal Banks, *Cuba, *Cayman Islands, stiff, 7-15 cm high, cream-red; branching di­ *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Yirgin Is­ chotomous; calcification slight. Branches cy­ lands, tAnguilla, tSt. Martin, tBarbuda, §Antigua, lindrical, 1-2 mm diam., smooth, tapered at tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tYroman 1968), §Nevis, apices; joints flexible, uncalcified. Medullary *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, *Martinique, St. Lucia filaments sparse, 10-20 /lm diam., dichoto­ (Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), *Grenada, mously branched, intermixed in gelatinous *Barbados, *Tobago, *Trinidad, *Netherlands Antilles, *Yenezuela, )I-panama, *Costa Rica, mucilage. Cortex 3-4 cells thick; innermost *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. cells broadly oval, 35-60 /lm diam., colorless; Littler 30158 (US). subsurface cells spherical to broadly oval, 25­ 40 /lm diam., pigmented or colorless; surface 10. :~:~Gelidiella sanctarum J. Feldmann cells considerably compressed, 8-17 /lm diam., & G. Hame11934: 539, figs. 6-7. heavily pigmented. Holdfast inconspicuous. HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, bristle-like, or rocks, in protected sandy areas; to 30 m tufted or erect, 2-3{-5) cm high, dark pink to deep. purple; branching sparse, irregular; basal parts DISTRmUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, *Turks & creeping; growth from single apical cell. Caicos, )I-Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Branches cylindrical to slightly compressed, Rico, *Yirgin Islands, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tYro­ 100-200 p,m diam., not pinched at base; apices man 1968), §Antigua, §St. Kitts, *Guadeloupe, pointed. Medullary cells 10-15 p,m diam., §Dominica, *Martinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), thick walled, grading only slightly smaller §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), Grenada (Taylor 1980), toward surface. Surface cells rounded­ *Barbados, *Trinidad, Colombia (Schnetter 1969), rectangular, 8-10 /lm diam., in longitudinal *Panama, *Costa Rica (*Taylor 1960), Great Swan rows, losing linear arrangement with age. Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Humm & Hilde­ brand 1962), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Peli­ Rhizoids tough, ventral on creeping stolon. can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30063 (US). Tetrasporangial stichidia 130-150 p,m diam., to 450 p,m long, terminal on branch; tetraspo­ Order GELIDIALES rangia spherical to oval, 30-40 p,m diam., ir­ Family GELIDIELLACEAE regularly divided. HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; on 9. Gelidiella acerosa (ForsskaI) J. Feldmann hard surfaces or mangrove prop roots; inter­ & G. Hame11934: 533. tidal to 1 m deep. Fucus acerosus ForsskaI 1775: 190. Distribution.-Guadeloupe (Taylor 1960), Mex­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or gre­ ico (Huerta et al. 1987), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. garious, tough, wiry, to 8{-15) cm high, & M. Littler 24003 (US). 26 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

2mm

I:-t'

CD Q.' C~;{0 CD Cr n ()t")')~ :.. C'Ccr nn'rJ1 [re (' OOI)0J:rh rrr~~[rn~1")0f:9) f:' c~(I c C0j 3//JrT) (' FLee en ");y/ /j~ c::: re cC C'",:)5 S"' <~_() 50JLm 50p,m 8. Tricleocarpa fragilis 9. Gelidiella acerosa 1. Transverse section of cortex showing compressed sur­ 1. Habit showing several fertile branchlets (f). 2. Trans­ face cells, spherical subsurface cells and broad inner cells verse section of branch. 3. Branch apex showing single connected by medullary filaments. 2. Surface view. apical cell. 3. Typical branch.

10. Gelidiella sanctarum 11. Gelidiella species. 1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of branch. 3. Branch apex 1. Habit. 2. Branch apex showing single apical cell. showing single apical cell. 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Stolon with ventral rhizoids. NUMBER 9 27

11. :z.:~ Gelidiella species. cylindrical to slightly compressed, 55-110 p,m DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, bristle-like, diam., occasionally pinched at base; apices erect, 0.5-1.0 cm high, dark pink to purple; pointed. Medullary cells 10-15 p,m diam., branching uncommon, sparse, irregular; basal thick walled, grading slightly smaller toward parts creeping; growth from single apical cell. surface. Surface cells rounded to irregular, 5­ Branches cylindrical to slightly compressed, 10 p,m diam. Rhizoids to 10 p,m diam., clus­ 40-120 p,m diam., not pinched at base; apices tered, ventral on creeping stolon. Tetraspo­ pointed. Medullary cells 10-15 p,m diam., rangia near apices, in V-shaped parallel rows. thick walled; pericentral cells 6. Surface cells HABITAT.-Common, but inconspicuous; rounded-rectangular, 8-10 p,m diam., in longi­ on hard surfaces or mangrove prop roots, tudinal rows, not losing linear arrangement often principal component of mixed turfs; to with age. Rhizoids occasionally terminating in 1 m deep. attachment pad, ventral on creeping stolon. DISTRIBUTIoN.-§Cayman Islands, §Bequia Tetrasporangial branch swollen at apex; tet­ (§TayIor 1969), *Trinidad, *Costa Rica (*Taylor rasporangial stichidia 50-60 p,m diam., 120­ 1960), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos 1976), )")I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30134 (US). 140 p,m long, terminal on branch; tetr~spo­ rangia oval to club-shaped, 10-15 p,m dIam., Order CORALLINALES 15-20 p,m long. HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; Family CORALLINACEAE on hard surfaces or mangrove prop roots; 14. :Z.:Z.Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux intertidal to 1 m deep. 1816: 299. DISTRIBUTION.-)I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fragile, calcareous, M. Littler 30242 {US). in sparse to dense clumps, to 5 cm high, white-pink; branching widely dichotomous, 12. :~'J~Gelidiella setacea (Feldmann) primarily at joints, generally in one plane. Feldmann & Hame11934: 533. Branches brittle, flattened to cylindrical; seg­ Echinocaulon setaceum Feldmann 1931: 163. ments 1-5 mm long; lower segments cylindri­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, stiff, tuft-like, cal, 400-500 p,m diam.; outer segments flat­ to 2(-5) cm high, dark pink; branching sparse, tened, 500-650 p,m wide, often laterally fusing irregular; basal parts creeping; growth from with adjacent branches. Medulla tiered; 6-7 single apical cell. Branches slightly com­ (others reporting 2-4) transverse rows of long pressed, 120-200 p,m diam., occasionally cells (70-80 p,m long) alternating with one pinched at base; apices ~ointed. Medull~ry row of short cells (15-25 p,m long). Cortex cells 10-15 p,m diam., thIck walled, gradIng several layers of short cells increasing in num­ slightly smaller toward surface. Surface cells ber and thickness with age; cells rounded an­ rounded-rectangular, irregular, 4-10 p,m diam., gular, 10-20 p,m diam. Joints flexible, uncalci­ not in longitudinal rows. Rhizoids pad-like, fied; surface cells 8-16 p,m diam.; medullary tough, ventral on creeping stolons. cells in 2-5 bands. Holdfast crust-like, incon­ HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; spicuous. Conceptacles lateral, conspicuous, on hard surfaces or mangrove prop roots, hemispherical, 270-850 p,m diam. with soli­ often in mixed turfs; to 1 m deep. tary terminal pore. Tetrasporangia or bispo­ DISTRIBUTIoN.-Guadeloupe (TayIor 1960), rangia oval, 17-25 p,m diam., 38-63 pm long, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), )I-*Belize; Pelican zonately divided. Note: Schneider and Searles Cays: D. & M. Littler 42004 {US). (1991) reported this species from the South­ eastern United States; however, their ana­ 13. :Z.'JZ.Gelidiella trinitatensis Taylor tomical measurements are slightly different. 1943: 150, pI. I, fig. 1. HABITAT.-Uncommon; lightly attached DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, soft, tuft-like, on hard substrates, often mangrove prop to 2(-5) cm high, light pink; branching sparse, roots; to 2 m deep. irregular; basal parts creeping or forming thin DISTRffiUTION.-)I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & crust; growth from single apical cell. Branches M. Littler 30271 {US). 28 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

3mm

...... ~~ ..... ~ "/~~~3~~\ /c-~S~c::>ooo~ \ /r;(68c:fb8~ ; r ..... cc~ao~<:so0.JJ i ...... ~Od~O()~c£,3 ; ~"" //~v<:>CloQg~~ao~{):= ~ ,.' \0 0 0 '-/a;, ~J.' ~ .... re' cPoQ=.-,<::J!0'O&o).: ..... <. cCoo o<>o0~~:I ... ,"jA(b~og06~Q\)<:J0(I)"i ------.,;,..- ")() 0 oOOs:>O-J 2 100 p,m.:'(!'(~~f>'b~p~o~OI:0QVJ

100p,m 12. Gelidiella setacea 13. Gelidiella trinitatensis 1. Habit with regrowth from blunt apices after grazing. 1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of branch. 3. Branch apex 2. Branch apex showing single apical cell. 3. Transverse showing single apical cell. section of branch.

100p,m lOOp,m

14. Amphiroa beauvoisii 15. Amphiroa fragilissima 1. Typical branch. 2. Segment showing six tiers of long 1. Mature branch with conceptacles. 2. Immature branch cells Q) alternating with one tier of short cells (s). 3. Lon­ having swollen segment ends. 3. Longitudinal section of gitudinal section of branch showing tiered medullary cells branch showing five long tiers alternating with one short with small cortical cells (c). 4. Surface of joint composed tier. of small spherical cells. NUMBER 9 29

15. Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) age. Joints abundant, conspicuous, seldom at Lamouroux 1816: 298. forks, flexible, uncalcified; cells in two trans­ Corallina fragilissima Linnaeus 1758: 806. verse rows, thick walled, aligned obliquely DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tangled, fragile, (offset) with pointed apices. Holdfast crust­ calcareous, in dense clumps or mats, to 8 cm like, inconspicuous. Conceptacles hemispheri­ thick, yellow-green to white-pink; branching cal, 250-400 p.m diam., conspicuous, lateral widely dichotomous, occasionally trichoto­ on segments, with central pore. mous, primarily at joints. Branches thin, brit­ HABITAT.-Common; loosely attached to tle, cylindrical, often swollen at segment ends; rock or dead coral fragments, often in seagrass lower segments 150-600 p,m diam., 8-20 di­ beds; to 1 m deep. ameters long. Medulla tiered; 4-8 transverse Distribution. *Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba (Dlaz­ rows of long cells [55-90(-120) p,m long] al­ Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico ternating with 1-2 rows of short cells (15-35 (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), *Virgin Islands, p,m long). Cortex several layers of short cells St. Martin (Yroman 1968), §Antigua, *Guadeloupe, increasing in number and thickness with age. §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), St. Lucia (Taylor Joints flexible, uncalcified; surface cells 8-10 1962b), Grenada (Taylor 1980), *Barbados, Vene­ zuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia p,m diam. Holdfast crust-like, inconspicuous. (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson Conceptacles conspicuous, hemispherical, 300­ 1962), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico 340 p,m diam., lateral on segment, with soli­ (Huerta 1960), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican tary terminal pore. Tetrasporangia to 25 p,m Cays: D. & M. Littler 24005 (US). diam., 50 p,m long. HABITAT.-Common; lightly attached on 17. Fosliella farinosa (Lamouroux) hard substrates, often intermixed with other Howe 1920: 587. species among seagrasses or in rock crevices; to 60 m deep. Melobesiafarinosa Lamouroux 1816: 315, pI. 12, fig. 3. DISTRmUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, fragile, 1962), *Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba, §Cayman Is­ thin, forming lightly calcified crusts, to 20 p,m lands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )}Vir­ thick, 5 mm diam. (thalli commonly overlap gin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, *St. Barthe­ one another covering larger areas), white to lemy, :f:Antigua, tBarbuda, tSt. Eustatius (tVro­ pale pink. Crust developing from initial four man 1968), §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, *Dominica, celled structure surrounded by 12 cells; gener­ *Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia ally one cell thick, except for small cap cells (§Taylor 1969), Grenadines (Taylor 1980), *Gren­ ada, )I-Barbados, *Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson and increased cell layers around conceptacles 1975), )I-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, *Colom­ (all with central pores), attached by lower cell bia, *Panama, *Costa Rica, Great Swan Island surfaces. Cells 5-17 p.m wide, 14-30 p.m long; (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta 1960), )I-Belize cap cells 3-10 p,m diam., 7-14 p.m long. (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler Trichocysts 8-20(-30) p.m wide, 11-44 p.m 30060 (US). long, terminal in filament rows, scattered, seldom with hair attached. Tetrasporangial 16. Amphiroa rigida var. antillana B0rgesen conceptacles hemispherical, 65-94 p.m internal 1917: 182, figs. 171-173. diam.; tetrasporangia elongated, zonately di­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus open, brittle, heav­ vided, (20-)23-39(-50) p.m diam., 36-65(-90) ily calcified, forming clumps, 10-15 cm diam., p.m long, with up to eight tetrasporangia per light ivory; branching widely dichotomous. conceptacle. Bisporangial conceptacles hemi­ Branches unequal in length, cylindrical, 1-2 spherical, 166-208 p.m internal diam.; bispo­ mm diam.; apices tapered slightly or bluntly rangia oval, 26-42 p.m diam., 54-78 p.m long, rounded. Medulla tiered; two transverse rows with up to 20 bisporangia per conceptacle. of long cells (80-100 p,m long) alternating Cystocarpic conceptacles hemispherical, 62-100 with one row of short cells (15-20 p,m long), p,m internal diam. Spermatangial conceptacles aligned in longitudinal rows (not offset) with hemispherical, 33-91 p,m internal diam. Note: blunt apices. Cortex several layers of short Penrose and Chamberlain (1993) transferred cells increasing in number and thickness with this species to Hydrolithon; considering the 30 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOp,m 16. Amphiroa rigida vac. antillana 17. Fosliella farinosa 1. Branch showing joints generally not at forks. 2. Ma­ 1. Organization of young thallus showing initial four cell ture branch with hemispherical conceptacles. 3. Longitu­ and secondary 12 cell arrangement (both shaded}t tricho­ dinal section of branch showing two transverse rows of cyst (t) and cap cells (c). long cells alternating with one row of short cells and cortex of small cells.

CD lOOp,m

§. ~ooao 8 .~liB!g .. ~~~...-J'-- ,/---- 5 mm b lOOp,m 18. Hydrolithon boergesenii 19.]ania adhaerens 1. Transverse section of tetrasporangial conceptacle with 1. Dichotomous branching with bluntly pointed apices. tetrasporangia (t). 2. Transverse section of crust. 2. Holdfast (h) and creeping basal filament. 3. Transverse 3. Transverse section of upper surface showing surface section of branch. 4. Longitudinal section at joint cap cells (c) and trichocysts (t). 4. Transverse section of (shaded) showing absence of cortex. lower layers with the basal row of cells (b) distinctly squarish and older medullary cells often fusing laterally (1). NUMBER 9 31 distinct visible differences, with Fosliella being 75(-88) p,m long; cortical cells roundly rectan­ small, thin and delicate while Hydrolithon is gular, 6-8 p,m diam., densely pigmented. large, thick, massive and epilithic, we chose to Joints flexible, uncalcified, occurring at base of retain Fosliella. branch and at regular intervals between HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; epi­ branches; cells elongated, 7-10 p,m diam., phytic on larger marine algae or seagrasses, (40-)65-100(-125) p,m long, parallel, in one shells or other hard surfaces; to 15 m deep. tier; cortex lacking. Holdfast crustose or pad­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), *Flor­ like; secondarily attached by lateral holdfasts ida, *Bahamas, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, on branches. Tetrasporangial conceptacles soli­ )f-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Angui1la, tSt. Mar­ tary, vase-shaped, 240-300 p,m diam., 300-340 tin, tBarbuda, tSt. Kitts (tVroman 1968), )I-Guade­ p,m long, with central pore, formed in swollen loupe, *Barbados, *Tobago, *Netherlands Antilles, terminal segments, eventually initiating new )I-Venezuela, *Colombia, )I-panama, *Costa Rica, branchlets; tetrasporangia oval, 60-70 /lm *Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico Oordan et al. 1978), *Belize (*Taylor diam., 80-100 p,m long. 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30075 (US). HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces or epiphytic on other marine plants; to 18(-35) 18. Hydrolithon boergesenii (Foslie) m deep. Foslie 1909: 56. DISTRffiUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand Goniolithon boergesenii Foslie 1901: 19. 1962), )I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as heavily calcified 1964a), §Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, )I-Rispaniola, crusts 2-5 mm thick or forming knobby nod­ )I-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, )I-St. ules (5-8 cm diam.) covering indeterminate Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eusta­ tius (tVroman 1968), *Aves, )I-Guadeloupe el-Taylor areas, purple-lavender; surface rough, chalky, 1960), tSt. Lucia (tTaylor 1962b), §Barbados granular; nodules wart-like, irregular, 3-5 mm (§Taylor 1969), Bonaire (van den Roek et al. 1972), high. Cells of lower layer 8-12 p,m diam., 7­ Cura~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), Isla de Aves (Taylor 18 p,m thick; cap cells 6-18 p,m diam., 4-10 1976), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Soto p,m thick; sub-surface cells in ill-defined rows, & Ballantine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 8-12(-20) p,m diam., 7-15(-30) p,m thick, of­ 1972), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), )I-*Belize; ten vertically elongated, fusing laterally with Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30120 (US). age. Trichocysts rare, solitary, seldom in small clusters, 9-25 p,m diam., 12-30 p,m thick. 20. ]ania capillacea Harvey 1853: 84. Conceptacles hemispherical, 300-400 p,m diam. with central pore. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, as tightly HABITAT.-Common; behind reef crest packed clumps or small cushions, 4-10 mm just below low-tide line as a nodule-rubble high, rose-red; branching widely dichotomous zone or on seaward portions of shallow reef (angles 30-45°). Branches cylindrical, 45-100 flats; to 67 m deep. p,m diam., often recurved; apices pointed to DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand occasionally rounded. Segments calcified, 300­ 1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, *Hispaniola, *Virgin 600 p,m long; medullary cells tiered, parallel, Islands, )I-Barbados, Colombia (Bula-Meyer 1987), elongated, 26-42 p,m long; cortical cells )f-Costa Rica el-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Mateo-Cid & roundly rectangular, 5-8 p,m diam., densely Mendoza-GonzaIez 1991), Belize (Norris & Bucher pigmented. Joints flexible, uncalcified; occur­ 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30204 (US). ring at base of branches and at regular inter­ vals between branches; cells elongated, 42-77 19. :~:1ania adhaerens Lamouroux 1816: 270. p,m long, parallel, in one tier; cortex lacking. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect but creeping, Holdfast crust-like or disc-like. Tetrasporan­ tangled, dense, in brittle clumps, to 4 cm high, gial conceptacles solitary, vase-shaped, with pink; branching widely dichotomous (angles central pore, formed in swollen apical seg­ > 50°). Branches cylindrical, 90-200 /lm ments, eventually initiating new branchlets; diam., tapering slightly toward blunt apices. tetrasporangia oval, 25-38 p,m diam., 80-105 Segments heavily calcified, 0.4-1.0 mm long; p,m long. Note: Cribb (1983) placed Jania cap­ medullary cells tiered, parallel, elongated, 60- illacea in synonymy with J. adhaerens; how- 32 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

100p,m

20. Jania capillacea 21. Neogoniolithon spectabile 1. Longitudinal section of tetrasporangial conceptacle 1. Longitudinal section showing several lateral fusions (f) containing tetrasporangia. 2. Branching pattern with and trichocyst (t). 2. Surface view. 3. Basal view of low­ tetrasporangial segments (t) often initiating branchlets. est cell layer at lateral margin.

l00J.Lm

22. Neogoniolithon strictum 23. Pneophyllum fragile 1. Tetrasporangial conceptacle with zonately divided 1. Organization of cells from original 8-celled cluster tetrasporangia (z). 2. Longitudinal section showing sev­ (shaded). eral lateral fusions (f). 3. Transverse section showing cell arrangement with trichocysts (t). 4. Surface cells with large trichocysts (t). 5. Typical branch. NUMBER 9 33

ever, we recognize both entities due to consis­ 14(-20) cm diam., chalky rose-pink; branching tent size differences observed in the field. abundant, irregular, often cervicorn. Branches HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on other cylindrical, rigid, to 1.5 mm diam., tapered, marine plants, in calm waters; to 15 m deep. roughened with reproductive structures when DISTRmUTION.-*Texas, )I-Plorida, *Bahamas, fertile. Cells of surface layer (cap cells) lens­ )}Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Dlaz­ shaped or oval, 15-20 p,m diam.; subsurface Piferrer 1963), )I-Virgin Islands, §St. Kitts, §St. Lucia stratum of many layers, gently curving to (§Taylor 1962b), )I-Barbados, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer medulla, lateral pit connections absent, lateral 1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Col­ ombia, )}Panama, *Costa Rica, Great Swan Island fusions common; medullary cells thick (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand walled, rectangular, tiered, 15-20 p,m wide, 1962), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & 20-40 p,m long. Trichocytes (hair cells) large, M. Littler 30168 (US). thick walled, solitary or in vertical clusters, scattered in surface layer. Holdfast crust-like, 21. 'J~'J~Neogoniolithon spectabile (Foslie) inconspicuous. Tetrasporangial conceptacles Setchell & Mason 1943: 92. hemispherical, cavity oval in section with Goniolithon spectabile Foslie 1901: 16. single pore when mature; tetrasporangia to 50 DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stony, heavily p,m diam., 150 p,m long, zonately divided, calcified, forming knobby hemispherical formed peripherally in chamber, clumps (rhodoliths), to 15 cm diam., pale HABITAT.-Common; often lying free in pink; branching abundant, irregular to shallow seagrass beds on reef flats, occasion­ dichotomous. Branches cylindrical, rigid, 1.5­ ally fusing to create reef structures on turbu­ 5.0 mm diam., tapered, often fusing with adja­ lent fore reefs; to 3 m deep. cent branches; outer branches erect, 1.5-2.0 DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Plorida, *Bahamas, )I-Cuba, mm diam.; older surfaces roughened with )'Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Is­ reproductive conceptacles. Cells of surface lands (*Taylor 1960), Bonaire (van den Hoek et al. layer (cap cells) lens-shaped or oval, 12-20 p,m 1972), Mexico (Huerta 1960), Belize (Norris & diam.; subsurface stratum of many layers, Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30148 gently curving to medulla, lateral pit connec­ (US). tions absent, lateral fusions common; medul­ lary cells thick walled, rectangular, tiered, 23. 'J~'J~Pneophyllum fragile Kiitzing 1843: 385. 15-20 p,m wide, 20-40 p,m long. Trichocytes Melobesia lejolisii Rosanoff 1866: 62, pI. I, figs. 4, 10, 12, (megacells, former hair cells) large, thick pI. VII, figs. 9-11. Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) Howe 1920: walled, solitary or embedded in vertical clus­ 588. Pneophyllum lejolisii (Rosanoff) Chamberlain 1983: ters, scattered in surface layer. Holdfast crust­ 359, figs. 28-32 (see Penrose & Woelkerling 1991). like. Tetrasporangial conceptacles hemispheri­ DESCRIPTION.-1ballus prostrate, fragile, cal, oval in section with central pore; tet­ forming thin calcified crusts, 0.5-2.0 mm rasporangia zonately divided, formed periph­ diam., 15-30 p,m thick, rose, pale pink to erally in chamber. white, with older thalli often running to­ HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering to gether or merging; attached by lower cell sur­ rock or coral, or when broken free, accumu­ faces. Cells square to rectangular, 5-10 p,m lating as rubble nodules (rhodoliths) on back­ wide, 5-20 p,m long, radiating from original reefs; to 8 m deep. 8-celled structure; most commonly one cell DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks & thick, older crusts up to four cells thick; sur­ Caicos, *Puerto Rico, *Netherlands Antilles face cells squarish, 6.5-12.0 p,m wide, 3.5-11.5 el-Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Mexico p,m long, 17-20 p,m thick; cap cells wider than (Huerta et al. 1987), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & long, 3.4-8.0 p,m wide, 1.5-3.5 p,m long, 2-3 M. Littler 30136 (US). p,m thick, at distal ends of surface cells. Trichocytes Qarge clear cells) intercalary, rare, 22. Neogoniolithon strictum (Foslie) 8.5-13.5 p,m diam., 11-16 p,m long. Concepta­ Setchell & Mason 1943: 92. cles flat or raised with single pore; cystocarpic Goniolithon strictum Foslie 1901: 14. and sporangial conceptacles (60-)150-250(­ DESCRIPTION.-1ballus stony, heavily cal­ 300) p,m diam.; spermatangial conceptacles cified, forming brittle clumps or nodules, to (13-)75-100 p,m diam. Tetrasporangia elon- 34 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOp,m

lOOp,m lOOJLm 24. Titanoderma pustulatum 25. Hypnea musciformis 1. Basal view of lowest cell layer at growing margin. 1. Apices with flattened hooks. 2. Branch with spherical 2. Transverse section of thallus showing lens-shaped sur­ cystocarps. 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Trans­ face cells. 3. Bisporangial conceptacle. verse section of branchlet.

100/-LID

26. Hypnea spinella 27. Ochtodes secundiramea 1. Branch with spine-like branchlets and tetrasporic 1. Branch tip showing irregular branching. 2. Transverse branchlet (t). 2. Transverse section of lower branch. section of branch cortex depicting radial chains of small 3. Branchlet with solitary and clustered cystocarps. cortical cells. 3. Transverse section of entire branch. 4. Cystocarp. 5. Swollen tetrasporangial sori with tet­ rasporangia. NUMBER 9 35 gate, (18-)25-50 p,m diam., (11-)32-80 p,m Order GIGARTINALES long, zonately divided, formed peripherally in Family HYPNEACEAE chamber, up to 11 per conceptacle; bisporan­ gia 17-51 p,m diam., 31-65 p,m long, up to 14 25. Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacquin) per conceptacle. Lamouroux 1813: 43 (reprint 131). Fucus musciformis Wulfen in ]acquin 1791 [1789]: 154, HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; epi­ pI. 14, fig. 3. phytic on seagrasses; to 10 m deep. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, tangled, DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand wiry, to 20(-50) cm high, orange-red; branch­ 1962), Mississippi (Humm & Caylor 1957), ing irregular, often sparse. Branches 0.5-2.0 )~Florida, *Bahamas, )~Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, mm diam. Branchlets numerous, slightly Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), Antigua (price & John upcurved, spur-like, 1-10 mm long; apices 1979), Nevis (Taylor 1962b), *Aves, Carriacou often terminating in unique, wide, flattened (Taylor 1980), )~Barbados, *Tobago, *Venezuela, hooks, occasionally with small spur-like Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres branchlets on outer curve. Medullary cells (Kapraun 1972), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh thick walled, irregular, 100-280 p,m diam., 1979), *Mexico (*Taylor 1960), )f-*Belize (D. & M. Littler 30075 (US). surrounding small, often obscure, central filament. Cortex 1-2 cells thick; cells rounded to irregular, 7.0-17.5 JLm diam., densely pig­ 24. :~:~Titanoderma pustulatum (Lamouroux) mented. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like, Nageli 1858: 532, footnote. more commonly entangled by long tendrils. Tetrasporangia oval, 22-33 JLm diam., 42-84 Melobesia pustulata Lamouroux 1816: 315, pI. XII, fig. 2. p,m long, zonately divided, in swollen sori DESCRIPTION.-Thallus moderately calci­ (nemathecia) girdling middle of lateral fied crusts, 2-10 mm diam., to 350 p,m thick, branchlet. Cystocarps spherical, 0.3-1.0 mm older thalli often confluent, pink-red to diam., clustered at apices or solitary on side white; margins thin, developing circular pat­ branchlets. tern initially, later becoming more irregular. HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates Cells of surface layer with convex top, 8-15 or epiphytic on larger plants; to 26 m deep. p,m diam., without lateral secondary connec­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, Mississippi (Humm & Caylor 1957), Florida (phi1lips 1961), *Bahamas, tions in vertical walls; subsurface layers 1(-8) )f-Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jam­ cells thick; cells vertically elongated, 8-15 p,m aica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, wide, 17-55 p,m thick; basal cells square to tSt. Martin, )f-St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua, rectangular, 8-15 p,m wide, 12-55 p,m long. tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, Tetra- (4) or bisporangial (2) conceptacles hemi­ §Nevis, )f-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, )f-Martinique, spherical, to 500 p,m diam., 100 p,m high, scat­ :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), *Grenada, Barbados, )"Tobago, tered in central portions of thallus, partially )f-T rinidad, )"Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, sunken, with single pore; roof several cells *Colombia, *Panama, *Costa Rica, Isla de San thick; sporangia oval, 22-50(-70) JLm diam., Andres (Kapraun 1972), Guatemala (Bird & McIn­ 55-130 p,m long, zonately divided. tosh 1979), )f-Mexico, *Belize e"Taylor 1960); Peli­ can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30179 (US). HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on sea­ grasses or coarse algae; to 5 m deep. 26. Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand Kiitzing 1847: 23. 1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba [Vinogradova & Sphaerococcus spinellus C. Agardh 1822-1823: 323. Sosa 1974 as Dermatolithon pustulatum (Lamou­ roux) Foslie], *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Virgin Is­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus wiry, erect or in lands, )f-Guadeloupe, *Martinique, )f-Grenada, tangled mats, to 3 cm high, brown-red; )"Barbados, )"Colombia, *Panama, *Costa Rica, branching in all directions. Branches 0.4-1.0 )"Isla de Providencia ef-Taylor 1960), *)f-Belize; Peli­ mm diam., cylindrical. Branchlets spine-like, can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30075 (US). numerous, to 2.5 mm long; apices tapering, 36 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

28. Catenella caespitosa 29. Eucheuma isiforme 1. Branch showing holdfasts (h) on ventral side of con­ 1. Habit. 2. Transverse section showing small thick strictions. 2. Branch with tetrasporangia (t) in swollen walled central filaments and large thin walled medullary terminal segments. 3. Transverse section of branch show­ cells. 3. Transverse section of cortex with thick cuticle (c). ing dense outer cortex.

lOOp,m

30. Meristiella echinocarpum 31. Meristiella schrammii 1. Branching pattern under moderate surf conditions. 1. Sterile branch. 2. Fertile branch with hemispherical 2. Branching pattern under calm conditions. 3. Trans­ cystocarps (c). 3. Longitudinal section of blade. 4. Trans­ verse section of blade. 4. Transverse section of fertile verse section of cortex. cortex with zonately divided tetrasporangia (t). 5. Trans­ verse section of sterile cortex. NUMBER 9 37 pointed, not upcurved. Medullary cells thick (:j:Taylor 1962b), Bequia [D. & M. Littler 31208 walled, irregular to oval, 100-350 p,m diam., (US), *Barbados, *Grenada, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer surrounding obvious thick-walled central fila­ 1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia ment (70-80 p,m diam.). Cortex 1-2 cells (Schnetter & Bula-Meyer 1977), *Panama, *Costa thick; cells rounded to irregular, 7.5-25.0 p,m Rica, Mexico (Mateo-Cid & Mendoza-Gonzalez 1986), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & diam., densely pigmented. Holdfast initially M. Littler 30163 (US). disc-like. Tetrasporangia oval, 10-20 p,m diam., 25-30 p,m long, zonately divided, in Family CAULACANTHACEAE swollen sori (nemathecia) girdling middle part of lateral branchlet. Cystocarps spherical, 100­ 28. Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L. Irvine 450 p,rn diarn., solitary or clustered at base to in Parke & Dixon 1976: 590. middle of branchlet. Viva caespitosa Withering 1776: 735. Catenella repens (Lightfoot) Batters 1902: 69. Fucus repens Lightfoot 1777: HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, coral or 961 (see Parke & Dixon 1976). epiphytic on larger seaweeds; to 30 m deep. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus small, inconspicu­ DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (phillips 1959), *Cuba, ous, creeping, to 3 cm high, red-purple; )f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1962), *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, §Antigua, tSaba branching, primarily dichotomous or irregu­ (tVroman 1968), :j:St. Kitts, §Nevis, §Dominica, lar below, occasionally opposite above, from :j:St. Lucia (:j:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), widest part of segment. Segments elongated )f-Grenada, Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), oval, flattened or cylindrical, 0.4-0.6 mm *Tobago, *Trinidad, Bonaire (van den Hoek et al. diam., highly variable, generally 3-5 times 1972), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, longer than wide, pinched between segments. *Colombia, *Costa Rica ()I-Taylor 1960), Belize Pericentral cells 5-6, thick walled, initiating (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. fine lateral filaments. Cortical cells 6-10 p,m Littler 30127 (US). diam., tough, in several layers. Holdfast short stalked on ventral side of constrictions, ter­ Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE minating in broad disc-like attachment pad. 27. Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne) Tetrasporangia oval, zonately divided, scat­ Howe 1920: 583. tered in swollen terminal segments. Cysto­ Hypnea secundiramea Montagne 1842a: 255. carps oval, 200-360 p,m diam., to 520 p,m long, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus firm, densely rare, appearing on terminal segments; car­ bushy, 4-7 cm high, iridescent bright blue, posporangia oval, to 55 p,m diam., 70 /Lm red or purple; branching irregular to irregu­ long. larly alternate, clustered, in one plane. HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop Branches cylindrical to slightly flattened, to 1 roots, rocks or coral fragments; extreme high mm diam., tapering to 0.1 mm diam. at api­ intertidal. ces. Medullary cells somewhat spherical, 80­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Cuba, 100 p,m diam., grading smaller toward surface; *Jamaica, *Virgin Islands, )I-Guadeloupe, )f-Martin­ two central filaments prominent, 50-75 p,m ique, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Bonaire, tCur­ diam., cells 150-250 p,m long, occasionally a~ao (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1980), *Pan­ surrounded by smaller cells. Cortical cells ama, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Mexico spherical, 4-14 p,m diam., tightly packed, in (Huerta 1978), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican short radial chains. Holdfast inconspicuous. Cays: D. & M. Littler 30078 (US). Cystocarps in clusters of 2-3, oval to hemi­ spherical. Family SOLIERIACEAE HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates, in turbulent to moderately turbulent areas; to 29. Eucheuma isiforme (C. Agardh) 15 m deep. J. Agardh 1847: 16. DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Bahamas, *Cuba, )I-J amaica, Sphaerococcus isiformis C. Agardh 1822 [1822-1823]: 271. *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, tSt. Martin, *St. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus conspicuous, large, Barthelemy, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :j:St. tough, fleshy, firm, 16-70 cm high, pale Kitts, *Guadeloupe, *Martinique, :j:St. Lucia straw-yellow to light red-brown; branching 38 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON generally sparse, irregular. Branches cylindri­ echinocarpa and M. schrammii with M gelid­ cal, 2-8 mm diam., with scattered or whorled ium considering it one highly variable species; spine-like projections, rarely smooth; apices however, we follow Gabrielson and Cheney pointed; base not pinched but often tapering. (1987) in recognizing each as a legitimate spe­ Medullary cells oval, 12-60(-80) p,m diam., cies in the Caribbean Basin. The most obvious thin walled, colorless, decreasing in size to­ character separating these species being the ward surface; central filaments 3-6 /lm diam., width of the major axes (5-10 mm, > 10 mm crowded, thick walled, tangled. Cortical cells and 2-5 mm, respectively). oval, 5-7 p,m diam., radiating from subsurface HABITAT.-Uncommon; on reef flats cells, darkly pigmented. Cuticle to 20 /lm tightly adhering to substrate, in protected thick, colorless. Holdfast tough, fleshy, disc­ pristine waters; to 20 m deep. like. Tetrasporangia oval, 12-20 p,m diam., DISTRffiUTION.-)I-Florida, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 35-55 p,m long, zonately divided, embedded 1964a), )I-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bon­ in branches or spine-like projections. Cysto­ nelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist carps hemispherical, 0.5-1.8 mm diam., at tip 1961), St. BarthcHemy [D. & M. Littler 30662 (US), of spine-like projections; carposporangia oval, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), §Dominica 9-14 /lm diam., 15-26 p,m long, single or in (§Taylor 1969), Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia pairs on ends of gonimoblasts. (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine HABITAT.-Common; in sheltered areas 1986), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: often loosely tangled among Thalassia testu­ D. & M. Littler 30093 (US). dinum (turtle grass); to 10(-30) m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Cuba, 31. Meristiella schrammii (P. Crouan & *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1964), H. Crouan) Cheney & Gabrielson in *Virgin Islands, Angui1la [D. & M. Littler 30550 Gabrielson & Cheney 1987: 483. (US), )I-St. Barthelemy, Barbuda (Taylor 1962b), Mychodea schrammi P. Crouan & H. Crouan in Schramm Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Mexico (*Taylor & Maze 1865: 10. 1960), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, thick, D. & M. Littler 30231 (US). leathery, 10-30 cm high, pale yellow to red­ brown; branching irregular. Branches fleshy, 30. Meristiella echinocarpum (Areschoug) 1-2 cm wide, with numerous spine or spur­ Cheney & Gabrielson in Gabrielson & like projections. Medullary cells 80-180 p,m Cheney 1987: 483, fig. 6. diam., decreasing in size toward surface, inter­ Eucheuma echinocarpum Areschoug 1854: 349. spersed with fine (4-8 p,m diam.) filaments. Cortex 3-4 cells thick; cells 5-10 p,m diam. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, leathery, fleshy, disc-like. oval, prostrate, tangled, forming mounds to 20 cm Holdfast Tetrasporangia 10-20 p,m diam., 34-51 p,m long, zonately diam., deep red to green-yellow; branching divided, in scattered clusters. Cystocarps abundantly from base, irregular proximally, spherical to hemispherical, 0.8-1.0 mm diam., dichotomous or opposite distally. Blades 5-10 often with small spine-like projections; car­ mm wide, 10-40 mm long, strap-shaped in posporangia oval, 22-26 p,m diam., 30-38 p,m heavy surf conditions, only slightly com­ long, solitary or in series of 2-3 on ends of pressed in calm waters; teeth or spur-like gonimoblasts. branchlets at margins, coarse, opposite, 3-20 mm long. Medullary filaments longitudinal HABITAT.-Uncommon, when encoun­ and lateral, 8-15 p,m diam., thick walled, sur­ tered abundant; on rocks, in areas with mod­ rounded by loosely arranged cells 150-300 p,m erate current; to 40 m deep. diam. Surface cells spherical to oval, to 20 p,m DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Taylor 1964), Puerto diam. fibrous. oval, Rico (Almod6var 1970), *Virgin Islands, Holdfast Tetrasporangia )I-Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), Dominica (Taylor 10-30 p,m diam., 45-90 p,m long, zonately 1969), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela divided. Cystocarps in diminutive spherical (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1980), projections; carposporangia solitary or in se­ Costa Rica (Dawson 1962a), Belize (Norris & Bu­ ries of two on ends of gonimoblasts. Note: cher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30157 Guimaraes and Oliveira (1996) combined M (US). NUMBER 9 39

Order GRAClLARIALES Stalk short, cylindrical, branched. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia spher­ Family GRAClLARIACEAE ical to oval, 25-35 p.m diam., scattered just 32. :~:~Gradlaria cervicornis (Turner) below surface. Spermatangia in small vase­ J. Agardh 1852 [1851-1863]: 604. shaped cavities. Cystocarps hemispherical, Fueus eervieornis Turner 1809: 131, pI. 121. Graeilaria 1.0-1.3 mm diam.; carposporangia spherical ferox J. Agardh 1885: 592 (see Oliveira et al. 1983). to irregular, to 30 p.m long. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, fleshy, HABITAT.-Uncommon; on rocks, man­ slippery, to 20(-40) cm high, red-brown to grove prop roots or other hard surfaces, in green-yellow; branching proximally dichoto­ sheltered areas or exposed to moderate wave mous, distally cervicorn. Branches partially action; to 18(-60) m deep. flattened, 1-5 mm wide; branchlets cylindri­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Cuba, )I-Jamaica, cal, < 2 mm wide. Medullary cells irregularly )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (Connor spherical, 175-300 p,m diam., thick walled; & Adey 1977), tSt. Martin, tSt. Barthelmy, subcortical cells two layers thick, 20-30 p,m §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), *Guad­ diam., lightly pigmented. Cortex 1-7 cells eloupe, §Dominica, *Martinique, §Bequia (§Taylor thick; surface cells 6-10 p.m diam., densely 1969), Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), pigmented; surface hairs rare, delicate, color­ *Trinidad, *Netherlands Antilles, )I-Venezuela, )I-Colombia, *Panama (*Taylor 1960), Costa Rica less. Stipe indistinct, inconspicuous. Holdfast (Dawson 1962), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. inconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia oval, Littler 30013 (US). 22-25 p.m diam., 30-40 p.m long, scattered in dense clusters just below surface. Spermatan­ 34. Hydropuntia cornea G. Agardh) Wynne gia in small vase-shaped cavities. Cystocarps 1989: 476. 0.5-1.1 mm diam., hemispherical, at margins Gracilaria cornea J. Agardh 1852 [1851-1863]: 598. of outer segments. Graeilaria debilis (ForsskaI) B0rgesen 1932: 7. Polyeaver­ HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; nosa debilis (ForsskaI) Fredericq & Norris 1985: 152. on small pebbles, shell fragments or other DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, coarse, rub­ hard objects, in areas of moderate wave ac­ bery, often irregular and gnarled, to 25 cm tion; to 10 m deep. high, mottled pale straw-yellow, pink or pale DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand green; branching generally abundant, irregu­ 1962), *Florida, )I-Bahamas, )''-Turks & Caicos, lar. Branches variable, short-stubby to long­ )I-Cuba, )I-Jamaica, )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, St. thin, somewhat flattened. Medullary cells 100­ Martin (Vroman 1968), *St. Barthelemy, §St. Kitts, 320 p,m diam., grading smaller toward surface. §Nevis, )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, *Martinique, Surface cells oval or tear-shaped, 10-15 p.m §St. Lucia, §St. Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), diam. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tet­ Carriacou (raylor 1980), Grenada (raylor 1962b), rasporangia cruciately divided, in pits. Note: )I-Barbados, *T0 bago, *Trinidad, *Netherlands Antilles, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Vene­ We follow Wynne (1989) in recognizing Hy­ zuela, >I-Colombia, *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson dropuntia; whereas, others consider this genus 1962), )I-Mexico el-Taylor 1960), *)f-Belize; Pelican part of Gracilaria. Cays: D. & M. Littler 30238 {US). HABITAT.-Common; attached to rubble fragments, on protected sand-covered reef flats 33. :~:}Gradlaria mammillaris (Montagne) and turtle-grass beds; to 10 m deep. Howe 1918: 515. DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun Rhodymenia mammillaris Montagne 1842a: 252. 1973), *Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, Cuba DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gregarious, soli­ (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, tary or in thick patches, tough, fleshy, to 9(­ )l-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Mar­ 14) cm high, dark red; branches numerous, tin (tVroman 1968), St. Barthelemy [D. & M. Lit­ tler 30656 (US), Antigua (price & John 1979), :J:St. somewhat dichotomous. Branches flattened, Kitts, *Nevis, *Guadeloupe, :J:Dominica (:J:Taylor to 1 cm wide; apices rounded, often notched. 1962b), Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30942 (US), Medullary cells spherical to oval, 50-150 p.m *Grenada, )I-Barbados, *Venezuela, Mexico (Huerta diam. Cortex 1-3 cells thick; surface cells rec­ 1960), )I-Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & tangular, 5-18 p.m diam., densely pigmented. M. Littler 30038 (US). 40 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

QO~()@~f)~g)@g@~~OO~90~@@419~t1l4)8~~($~'~ o 000 ~OO ,ooo.OeooClO,'0 000 0 OCQ~ SjocZI/!!;f!1i!Jl0 r ~OD~ lOOjLffi 200 J-Lrn 100 JLrn ~~ , CD 32. Gracilaria cervicornis 33. Gracilaria mammillaris 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branch. 1. Typical branching. 2. Transverse section of blade 3. Transverse section of cortex. showing hemispherical cystocarp. 3. Transverse section of sterile cortex.

100 J-trn

100 J-Lrn 100 J..'rn

34. Hydropuntia cornea 35. Hydropuntia crasstSszma 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branch. 1. Typical young branch. 2. Transverse section of sterile 3. Transverse section of cortex. cortex. 3. Transverse section of tetrasporangial cortex. NUMBER 9 41

35. Hydropuntia crassissima (P. Crouan HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates; & H. Crouan) Wynne 1989: 477. intertidal to 40 m deep. Plocaria crassissima P. Crouan & H. Crouan in Schramm DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Virgin Islands, )l-Venezuela, & Maze 1865: 20. Gracilaria crassissima (p. Crouan & H. )l-Guadeloupe, )!-Panama el-Taylor 1960), Mexico Crouan in Schramm & Maze) P. Crouan & H. Crouan in (Huerta 1961), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Schramm & Maze 1866: 46. Polycavernosa crassissima (p. Littler 30137 (US). Crouan & H. Crouan) Fredericq & Norris 1985: 152. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, creep­ Family HALYMENIACFAE ing, rubbery, tough, to 30 cm diam., mottled :~:~Cryptonemia red-brown often with metallic, gold-copper 37. species. surface sheen. Branches flattened, broad, tan­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus inconspicuous, gled, fused, when mature curved downward at strap-shaped, clustered, (1-)3-10(-15) cm high, margins. Medullary cells 80-120 p,m diam., intense bright red; branching pseudodichoto­ decreasing in size toward surface. Cortical mous to palmate or as proliferation's from the cells oval to tear-shaped, 4-10 p,m diam., 8-15 blade margin. Blades 3-6(-15) mm wide, (60-) p,m long, in short radiating chains. Holdfast 80-100(-280) p,m thick; margins rippled or inconspicuous. Tetrasporangia to 20 flm diam., undulated, (40-)60-80(-160) p,m thick, irregu­ cruciately divided, in pits. larly toothed; apex bluntly rounded, occa­ HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates, sionally indented; center line at base often generally on leeward side of reef crest in areas thickened but not forming distinct mid-rib. of slight wave turbulence; intertidal to 9 m Medullary filaments 6-10 p,m diam., thick deep. walled, intertwined, tightly packed, colorless. DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), Cortex 2-3 cells thick; inner cortical cells *Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), spherical, 10-20(-30) p,m diam., lightly pig­ *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Guadeloupe mented; surface cells rounded-rectangular, 5­ (*Taylor 1960), §St. Lucia, §Grenada (§Taylor 10(-12) p,m diam., heavily pigmented. Stipe 1969), Barbados (AlmodDvar & Pagan 1967), Cura­ inconspicuous, 0.5-3.0 mm long. Holdfast ~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Colombia (Schnetter inconspicuous, pad-like, spreading, often ini­ 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Huerta tiating several blades. et al. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30143 (US). HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; in low-light habitats such as caves, cracks or be­ Order CRYPTONEMIALES neath rock ledges, at base of fan and whip corals; lower intertidal to 30 m deep. Family PEYSSONNELIACFAE DISTRIBUTION.-Virgin Islands [D. & M. Littler 36. :~:~Peyssonnelia boergesenii Weber-van 30469 (US)}, **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Lit­ Bosse in B0rgesen 1916: 137, figs. 142-145. tler 30170 (US). DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as crusts conform­ Order RHODYMENIALES ing to substrate, 300-500 p,m thick, covering Family CHAMPIACFAE an indeterminate area, yellow-green with dark green radiating bands or dark maroon in 38. Champia parvula (C. Agardh) shady areas; heavily calcified basally; lower Harvey 1853: 76, var. parvula. surfaces tightly adhering to substrate; margins Chondria parvula C. Agardh 1824: 207. often raised above substrate. Basal cells 12-30 DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gelatinous, form­ p,m wide, 30-70 p,m long, 30-60 p,m thick, in ing soft intertwined clumps, to 10 cm high, pinnate branching pattern, densely pig­ translucent yellow to pale pink; branching mented. Surface layers 100-200 p,m thick variable, mostly alternate. Branches cylindri­ when mature, lightly pigmented or colorless; cal to slightly flattened; apices tapering, surface cells 10-15 p,m diam., 8-10 p,m thick. bluntly pointed. Segments swollen or barrel­ Rhizoids 20-28 p,m diam., multicellular. Car­ shaped, 1-2 mm diam., 1-5 diameters long; posporangia oval, to 75 p,m diam., to 160 p,m cavity filled with clear mucilaginous gel, inner long, irregularly zonately divided, forming at wall lined with faint longitudinal filaments; surface in sorus-like structures. filament cells 8-10 p,m diam., 200-250 p,m 42 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

~~ lOOp,m 50p,m 36. Peyssonnelia boergesenii 37. Cryptonemia species. 1. Radial vertical section of growing margin show­ 1. Habit. 2. Young blade margin. 3. Mature blade mar­ ing larger basal cells and small surface cells. 2. Transverse gin. 4. Transverse section of dense center-line area (rarely vertical section of thallus showing columnar arrangement forming a true raised midrib) of blade. of cells with multicelled rhizoids at base. 3. Basal cell arrangement with pinnate branching pattern.

38. Champia parvula var. parvula 39. Champia parvula var. prostrata 1. Outer branch with girdling, swollen, spermatangial sori 1. Creeping habit of plant. 2. Apex with rhizoidal bundle (s). 2. Surface view of scattered tetrasporangia in outer at joint. 3. Surface view of scattered tetrasporangia. membrane. 3. Transverse section of branch. NUMBER 9 43 long, with sparsely scattered, oval, gland cells; from surface cells growing into cavity. Sper­ large surface cells rectangular to oval, 22-38 matangia 1-2 JLm diam., in girdling sori. JLm wide, 50-130 JLm long; small surface cells Cystocarps dome-shaped, 0.7-0.8 mm diam., spherical, 7.0-12.5 JLm diam., between or borne on margin of flattened blades. overlapping larger cells. Joints slightly con­ HABITAT.-Uncommon; inconspicuously stricted; partitions thin, membrane-like. Sur- epiphytic on other marine plants; to 15 m face cuticle clear, gelatinous, 10-25 JLm thick. deep. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tetraspo­ DISTRffiUTION.-Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand rangia spherical, 50-100 JLm diam., tetra­ 1962), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler hedrally divided, scattered. Spermatangia 1-2 30259 (US). JLm diam., in girdling sori. Cystocarps urn­ shaped, to 0.9 mm diam., scattered; carpospo­ Family LOMENTARIACEAE rangia irregularly angular, 40-50 JLrn diam. 40. :'t-:'t-Lomentaria baileyana (Harvey) HABITAT.-Common; as inconspicuous Farlow 1876: 698. epiphytes on seagrasses or growing on sand Chylocladia baileyana Harvey 1853: 185, pI. XX. fig. C. covered rock; to 15 m deep. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus turf-like, soft, tan­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand gled, 3-7(-20) cm high, pale maroon-red to 1962), )f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, Cuba purple-pink; branching irregular, often uni­ (Suarez 1973), )f-J amaica, )f-Hispaniola, )I-Puerto Rico, )}Virgin Islands, Angui1la [D. & M. Littler lateral near apices. Branches cylindrical, 0.5­ 30556 (US), tSt. Martin, §Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eus­ 0.8(-1.5) mm diam.; apices tapering, bluntly tatius, tSt. Kitts (tVroman 1968), §Nevis (§Taylor pointed. Central cavity filled with clear muci­ 1969), )f-Guadeloupe, )I-Dominica, *Barbados, )f-Ven- laginous gel; gland cells spherical, projecting ezuela el-Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1980), into cavity. Cortex 2-3 cells thick; innermost Costa Rica (Wellington 1973), Mexico (Huerta cells Qining cavity) thick walled, oval, 30-50 1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: JLm diam., to 90 JLm long; surface cells highly D. & M. Littler 30118 (US). variable, rounded rectangular, some 8-10 JLm diam., others to 25 JLm diam., 60 JLm long. 39. :'t-:'t-Champia parvula var. prostrata Holdfast inconspicuous, pad-like, with few L. Williams 1951: 155. short, stout rhizoids. Tetrasporangia 30-35 DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gelatinous, as soft JLm diam., tetrahedrally divided, scattered in running strands, to 2 cm long, translucent subcortical layer. Cystocarps urn-shaped, 120­ yellow to pale pink; branching variable, 180 JLm diam., with apical pore, lateral on mostly irregular. Branches cylindrical to branches. slightly flattened; apices tapering, bluntly HABITAT.-Uncommon; epiphytic on pointed. Segments cylindrical, 320-410 JLm other plants; to 33 m deep. diam., 1-2 mm long; cavity filled with clear DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun mucilaginous gel, inner wall lined with faint 1973), )foPlorida el-Taylor 1960), Cuba (Suarez longitudinal filaments; filament cells 6-10 JLm 1973), Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), Barbados (Taylor diam., 200-280 JLm long, with sparsely scat­ 1969), Venezuela (Ganesan 1976), Colombia (Bula­ tered, oval, gland cells; large surface cells rec­ Meyer 1987), )fo*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Lit­ tler 30211 (US). tangular, 30-40(-50) JLm diam., 80-140 JLrn long, 40-50 thick; small surface cells JLm Family RHODYMENIACEAE spherical, 7-12 JLm diam., between or over­ lapping larger cells, originating at base of de­ 41. Coelothrix irregularis (Harvey) ciduous surface hairs. Joint partitions thin, B0rgesen 1920: 389, figs. 373-374. membrane-like. Sur/ace cuticle clear, gelati­ Cordylecladia irregularis Harvey 1853: 156. nous, 10-22 JLm thick. Holdfast inconspicu­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus turf-like, wiry, ous, disc-like, secondarily attached by short tangled, to 3 cm high, bright iridescent blue; bundled rhizoids at or near branch joints. branching irregular. Branches cylindrical, 0.3­ Tetrasporangia spherical, 65-90 JLm diam., 0.8 mm diam., rigid; apices tapering, bluntly tetrahedrally divided, scattered, developing pointed. Central cavity filled with clear muci- 44 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

I ,I lOOJLm 40. Lomentaria baileyana 41. Coelothrix irregularis 1. Branches with lateral cystocarps (c). 2. Cystocarp with 1. Typical branching. 2. Transverse section showing apical pore plug released. 3. Transverse section of branch inner gland cells (g). 3. Longitudinal section showing showing small gland cells (g) projecting into central cavity. inner gland cells (g).

CD (~~:~i~ 100 JLrn t" lOOjLffi

lOOJLm

42. Botryocladia shanksii 43. Botryocladia spinulifera 1. Habit with commonly occurring lateral holdfasts (h). 1. Surface view with gland cell. 2. Transverse section of 2. Transverse section of surface membrane showing gland membrane showing solitary gland cell (g) and surface cells cells (g) on specialized internal cell (s) and tetrasporangia with sharply tapering spines (s). (t). 3. Surface view with tetrasporangia (t). NUMBER 9 45 laginous gel; gland cells spherical to club­ cells extending into central cavity. Cortex 3-4 shaped, projecting into cavity. Cortex 4-6 cells thick; inner cells angular, 50-120 p,m cells thick; inner cells Qining cavity) thick diam., thick-walled, often interspersed with walled, elongated, 45-80 p,m diam., 120-200 smaller cells; subsurface cells spherical­ p,m long; surface cells 16-27 p,m diam., 30-54 angular, to 50 p,m diam.; surface cells spheri­ p,m long, heavily pigmented. Rhizoids incon­ cal, 8-15 p,m diam., forming complete layer. spicuous, short. Tetrasporic plants with thin­ Stalk wiry, cylindrical, 500-900 p,m diam., 3-4 ner branches, 300-400 p,m diam.; tetrasporan­ mm high, unbranched or branched. Holdfast gia irregularly spherical, 40-60 p,m diam., tet­ flat, lobed, disc-like. Tetrasporangia spherical rahedrally divided, in short (to 4 mm long), to oval, 16-20 p,m diam., 20-25 p,m long, cru­ swollen (to 650 p,m wide) branches. Sper­ ciately divided. matangial plants with thicker branches 400­ HABITAT.-Uncommon; on rock or other 800 p,m diam.; spermatangial sori swollen at hard surfaces in shaded habitats; intertidal to branch apices; spermatangia to 4 p,m diam. 55 m deep. Cystocarps spherical, to 600 p,m diam., solitary DISTRIBUTION.-Bahamas [D. & M. Littler or in clusters of 3-4, scattered. 24006 (US), Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970a), HABITAT.-Common; forming sparse to Guadeloupe [D. & M. Littler 30709 (US), Colom­ dense mats in shaded cracks, crevices or under bia (Schnetter 1977), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), ledges, often on mangrove prop roots; inter­ Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & tidal to 10 m deep. M. Littler 30072 (US). DISTRffiUTION.-)f-Florida, )l-Bahamas, )l-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, )l-Hispaniola, *Puerto 43. :~:~Botryocladia spinulifera W. Taylor Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, St. Barthelemy & Abbott 1973: 410, figs. 1-4. [D. & M. Littler 30645 (US), §Antigua, tSt. Eusta­ DESCRIPTION. - Thallus creeping, tangled, tius, t Aves (tVroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe, wiry, to 3 cm long, dark rose-red; branching §Dominica, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), §Barbados irregular, sparse. Bladders tear-shaped, oval (§Taylor 1969), Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura­ to spherical, often flattened, 1-4 mm diam., ~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Ganesan 2-5 mm long, delicate, unilaterally to radially 1976), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Mexico (Huerta arranged. Central cavity filled with clear mu­ & Garza-Barrientos 1980), *Belize el-Taylor 1960); cilaginous gel; gland cells solitary or in pairs, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30057 (US). spherical to oval, 8-10 p,m diam., 10-20 p,m long, scattered, projecting into cavity, borne directly on inner cortical cells. Cortex 2-3 Family RHODYMENIACEAE cells thick; inner cells roundly angular, 38-150 Note: We follow Price & Kraft (1991) in placing p,m diam., thin-walled; subsurface cells 20-30 Gelidiopsis in the family Rhodymeniaceae and also by p,m diam., occasionally absent; surface cells maintaining Gelidiopsis as a discrete genus rather than oval to round, 3-17 p,m diam. with one combining it into the genus Ceratodictyon (see Price & sharply tapering spine or spike-like projection Kraft 1991). per cell; spines 8-11 p,m high. Stalk small to absent. Stolon cylindrical, tough; rhizoids 42. Botryocladia shanksii Dawson 1962: 385, clustered, pad-like. Tetrasporangia oval, 15-18 pI. 1, fig. A, pI. 2, figs. A-B, pI. 5, fig. B. p,m diam., 20-29 p,m long, cruciately divided, DESCRIPTION. - Thallus as solitary bladders formed in sori. or in tight clusters of bladders, 1-2(-7) cm HABITAT.-Locally abundant but incon­ high, translucent wine-red. Bladders tear­ spicuous; mixed in turf communities just be­ shaped to spherical, 2-4(-6) mm diam., hind reef crest on carbonate substrates; inter­ 2-5(-7) mm long. Central cavity filled with tidal to 49 m deep. clear mucilaginous gel; gland cells 1-4(-8) per DISTRIBUTION.-tBahamas, Florida (Bucher et cluster, pear-shaped, 20-30 p,m diam. 30-50 al. 1990), Puerto Rico (Ballantine 1985), tVirgin p,m long, several sets per blade, often borne Islands (tTaylor & Abbott 1973), )l-)f-Belize; Pelican on specialized irregularly lobed or rounded Cays: D. & M. Littler 30295 (US). 46 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

100J.Lm 100 J.Lrn

44. Gelidiopsis intricata 45. Gelidiopsis planicaulis 1. Typical branching 2. Branch apex with multicellular 1. Habit showing basal stolon{s) and pad-like holdfasts (h). tip. 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Surfac~ view of 2. Transverse section of mature branch. 3. Branch apex cortex. with multicellular tip. 4. Swollen tetrasporangial apex (a) of short branch 5. Surface view of tetrasporangia (t).

100 JJ.rn 100JLffi 100jLm

46. Gelidiopsis scoparia 47. Gelidiopsis variabilis 1. Habit. 2. Surface view. 3. Transverse section of 1. Typical branching. 2. Transverse section of branch. branch. 4. Multicellular apex. 3. Branch apex with multicellular tip. NUMBER 9 47

44. Gelidiopsis intricata (C. Agardh) sorus as a swollen branch apex (with apical Vickers 1905: 61. point) containing cruciate tetrasporangia. Sphaerococcus intricata C. Agardh 1822-1823: 333. HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry, on hard surfaces, often as tufts on mangrove tangled, to 8 cm high, red, green or purple; prop roots; to 1 m deep. branching sparse, irregular to somewhat di­ DISTRIBUTION.->I-Jamaica, >I-Hispaniola, Puerto chotomous; basal axes (stolons) creeping, pro­ Rico (Ba1lantine & Wynne 1986a), Aves (Vroman strate. Erect axes cylindrical, 230-310 /lm 1968), >I-Dominica, *Martinique, tSt. Lucia, diam., often fusing to one another; apices tBarbados (tTaylor 1969), *Trinidad, *Costa Rica el-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos et al. bluntly pointed, multicellular. Medullary cells 1984), >I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 20-30 /lm diam., grading slightly smaller to­ 30274 (US). ward surface, generally 5-7 cell layers deep. Surface cells spherical to oval, 8-12 /lm diam., 46. :"":""Gelidiopsis scoparia (Montagne 8-14 /lm long. Cuticle 8-10 /lm thick. Stolons & Millardet) De Toni 1905: 410-411. 250-350 /lm diam.; rhizoids irregular, termi­ nating in attachment pads. Gelidium scoparium Montagne & Millardet 1862: 13, tab. 27, fig. 1. HABITAT.-Uncommon; forming large mats on mangrove prop roots or other hard DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry, surfaces; intertidal to 10 m deep. tangled, to 4(-12) cm high, red, green or pur­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Cuba, )I-Virgin Is­ ple; branching dichotomous, rarely irregular. lands, Antigua (price & John 1979), St. Kitts Branches flattened, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, 180­ (Vroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, *Barbados, Vene­ 220(-300) /lm thick; apices pointed, multicel­ zuela (raylor 1976), *Costa Rica el-Taylor 1960), lular. Medullary cells 15-30 /lm diam., grading Mexico (Huerta 1961), Belize (rsuda & Dawes slightly smaller toward surface, generally 2-3 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30095 (US). cell layers deep. Cortex two cells thick; cells spherical to oval, angular in surface view, 8-10 45. :~:~Gelidiopsis planicaulis (Taylor) /lm diam. Stolons 200-250(-425) /lm diam., Taylor 1960: 353. creeping, prostrate; rhizoids irregular, termi­ Wurdemannia miniata var. planicaulis Taylor 1943: 158. nating in small attachment discs. Tetrasporan­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry, gia spherical to oval, to 500 /lm diam., 750 /lm to 8 cm high, deep red; branching sparse, ir­ long, tetrahedrally divided, on heart-shaped regular. Branches cylindrical proximally, apices of short branchlets. slightly compressed distally, 0.5-1.1 mm HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; in wide, 125-185 /lm thick.; apices rounded, cracks and crevices on hard substrates; inter­ multicellular. Medullary cells 10-20 /lm diam., tidal to 1 m deep. to 80 /lm long, grading smaller and shorter DISTRIBUTION.-Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), toward surface. Surface cells oval, 8-10 /lm )f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 24010 (US). diam., 10-15 /lm long. Stolons 200-400 /lm diam.; rhizoids irregular, terminating in at­ 47. :"":""Gelidiopsis variabilis G. Agardh) tachment pad. Tetrasporangia spherical, 20-40 Schmitz 1895: 148. /lm diam., tetrahedrally divided, on swollen Gelidium variabile J. Agardh 1851 [1851-1863]: 468. apex of short branch. Note: Norris (1987) Acrocarpus gracilis Kiitzing 1868: 12, pI. 34, figs. a-b. placed Gelidiopsis planicaulis and G. gracilis in Gelidiopsis gracilis (Kiitzing) J. Feldmann 1931: 157 (see R. synomony with G. variabilis. We agree with Norris 1987: 245). the synomony pertaining to G. gracilis. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry, However, we disagree in regard to G. plani­ tangled, to 4 cm high, red, green or purple; eaulis, which is distinct in the Caribbean Ba­ branching sparse, irregular; basal axes creep­ sin, having flattened, almost strap-shaped ing, prostrate. Erect axes cylindrical, blades distally, the tetrasporangial sorus as a (150-)180-220(-300) /lm diam.; apices bluntly swollen sphere at the branch apex (without an pointed, multicellular. Medullary cells to 16 apical point) and tetrahedral tetrasporangia. /lm diam., grading only slightly smaller to­ In contrast, G. variabilis has its tetrasporangial ward surface, generally 6-8 cell layers deep. 48 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOO,um

CD 0 0 0 0100,urn 100,urn 100 J-Lrn 100 JLrn 48. Antithamnion lherminieri 49. Centroceras clavulatum 1. Habit. 2. Branch with gland cells (g) on inner side and 1. Branch apex with incurved tips. 2. Branch showing in contact with two cells of brancWet. 3. Tetrasporangia (t) spined joints. 3. Longitudinal section of joint. 4. Trans­ in axis of branchlet. verse section of segment. 5. Transverse section of joint.

50. Ceramium brevizonatum var. caraibicum 51. Ceramium cruciatum 1. Branch tip showing incurved apices. 2. Tetrasporan­ 1. Typical outer branch. 2. Mature filament showing gia in lateral succession at joints. 3. Extremely incurved tetrasporangia in unilateral arrangement and longitudi­ lateral branchlet developing from main filament. nally striated segments. 3. Basal stolon with rhizoids developing at joints. NUMBER 9 49

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; omous; apices forked, slightly incurved, pin­ in cracks and crevices on hard substrates; in­ cer-like. Branches 50-150 p,m diam., heavily tertidal to 2 m deep. pigmented, darker pigmentation at joints. DISTRIBUTION.-Barbados ([aylor 1960), Cura­ Segments 300-500 p,m long; corticating cells in ~ao (van den Hoek et al. 1972), Venezuela (Dlaz­ one layer, rectangular, of uniform length Piferrer 1970b), *)~Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. throughout, longitudinally aligned. Joints Littler 30171 (US). whorled with spines; corticating cells in two layers; spines deciduous or worn away with Order CERAMIALES age. Rhizoids filamentous, terminating in Family CERAMIACEAE lobed disc. Tetrasporangia oval to spheri­ cal, 45-50 p,m diam., 50-63 p,m long, tetrahe­ 48. ::-:%-Antithamnion Iherminieri (P. Crouan drally divided, occasionally cruciate, thick­ & H. Crouan in Maze & Schramm) walled, whorled on outer joints; involucral Bornet ex Nasr 1941: 66. filaments formed laterally at joints, curving Callithamnion lherminieri P. Crouan & H. Crouan in around tetrasporangia. Spermatangia in ter­ Maze & Schramm 1878 [1870-1877]: 144. Antithamnion minal clusters. Carposporophytes formed later­ antillanu,m B0rgesen 1917: 226, figs. 213-216 (see Silva et ally at joints. al. 1996). Habitat.-Common; as mats, drooping DESCRIPTION. - Thallus fine, delicate, fila­ clusters or bushy tufts on rocks, ropes or mentous, creeping, 1-8 mm high, translucent mangrove prop roots; intertidal zone to 5 m pale red. Erect filaments 20-40 p,m diam.; cells deep. 50-150 p,m long; basal cell of erect filaments DISTRIBUTION._)l-Texas, )l-Florida, )~Bahamas, distinctly short, 20-30 p,ffi long, somewhat )l-Turks & Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands, spherical. Branchlets of first order alternate )l-Jamaica, >~Hispaniola, )~Puerto Rico, >~Virgin Is­ on every cell; secondary branchlets short, one lands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, >l-St. Barthelemy, per branchlet, 1-3(-4) cells long, often bearing t Barbuda, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), solitary gland cell. Gland cells 13-18 p,ffi :J:St. Kitts, >l-Guadeloupe, >l-Dominica, >l-Martinique, diam., 20-25 p,m long, on inner side of :J:St. Lucia (:J:Taylor 1962b), >l-Grenada, )l-Barbados, branchlets, generally parallel to and in contact >l-Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), >l-Nether­ with 2(-3) branchlet cells. Stolons 40-60 p,rn lands Antilles, >l-Venezuela, >l-Colombia, >l-panama, >l-Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), diam.; cells 70-200 p,m long, thick walled; )l-Isla de Providencia, Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh rhizoids fine, inconspicuous, distal on parent 1979), >~Mexico, >l-Belize (>l-Taylor 1960); Pelican cell; opposite upright filament. Tetrasporangia Cays: D. & M. Littler 30195 (US), oval, 20-40 p,m diam., 50-90 p,m long, sessile, cruciately divided, in axil of branchlet. 50. Ceramium brevizonatum var. HABITAT.-Uncommon, microscopic, in­ caraibicum H. Petersen & B0rgesen in conspicuous; epiphytic on larger algae or in­ B0rgesen 1924: 29, fig. 11. termixed with blue-green algae; to 1 m deep. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft, forming fila­ DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Humm 1963), Cuba mentous tufts or in small tangled clumps, to (Vinogradova & Sosa 1974), Puerto Rico 15 cm high, rose-red to bright red-pink; (Almodovar & Blomquist 1965), Virgin Islands (Taylor 1960), Antigua (Price & John 1979), Cura­ branching dichotomous, pincer-like at apices ~ao (van den Hoek et al. 1972), Colombia or lateral and incurved or spur-like at joints. (Schnetter & Bula-Meyer 1979), Mexico (Mateo-Cid Segments 80-120 p,m diam., to 1.25 mm long, & Mendoza-Gonzalez 1991), *)l-Belize; Pelican lightly pigmented. Joints 90-136 p,rn diam., Cays: D. & M. Littler 30241 (US). heavily pigmented; cells in three bands, top cells smallest, middle cells largest, lower cells 49. Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) intermediate, all irregularly rounded. Rhi­ Montagne 1846: 140. zoids forming tightly knit mats. Tetraspo­ Ceramium clavulatum C. Agardh 1822: 2. rangia partially embedded, 30-60 p,m diam., DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, in one per joint, often in lateral succession. Car­ loose flowing tufts, to 20 cm long, dark posporophytes at upper forks, frequently with brown-maroon; branching narrowly dichot- several involucral filaments. 50 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

~ (:;\ ~'7) (7\1 ~ 0 .~~~ ~ @~ lOOILID ~~ ~~ ~l'~~., ~r, l It ~~ ~~ lOo~m~ I.E~ ~~~ () ~fj,~~~'ff!J c ~~~~~~;;~~j (W(0 ~\ // ~,\~:iI / ~ 100~m 52. Ceramium flaccidum 53. Ceramium nitens 1. Lateral branchlet with developing tetrasporangia (t) at 1. Strand structure showing inner core filament (f) sur­ swollen joints. 2. Joint structure with lower cells wider rounded by smaller cells, surface hairs (h) and tetraspo­ t~an long. 3. Branch apex showing mature tetrasporan­ rangia (t). 2. Transverse section of strand. glum.

Imm CD CD

~~~~~'~~~t

. . :;:.: :, /"":'. ..:-.::\.':..:...... •...... :...•...... •...... '> 200JLm

54. Griffithsia heteromorpha 55. Lejolisia exposita 1. Typical branching. 2. Tetrasporangia (t) clustered be­ 1. Habit. 2. Developing cystocarps and mature cystocarp low joint. (c) at branch apices. 3. Tetrasporangial branch with im­ mature tetrasporangia (i), mature tetrasporangia (m) and empty tetrasporangia (e). NUMBER 9 51

HABITAT.-Common; on dead corals or cells in 3-6 bands, upper 1-2 bands of small, epiphytic on other algae; to 1 m deep. round to angular cells, lower 1-2 bands of DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )I-Hispaniola el-Tay­ transversely elongated cells. Rhizoids initiated lor 1960), §Antigua, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), from joint cells, numerous. Tetrasporangia Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Great Swan spherical, 60-70 p,m diam., tetrahedrally di­ Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta et al. 1977), vided, solitary or clustered at joints. Sper­ Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & matangia in tufts at joints. Carposporophytes M. Littler 30164 (US). often lobed, terminal on short branchlets; 51. ::-::-Ceramium crudatum Collins involucral filaments as whorls of branchlets & Hervey 1917: 144, pI. IV, figs. 27-28. forming just below carposporophyte. HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on sea­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus microscopic, creep­ grasses or coarser algae; to 22 m deep. ing or as small dense tufts, to 1.5 cm high, DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Texas, Mississippi (Humm & light pink to rose-red; branching cervicorn Darnell 1959), )I-Florida, 'I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba, (unequally dichotomous); apices incurved, )l-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almod6var pincer-like. Segments 80-120 p,m diam., clear 1962), )/-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, Antigua (price to lightly pigmented, extremely short above, & John 1979), )/-Saba Bank, tSt. Eustatius, t Ayes longer below with faint longitudinal lines (tVroman 1968), Barbados (Taylor 1969), Cura~ao seldom extending entire length of segment. (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, *Colombia, Joints 120-140 p,m diam., heavily pigmented; Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), )l-Isla de Providencia cells in several bands, lower or middle band ('l-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: with largest cells, other band cells smaller, in D. & M. Littler 30285 (US). no specific order. Stolons to 200 p,m diam.; rhizoids numerous, colorless, originating 53. Ceramium nitens (C. Agardh) Agardh from joint cells. Tetrasporangia oval, 35-50 J. 1851 [1851-1863]: 130. p,m diam., cruciately divided, one per joint in lateral succession, rarely 2-4 at joints. Sper­ Ceramium rubrum (Hudson) C. Agardh var. nitens C. matangia 5-8 p,m diam., clustered, covering Agardh 1824: 136. joints. DESCRIPTION.- Thallus firm strands (occa­ HABITAT.-Uncommon; forming diminu­ sionally soft and slippery), forming tufts or tive mats or tufts on coarser algae or on man­ small tangled clumps, to 10 cm high, bright grove prop roots; intertidal to 1 m deep. rust or rose; branching dichotomous to alter­ DISTRIBUTION.-Florida {phi1lips 1960), Baha­ nate, widely spreading; apices often branching mas (Taylor 1960), Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1965), on outer side only, incurved. Strands 130-430 St. Martin (Vroman 1968), Antigua {price & John p,m diam.; central filament cells 2-3 times as 1979), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Huerta long as wide; corticating cells darkly pig­ & Garza-Barrientos 1966), )/-)/-Belize; Pelican Cays: mented, completely covering central filament, D. & M. Littler 30181 (US). obscuring characteristic banding; surface hairs present or absent, to 1 mm long, straight, de­ 52. Ceramium flaccidum (Kiitzing) veloping at joints. Rhizoids forming tight Ardissone 1871: 40. mats. Tetrasporangia spherical, 65-95 p,m Hormoceras flaccidum Kiitzing 1862: 21, pI. 69, figs. a-d. diam., cruciately divided, randomly arranged, Ceramium byssoideum Harvey 1853: 218. C. transversale embedded between surface cells. Carposporo­ Collins & Hervey 1917: 145, pI. 5, figs. 29-31 (see phytes lateral on upper branches, with three Womersley 1978). involucral filaments. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, dense, as fil­ HABITAT.-Common; on dead corals or amentous tufts, 2-5(-10) cm high, light pink epiphytic on other algae; to 10 m deep. to rose-red; branching irregular to pseudodi­ DISTRIBUTION.-,l-Florida, 'l-Bahamas, )I-Turks & chotomous; apices most often straight, occa­ Caicos, )/-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, )l-Jamaica, sionally somewhat incurved, rarely pincer­ )/-Hispaniola, '/-Puerto Rico, 'l-Virgin Islands, St. like. Segments 50-90 p,m diam., to 300 p,m Martin (Vroman 1968), §St. Kitts, )I-Guadeloupe, long, lightly pigmented. Joints 70-120 p,m §Dominica, 'I-Martinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), diam., to 60 J.lm long, heavily pigmented; §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 52 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOJLID 56. Spyridia complanata 57. Spyridia filamentosa 1. Main axis with branchlets somewhat radially arranged, 1. Main axis with branchlets somewhat radially arranged tetrasporangia (t) at branchlet joints. 2. Branchlet apex. and spermatangial sori girdling lower third of branchlet. 3. Transverse section of young branch. 4. Transverse 2. Cystocarp terminal on short branch. 3. Tetrasporangia section of older branch. forming at joints of branchlet. 4. Branchlet apex.

58. Wrangelia bicuspidata 59. Wrangelia penicillata 1. Main filament showing whorled branchlets with fine 1. Branchlet apices. 2. Main filament segment showing contorted basal branchlets. 2. Branchlet apices with 2-3 descending corticating filaments. 3. Spermatangial cluster (s) pointed tips. 3. Spermatangial clusters (s) loosely sur­ loosely surrounded by involucral cells (i). 4. Tetraspo­ rounded by involucral filaments (1). rangia (t) clasped by solitary involucral filament (i). 5. Transverse section of main branch. NUMBER 9 53

1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), lateral branches; carposporangia spherical to *Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), irregular, 12.5-22.5 p.m diam., 32.5-42.5 p.m Great Swan Island (faylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta long. 1978), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30062 (US). HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; epiphytic or growing as fine low turf on man­ 54. Griffithsia heteromorpha Kiitzing grove prop roots; lower intertidal to 32 m 1863: 2, pI. 3, figs. a-b. deep. DISTRIBUTION.-**Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, soft, ge­ M. Littler 30040 (US). latinous, base creeping but distally erect, to 2 cm high, transparent rose; branching irregu­ 56. ::-::-Spyridia complanata J. Agardh lar, often attaching to adjacent branches by 1851 [1851-1863]: 343. short lateral cells. Segments cylindrical, 2-3 DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, fuzzy, diameters long; prostrate segments to 500 p.m bush-like, to 10 cm high, pale pink; branching diam., 1700 p.m long; erect segments oval, irregularly spiral. Main axis 1-2 mm diam.; 300-900 p.m diam., to 2 mm long; apical seg­ central filament cells 160-200 p.m diam. dis­ ments often spherical. Sterile filaments whor­ tally, to 400 Jlm diam. proximally, 80-120(­ led at upper ends of segments, dichotomously 200) p.m long; surface cells in alternating branched. Rhizoids multicellular, inconspicu­ zones of narrow cells (10-25 p.m diam., 40-60 ous, generally forming at distal ends of parent p.m long) and wide cells (40-50 p.m diam., 50­ cells. Tetrasporangia tear-shaped to spherical, 65 p.m long); zones becoming obscure with to 110 p.m diam., tetrahedrally divided, age. Branchlets highly variable, numerous, crowded at joints, lacking involucral cells. delicate, deciduous, unbranched, banded, ra­ HABITAT.-Uncommon but inconspicu­ dial, generally 35-60 p.m diam., 0.5-2.0 mm ous; mixed in algal turfs or epiphytic on larger long, slightly incurved at apices; segments 30­ algae, often found growing on dead coral in 70(-100) p.m long, not corticated; joints corti­ damselfish territories or on deep sand plains; cated initially with (6-)8(-12) pericentral cells; to 30 m deep. apex pointed, spine-like, occasionally with DISTRIBUTION.-Puerto Rico (Ballantine & lateral recurved spine. Hold/ast inconspicu­ Wynne 1986b) Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Lit­ ous, disc-like. tler 30296 (US). Tetrasporangia spherical, sessile, 40-80 p.m diam., tetrahedrally divided, outer wall to 15 p.m thick, forming at branchlet 55. :}::-Lejolisia exposita Schneider & Searles joint. Spermatangia to 5 p.m diam., in sori in Searles & Schneider 1989: 736, figs. 18-28. girdling several segments of branchlet. Car­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tufted, small, posporophytes terminal on short branches. spreading, filamentous, 1-3(10) mm high, HABITAT.-Uncommon; in warm pro­ rose-red; branching generally absent, when tected areas; intertidal to 3 m deep. present sparingly alternate, rarely opposite. DISTRIBUTloN.-Guadeloupe (Taylor 1960), Filaments cylindrical, 13-24 p.m diam., taper­ Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner ing slightly distally; cells 70-150 p.m long, & Hammer 1967), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. uncorticated throughout. Stolons conspicu­ Littler 30036{US). ous, filamentous, 18-40 p.m diam.; rhizoids unbranched, single celled, terminating in at­ 57. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) tachment pad. Tetrasporangia spherical to Harvey 1833: 337. oval, 30-42 p.m diam., 38-68 p.m long, on Fucus filamentosus Wulfen 1803: 64. unicellular (rarely to four cells) stalk, solitary DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, fuzzy, or oppositely paired, tetrahedrally or cruci­ bush-like, to 20 cm high, dull pale pink; ately divided. Spermatangial clusters oval to branching alternate. Main axis 1-2 mm spherical, 16-36 p.m diam., 45-72 p.m long, diam.; central filament cells 80-120 p.m diam. terminal on main or lateral branch. Carpospo­ distally, to 340 p.m diam. proximally, 100-140 rophytes spherical to oval, 86-150 p.m diam., long; surface cells in one layer, alternating 90-122 p.m long, terminal on main or small zones of long narrow cells (6-10 p.m diam., 54 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

50-70 p,m long) and short wide cells (15-20 lands, Jamaica (Chapman 1963), *Hispaniola, p,m diam., 30-40 p,m long; half as long, twice Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), as wide); zones becoming obscure with age. *Virgin Islands (*Taylor 1960), §St. Lucia, §Bar­ Branchlets highly variable, numerous, delicate, bados (§Taylor 1969), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Mex­ deciduous, 20-45 p,m diam., 0.5-1.5 mm long, ico (Huerta et al. 1987), )I-)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. unbranched, banded, radial; segments 40-100 & M. Littler 30123 (US). p,m long, uncorticated; apex pointed, spine­ like; joints with 4(-12) cortical cells. Holdfast small, disc-like. Yetrasporangia spherical, 40­ 59. Wrangelia penicillata (C. Agardh) 70 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided, sessile, C. Agardh 1828: 138. forming at branchlet joint. Spermatangia to 5 Gri/fithsia penicillata C. Agardh 1824: 143. p,m diam., in sori girdling lower third of fer­ DESCRIPTION.-1ballus finely branched, tile branchlets. Carposporophytes terminal on bush-like, to 8 cm high, light pink; main short branches, 180-225 p,m dianl., to 300 p,m branching alternate or irregular; secondary long. branching alternate at every segment, mainly HABITAT.-Common; in warm, calm, pro­ in one plane. Main filaments cylindrical, 180­ tected areas; to 8 m deep. 200 p,m diam.; cells to 800 p,m long, com­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand pletely corticated proximally. Branchlets soft, 1962), Mississippi (Humm & Caylor 1957), thin, in whorls at joints, dichotomously di­ )I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, vided; apical cells blunt tipped, often decidu­ )I-Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto ous. Rhizoids clustered, finely branched. Yet­ Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), rasporangia abundant, spherical, 75-100 p,m )I-St. Barthelemy, Antigua (faylor 1969), *St. Eusta­ diam., tetrahedrally divided, at joints near tius, )I-Guadeloupe, )I-Martinique, Carriacou (faylor branchlet tips, loosely clasped by short, slen­ 1980), St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), *Grenada, der, involucral filaments. Spermatangia *Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), *Panama, )I-Colombia, )I-Isles de Aves, *Netherlands Antilles, similar to above but clustered, 55-60 p,m Venezuela (faylor 1976), *Costa Rica, *Mexico, diam. Cystocarps to 400 p,m diam., terminal )I-Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. on short branchlets, surrounded by many Littler 30047 (US). short, slender, incurved filaments. HABITAT.-Common; generally epiphytic 58. )})}Wrangelia bicuspidata B0rgesen on seagrass or other larger algae; to 15 m deep. 1916: 118, figs. 127-130. DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks & DESCRIPTION.-1ballus dense, forming Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), §Cayman Is­ soft tufts, to 8 cm high, light rose; branching lands, )I-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bon­ irregularly alternate. Main filament cylindri­ nelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), )I-Virgin Islands, *Guadeloupe (*Taylor cal, to 400 p,m diam.; cells to 800 p,m long. 1960), §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), Venezuela (Dlaz­ Branchlets soft, thin, whorled at joints, di­ Piferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter & Bula­ chotomously divided, progressively tapered; Meyer 1977), Mexico (faylor 1972), Belize (Norris apical cells in sets of 2-3, pointed, unpig­ & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler mented, deciduous; basal branchlets at joints 30292 (US). narrower, growing upward and downward, in contorted shapes, loosely encircling main Family DELESSERIACEAE filament. Rhizoids fine, often branched. Yet­ rasporangia 60-90 p,m diam., tetrahedrally 60. Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) divided, loosely clasped by sparse, short, slen­ G. Martens 1869: 234, 237. der, incurved, involucral filaments. Sper­ Delesseria leprieurii Montagne 1840: 196, pI. 5, fig. 1. matangial cluster spherical, 25-80 p,m diam., DESCRIPTION.-1ballus erect or prostrate, sparsely surrounded by involucral filaments. spreading laterally to 3-5 cm across, 2 cm HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on other high, purple-red to brown. Blades constricted larger algae; to 40 m deep. at dichotomies to form linear-oval blades, 1-2 DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks & mm wide, 1-6 mm long, one cell thick; mid­ Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), §Cayman Is- rib often several cells thick; secondary branch- NUMBER 9 55 ing from midrib common; apices pointed or DISTRIBUTION.-Cuba (Suarez 1973), tPuerto forked; apical cell prominent, giving rise to Rico, tBelize (tWynne & Ballantine 1986); Pelican distinct midrib. Rhizoids clustered, ventral on Cays: D. & M. Littler 30261 (US). midrib at constrictions. Tetrasporangia spher­ ical, to 45 /lm diam., cruciately divided, de­ Family DASYACEAE veloping from distal blade cells. Cystocarps 460-800 /lm diam., developing from midrib 62. Dasya baillouviana (5. G. Gmelin) on underside of blade. Montagne 1841 [1839-1842]: 165. HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; Fucus baillouviana S. G. Gmelin 1768: 165. on mangrove prop roots, rocks or other hard substrates, in sheltered areas; upper intertidal. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect or undulat­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Mississippi, *Alabama, )f-Flor­ ing, delicate, soft, to 90 cm high, bright red to ida, )f-Bahamas, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Ja­ rose; branching alternate, generally sparse. maica, )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, Branches slippery, long, graceful, 2-3{-6) mm St. Martin (Vroman 1968), )f-Guadeloupe, *Mar­ diam., completely corticated, densely covered tinique, Grenada (Taylor 1969), *Barbados, Trini­ by fine hair-like branchlets; base often de­ dad (Richardson 1975), :J:Bonaire, :J:Cura~ao (:f:Dlaz­ nuded. Branchlets filamentous, 2-7(-14) mm Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer long, 2-3 times dichotomously branched, ta­ 1967), *Colombia, )f-panama, Costa Rica (Soto & pering both proximally and distally; basal Ballantine 1986), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh cells 10-20(-40) /lm diam., 10-20(-50) /lm 1979), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30074 (US). long; median cells to 60 /lm diam., 200 /lm long; apical cells 5-12 /lm diam., to 200 /lm long. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tet­ 61. Hypoglossum cf. heterocystideum rasporic thalli sparser, paler; tetrasporangial G. Agardh) J. Agardh 1898: 187. stichidia lance-shaped, 80-160 /lm diam., 0.40­ 1.25 mm long, formed on lower fork of Delesseria heterocystidea J. Agardh 1885: 71. Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey 1917: 116. branchlet; tetrasporangia spherical, 40-80 /lm Fucus hypoglossoides Stackhouse 1795-1801: 76, pI. XIII diam., tetrahedrally divided. Spermatangial (see Silva et al. 1996). thalli dense, deep red; spermatangial stichidia DESCRIPTION.-Thallus small, delicate, sol­ lance-shaped, 60-75 /lm diam., 200-600 /lm itary or forming erect tufts or prostrate mats, long. Cystocarps solitary, rarely in clusters of 2-10(-20) cm high, light translucent pink; 2-3, urn-shaped, to 1.1 mm diam., near tip of branching irregular from midrib. Blades oval branchlets. to linear, 1-4 mm wide, 1-2(-5) cm long, one HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates cell thick; margins smooth to undulating; in protected areas; to 40 m deep. midrib single row of cylindrical cells flanked DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, )f-Florida, *Bahamas, by one, occasionally two, rows of elongated )f-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, Hispaniola (Almod6var hexagonal cells, later becoming corticated and & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Ballantine 1979), )f-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), §Nevis, thicker; apices pointed; apical cell prominent §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), *Netherlands Antilles, giving rise to distinct midrib. Holdfast incon­ )f-Venezuela ef-Taylor 1960), Belize (Littler & Littler spicuous, pad-like; secondarily attached by 1995); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30281 (US). marginal rhizoids. Tetrasporangia spherical, 40-80 /lm diam., tetrahedrally divided, devel­ 63. :'t-:'t-Dasya crouaniana J. Agardh 1890: 95. oping randomly in elongated sori adjacent and parallel to midrib. Spermatangial sari on up­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 7 cm per blade, midway between midrib and mar­ high, rose-red; branching widely dichotomous gin. Cystocarps spherical, to 100 /lm diam., to irregular. Branches 0.5-0.7 mm diam., cor­ sessile, central on midrib. ticated, sparsely covered by fine branchlets HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; proximally, more densely covered distally. epiphytic on seagrasses or attached to rocks, Branchlets filamentous, 1-2 mm long, 2-3 dead gorgonians or other hard substrates; to times dichotomously branched, slightly taper­ 60 m deep. ing distally; basal cells 18-20 /lm diam., 20-40 56 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

60. Ca/og/ossa leprieun"i 61. Hypoglossum cf. heterocystideum 1. Habit showing rhizoidal cluster (r) ventral on midrib. 1. Habit showing tetrasporangial sori (t) paralleling mid­ 2. Reproductive structure descending from midrib. rib and bladelets initiating from midrib (m). 2. Surface 3. Surface view of cell arrangement at forked apex. view of marginal rhizoid. 3. Apex of basal blade. 4. Sur­ face view of mature blade apex with tetrasporangia form­ ing around midrib.

62. Dasya baillouviana 63. Dasya crouaniana 1. Spermatangial stichidium. 2. Tetrasporangial stichid­ 1. Surface view of branch with tetrasporangial stichidia. ium. 3. Transverse section of small branch. 4. Main axis 2. Mature stichidium with tetrasporangia (t). 3. Trans­ with filamentous branchlets. 5. Habit. verse section of branch. 4. Surface of branch. NUMBER 9 57

p,m long; apical cells blunt, 5-12 p,m diam., to cated proximally as small strands descending 30 p,m long. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. from base of branchlet. Branchlets spirally Tetrasporangial stichidia lance-shaped to elon­ arranged from every segment, 1.2-3.0(-5.0) gated cylindrical, 80-120 p,m diam., to 1 mm mm long, densely tufted, dichotomously long, formed on lower fork of branchlet; tet­ branched; uncorticated; apices tapering, in­ rasporangia spherical, 18-30 p,m diam., tetra­ curved, sharply pointed; basal cells 50-140 p,m hedrally divided. Spermatangial stichidia diam., one diameter long; apical cells 10-20 lance-shaped to elongated cylindrical, 60-70 p,m diam., 10 diameters long. Holdfast incon­ p,m diam., 150-225 p,m long, formed on lower spicuous, fibrous, secondarily attached by fork of branchlet; spermatia 4-6 p,m diam. adventitious rhizoids. Tetrasporangial stichidia HABITAT.-Uncommon; on mangrove linear-oval, 120-170 p,m diam., to 400 mm prop roots or other hard surfaces, in pro­ long, often with long terminal point, sessile or tected areas; to 23 m deep. on 1-3 celled stalk, forming at lower DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, Jamaica branchlets; tetrasporangia spherical, 20-50 p,m (Chapman 1963), Puerto Rico (Almod6var 1970), diam., tetrahedrally divided. Spermatangial )~Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), **Belize; Pelican stichidia similar in shape and position, to 100 Cays: D. & M. Littler 30067 (US). p,m diam., 300 p,m long. Cystocarps urn­ shaped, 450-520 p,m diam., 700-900 p,m long, 64. Dasya mollis Harvey 1853: 62. with prominent neck 150-225 p,m long; DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, fine, bush­ spores spherical to oval, 25-30 p,m diam. like, to 4(-15) cm high, pale rose; branching HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; on irregular, main axis not apparent. Branches to mangrove prop roots, mangrove peat or other 1 mm diam., tapering distally, corticated, hard surfaces in protected areas; to 10 m deep. completely covered by fine filamentous DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand branchlets. Branchlets slender, limp, 1.0-1.6 1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer mm long, 3-4 times dichotomously branched; 1964a), *Jamaica, *Cayman Islands, Hispaniola whorled at close intervals, whorls obscured (Dlaz-Piferrer 1978), Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), with age; cells to 80 p,m diam., tapering to 6 tSt. Martin, tBarbuda (tVroman 1968), §Antigua, p,m diam., 90 p,m long at apex; basal cells 60 §St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), *Venezuela, Colombia p,m long, generally wider than long, often (Bula-Meyer 1987), Costa Rica (Soto & Ba1lantine 1986), *Mexico (*Taylor 1960), Belize (Norris & slightly corticated. Holdfast inconspicuous, Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30166 disc-like. Tetrasporangial stichidia linear-oval, (US). to 135 p,m diam., 300 p,m long, near base of branchlet; tetrasporangia spherical, to 50 p,m 66. Heterosiphonia crispella (C. Agardh) diam., tetrahedrally divided. Wynne 1985: 87. HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; Callithamnion crispellum C. Agardh 1828: 183. Heterosi­ on hard surfaces in protected areas; to 33 m phonia wurdemannii (Bailey in Harvey) Falkenberg in deep. Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897: 473 (see Wynne 1985). DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Cuba, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spongy, tangled, Jamaica (Chapman 1963), *Virgin Islands (*Taylor forming fluffy stolons or tufts, to 6 cm high, 1960), Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), bright red; branching dichotomous to irregu­ Colombia (Bula-Meyer 1987), Mexico (Huerta et al. lar. Branches to 175 p,m diam., of (4-)5(-6) 1987), Belize (Littler & Littler 1995); Pelican Cays: pericentral cells; cells in lower portions 35-75 D. & M. Littler 20398 (US). p,m diam., 70-250 p,m long; not corticated. Branchlets 0.9-1.1 mm long, slightly incurved, 65. Dasya rigidula (Kiitzing) Ardissone on every other segment, 4-7 times dichoto­ 1878: 140. mously branched; basal two segments multis­ Eupogonium rigidulum Kiitzing 1843: 415. eriate, uniseriate above; apices tapered to 25 DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, fluffy, p,m diam. Rhizoids basal or forming where soft, 1-2(-8) cm high, rose to purple-red; branches meet substrate. Tetrasporangial sti­ branching irregular, generally sparse. chidia terminal on branchlets, oval with taper­ Branches 300-500 p,m diam., partially corti- ing apex, to 200 p,m diam., 200-750 p,m long; 58 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

64. Dasya mol/is 65. Dasya rigidula 1. Axis showing whorled branchlets with basal cell gener­ 1. Axis with tetrasporangial stichidia on branchlets. ally wider than long. 2. Tetrasporangial stichidium. 2. Spermatangial stichidium. 3. Apex with short swollen 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Habit. branchlet cells. 4. Habit.

66. Heterosiphonia crispella 67. Acanthophora spicifera 1. Branch showing filamentous branchlets with multiseri­ 1. Branch with spines only on branchlets. 2. Apex of ate basal two segments (s). 2. Branchlet apices. 3. Tet­ branchlet with terminal hair-like filaments. 3. Transverse rasporangial stichidium. section of branch at branchlet showing central longitudi­ nal filament. NUMBER 9 59 tetrasporangia spherical, to 75 p.m diam., tet­ shape, to 5 cm high, black to dull dark purple rahedrally divided when wet, pale yellow when dry; branching HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; mainly pinnate, feather-like; apices incurled. epiphytic on other algae or creeping on Branches of 6-8 pericentral cells, surrounded stones, shell fragments or mangrove peat, in by 1-4 layers of corticating cells grading sheltered locations; to 20 m deep. smaller toward surface. Branchlets numerous, DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Turks & crowded, incurved, 25-300 p.m diam., taper­ Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), )f-Jamaica, ing to 18-25 p.m diam.; apices uniseriate )f-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blom­ ("binderi" morph) or all branchlets uniseriate quist 1961), )f-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman ("tenella" morph). Stolon 5-10 cm long, at­ 1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969), *Guadeloupe, Barba­ taching at many points. Tetrasporangial dos, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, stichidia linear, 40-60 p.m diam., swollen )f-Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), at branchlet apices; tetrasporangia 40-50 p.m Mexico (Aguilar et al. 1989), *Belize ef-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30266 (US). diam., tetrahedrally divided, in four linear rows, often appearing scattered. Cystocarps Family RHODOMELACEAE oval to spherical, to 700 p.m diam., sessile, 67. Acanthophora spicifera 01ahl) solitary or in pairs, terminal on fertile B0rgesen 1910: 201, figs. 18-19. branches. Fucus spiciferus Vahl 1802: 44. HABITAT.-Common; forming tightly DESCRIPTION.-Thallus brittle, spiny, wide­ adhering mats on exposed rocks, seawalls or spreading, to 25 cm high, color variable, mangrove prop roots; upper intertidal. white-pink, pale brown, green or yellow; DISTRIBUTION.-Mississippi (Humm & Caylor branching irregularly radial, sparse. Branches 1957), )f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Turks & Caicos, )f-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, cylindrical, 0.6-3.0 mm diam., smooth, with­ Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1962), )f-Virgin Islands, St. out spur-like spines, heavily corticated. Martin (Vroman 1968), §Antigua, §St. Kitts Branchlets uniformly abundant, short, possess­ )f-Guadeloupe, )f-Martinique, )f-5t. Vincent, §Bequia ing spur-like spines; spines to 0.5 mm long, (§Taylor 1969), )f-Grenada, )f-Barbados, )f-Trinidad, with obscure apical hair-like filaments in ter­ tBonaire, tCura~ao (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), )f-Vene­ minal clusters. Holdfast irregularly lobed, zuela, )f-Costa Rica, )f-panama, )f-Belize ef-Taylor disc-like. Tetrasporangia in linear rows, 42-50 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30059 (US). p.m diam., 60-80 p.m long, tetrahedrally di­ vided, in short spine-like swollen branchlets. 69. Chondria polyrhiza ColIins & Hervey Spermatangial clusters disc-like, with sterile 1917: 121, pI. 11, fig. 12. hairs often present at base of stalk. Cystocarps DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spreading, creep­ urn-shaped, 0.5-1.0 mm diam., solitary, in ing, with short erect branches, forming loose axes of spines. knit mats, 5-8 mm high, covering indetermi­ HABITAT.-Common; early colonizer on nate area, pale rose-red; branching irregular, coral fragments, wooden substrates, pebbles sparse. Branches cylindrical to slightly flat­ or other organisms in calm waters; intertidal tened, 300-525 p.m diam. Branchlets sparse, to to 8 m deep. 1 mm long, irregularly arranged, pinched at DISTRIBUTIoN.-Throughout the Caribbean base, spindle-shaped, seldom branched; apices and adjacent seas); Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. pointed, tufted with short inconspicuous fil­ Littler 30010 (US). aments; apical cells exposed or partially cov­ 68. Bostrychia tenella (Lamouroux) J. Agardh ered by filaments. Surface cells roundly angu­ 1863 [1851-1863]: 869. lar at apices, rectangular below, to 15 p.m diam., 20-60 p.m long. Stolons 200-400 p.m Fucus tenellus Vah11802: 45, nom. illeg.. Plocamium tenel­ turn Lamouroux 1813: 138. Bostrychia binderi Harvey diam.; rhizoids tightly bundled, intermittent, 1849 [1847-1849]: 68, pI. XXVIII [in part] (see King, Put­ short, unbranched. Tetrasporangia spherical, tock & Vickery 1988). to 140 p.m diam., tetrahedrally divided, distal DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, coarse, on outer branchlets, causing branches to be­ often forming mats of indeterminate size and come distorted with bulges and depressions. 60 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

100 ,u~~~c>~ '~'Jfu~QD0~@~Cb

J l 50",m ~~G~GeMU 1n7nO(Jq 200 ",m CD I t.Onn 00aD~:')" ~D6~~r}(};~'~11 Imm0 ~~~\;L~CD 50~~)~~

68. Bostrychia tenella 69. Chondria polyrhiza 1. Tetrasporangial stichidium. 2. Typical branching. 1. Habit showing stolons with tight bundles of rhizoids. 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Paired terminal cysto­ 2. Branchlet with tetrasporangium (t). 3. Bundle of carps. rhizoids. 4. Surface cells of mature branch. 5. Immature surface cells with paired subsurface cells (P) exposed fol­ lowing release of tetrasporangia.

/i' _ lOO,um ...... / 100,um

70. Digenia simplex 71. Herposiphonia cf. parca 1. Longitudinal section of branchlet showing tube-like 1. Habit of prostrate axis with perpendicular branchlets at cylinders of surface cells. 2. Transverse section of mature every joint. 2. Branchlet apex with apical filaments. branch. 3. Transverse section of branchlet. 4. Typical 3. Transverse section of prostrate axis. 4. Rhizoid with branch. finger-like attachment structure. NUMBER 9 61

HABITAT.-Rare; epiphytic on larger algae 71. :~:~Herposiphonia cf. parca Setchell or growing on hard surfaces; to 18 m deep. 1926: 103,pl. 20, fig. 2. DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )l-Bahamas, Puerto DESCRIPTION.- Thallus prostrate, fibrous, Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1965), *Virgin Is­ as individual stolons, of indeterminate area, to lands el-Taylor 1960), Cura~ao (van den Hoek 6 mm high, brown-red; prostrate branching 1969), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia irregularly alternate. Prostrate axes 100-150 (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mex­ p,m diam., bearing single upright branch at ico (Hurnm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 24007 every joint (pattern occasionally irregular); (US). segments 1.0-1.5(-2.0) diameters long, of 8-10 pericentral cells, apices upcurved. Erect branchlets 40-70(-90) pm diam., 8-12(-20) 70. Digenia simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh segments high, strongly arched when young; 1822-1823: 389. segments 0.5-2.5 diameters long, of 8-10 pericentral cells; apices blunt, truncate. Apical Conferva simplex Wulfen 1803: 17. filaments terminal, 2-3 per branchlet, 3-5 DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, wiry, often times dichotomously branched. Rhizoids of­ gregarious, to 8(-25) cm high, light pink to ten inflated when penetrating host, to 100 pm dull, dark brown-red; branching dichotomous diam., terminating in finger-like attachment to irregular. Branches naked proximally, cov­ pads, generally sparse, occasionally from ered with numerous short branchlets distally; every other segment. Tetrasporangia spheri­ large central cells grading smaller toward sur­ cal, 80-120 p,m diam., as straight series in fer­ face in transverse section. Branchlets 3-5(-15) tile branchlet. Spermatangial stichidia oblong, mm long, unbranched, stiff, wiry, often with to 80 pm diam., 190 pm long, possessing ster­ fine, deciduous hairs near apices. Surface cells ile tip of 1-5 cells. Cystocarps oval, spherical of branchlet 25-35 p,m diam., in 20-24 longi­ at maturity, to 400 pm diam., terminal on tudinal cylinders; pericentral cells 10-12, 25­ branchlets. 38 p,m diam.; central filament distinct, 40-55 HABITAT.-Rare or inconspicuous; epi­ p,m diam. Holdfast of coarse, short rhizoids phytic on larger plants and animals; intertidal descending from thicker disc-like base. Tet­ to 15 m deep. rasporangia to 80 p,m diam., in outer swollen DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Hollenberg 1968), branchlets. Spermatangia in small, oval, disc­ *)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30207 (US). shaped clusters at branchlet apex. Cystocarps oval, lateral at branchlet apex. 72. Herposiphonia pecten-veneris (Harvey) HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces, Falkenberg 1901: 315. often overgrown by filamentous epiphytes, Polysiphonia pecten-veneris Harvey 1853: 46, pI. 16. common in heavy-surf conditions, when bur­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus finely filamentous ied by sand dwarfed and denuded; lower in­ with microscopic recurved apices, to 10 cm tertidal to 20 m deep. high, light brown-red to straw-yellow; DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Texas, )l-Florida, *Bahamas, branching alternate. Main axes strongly re­ )l-Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, §Cayman Islands, curved at apex, 70-165 pm diam.; segments 2­ )l-Jamaica, )l-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Is­ 3 diameter long, of 9-12 pericentral cells. lands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, )l-St. Barthelemy, Branchlets 60-80 p,m diam., 8-10 segments (to :f:Barbuda, :f:Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1 mm) long, of uniform length, unbranched, 1968), :f:St. Kitts, §Nevis, )l-Guadeloupe, §Dominica perpendicular to branch, alternately offset at (§Taylor 1969), *Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor every joint. Apical filaments tufted, spirally 1962b), )I-Grenada, Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), J2Bonaire, J2Cura~ao (J2Dlaz-Piferrer arranged at or near apex, 2-5 times dichoto­ 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), mously branched, deciduous leaving basal scar )l-panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Great Swan cells. Stolons matted, creeping, filamentous; Island (Taylor, 1975), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh rhizoids single (seldom 2-3) celled, occasion­ 1979), )I-Mexico, )l-Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican ally terminating in finger-like branched apices. Cays: D. & M. Littler 30087 (US). Tetrasporangia spherical, 36-75 pm diam., 62 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

f1»~.~!l. /13 mm ~~~

~~ .. 2 ~~~~<~'" :, G) ~r ~ ~'--''-OF<~® 30Qo~~88~ o~ooaooq( ~QOOQ et )'OSQ""QGc:t 100,urn -/L-J~($C ~QOc

J~n~D9YK JC)..------r~ 100 JLrn 200,urn 72. Herposiphonia pecten-veneris 73. Laurencia caraibica 1. Branching pattern showing recurved arc. 2. Branch 1. Typical branch showing regeneration (r) from apex with alternately offset branchlets at every joint. wounded or broken branches. 2. Transverse section of branch. 3. Apex of branchlet. 4. Surface cells of mature branch. 5. Surface cells of immature branchlet.

100,urn 200 J-Lrn

74. Laurencia corallopsis 75. Laurencia filiformis 1. Typical branch. 2. Longitudinal section of cortex. 1. Typical branch. 2. Branchlet apex. 3. Cystocarp releas­ 3. Surface view of immature cortex. 4. Surface view of ing carpospores. 4. Transverse section of branch. mature cortex. 5. Branchlet with inconspicuous apical 5. Surface cells of immature branchlet. 6. Surface cells of filament tuft (~ sunken in terminal depression. mature branch. NUMBER 9 63

formed as straight series in fertile branchlet. 74. :"'-:"'-Laurencia corallopsis (Montagne) Spermatangial stichidia cylindrical, on un­ Howe 1918: 519. branched apical filaments. Cystocarps oval, Sphaerococcus corallopsis Montagne 1842b: 49. spherical at maturity, 0.3-0.6 mm diam., soli­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, occasionally tary, terminal on branchlets. sprawling, tough, cartilaginous, main axes HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces or typically encrusted with calcareous red algae, epiphytic on larger plants or animals; to 2 m to 16 cm high, brown, olive to dark rose-red; deep. branching somewhat dichotomous below, at 0 DISTRIBUTION.-)foFlorida, *Bahamas, )foTurks & wide angles (90 ). Branches 1-2 mm diam. Caicos, Cuba (Suarez 1973), )'Jamaica ef-Taylor Branchlets numerous or sparse, club-shaped, 1960), Hispaniola (Dlaz-Piferrer 1978), tSt. Martin, 1-4 mm long, alternate or irregular; apices tBarbuda (tVroman 1968), Venezuela (Gessner & rarely swollen; apical tufts inconspicuous, Hammer 1967), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine sunken in terminal cavities. Surface cells 1986), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize tightly compact, roundly angular, 35-50 p.m (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. diam. in older branches, secondary pit con­ Littler 30043 (US). nections present; apical cell sunken in deep terminal depression. Hold/ast inconspicuous, pad-like. Tetrasporangia oval to spherical, 60­ 73. Laurenda caraibica Silva 1972: 205. 100 p.m long, tetrahedrally divided, at distal Laurencia nana Howe 1920: 566. L. caraibica is a substi­ ends of outer branchlets. Cystocarps oval or tute name for L. nana Howe, a later homonym of L. urn-shaped, to 140 p.m diam., sessile, near dis­ nana (C. Agardh) Greville 1830: lii (see Silva et al. 1987). tal ends of outer branchlets. DESCRIPTION.- Thallus cartilaginous, frag­ HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates ile, 1-5(-7) cm high, dark red, red-brown to of shallow reef flats; to 10(-60) m deep. pink-purple; branching dichotomous below, DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Cuba, irregular above. Branches compressed, slightly )f-Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963), *Virgin flattened, 0.8-1.0 mm diam., regeneration Islands, §St. Kitts, )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica from center of broken branches common. (§Taylor 1969), )I-Martinique, )I-Barbados, tBonaire, tCura~ao Branchlets sparse, cylindrical, 0.15-0.45 mm (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), )I-Venezuela (*Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa diam., to 2 mm long; apices slightly swollen, Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun tufted with short, inconspicuous filaments. 1972), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), Mexico Surface cells roundly angular, 30-40 p.m diam., (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), **Belize; Pelican 25-65 p.m long, swollen; medullary cells Cays: D. & M. Littler 30075 (US). spherical, 75-100 p.m diam., unpigmented, thin walled; pericentral cells 5-6, commonly 75. :}:}Laurenda filiformis (C. Agardh) with lenticular thickenings (end wall of cells Montagne 1845 [1842-1845]: 125. thicker); apical cell sunken in deep terminal Chondria filiformis C. Agardh 1822-1823: 358. Laurencia depression. Hold/ast pad-like, secondarily scoparia J. Agardh 1863 [1851-1863]: 746 (see Roddguez attached by numerous lateral rhizoids from de Rios & Saito 1982). branches. Tetrasporangial branchlets slightly DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, occasionally enlarged; tetrasporangia tetrahedrally divided, sprawling, tough, cartilaginous, to 12 cm in single whorls near branch apex. high, green-purple; branching somewhat di­ chotomous below, alternate above; primary HABITAT.-Uncommon; on dead coral, axes numerous. Branches cylindrical, 0.5-1.0 coralline algae or other hard surfaces; to 1 m mm diam. Branchlets numerous or sparse, deep. cylindrical, 1-3 mm long, alternate or irregu­ DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Bahamas, *Jamaica ef-Taylor lar; apical filamentous tufts seldom obvious, 1960), Puerto Rico (Ballantine & Norris 1989), sunken in terminal cavity. Sur/ace cells Virgin Islands (Eade 1972), Antigua (Taylor 1969), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Mexico roundly angular, 20-40 p.m diam., 30-50 p.m (Mateo-Cid & Mendoza-GonzaIez 1991), Belize long in older branches; apical cell sunken in (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. deep terminal depression. Hold/ast incon­ Littler 30193 (US). spicuous, pad-like. Tetrasporangia oval to 64 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

200jLm

5mm 6~~~ ~9nQoc ~~tif~~]~~~~7 ( {I :;-~")Yl~ l';::;:V";7 --- ~"V;'1'~f.' ,"<~7 100 "-ID R~'f~ ~ ~ :·'·: .. "j/i r- .({l(9~ ~" ~~? ci5~--" "i~~ 200p,m 76. Laurencia gemmifera 1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of immature branchlet showing pointed surface cells. 3. Branchlet. 4. Surface cells of mature branch.

lOOp,m lOOp,m

78. Laurencia microcladia 79. Laurencia obtusa 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branch. 1. Typical branch. 2. Longitudinal section of cortex. 3. Surface of immature branchlet. 4. Surface of mature 3. Surface view showing surface cells with distinctive branch. 5. Cystocarp releasing carpospores. 6. Longitu­ microscopic spot. 4. Transverse section of branch cortex. dinal section of branch. 5. Cystocarp. NUMBER 9 65

spherical, 50-60 p,m diam., tetrahedrally di­ Eustatius (tVroman 1968), )I-Guadeloupe, §Dom­ vided, at distal ends of swollen branchlets. inica (§Taylor 1969), )I-Barbados, )I-Trinidad, :f:Bon­ Cystocarps oval or urn-shaped, to 240 p,m aire, :f:Cura~ao (:f:Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela diam., sessile, near distal ends of outer (Gessner & Hammer 1967), )I-Colombia, )I-panama, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), )I-Mexico branchlets. (*Taylor 1960), *)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates Littler 30132 (US). or mangrove prop roots; to 2 m deep. DISTRmUTION.-)f-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Dlaz­ 77. Laurenda intricata Lamouroux Piferrer 1978), St. Martin (Vroman 1968), 1813: 131, pI. 9, figs. 8-9. )}Guadeloupe, )I-Grenada, )f-Barbados, *Trinidad, )}Netherlands Antilles, )}Venezuela, *Costa Rica DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fleshy, solitary, Cl-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Taylor 1972), )f-*Belize; gregarious, in loose mats, 5-10(-25) cm high, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30222 (US). yellow-green, stubby branchlets often rose or brown; branching sparse, irregularly alternate, 76. :~:~Laurenda gemmifera Harvey at right angles, main axes not apparent. 1853: 73, pI. XVIII.B. Branchlets 0.45-0.75 mm diam., cylindrical, rarely club-shaped, irregularly alternate, occa­ DESCRIPTION.-7"ballus bushy, stiff, wiry, sionally opposite; apices slightly down­ 2-5(-15) cm high, yellow-brown, occasionally curved, tufted with inconspicuous, fine, di­ with red-brown tips; branching dense, alter­ chotomously branched filaments in terminal nate to irregular. Branches cylindrical, some­ depression. Surface cells 40-50(-70) p,m diam., what flattened with age, 1.0-2.2 mm diam., deeply pigmented; medullary cells large, col­ tapering to 0.5 mm diam. at apices. Branchlets orless, thin walled, decreasing in size toward numerous, cylindrical, 0.2-0.9 mm diam., surface; apical cell sunken in terminal depres­ 0.2-1.0(-3.0) mm long, blunt, wart-like, often sion. Holdfast fibrous. Tetrasporangia form­ swollen; apices tufted with fine deciduous, ing just below apex of branchlet producing dichotomously branched filaments extending diminutive surface bumps. Spermatangial just beyond rim of terminal depression. Sur- clusters small, oval or barrel-shaped, in apical face cells oval to angular, 40-50(-130) p,m depression. Cystocarps partly embedded. diam., with surface projection when young, HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, shells or deeply pigmented; medullary cells large, col­ coral fragments, in sheltered sandy areas; to 3 orless; apical cell sunken in terminal depres­ m deep. sion. Holdfast disc-like or spreading to pad­ DISTRIBUTION.-

0.~1 I I ) . 5 \7 'J . lOOJLm .200JLm

}i;\;i 3 ...•..•~ \V4 CD r

lOOJLm ,,{ 5 mm 80. Laurencia papillosa 81. Laurencia poiteaui 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branchlet 1. Typical branch. 2. Branchlet apex with sparse, short, apex with apical filament tuft in terminal depression and apical filament tufts in terminal depressions. 3. Trans­ tetrasporangia crowded near apex. 3. Longitudinal sec­ verse section of branch. 4. Longitudinal section of tion of branch cortex. 4. Longitudinal section of branch. 5. Surface view of branch. branchlet with elongated surface cells. 5. Surface view of branch.

100 l-tm

82. Murrayella periclados 83. Polysiphonia atlantica 1. Tetrasporangial stichidium (s) terminal on short multis­ 1. Erect axes with apical filaments. 2. Branching apex. eriate branch. 2. Cystocarp (c) at apex of multiseriate 3. Erect axis with tetrasporangia. 4. Spermatangial branch. branchlet terminal on persistent apical filament. 5. Pros­ trate axis with rhizoid in open connection to parent cell. NUMBER 9 67

blunt, wart-like, often swollen; apices tufted HABITAT.-Common; in shallow wave­ with fine deciduous, dichotomously branched dashed areas or areas of strong currents; to 8 filaments, seldom obvious, sunken in terminal m deep. depression. Surface cells oval, 30-60 /lm diam., DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand deeply pigmented, secondary pit connections 1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, )l-Turks & Caicos, present; medullary cells 100-120 /lm diam., )l-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, colorless; apical cell sunken in terminal de­ Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1962), )l-Virgin Islands, pression. Hold/ast disc-like or spreading to t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, )l-St. Barthelemy, Barbuda (Taylor 1962b), §Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius, pad-like. Tetrasporangia spherical to oval, 65­ t Aves (tVroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, 100 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided. Cysto­ §St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), *Barbados, )l-Tobago, carp spherical to urn-shaped, 550-720 p,m *Islas de AYes, *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela diam., 560-800 /lm long, distal on branchlets. (Gessner & Hammer 1967), )l-Colombia, *Panama, HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Great Swan Island abundant on shallow reef flats; to 4 m deep. (Taylor, 1975), )l-Mexico, )l-Belize el-Taylor 1960); DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, *Bahamas, )l-Turks & Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 24008 (US). Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, ):-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar & 80. Laurenda papillosa (C. Agardh) Blomquist 1961), )l-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, )l-St. Greville 1830: lii. Barthelemy, )l-Barbuda, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius Chondria papillosa C. Agardh 1822-1823: 344. (tVroman 1968), Nevis (Taylor 1962b), *Aves, )l-Guadeloupe, )l-Netherlands Antilles, )l-Venezuela, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gregarious or soli­ 6l. Colombia, *Panama, 6l.Isla de San Andres, 6l.Isla tary, cartilaginous, 5-8(-20) cm high, purple­ de Providencia (61.Schnetter 1980), *Costa Rica green to olive-brown; branching alternate or (*Taylor 1960), Mexico (Huerta 1958), Belize irregular. Branches proximally 1-2 mm diam., (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. devoid of branchlets; distally densely covered Littler 30074 (US). by perpendicular branchlets. Branchlets short, crowded, tough, knobby, club-shaped, wart­ 79. Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux like, 0.5-0.7 mm diam., 0.5-2.5 mm long; in 1813: 130. shaded habitats branchlets sparse, irregularly Fucus obtusus Hudson 1778: 586. arranged; apices tufted with inconspicuous, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus compact, often fine, dichotomously branched filaments form­ clumped, 8-15(-26) cm high, dark to olive­ ing in terminal depression. Surface cells ra­ green with maroon tips; branching alternate, dially elongated when immature, 12-27 p.m sparse below, numerous and crowded above. diam., 24-30 p.m thick in main axis, 8-15 p.m Branches cylindrical, proximally 0.75-1.80 diam., 20-30 p.m thick in branchlets, densely mm diam., distally club-shaped. Branchlets pigmented, thick-walled, secondary pit con­ generally spiral to occasionally opposite, 0.5­ nections present; medullary cells 100-150 p,m 0.8 mm diam., 1-2 mm long; apices tufted diam., colorless, decreasing in size toward with fine deciduous, dichotomously branched surface. Hold/ast fibrous, disc-like. Tetraspo­ filaments forming in shallow terminal depres­ rangia tetrahedrally divided, in irregular lobed sion. Surface cells 24-30 p,m diam., somewhat branchlets just below apices. Spermatangial spherical, heavily pigmented, with distinctive clusters oval or barrel-shaped, in apical depres­ colorless spherical bodies ("corps en cerise") sions. Cystocarps partly immersed. present only in live or recently preserved HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces specimens, secondary pit connections present; exposed to moderate wave action; intertidal to medullary cells large, colorless; apical cell 7 m deep. sunken in shallow terminal depression. Hold- DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & fast fibrous, as tightly adhering mass. Tet­ Caicos, )l-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, )l-Jamaica, *His­ rasporangia tetrahedrally divided, forming just paniola, )l-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, below apices of fertile branchlet. Spermatan­ tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua, gial clusters small, oval or barrel-shaped, in tSaba, tSt. Eustatius, :J:St. Kitts, §Nevis, t Ayes apical depressions. Cystocarps oval, 450-650 (tVroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, :J:St. p.m diam., 700-800 p.m long. Lucia (:t:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), 68 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Carriacou (Taylor 1980), )I-Grenada, )I-Barbados, 82. Murrayella periclados (C. Agardh) )I-T rinidad, )I-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, Schmitz 1893: 227, footnote. )I-Colombia, )I-panama, )''"Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Mexico, )I-Belize (*Taylor Hutchinsia periclados c. Agardh 1828: 101. 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30064 (US). DESCRIPTION. - Thallus dense, erect, turf­ like, to 5 cm high, dull, dark red-brown; branching dichotomous below, alternate 81. :"to:"toLaurencia poiteaui (Lamouroux) Howe above. Branches of four pericentral cells, un­ 1918: 518 [as ''poitei'1. corticated. Branchlets deciduous, fine, slightly up-curved, unbranched or branched, oppo­ Fucus poiteaui Lamouroux 1805: 63, pI. XXXI, figs. 2-3 sitely alternate, initially at every joint, unise­ [as "poitei" (see Silva et aI. 1987)]. riate; cells 23-28 /Lm diam., 30-60 /Lm long. Stolons slender, creeping. Tetrasporangial sti­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, wiry, chidia 50-105 /Lm diam., 400-900 /Lm long, 10-20(-30) cm high, pale buff to bright pink terminal on short multiseriate branch, with or with red tips; branching closely alternate in without uniseriate branchlets; tetrasporangia pairs to irregular, abundant. Branches cylin­ to 55 /Lm diam. Cystocarps spherical to oval, drical to slightly flattened, 0.5-2.0 mm diam. to 400 /Lm diam., terminal on short multiseri­ Branchlets numerous, cylindrical, 0.3-1.0 mm ate branches. Spermatangial stichidia slightly diam., 0.5-2.0 mm long, blunt, wart-like, of­ arched or lance-shaped, 40-60 /Lm diam., 240­ 360 /Lm long, on modified branchlet; sper­ ten swollen; apices tufted with fine deciduous, matangia tear-shaped, 4-6 /Lm diam. dichotomously branched filaments extending HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop just beyond depression rim. Surface cells ir­ roots, rocks, pier pilings or seawalls, in shel­ regularly rounded to oblong, 20-30(-35) /Lm tered locations; upper intertidal. diam., densely pigmented, secondary pit con­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, >I-Cuba, nections present; subsurface cells 35-50 /Lm >I-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )I-Virgin Islands, St. diam., lightly pigmented; medullary cells 80­ Martin (Vroman 1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969), 135 /Lm diam., colorless, decreasing in size )I-Guadeloupe, *Maninique, >I-Grenada, *Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), tBonaire, tCura~ao toward surface; apical cell sunken in terminal (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), >I-Venezuela, Colombia depression. Holdfast disc-like. Tetrasporangia (Schnetter 1980), )I-panama, *Guatemala, Mexico oval to spherical, 90-130 /Lm diam., tetrahe­ (Huena et al. 1987), )I-Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican drally divided, concentrated just below tips of Cays: D. & M. Littler 30101 (US). branchlets, causing roughened surface texture. Spermatangial clusters in apical pits, oval or 83. Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun barrel-shaped. Cystocarps spherical to urn­ & J. Norris 1982: 226, figs. 107a-c. shaped, partially embedded, near tips of Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey in Mackay 1836: 206 branchlets. nom. illeg. (see Kapraun & Norris 1982). HABITAT.-Common; abundant in wave­ DESCRIPTION. - Thallus filamentous, soft, flaccid, forming matted turfs, to 2 cm high, surge areas, attached to rocks near base of brown to dark purple-red; branching some­ gorgonian corals, often found in deep spur­ what dichotomous, sparse. Prostrate axes 60­ and-groove areas on reefs; to 40 m deep. 100 /Lm diam. Erect axes 40-90 /Lm diam., of DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Texas, Mississippi (Humm & four pericentral cells; cortication absent; seg­ Darne111959), )I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Turks & Cai­ ments 1-3 diameters long. Apical filaments cos, )I-Cuba, )I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )I-Pueno Rico, lacking or sparse, deciduous, divided once or >I-Virgin Islands, St. Manin (Vroman 1968), )I-Guad­ unbranched, alternate on every 4th to 6th eloupe, )I-Dominica, >I-Grenada, )I-Barbados, )I-Nether­ segment; lateral branchlets developing to re­ lands Antilles, *Venezuela, )I-Colombia, >I-Mexico place filaments; filament scar cells common. el-Taylor 1960), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Rhizoids numerous, unicellular, from pros­ Littler 30154 (US). trate axes, in open connection to parent cell. NUMBER 9 69

Tetrasporangia spherical, 40-60 diam., tetra­ 85. Polysiphonia havanensis Montagne hedrally divided, as swollen straight series in 1837: 352. outer branchlet. Spermatangial branchlets cy­ DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, mat­ lindrical, often incurved or banana-like, 30-40 like, to 4(-8) cm high, yellow-brown to pur­ p,m diam., 100-180 p,m long, terminal or lat­ ple-red; erect branching alternate to irregular. eral, forming from apical filaments. Cysto­ Prostrate axes 80-200 p,m diam.; filament scars carps oval, 200-330 p,m diam., 250-360 p,m common, giving rise to uprights. Erect axes long, with raised release pore. 50-100 p,m diam., of four pericentral cells; HABITAT.-Common; on bedrock or cortication absent; segments 1-3 diameters other hard surfaces, lower intertidal to 1 m long; lateral branchlets forming in axils of deep. apical filaments. Apical filaments deciduous, DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand highly branched. Rhizoids numerous, unicel­ 1962), Mississippi (Humm & Darnell 1959), lular, proximal or central on pericentral cells, )I-Florida, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), Jamaica in open connection to parent cell. Tetraspo­ (Chapman 1963), Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1964), rangia spherical, 50-70 p,m diam., tetrahe­ )l-Virgin Islands, )l-Barbados (*Taylor 1960), Cura~ao drally divided, solitary or in straight series of (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), 2-4 in outer branchlets. Spermatangial Mexico (Huerta 1960), Belize (Kapraun & Norris 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30083 (US). branchlets cylindrical, 30-60 p,m diam., 80-300 p,m long, lateral on lower segments of apical filaments; sterile apical cells lacking. Cysto­ 84. Polysiphonia [laccidissima Hollenberg carps spherical, oval or urn-shaped, to 300 p,m 1942: 783, figs. 8, 19. diam. HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces or May be synonymous with Polysiphonia sertularioides epiphytic on larger algae; to 1 m deep. (Grateloup) J. Agardh 1863 [1851-1863]: 969 (see Womersley 1979 and Kapraun & Norris 1982). DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Missiissippi (Humm & Darnell 1959), DESCRIPTION.-Iballus filamentous, fine, *Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, )l-Cuba, mat-like, to 2(-3) cm high, rose-red; erect )l-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Is­ branching alternate, irregular to pseudodi­ lands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe, chotomous. Prostrate axes 70-300 p,m diam.; )l-Dominica, )I-Martinique, *Barbados, tBonaire, segments 1-2 diameters long; filament scars tCura~ao (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Ges­ common, giving rise to uprights. Erect axes sner & Hammer 1967), *Guatemala, *Mexico, 70-150 p,m diam., of four pericentral cells; *Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. cortication absent; segments 1-5 diameters Littler 30213 (US). long; lateral branches forming in axils of fila­ ments. Apical filaments deciduous, three 86. Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey times dichotomously or pseudodichoto­ 1855: 540. mously branched. Rhizoids separated from DESCRIPTION.-Iballus filamentous, fine, parent cell by wall, proximal on pericentral tufted, to 3 cm high, light brown-red; branch­ cells. Tetrasporangia spherical, 40-70 p,m ing alternate. Prostrate axes 60-180 p,m diam. diam., tetrahedrally to irregularly divided, as Erect axes 30-100 p,m diam., of four pericen­ swollen spiral series in outer branchlets. tral cells; segments to two diameters long; Spermatangial branchlets cylindrical, 30-50 p,m cortication absent; secondary branches thin­ diam., 100-180 p,m long, lateral or terminal ner, 30-40 p,m diam., replacing apical fila­ on lower segments of apical filaments; sterile ments; filament scar cells generally lacking. apical cells lacking. Cystocarps oval, 150-500 Apical filaments deciduous, usually alternate p,m diam. on every other segment, to four times di­ HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on sea­ chotomously branched. Rhizoids numerous, grasses or larger algae; to 50 m deep. unicellular, proximal on pericentral cells, in DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Kapraun 1979), )l-Belize open connection to parent cell. Tetrasporan­ (Kapraun & Norris 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. gia spherical, 50-100 p,m diam., tetrahedrallY Littler 30285 (US). divided, in swollen straight series just below 70 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

50J.Lm Ah6o~~J~I-~t~~~ ~ ,.Q;c;,~~~~ ;6} S2~9:~l ~ ~~~ /0"oQVN ~r;e~G?f?- afh OO()~ 1 ~r ~~~o a ~\/Q ~ ~C~"6~~ COOs 100JLrn I \\\1, ~ J>~o@~~'~'b~;;Oo ." : .;. ~_~!~oo2i6"'=C'~.,c;.plP..~.~;%3>~~ ~.. :.:.•.. ""r;,@)~ 1.~0J~~ 0;.:·'::~, b 100 J.LID . JLrnfri t ~ J~A:: :ii'~; ...,,_.. '. ,:r;;jf,>..;:. \\!/./d".:,.. ,',,.y ~l'.:~( CD )fj~.~0@.' rt°D(..\':'''(Vj . jJj[J'!" Ll~.» ~- (0 ",. r-\Y\) CDJL~OO ltJI~ Il100 JLrn ',1'f!>: 84. Polysiphonia jlaccidissima 85. Polysiphonia havanensis 1. Erect apex with spermatangial branchlets (s) 2. Lateral 1. Apex of erect axis with apical filaments. 2. Tetraspo­ branch (b) forming in axil of filament. 3. Tetrasporangia rangia in straight series on erect branchlet. 3. Stolon or (t). 4. Cystocarp releasing carpospores. 5. Prostrate axis prostrate axis with rhizoids in open connection to parent with rhizoids separated from parent cell by cell wall. cell.

l00J.Lm

86. Polysiphonia scopulorum 87. Feldmannia indica 1. Erect axes with tetrasporangia. 2. Apex of erect axis. 1. Erect filaments with tapering lateral branchlets and 3. Prostrate axis with rhizoids in open connection to plurilocular sporangium (s). 2. Filament cells with scat­ parent cells. tered disc-like plastids (P). NUMBER 9 71 branch apex. Spermatangial branchlets cylin­ high, golden to dark brown; branching di­ drical, forming on apical filaments. Cystocarps chotomous, rarely irregular or cervicorn. oval, 150-190 p,m diam. Blades hollow, cylindrical or flattened, to 2 HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; mm diam., tapering at base and tips; apices epiphytic on larger algae or seagrasses, in shal­ commonly blunt, rarely fine or hair-like. Cor­ low calm waters; to 3 m deep. tex 120-180(-280) p,m thick; interior cells DISTRIBUTION.-Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); rounded rectangular to rectangular, 80-200 Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30100 (US). p,m diam., 100-300 p,m long; surface cells tri­ angular to rectangular, 10-20 p,m diam; sur­ face hairs scattered. Gametangia oval, 5-12 PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA p,m diam., 20-40 p,m long, in irregular sori. HABITAT.-Uncommon; attached to hard Order ECTOCARPALES surfaces or seagrasses in sheltered, shallow, Family ECTOCARPACEAE subtidal areas; to 15 m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), )I-Flor­ :~:~Feldmannia 87. indica (Sonder in ida, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, )I-Virgin Zollinger) Womersley & Bailey 1970: 288. Islands, )I-Guadeloupe, )I-Martinique, Barbados (Tay­ Ectocarpus indicus Sonder in Zollinger 1854: 2, 3, foot­ lor 1969), *Venezuela (*Taylor 1960), Colombia note. GifJordia indica (Sonder) Papenfuss & Chihara in (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Soto & Ba1lantine Papenfuss 1968: 30. E. duchassaingianus Grunow 1867: 1986), )I-)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 45, pI. IV, fig. 1 (see Womersley & Bailey 1970). 30287 (US). DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft filamentous tufts, to 5 cm high, brown-green; branching Order SPHACELARIALES irregular, forming as lateral projections. Filaments 20-34 p,m diam.; cells 0.5-5.0 di­ Family SPHACELARIACEAE ameters long; branchlets tapered, darkly pig­ mented. Stolons filamentous with fine rhi­ 89. Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini 1840: [2]. zoids. Plurilocular sporangia cylindrical, 20­ 50 p,m diam., 100-250 p,m long, rarely stalked, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous tufts or with blunt apices, forming laterally on fila­ scattered in mixed turf communities, 4-5(-10) ments, scattered, rarely in linear series. mm high, dark brown; branching irregular to HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; radial, sparse. Filaments cylindrical, 25-60 p,m on rocks, various hard substrates or epiphytic diam.; cells 15-30 p,m diam., 50-75 p,m long; on other algae and seagrasses; to 20 m deep. lateral hairs 10-15 p,m diam., soon breaking DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, Mississippi (Humm & off. Holdfast of intertwined rhizoids. Propa­ Caylor 1957), )I-Florida, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), gules stalked, broadly triangular, oval in side )I-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Dfaz-Piferrer 1978), *Puerto view, 140-165 p,m wide, to 200 p,m long. Rico, )loVirgin Islands, §Antigua, Saba (Vroman HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; on 1968), )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, §St. Lucia (§Tay­ hard substrates, epiphytic on seagrasses or lor 1969), *Barbados, *Tobago, Trinidad (Richard­ son 1975), *Netherlands Antilles el-Taylor 1960), coarser algae; intertidal to 3 m deep. Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), Costa Rica (Daw­ DISTRIBUTION.-:J:Louisiana, Mississippi (Humm son 1962), Mexico (Earle 1969), )I-*Belize; Pelican & Caylor 1957), :J:Alabama (:J:Earle 1969), *Florida, Cays: D. & M. Littler 30178 (US). 'I-Bahamas, Cuba (Suarez 1973), )I-J amaica, )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, 'I-Virgin Islands, tSt. Order SCYTOSIPHONALES Martin, §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), *Martin­ Family SCYTOSIPHONACFAE ique, Grenada (Taylor 1980), )I-Barbados, Trinidad 88. :~:~Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis B0rgesen (Richardson 1975), 62 Bonaire, 62Cura~ao (62Dlaz­ 1914: 22, figs. 14-17 [continuous pagination: Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), 178, figs. 141-143]. Colombia (Schnetter 1976), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), *Mexico el-Taylor 1960), Belize DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tangled mats or (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. fine bushy individual clumps, to 20(-40) cm Littler 30228 (US). 72 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

88. Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis 89. Sphacelaria tribuloides 1. Transverse section of blade. 2. Transverse section of 1. Broadly triangular propagule with short stalk. 2. Typi­ cortex with two surface cells initiating hairs (h). 3. Sur­ cal filament with broken lateral hairs (h). 3. Holdfast of face view of cells. 4. Typical branches. intertwined rhizoids.

!y\,\//i-J'--:~:\\~' '

~': .o.~"/ )j" \ "' .. ", '0,,\ ° .,., .,'

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;j

90. Dictyopteris delicatula 91. Dictyota cervicornis 1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of blade margIn. 1. Cervicorn branching pattern. 2. Transverse section of 3. Transverse section of blade midrib. blade with developing antheridial sori (s). NUMBER 9 73

Order DICTYOTALES HABITAT.-Common; attached to rocks, shell fragments or large plants in sandy shal­ Family DICTYOTACEAE low areas; to 3 m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba, 90. Dictyopteris delicatula Lamouroux )I-Jamaica, )~Hispaniola, )I-Virgin Islands, )1- Antigua, 1809a:332,pl. 6,fig.2b. )~Guadeloupe, )I-Dominica, )I-Martinique, )I-Grenada, ):-Colombia, )I-panama, *Mexico (*Taylor 1960), DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spreading or erect, )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30054 (US). tangled, 2-8 cm high, light to dark golden­ brown; branching dichotomous to irregular. Blades strap-shaped, 2-5 mm wide, two cells 92. :~:~Dictyota humifusa Hornig, Schnetter & thick, thicker at midrib; cells in parallel rows; Coppejans in Hornig et al. 1992: 57, fig. 6. midrib distinct but thin; apices rounded; sur­ face hairs clustered in tufts. Holdfast basal or DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, delicate, attaching at various points by filamentous creeping, densely interwoven, 0.5-2.0 cm rhizoids. Reproductive sori in single rows on high, light brown, often with brilliant blue each side of midrib. iridescence; branching irregular to somewhat HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop dichotomous. Blades stubby, strap-shaped, 3­ roots or other hard substrates; intertidal to 5 mm wide, 75-125 Ilm thick, 30-60 medul­ 12{-30) m deep. lary cells wide; apices broad, rounded. Medul­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand lary cells in one layer, square to rectangular, 1962), )~Florida, *Cuba, )'Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, 50-80 Ilm thick, arranged in somewhat regu­ )I-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Mar­ lar rows. Surface cells rectangular, 15-30 Ilrn tin, tSt. Barthelmy, t Barbuda, §Antigua, tSaba, thick, in parallel rows, 2-4 transversing each tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, *Re­ medullary cell. Surface hairs tufted, scattered, donda, )1- Aves, )I-Guadeloupe, *Dominica, )I-Martin- seldom present. Rhizoids from lower surface, ique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent, seldom marginal. Sporangia with four or §Bequia, *Grenadines, *Grenada, §Barbados (§Tay­ lor 1969), *Tobago, *Trinidad, *Netherlands An­ eight spores. Oogonial sori scattered. An­ tilles, *Venezuela, *Colombia, *Panama, )~Costa theridial sori multichambered, producing Rica,

92. Dictyota humifusa 93. Dictyota jamaicensis 1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of blade with ventral 1. Typical branch. 2. Immature sporangium. 3. An­ rhizoids (r). theridial sorus. 4. Transverse section of blade with oogo­ nial (0) sorus and marginal rhizoids (r).

lOOJ,tm

94. Dictyota linearis 95. Dictyota menstrualis 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade with 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade with centered hair tuft. marginal rhizoids. NUMBER 9 75 thick, 16-35 medullary cells wide; apices synomony with Dictyota dichotoma; however, blunt; marginal teeth diminutive, 50-150 p,m due to the distinctive surface hair alignment long, at irregular intervals. Medullary cells in (along the central axis) and narrow blade one layer, rectangular, 75-100 p,m thick, ar­ width, we consider them to be separate. ranged in longitudinal rows. Surface cells rec­ HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or other tangular to squarish, 20-40 p,m thick; 3-5 algae; to 20 m deep. transversing each medullary cell. Surface hairs DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Earle 1969), *Turks & to 120 p,m long, in scattered tufts. Holdfast Caicos, >I-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, >I-Hispaniola, inconspicuous, as fibrous mass; marginal >I-Virgin Islands, §Antigua, *Guadeloupe, §St. Vin­ rhizoids common. Sporangia as dark dots, 80­ cent (§Taylor 1969), >I-N etherlands Antilles 120 p,m diam., cruciately divided, scattered, (*Taylor 1960), Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), solitary or in small clusters, surrounded by tCoIombia, tIsIa de San Andres (tSchnetter 1976), Mexico (Huerta 1958), >1-*BeIize; Pelican Cays: D. axillary cells. Oogonial sori evenly dispersed, & M. Littler 30224 (US). to 250 p,m diam., 500 p,m long, solitary or in small (2-3) clusters. Antheridial sori 75-200 p,m diam, 60-120 p,m high. 95. Dictyota menstrualis (Hoyt) Schnetter, HABITAT.-Uncommon; growing on hard Hornig & Weber-Peukert 1987: 195, figs. 5-6. substrates in moderately shallow waters; to 15 Dictyota dichotoma var. menstrualis Hoyt 1927: 616. m deep. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, erect, 15­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Dfaz­ 25(-35) cm high, yellow-brown to dark Piferrer 1963), tVirgin Islands, tSt. Martin, brown; branching regularly dichotomous (an­ §Antigua, tSaba (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, :f:St. gling 15° to 45°). Blades strap-shaped, often Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent, §Bequia with each successive division becoming pro­ (§Taylor 1969), >I-Grenada, Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), *Venezuela el-Taylor 1960), Colombia gressively narrower, 4-15 mm wide, occasion­ (Schnetter 1976), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun ally twisted, 150-250 p,m thick, 25-45 or 1972), Mexico (Campa de Guzman 1965), >I->I-Belize; more medullary cells wide; margins smooth; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30144 (US). apices blunt. Medullary cells in one layer, oc­ casionally multi-layered near base, rectangular to polygonal, 120-180 p,m thick, arranged in 94. :'r:'rDictyota linearis (C. Agardh) Greville mostly regular rows. Surface cells rectangular, 1830: xliii. 20-30 p,m thick, in parallel rows. Surface hairs Zonaria linearis c. Agardh 1820: 134. tufted, inconspicuous. Rhizoids abundant, DESCRIPTION.-1ballus bushy, in tangled marginal on younger blades, marginal and clumps, to 12 cm high, brown; branching ventral on older blades. Sporangia scattered, dichotomous, occasionally irregular. Blades single or in pairs, without auxiliary cells. A n­ strap-shaped, uniformly 0.5-2.0 mm wide theridial sori multichambered, producing throughout, often twisted, 200-360 p,m thick, many antheridia. 6-20 medullary cells wide, apices pointed. HABITAT.-Common; on small rocks or Medullary cells in one layer, rectangular, 140­ coral fragments in sandy areas; to 30 m deep. 300 p,m thick, arranged in longitudinal rows. DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand Surface cells rectangular, 30-40 p,m thick, in 1962), Louisiana (Earle 1969), Mississippi (Humm regular rows; 3-5 transversing each medullary & Caylor 1957), >I-Florida, >I-Bahamas, >I-Turks & cell. Surface hairs tufted, aligned along central Caicos, >I-Cuba, >f-Cayman Islands, >f-Jamaica, His­ axis, often persistent. Holdfast inconspicuous, paniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), >f-Puerto fibrous, mat-like; marginal rhizoids common. Rico, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), §Antigua, Nevis Sporangia solitary, scattered, generally near (TayIor 1962b), >f-GuadeIoupe, *Martinique, §St. blade margins. Oogonial sori 200-300 p,m Vincent (§Taylor 1969), Carriacou {TayIor 1980), *Grenada, *Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), diam., 90-120 p,m long, scattered near blade *Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, *CoIombia margins. Antheridial sori 200-400 p,m diam., ef-TayIor 1960), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico 100-125 p,m long, near blade margins, not (Huerta 1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974)); Peli­ surrounded by auxiliary cells. Note: Hornig can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30015 (US) [all records as and Schnetter (1988) place this species in Dictyota dichotoma]. 76 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

3mm

lOOJLm 96. Dictyota pfaffii 97. Dictyota pulchella 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade showing 1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade with marginal rhizoids, some terminating in hapteral (finger­ oogonial sorus. 3. Transverse section of blade showing like) cells. marginal rhizoids.

!.~.~I~~~f0 3mm lOO,um lOO,um

98. Dilophus alternans 99a. Lobophora variegata decumbent morph 1. Typical dichotomous branch. 2. Irregular branching, 1. Longitudinal section of blade margin. 2. Transverse uncommon. 3. Transverse section of blade showing section of blade with oogonial sorus. 3. Transverse sec­ thicker medulla (m) at margins and surface sporangia (s). tion of mature blade. NUMBER 9 77

96. :'t-:'t-Dictyota pfaffii Schnetter spicuous, fibrous, mat-like; marginal rhizoids 1972: 12, fig. 1. common. Sporangia solitary or in tight clus­ DESCRIPTION. - Thallus prostrate, delicate, ters, scattered along center line. Oogonial sori creeping, densely interwoven, 0.5-2.0 cm scattered, covered by clear protective mem­ high, light brown, commonly with dark brane. Antheridial sori multichambered, pro­ spots; branching dichotomous. Blades strap­ ducing many antheridia. shaped, 4-7 mm wide, 100-200 p,m thick, HABITAT.-Common; on dead coral, man­ 35-75 medullary cells wide; apices broad, grove peat, shell fragments, wood or epi­ rounded. Medullary cells in one layer, rectan­ phytic on seagrasses and coarse algae, in shal­ gular, 60-160 p,m thick, arranged in rows. low areas; to 70 m deep. Sur/ace cells rectangular, 10-25 p,m thick, in DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Turks & regular rows, 1.5-3.5 cells transversing each Caicos, )f-Cuba, )f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )f-Puerto medullary cell. Sur/ace hairs tufted, scattered. Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), )f-Guadeloupe, )~Martinique, Grenada {Taylor 1980), Rhizoids often marginal, when mature termi­ )f-Trinidad, Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), nating in hapteral (finger-like) cells. Sporangia Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Venezuela (Gessner & spherical, to 80 J.lm diam., solitary or clus­ Hammer 1967), )f-Colombia, Costa Rica (Dawson tered, continuing four or eight spores. Oogo­ 1962), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1976), )f-Isla de nial sori scattered. A ntheridial sori 90-180 J.lm Providencia, Great Swan Island {Taylor, 1975), long, multichambered, producing many an­ )f-Colombia, )f-Mexico, )f-Belize ef-Taylor 1960)); Peli- theridia. Note: Bula-Meyer (1994) considers can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30055 (US) [all records as Dictyota humifusa conspecific with D. pfaffii; Dictyota divaricata]. however, the two species are easily separated with D. humifusa being iridescent blue with 98. Dilophus alternans J. Agardh 1882: 108. irregular branching, while D. pfaffii has a dis­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, erect, to 15 tinct brown coloration (generally with dark cm high, dark yellow-brown; branching alter­ spots) and dichotomous branching. nate to irregular; apices initially dichoto­ HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering to mously branched (15°-45° angles). Blades stable substrates, in shallow protected habi­ strap-shaped, 2-4(-5) mm wide; margins tats; to 40 m deep. smooth; apices blunt or rounded. Medulla DISTRIBUTION.-Colombia (Schnetter 1972), 2(-5) cells thick at margins; cells rectangular, )~)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30169 (US). 50-80 p,m thick, arranged in rows. Sur/ace Note: This entity has been mistakenly identified in cells rectangular, 10-20 p,m thick, in longitu­ Caribbean waters under various names. dinal rows. Sur/ace hairs scattered in tufts. Holdfast inconspicuous, fibrous. Sporangia 97. Dictyota pulchella Hornig & Schnetter solitary, producing four or eight spores. An­ 1988: 285, fig. 7. theridial sori multichambered, containing many antheridia. Note: H6rnig et al. (1992) DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, forming put Dilophus in synomony with Dictyota; bushy tangled clumps, to 10 cm high, brown, however, we continue to utilize both entities often with green iridescence; branching based on the medullary differences (Dilophus widely dichotomous [(60°-)90°-120° angles]. commonly having two cell layers, while Dic­ Blades in lower portion 3-5 mm wide, with tyota generally has but one, except for bud­ each successive division becoming progres­ ding areas and lower extremities). sively narrower, abruptly narrower (0.1-0.2 HABITAT.-Common; on small rocks, cor­ mm) at apices, 180-240(-300) p,m thick, 4-25 al fragments or at the base of living coral; to medullary cells wide; apices blunt to roundly 26 m deep. pointed. Medullary cells in one layer, rectan­ DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks & gular, 120-200 p,m thick, arranged in longitu­ Caicos, )~Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, )f-His- dinal rows. Sur/ace cells rectangular, 20-30 paniola, Puerto Rico (Ballantine & Norris 1989), p,m thick; 4-7 transversing each medullary )f-Virgin Islands, tAnguilla, tSt. Martin, t Barbuda, cell. Sur/ace hairs common, tufted, scattered §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), along center line of blade. Holdfast incon- §Dominica, §St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), *Barbados 78 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

100/-LID

'" :: " .. ' .: " .

.' " •••• •• : ...... '0 •

.:.. ~: :. '" - . - '. ., . . .

~~~~~::J::JQ

99b. Lobophora variegata crust morph 100. Padina gymnospora 1. Surface view of growing margin. 2. Longitudinal sec­ 1. Longitudinal section of inrolled blade margin. 2. Lon­ tion of blade and oogonial sorus not covered by an outer gitudinal section of blade base. 3. Longitudinal section of membrane. 3. Rhizoids originating from ventral cells. blade with oogonial sorus.

100/-Lm

--lOOJLffi

101. "Dictyerpa" stage of Padina jamaicensis 102. Padina pavonica 1. Habit showing diminutive blade and hooked apices. 1. Longitudinal section of blade showing inrolled margin 2. Transverse section of branch with ventral rhizoids. with tufts of surface hairs (h). 2. Longitudinal section of blade. 3. Transverse section of blade. NUMBER 9 79

(*Taylor 1960), :j:Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto & HABITAT.-Common; tightly adherent on Ballantine 1986), :j:Isla de San Andres, :j:Isla de dead coral, mangrove prop roots or sunken Providencia (:j:Schnetter 1976), Mexico (Huerta et logs in shallow subtidal areas where grazing is al. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican intense; to 30 m deep. Cays: D. & M. Littler 30174 (US). DISTRIBUTION.-Belize (Coen & Tanner 1989); 99. Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 53072 (US). Womersleyex Oliveira 1977: 217. Dictyota variegata Lamouroux 1809a: 331. Pocockiella 100. Padina gymnospora (Kiitzing) variegata (Lamouroux) Papenfuss 1943: 467. Sonder 1871: 47. 99a. decumbent morph Zonaria gymnospora Kiitzing 1859: 29, pI. 71, fig. 2. DESCRIPTION. - Thallus prostrate in shelf­ Padina vickersiae Hoyt in Howe 1920: 595. like layers, to 15 cm diam., light brown with DESCRIPTION.-Thallus leaf-like clusters, faint concentric zones of growth and hairs. to 22 cm high, 37 cm wide, brown to tan. Blades thin, overlapping, fan-shaped; 90-120 Blades fan-shaped, 5-20 cm wide, banded, (-300) p,m thick. Medullary cells in one layer, lightly calcified or uncalcified, 50-60(-150) 45-60 p,m thick, colorless. Cortex 2-3 layers; /lm thick distally, 150-250 /lm thick proxi­ surface cells 10-15 p,m thick, darkly pig­ mally, of four cell layers, 2-3 cells thick near mented. Surface hairs 15-25 p,m diam., scat­ margin, 6-9 cells thick at base; outer margins tered or in concentric lines. Rhizoids basal or inrolled. Surface hairs 25-35 p,m diam., in on lower surface of prostrate portion of blade, concentric bands (1.5-)4(-8.0) mm apart. tan to olive brown, tangled, matted together. Rhizoidal base matted. Fertile bands in con­ Sporangial sori scattered over upper and lower centric zones midway between hair bands, surfaces; sporangia club-shaped, 50-95 /lm most often on upper surface. Tetrasporangia diam., 80-150(-180) p,m long, forming 4-8 oval, 10-15 p,m diam., 25-35 p,m long, cruci­ spores. Oogonial sori scattered, covered by ately divided. Oogonia spherical, 30-65 /lm membrane; oogonia oval. diam. Antheridia in zones 200 p,m wide. HABITAT.-Common; in shaded shallow HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, corals or areas or in deep water habitats with moderate mangrove prop roots, found in sheltered or herbivory, often dominant plant at 100 m moderately exposed areas; to 14 m deep. deep; to 120 m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, Louisiana (Phillips DISTRIBUTION.-'I-Florida, 'I-Bahamas, 'I-Turks & 1960), Mississippi (Humm & Caylor 1957), Caicos, 'I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )I-Florida *Bahamas, )I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, 'I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963), )f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar & 'I-Virgin Islands, 'I-St. Barthelemy, §Antigua, )I-St. Blomquist 1961), *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, *St. Eustatius, §St. Kitts (§Taylor 1969), *Nevis, Barthelemy, tSaba (tVroman 1968), :j:St. Kitts, 'I-Guadeloupe, *Martinique, )I-Barbados, Trinidad :j:Nevis, *AYes, 'I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, )f-Mar­ Cura~ao (Richardson 1975), (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), tinique, :j:St. Lucia (:j:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent Venezuela (Taylor 1976), *Colombia, *Panama, (§Taylor 1969), cQCarriacou, cQGrenada (cQTaylor Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), *Isla de Providencia 1980), *Barbados, 'f-Trinidad, *Netherlands An­ el-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Aguilar et al. 1989), Belize tilles, )f-Venezuela, 'I-Colombia, )f-panama, Costa (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun Littler 53070 (US). 1972), *Mexico, *Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30208 (US). 99b. crust morph DESCRIPTION. - Thallus slick crust, cover­ 101. Padina jamaicensis Collins 1901: 251 ing indeterminate area, dark orange-brown. (P. B. A. No. 780). Crust 80-125(-300) p,m thick. Medullary cells in one layer, 40-75 p,m thick, 15-25 p,m wide. Dictyerpa stage. Cortex 2-3 layers; surface cells 10-20 /lm DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming matted thick, deeply pigmented. Surface hairs in turf, to 3 cm thick, light yellow-brown; tufts, scattered. Rhizoids originating from branching dichotomous, opposite or irregular. lowermost cells. Blades compressed to distinctly strap-shaped, 80 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

200p,m

lOOp,m lOOp,m 103. Padina sanctae-crucis 104. Sargassum acinarium 1. Longitudinal sections of blades showing inrolled mar­ 1. Central thallus showing upturned spines (s) of main gin. 2. Longitudinal section of blade with developing axis, fertile branches (Q and spined spherical air bladders. sporangia. 3. Longitudinal section of blade with an­ 2. Air bladders with toothed stalks. 3. Immature blade theridial sorus. 4. Habit. with developing air bladder (a) at base. 4. Blade with scattered cryptostomata (c). 5. Transverse section of blade at cryptostomata (c).

105. Sargassum polyceratium 106. Sargassum ramifolium 1. Thallus showing scattered cryptostomata (c) on blades 1. Central thallus showing slender blades, smooth main and on spherical air bladders. 2. Fertile branchlets with axis and spherical air bladders. 2. Transverse section of scattered conceptacles (co). 3. Transverse section of ma­ blade at midrib. 3. Transverse section of blade margin ture conceptacle with two oogonia. with cryptostomata (c). NUMBER 9 81

Fertile branchlets 2-3 cm long, abundantly Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta branched, surface rough with numerous re­ & Garza-Barrientos 1964) )I-)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: ceptacles, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, to 500 /lm thick; D. & M. Littler 30028 (US). apices slightly upturned, hooked or with di­ minutive fan-shaped "Padina" blades. Medul­ 103. Padina sanctae-crucis B0rgesen lary cells to six layers thick, irregularly rectan­ 1914: 201, figs. 153-154. gular, 40-60 /lm wide, 60-120 /lm long. Sur- DESCRIPTION.-Thallus leaf-like clusters, face cells square in transverse section, square to ruffled, to 15 cm high, upper surface chalky rectangular in surface view, 20-30 /lm wide, white alternating with light yellow-brown 30-50 /lm long; apices multicellular. Rhizoids bands, lower surface uncalcified or very developing on prostrate axes. (See Silva et al. lightly calcified with darker brown banding. 1987: 78.) Blades fan-shaped, to 9{-25) cm wide, concen­ HABITAT. -Common but inconspicuous; trically zoned, substantially calcified on upper on rocks, coral fragments or other hard sub­ surface only, to 90{-150) /lm thick above, strates; lower intertidal to 10 m deep. 150-200 /lm thick near base, of two cell layers DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks & throughout; dorsal cells rectangular, 30-60 Caicos, )I-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, )I-His­ /lm wide, 45-75 /lm thick; ventral cells paniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, *Angui1la, smaller, rectangular, 24-35 /lm wide, 35-55 *St. Barthelemy, §Antigua, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, §St. Vincent, )I-Grenada, §Barbados /lm thick; outer margins inrolled. Surface (§Taylor 1969), *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela hairs 15-25 /lm diam., on both surfaces, in (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), tColombia, tIsla de San alternating concentric bands 2-3 mm apart. Andres (tSchnetter 1976), Great Swan Island Rhizoidal base matted. Sori above every sec­ (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand ond hair band on lower surfaces. Sporangia 1962), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & oval, 60-120 /lm diam., 100-170 /lm long, M. Littler 30229 {US). forming irregular bands. Oogonia spherical, 30-50 /lm diam., in one or two bands. An­ 102. ~o,.:o,.Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) theridia in broken bands. Thivy in W. Taylor 1960: 234. HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, shells or Fucus pavonicus Linnaeus 1753: 1162. dead coral on shallow reef flats; to 5 m deep. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus leaf-like clusters, DISTRffiUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks & to 22 cm high, 37 cm wide, brown to tan. Caicos, *Cuba, )I-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )I-His­ Blades fan-shaped, to 12 cm wide, with edges paniola, *Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, )1- Angui1la, extremely incurved, banded, moderately calci­ tSt. Martin, )I-St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua, fied above, lighter calcification below, 50-65 tSt. Kitts (tVroman 1968), §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, /lm thick distally, 80-130 /lm thick proxi­ §Dominica, §St. Vincent, )I-Grenada, §Barbados mally; margins of two cell layers, main blade (§Taylor 1969), *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela 3-4 cells thick; outer margins inrolled. Sur- (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), *Isla de San Andres (*Schnetter face hairs 15-25 /lm diam., in concentric bands 1976), Great Swan Island (Taylor 1975), Mexico 1.5-6.0 mm apart. Rhizoidal base matted. (Taylor 1941), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Sporangial sori 90-140 /lm diam., covered by Cays: D. & M. Littler 30089 {US). thin membrane, often in continuous bands on each side of or solely above hair bands. 00­ Order FUCALES gonia spherical, 40-50 /lm diam. Antheridia Family SARGASSACEAE alternating with oogonial bands on sides of hair bands. 104. :o,.:o,.Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, corals or Setchell1933: 208. mangrove prop roots, found in sheltered or Fucus acinarius Linnaeus 1753: 1160. moderately wave-exposed areas; lower inter­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, tough, leath­ tidal to 20 m deep. ery, densely branched, to 50 cm high, brown. DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, *Cuba, *Jamaica, Main axes one to several, roughened by 0.5­ )I-Virgin Islands, )I-Grenada, )I-Barbados, *Colombia 1.0 mm long upturned spines. Blades oval, 3­ el-Taylor 1960), Costa Rica (Wellington 1973), 8 mm wide on basal branches, 1-3 mm wide 82 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

I" 5m~h~~CD :.~qp~- (n·~ ~":-I it· / Jr·'5 (. ... ;~. (':'. <":\/ ~ .\: \.:" ~D~;:../ /~ /- 5 mm ~(\:,}:i:

. c ~':::-

100 p,rn 03 107. Sargassum vulgare 108. Turbinaria tricostata 1. Typical blade with irregularly toothed margin. 2. Cen­ 1. Typical blades showing concave centers and sharply tral thallus showing scattered upturned spines (s) on main tapering to spiny ridged stalks. 2. Transverse section of axis and smooth spherical air bladders. 3. Transverse cryptostomata. section of cryptostomata (c).

lOOp,m

109. Turbinaria turbinata 110. Pringsheimiella scutata 1. Typical blades with flat, convex or slightly concave 1. Habit showing central surface hairs. centers. 2. Transverse section of cryptostomata. NUMBER 9 83

on distal branches, 1.5-3.0(-7.0) cm long; apex ef-Taylor 1960), Great Swan Island (faylor, 1975), rounded; margins irregularly and deeply Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), Mexico toothed; midrib distinct; stipe generally 1 mm (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize (fsuda & long. Air bladders spherical, 3-5 mm diam., Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30039 numerous, often with solitary spine near base; (US). stalk flattened, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, 1-6 mm 106. ~~~~Sargassum ramifolium Kiitzing long, often winged with toothed margins. 1861: 10, pI. 32, fig. la, lb. Holdfast strong, disc-like. Cryptostomata ap­ pearing as dark dots, 100-150 /lm diam., DESCRIPTION. -Iballus erect, slender, to abundant, scattered; central pore 30-40 p,m 30 cm long, dark brown; branching sparse. diam. Fertile branchlets 0.5-0.7 mm diam., Main axes smooth, cylindrical, 2-4 mm diam.; 0.5-1.0 cm long, branching alternate or with several arising from initial, short (1-2 forked, with wart-like or bumpy surface, con­ cm), solitary stalk. Blades elongated linear, spicuous when present. often forked, 1-3 mm wide, 2-5 cm long, ra­ HABITAT.-Uncommon; in mangrove la­ dially arranged; marginal teeth present when goons or around mangrove islands; to 2 m young, obscure or lacking at maturity; mid­ deep. ribs distinct. Air bladders 3-4 mm diam., 1-2 DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Louisiana, *Florida, Baha­ per blade when present, perfectly spherical, mas, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), §Cayman Islands, smooth, without spines; stalk 350-500 J-tm Puerto Rico (Dfaz-Piferrer 1963), §Antigua, §St. diam., 2.5-3.5 mm long. Holdfast strong, dis­ Lucia, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), *Venezuela, tinct, pad-like. Cryptostomata 80-100 /lm *Colombia (*Taylor 1960), Costa Rica (Soto & diam., 80-100 /lm deep, in single series close Ballantine 1986), )f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. to blade margin, inconspicuous; central pore Littler 30237 (US). 60-80 /lm diam. Fertile branchlets spindle­ shaped to cylindrical, branching alternate or 105. Sargassum polyceratium Montagne forked, in axils of blades. 1837: 356. HABITAT.-Uncommon; on rocks or coral DESCRIPTION. - Thallus erect, tough, leath­ fragments, often around mangrove islands; ery, densely branched, to 1 m high, brown. 1-3 m deep. Main axes one to several when young; rough­ DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (faylor 1964), )f-His­ ened by small spines. Blades oval, 5-10 mm paniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar et al. 1979), wide, 1.5-3.5 cm long; base asymmetrical; *Virgin Islands, )f-Venezuela ef-Taylor 1960), Mex­ stipe absent; apices rounded to pointed; mar­ ico (Huerta 1961), )f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. gins densely and deeply toothed; midrib dis­ Littler 30091 (US). tinct. Air bladders spherical, 3-6 mm diam., numerous, near base of blades; stalk small or 107. Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh absent. Holdfast strong, disc-like. Cryptosto­ 1820: 3, nom. illeg. mata appearing as dark dots, small, scattered, [Sargassum vu/gare is considered an illegitimate name with abundant on blades and air bladders. Fertile no replacement at the present time (see Silva et al. 1996: branchlets short, forked, not conspicuous. 707, 929).] HABITAT.-Common; on rocks in pro­ DESCRIPTION.-Iballus erect, tough, leath­ tected habitats, often behind reef crest in rub­ ery, to 40 cm high, brown. Main axes one to ble-pavement zone; lower intertidal to 10 m several; spines few, 0.3-0.7 mm long. Blades deep. numerous, 3-8 mm wide, 1.0-3.5 cm long; DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks & apices rounded to slightly notched; margins Caicos, )f-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, irregular with scattered teeth; stipe generally 1 t Angui1la, tSt. Martin, t Barbuda, Antigua (faylor mm long. Air bladders spherical, 2.5-8.0 mm 1969), tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), St. diam., numerous, near base of blades; stalk Kitts (Taylor 1962b), )l-Guadeloupe, *St. Lucia, cylindrical, 0.8-1.0 mm diam., 1-2 mm long. )f-Barbados, :f:Bonaire, :f:Cura~ao (:f:Dfaz-Piferrer Holdfast strong, disc-like. Cryptostomata 100­ 1964b), )f-Venezuela, )f-Colombia, *Panama, Isla de 160 /lm diam., abundant, scattered but not on San Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Isla de Providencia or along center axis; pore 40-50 /lm diam. 84 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

HABITAT.-Common; in mangrove la­ 109. Turbinaria turbinata (Linnaeus) goons or around mangrove islands; to 2 m Kuntze 1898: 434. deep. Fucus turbinatus Linnaeus 1753: 1160. DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )'I"Bahamas, *Cuba, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, leathery, )1"]amaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Is­ erect, cylindrically-shaped, to 40 cm high, lands, )~ Anguilla, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), *St. dark brown. Blades clustered; apex pyramid­ Barthelemy, *Antigua, tNevis, *Guadeloupe, shaped, flat or convex, 0.8-1.2 cm wide; )~Dominica, )~Martinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), transverse-section triangular, tapering gradu­ )f-St. Vincent, tBequia (tTaylor 1969), *Grenada, ally towards smooth stalk; margin smooth to )~Barbados, )~Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), )l-N etherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, )f-Colombia, slightly toothed. Air bladder embedded or )~Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), partially emergent in center of blade. Holdfast )~Mexico, *Belize e~Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. strong, tough, branching. Cryptostomata nu­ & M. Littler 30235 (US). merous, scattered, with single pore flush with blade surface or only slightly raised. Fertile branchlets common, forked, at blade axil or base of stalk. Family CYSTOSElRACEAE HABITAT.-Common; adhering tightly to hard substrates immediately behind reef crest 108. Turbinaria tricostata Barton in areas of strong turbulence; to 5 m deep. 1891: 218, pI. 54, figs. 3-4. DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, )~Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, leathery, 2­ )~Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, 4(-17) cm high, brown to yellow-brown. )~ Anguilla, tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, t Barbuda, Branches sparse, short. Blades clustered; apex )~ Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), St. round to pyramid-shaped, 0.8-1.2 cm wide; Kitts (Taylor 1962b), )f-Guadeloupe, §Dominica )~N transverse-section narrowly triangular, 1.0-1.5 (§TayIor 1969), etherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), )~Colombia, *Panama, cm long, tapering sharply towards roughened Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Isla de San stalk; ridges with small teeth; apex generally Andres (Schnetter 1976), Great Swan Island concave. Air bladders deeply embedded in (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta 1961), *Belize center of blade. Holdfast strong, tough, (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler branching. Cryptostomata (sunken cavities on 30185 (US). blade surface appearing as dark dots) abun­ dant, convex, scattered over blade and stalk, Phylum CHLOROPHYTA with raised opening (volcano-like or cone­ Order CTENOCLADALES shaped) creating rough surface. Fertile branchlets densely forked, crowded at blade Family ULVELLACEAE axil. 110. :~:~Pringsheimiella scutata (Reinke) HABITAT.-Common, on rocks or dead Hohnel in Marchewianka 1924: 42. coral fragments, in shallow areas on reef crest Pringsheimia scutata Reinke 1888: 241. Pringsheimiella in strong currents or heavy wave action; udoteae (B0rgesen) T aylor 1960: 51. Pringsheimia udoteae Bergesen 1913: 11, fig. 3 (see Kornmann & Sahling 1983). lower intertidal to 1 m deep. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus thin, circular, form­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, ing disc-like crust, 1-2 mm diam., bright )~Cuba, )~Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, *Puerto Rico, green. Crusts 10-12 p,m thick, of one cell )l-Virgin Islands, Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30518 layer. Cells 5-25 p,m wide, 10-20(-40) p,m (US), Barbuda (Taylor 1962b), )f-Guadeloupe, St. long; marginal cells in radiating series, radially Lucia [D. & M. Littler 31136 (US), )I-Netherlands Antilles el-Taylor 1960), Venezuela (Diaz-Piferrer elongated; central cells roundly rectangular, 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), IsIa de San thicker, often extending vertically into surface Andres (Kapraun 1972), Isla de Providencia hairs; hairs 8-10 p,m diam., to 140 p,m long. (Schnetter 1976), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), Chloroplasts adjacent to cell walls, irregularly Mexico (Huerta 1958), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes lobed; pyrenoids 1-4. Sporangia oval to bot­ 1974; D. & M. Littler 30090 (US). tle-shaped, 15-22 p,m diam., 28-45 p,m long, NUMBER 9 85

with single pore at apex; spores quadriflagel­ rectangular, 16-18 p.m diam.; pyrenoids 2{-3) late. Gametes quadriflagellate. per cell. HABITAT.-Common, but inconspicuous; HABITAT.-Common; tangled on man­ epiphytic on other marine plants; to 7 m grove prop roots, occasionally forming loose­ deep. lying masses smothering other organisms in DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Humm & Earle­ areas of extremely high nutrients; to 10 m Taylor 1961), )~Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico deep. (Ballantine & N orris 1989), *Virgin Islands DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Humm 1963), Cuba (*Taylor 1960), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, Hispaniola Littler 30272 (US). (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), 111. Ulvella lens P. Crouan & H. Crouan *Barbados {*Taylor 1960}, Trinidad (Richardson 1859: 288, pI. 22, fig. E. 1975), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela DESCRIPTION.-Thallus thin, circular, form­ (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), tColombia, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de ing disc-like crusts, 1-5 mm diam., bright Providencia (tSchnetter 1978), Mexico (Huerta et green. Crusts 8-25 p.m thick; margins with al. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican one cell layer; center with 2-3 cell layers. Cays: D. & M. Littler 53072 (US). Cells 5-10{-20) p.m diam., roundly rectangu­ lar; distal cells often forked; marginal cells elongated, 3-8{-15) p.m diam., 15-30 p.m long; 113. Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) surface hairs absent. Chloroplasts adjacent to J. Agardh 1883: 126. cell walls; pyrenoids generally absent. Spo­ Conferva flexuosa Roth 1800: 188, nom. illeg. Viva flexu­ rangia formed from central cells; each produc­ osa Wulfen 1803: 1. ing 4, 8 or 16 biflagellate spores. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus flaccid, slender, HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; gregarious, in clusters or tufts, 5-15{-25) cm on shells, hydroids or epiphytic on other ma­ long, light green; branching, if present, sparse rine plants, commonly occurring on Ventri­ near base. Blades 1-5{-10) mm diam., tapering caria ventricosa; intertidal to 2 m deep. toward base, cylindrical, hollow, tubular or DISTRIBUTION.-tTexas, Mississippi (Humm & flattened and strap-shaped with hollow mar­ Caylor 1957), *Florida, Hispaniola (Dlaz-Piferrer gins; walls one cell thick. Cells rounded rec­ 1978), Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963), *Virgin tangular, 10-28 p.m wide, 8-30 p,m long, in Islands CI-Taylor 1960), St. Martin (Yroman 1968), somewhat longitudinal and often transverse Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia rows; basal cells to 50 p.m long; pyrenoids (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), tMexico (tHumm & Hildebrand 1962), (1-)2-3{-5) per cell. Rhizoids fine, forming Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & tightly knit basal pad. M. Littler 24009 (US). HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop roots, wood, rock or epiphytic on other ma­ Order ULVALES rine plants; in brackish water of estuaries or around freshwater seeps on sandy shores; high Family ULVACEAE intertidal to 5 m deep. 112. Enteromorpha chaetomorphoides DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, *Mississippi, )I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Virgin Bergesen 1911: 149, fig. 12. Islands, tSt. Martin, )I-St. Barthelemy, *Barbuda, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus loose-lying, tan­ §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), §St. gled, in filamentous aggregations of indefinite Kitts, §Montserrat, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, §St. size and shape, bright green; branching mainly Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), *Grenada, at apices. Blades long, fine, slender, cylindri­ *Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), *Tobago, :J:Isles de Aves, *Netherlands Antilles, :J:Venezuela cal, 16-50 p,m diam.; most commonly 3 rows (:J:Gessner & Hammer 1967), )I-Costa Rica (*Taylor of longitudinally aligned cells; thicker blades 1960), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), Guate­ (4 or more cells in diameter) hollow in trans­ mala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), Mexico (Huerta verse section; apices single series of cells, rap­ 1960), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: idly becoming two cells thick. Cells square to D. & M. Littler 30290 (US). 86 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOj.Lm

100/LID lOOj.Lm

111. Ulvella lens 112. Enteromorpha chaetomorphoides 1. Cell arrangement showing forked distal cells (Q of young 1. Cylindrical blade filaments. 2. Transverse sections of two plant. blades.

Imm 00 o ~ oLJ o o·;· 0~ o lOO~m o ~

113. Enteromorpha f1exuosa 114. Viva rigida 1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of tube wall. 3. Surface view 1. Margin of perforated thallus. 2. Margin with intermit­ of blade cells. tent microscopic teeth. 3. Surface arrangement of blade cells. 4. Transverse section of blade. NUMBER 9 87

114. Ulva rigida C. Agardh 1822-1823: 410. 116. Cladophoropsis membranacea Viva iactuca var. rigida (C. Agardh) Le Jolis 1863: 38 (see (Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) Bergesen Bliding 1969). 1905: 289, figs. 8-13. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus thin, sheet-like, as Conferva membranacea Hofman Bang in C. Agardh turfs, tufts or solitary blades, variable in 1824: 120. shape, to 10(-100) cm high, bright green. Blades ruffled or flat, two cells thick, unperfo­ DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, form­ rated or perforated with few to many small ing dense mats or in mixed turfs, 2-5(-10) cm holes; margins rounded, lobed, smooth to high, glossy light green; branching alternate undulating, with microscopic intermittent below, unilateral above. Filaments 150-280 teeth; basal region to 200 p.m thick. Cells p.m diam.; lateral filaments 100-150 p.m diam., rounded, square to irregularly polyhedral, 11­ originating as extension of upper end of par­ 17 p.m wide, 15-22 p.m long, somewhat elon­ ent cell; wall formation absent from base of gated, in ordered rows or randomly arranged; lateral filaments with open connection to par­ pyrenoids generally 2, rarely 1-8 per cell. ent cell. Stolons horizontally spreading, pale Stalks inconspicuous. Rhizoidal cells short, or colorless, fibrous, often terminating in fin­ basal. ger-like pads (hapteral cells). HABITAT.-Uncommon; on hard surfaces, HABITAT.-Common; forming small cush­ in areas of active water motion; intertidal to 2 ion-like clumps on rocks, wood or other hard m deep. surfaces in calm waters, occasionally as exten­ DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Phillips 1960), J a­ sive mats infiltrated with sand; intertidal to 10 maica (Chapman 1961), Puerto Rico (Ballantine & Norris 1989), Guadeloupe [D. & M. Littler 30769 m deep. (US), Martinique [D. & M. Littler 31009 (US), DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), Mis­ tColombia, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), sissippi (Humm & Darnell 1959), *Florida, tlsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia (tSch­ *Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, §Cayman netter 1978), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Peli­ Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30262 (US). *Virgin Islands, Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30553 (US), tSt. Martin, >}St Barthelemy, tSt. Eustatius Order CLADOPHORALES (tVroman 1968), :j:St. Kitts, *Guadeloupe, §Dom­ inica, *Martinique, :j:St. Lucia (:j:Taylor 1962b), §St. SIPHONOCLADACEAE Family Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), *Grenada, *Bar­ 115. Cladophoropsis macromeres Taylor bados, *Tobago, *Netherlands Antilles, *Venezue­ 1928: 64, pI. 4, figs. 15-16. la, Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson, 1962b), Isla San Andres (Kapraun DESCRIPTION.-Thallus loose, coarse, as 1972), *Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican filamentous mats or in mixed turfs, to 15 cm Cays: D. & M. Littler 30133 (US). high, glossy light green; branching irregular below, unilateral above; often lacking basal network. Filaments 375-460 p.m diam.; lateral 117. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk£l) filaments 210-295 p.m diam., originating as Bergesen 1932: 2, pI. 1, fig. 1. extension of upper end of parent cell; wall Viva cavernosa ForsskaI 1775: 187. formation absent from base of lateral fila­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus sack-like, hollow, ments with open connection to parent cell. spherical when young, irregularly lobed or Rhizoids pale or colorless, fibrous, often ter­ ruptured when old, to 12(-30) cm diam., light minating in finger-like pads (hapteral cells). green. Primary cells 0.1-3.0 mm diam., in one HABITAT.-Common; forming cushion­ layer, angular or polyhedral in surface view, like clumps in calm shallow habitats or entan­ gled with other algae; to 5 m deep. appearing honeycomb-like, adhering to one DISTRIBUTION.-)}Florida, Cuba (Sosa 1977), another by microscopic tenacular cells. Ten­ )}J amaica e}Taylor 1960), Puerto Rico (Dlaz­ acular cells forming continuous row at abut­ Piferrer 1963), Barbados (raylor 1969), Colombia ment of primary cells, alternately opposite (Schnetter 1978), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); one another. Rhizoids short, branched or un­ Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30034 (US). branched. 88 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

, .. 2mm _. CD C;;~ \}-')0 200p,in WV~ 115. Cladophoropsis macromeres 116. Cladophoropsis membranacea 1. Filaments showing lack of cell walls at base of lateral 1. Filament showing lack of cell wall at base of lateral filaments with open connection to parent cells. 2. Color­ branchlets with open connection to parent cells. 2. Col­ less basal holdfast. orless short rhizoid with finger-like hapteral {h} attach­ ment.

117. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa 118. Siphonocladus rigidus 1. Transverse section of thallus showing basal rhizoids {r}. 1. Habit with clear filament bearing spherical, darkly pig­ 2. Surface view of primary {macroscopic} cells with con­ mented reproductive structures. necting microscopic tenacular cells {t}. 3. Surface view of tenacular cells. NUMBER 9 89

HABITAT.-Common; lightly attached to zoidal cells. Note: when broken free, thallus rocks or dead coral heads, often forming ex­ sinks. tensive mats; to 40 m deep. HABITAT.-Common; in cracks and crev­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & ices on hard substrates or scattered among Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, other algae on mangrove prop roots; to 80 m )l-Hispaniola, )l-Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, tSt. deep. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda (tVroman DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )l-Bahamas, *Cuba, 1968), :f:Antigua, :f:St. Kitts, )l-Nevis, *Guadeloupe, )l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )l-Hispaniola, )l-Puerto §Dominica, *Martinique, :f:St. Lucia, §Bequia Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, tSt. (§Taylor 1969), Grenada (:f:Taylor 1962b), )l-Bar­ Barthelmy, tBarbuda, §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius bados, )fIslas de Aves, )l-Netherlands Antilles, Vene­ (tVroman 1968), §St. Kitts, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, zuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Sch­ )l-Martinique, §St. Lucia, §St. Vincent, §Bequia netter 1969), )l-panama, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballan­ (§Taylor 1969), Carriacou {Taylor 1980), *Grenada, tine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), *Barbados, )l-Tobago, )l-Netherlands Antilles, Vene­ Great Swan Island {Taylor, 1975), *Mexico el-Tay­ zuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Sch­ lor 1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican netter 1969), *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Cays: D. & M. Littler 30000 (US). Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), Isla de Provi­ 118. Siphonocladus rigidus Howe dencia, Great Swan Island {Taylor, 1975), *Mexico el-Taylor 1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Peli­ 1905a: 244, pI. 13, fig. 1, pI. 14, figs. 1-11. can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30007 (US). DESCRIPTION.-Thallus coarsely filamen­ tous, crisp, rigid, cushion-like, to 5 cm long, Family VALONIACEAE pale to translucent green; branching unilateral 120. :~:~Ernodesmis verticillata (Kiitzing) or irregular. Main axes indistinct, 350-1150 pm diam., 1-3 cells wide. Branches single se­ Bergesen 1912: 259, figs. 10-12. ries of cells (uniseriate), rarely 2-3 cells wide; Valonia verticillata Kiitzing 1847: 165. cells elongate laterally to form branchlets. DEscRIPTION.-7"ballus bushy, stiff, in Branchlets 350-900 pm diam., uniseriate; api­ spherical clumps, to 10 cm high, translucent ces blunt, not tapered, often growing down­ yellow-green. Branches formed from single ward; cell walls 15-70 pm thick. Spores com­ macroscopic cell; cells narrow at base, swollen mon, spherical, bright yellow-green, formed or club-like at apex, topped with up to 12 within filament sheath, released slowly from similar branches at apex, branching pattern branch apex. Holdfast of similar thick fila­ repeated for six or more equal levels, each ments. branching set slightly smaller and narrower HABITAT.-Common, but inconspicuous; than preceding set. Stalk single-celled, 1.5-2.5 on mangrove peat or other firm surfaces; in­ mm diam., 1-2 cm long. Rhizoids sparse, in­ tertidal to 1 m deep. conspICUOUS. DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )l-Bahamas, *Cuba, HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; )l-Jamaica, Barbuda (Vroman 1968), Belize (Littler often covered by sediments or numerous epi­ & Littler 1995); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler phytes, on mangrove prop roots or other firm 30135 (US). objects in shallow protected bays; occasion­ 119. Ventricaria ventricosa a. Agardh) ally found in deeper waters along steep walls; Olsen & West 1988: 104, figs. 1-4,11. to 45 m deep. Valonia ventricosa Agardh 1887: 96. DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, tBahamas, *Turks & DESCRIPTION.- Thallus solitary or as sev­ Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, His­ eral loosely connected, large, unbranched, paniola (Dlaz-Piferrer 1978), )l-Virgin Islands, tSt. macroscopic cells, 2-5{-10) cm diam., shiny Martin, t Antigua, *St. Eustatius, tSt. Kitts (tVroman 1968), *Montserrat, §Dominica, Martin­ dark green with reflective glare. Cells ique [D. & M. Littler 30948 (US), §St. Lucia, §St. spherical to oblong, firm; cell walls thin, Vincent (§Taylor 1969), Carriocou {Taylor 1980), tough. Rhizoidal cells small, branched. Re­ )l-Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao production by release of small cytoplasmic (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Tobago, *Venezuela, Co­ spheres from parent cells or expansion of rhi- lombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica {Dawson 90 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

119. Ventricaria ventricosa 120. Ernodesmis verticillata 1. Habit, note base with rhizoidal cells (r) and vegetative 1. Typical branch. propagules (v).

121. Valonia macrophysa 122. Anadyomene saldanhae 1. Habit. 1. Blade margin showing random cells between veins. 2. Base of blade with rhizoidal extensions of vein cells. NUMBER 9 91

1962), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), *Mexico 123. Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen in CI-Taylor 1960), *)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Jacquin) C. Agardh 1822-1823: 400. Littler 30126 (US). Viva stellata Wulfen in Jacquin 1787 [1786]: 351. 121. Valonia macrophysa Kiitzing 1843: 307. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus densely packed DESCRIPTION.-Thallus formed from tufts or erect ruffled clumps, to 10 cm high, crowded macroscopic cells, creeping, of inde­ bright yellow-green. Blades crisp, one cell terminate size and shape, to 5 cm thick, thick; margins lobed or undulating; marginal glossy, dark olive-green; branching irregular, cells small, oval. Veins faintly visible, in fan­ from base or any exposed area of parent cell. shaped pattern, radiating peripherally from Cells spherical, oblong to club-shaped, 5-15 base, branching polychotomous at segment mm diam., 1-4 cm long, tightly packed; cell apices; cells' mid-blade length (0.6-3.0 mm) to walls thin, tough. Rhizoids extending from width (0.25-0.38 mm) ratio highly variable, basal cells. from 8:1 in young to 2:1 in older blades. Cells HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering to between veins parallel. Rhizoids loosely tan­ hard substrates, in shaded or darkened areas; gled, from basal extensions of lower vein cells; intertidal to 5 m deep. attached directly to substrate or intertwined DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Cuba, to form multiple stipes. )I-Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, Puerto HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, mangrove Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963), *Virgin Islands (*Taylor prop roots, sponges or other firm surfaces; 1960), St. Martin (Vroman 1968), Martinique [D. & lower intertidal to 30(-91.5) m deep. M. Littler 31011 (US), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, Turks & 1970b), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Caicos [D. & M. Littler 41315 (US), *Cuba, Cay­ Cays: D. & M. Littler 30116 (US). man Islands [D. & M. Littler 32097 (US), *Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, St. Order CLADOPHORALES Martin (Yroman 1968), Barbuda (Taylor 1962b), Family ANADYOMENACEAE §Antigua, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, Dominica (Littler & Littler 1991), *Martinique, §St. Lucia (§Taylor 122. Anadyomene saldanhae Joly 1969), *Barbados, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), & Oliveira 1969: 30, figs. 1-3. Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), :f:Colombia, *Pan­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus densely packed ama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), :f:Isla de San An­ tufts, prostrate sheets or erect ruffled clumps, dres, :f:Isla de Providencia (:f:Schnetter 1978), )I-Mex­ to 10 cm high, bright green. Blades crisp, one ico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30150 (US). cell thick; margins smoothly rounded; mar­ ginal cells small, oval. Veins faintly visible, in fan-shaped pattern, radiating peripherally 124. ~~~~Microdictyon curtissiae Taylor from base, branching polychotomous at seg­ 1955: 69, pI. I, figs. 1-8, pI. Ill, fig. 2. ment apices; cells' mid-blade length (0.65-0.88 delicate, fine, as mm) to width (0.25-0.35 mm) ratio 4:1. Cells DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary blades or multilayered tufts, to 4 cm between veins random, oval. Rhizoids loosely wide, 7 cm long, iridescence pale green. tangled, occurring over broad area, forming Blades oval, mesh-like, one cell thick. Primary from basal extensions of lower vein cells. filaments obscure but detectable, with no dis­ HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates, tinct pattern; branching opposite, radiating sponges or mangrove prop roots; lower inter­ from joints; cells 320-590 p,m diam., 600-2000 tidal to 30(-79) m deep. p,m long. Branchlets abut adjacent filaments DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Bucher et al. 1990), with small, specialized, oval to spherical, tBahamas, Turks & Caicos [D. & M. Littler 41180 (US), tCuba, Cayman Islands [D. & M. Littler tenacular cells (31-114 p,m diam.); branchlet 52096 (US), Jamaica [D. & M. Littler 51781 (US), cells 250-340 p,m diam., 2-3 diameters long; tHispaniola, tPuerto Rico, Martinique [D. & M. margins fringed with short, free branchlets. Littler 30852 (US), Colombia (Bula-Meyer 1982), Stipe absent. Rhizoids short, inconspicuous, tBelize (tLittler & Littler 1991); Pelican Cays: D. forming as basal extension of primary & M. Littler 30153 (US). filament cells. 92 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

123. Anadyomene stellata 124. Microdictyon curtissiae 1. Blade margin. 2. Mid-blade showing parallel cells be­ 1. Cell arrangement in mesh-like network of blade. tween main veins. 2. Branchlets showing specialized tenacular cells (t).

125. Chaetomorpha crassa 126. Chaetomorpha linum 1. Filament showing individual cells with thick walls. 1. Filament structure. NUMBER 9 93

HABITAT.-Uncommon; attached to man­ Martin (Vroman 1968), )"St. Barthelemy, Antigua grove prop roots just below low tide line or (price & John 1979), §St. Kitts, >f-Guadeloupe, growing on other marine plants; to 1 m deep. §Dominica, *Martinique, §St. Vincent, §Bequia DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Taylor 1960), )")"Bel­ (§Taylor 1969), >f-Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson ize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30122 (US). 1975), *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, )"Costa Rica e"Taylor 1960), >"*Belize; Family CLADOPHORACEAE Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30169 (US). 125. :~:~Chaetomorpha crassa (C. Agardh) Kiitzing 1845: 204. 127. :~:~Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn) Conferva crassa C. Agardh 1824: 99. Kiitzing 1843: 267. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tangled, resem­ Conferva laetevirens Dillwyn 1805 [1802-1809]: pI. 48. bling nylon-monofilament fishing line, of Cladophora mexicana P. Crouan & H. Crouan in indeterminate length, shiny dark green. Fila­ Schramm & Maze 1865: 38. C. catenatoides P. Crouan & ments unbranched, unattached; cells cylindri­ H. Crouan in Maze & Schramm 1878 [1870-1877]: 65 (see cal, 300-700 (-1000) p,m diam., as long as van den Hoek 1982). wide; thick walled and tough in shallow DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spongy, stiff, tropical waters; thin walled and delicate in sparse or compact, as hemispherical pads, to deep subtropical waters. 20 cm high, grass green to pale green; branch­ HABITAT.-Uncommon; tangled with ing pseudodichotomous or pseudotrichoto­ mous below, somewhat unilateral above, an­ other large algae on mangrove prop roots or 0 0 as tangled coarse threads on sedimentary bot­ gling 25 -45 • Filaments straight or slightly toms; intertidal to 50 m deep. curved; cells cylindrical, slightly swollen at distal ends, 50-100(-205) p.m diam., 3-11 di­ DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Dawes et al. 1967), Cuba (Dtaz-Piferrer 1964a), Hispaniola (Almo­ ameters long; apices straight or curved, taper­ d6var & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almod6var ing to 37 p,m diam. Rhizoids fine, forming & Blomquist 1965), *Virgin Islands, St. Martin from basal or adjacent cells. (Vroman 1968), )"St. Barthelemy e"Taylor 1960), HABITAT.-Common; near low-tide line tAntigua, St. Kitts (Taylor 1962b), tNevis, tSt. on rocks, pebbles or other hard substrates; to Lucia, Carriacou (Taylor 1980), tGrenada (tTaylor 2 m deep. 1969), Trinidad (Richardson 1975), :J:Bonaire, DISTRIBUTION.->"Guadeloupe, >"Colombia, (Tay­ :J:Cura~ao (:J:Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz­ lor 1960), )">"Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler Piferrer 1970b), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 30184 (US). 1986), Isla de Providencia (Schnetter 1978), **Bel­ ize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30124 (US). 128. :~:~Cladophora montagneana Kiitzing 126. :~:'c-Chaetomorpha linum (0. F. Miiller) 1849: 415. Kiitzing 1845: 204. Cladophora delicatula Montagne 1850: 302. C polycantha Conferva linum o. F. Muller 1778: 7, pI. 771, fig. 2. Montagne 1850: 302 (see van den Hoek 1982). DESCRIPTION.-1ballus large, loosely tan­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as small tufts, gled, filamentous, forming mounds to 1 m 1-3(-30) cm high, dark to grass green; main high, 2 m wide, yellow-green, unattached. axes obvious, straight, often with sections Filaments curled, twisted, stiff, unbranched, devoid of branchlets; branching irregular, oc­ resembling coarse steel wool; cells cylindrical, casionally trichotomous, rarely unilateral (80-)100-375(-400) p,m diam., (100-)300-800 above; cell division primarily intercalary, sel­ p,m long; joints slightly constricted, darker dom apical. Filaments delicate to stiff, green. straight; apices bluntly pointed; cells cylindri­ HABITAT.-Common; as mats or mounds cal, 36-50(-135) p,m diam., 1-8 diameters lying free in high-nutrient areas (near bird long. Rhizoids thick, short, finger-like. islands); to 3 m deep. HABITAT. -Common but inconspicuous; DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun on hard substrates or epiphytic on larger 1973), *Florida, )"Bahamas, )"Cuba, )I-J amaica, plants, in protected or wave-exposed areas; >f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St. intertidal to 30 m deep. 94 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

100 J-Lrn

127. Cladophora laetevirens 128. Cladophora montagneana 1. Habit. 2. Typical filaments. 1. Filament with holdfast (h). 2. Typical filament branch­ ing.

129. Cladophora prolifera 130. Cladophora vagabunda 1. Typical branch. 2. Annular rings of basal cells and 1. Typical branch. 2. Typical filaments connecting to rhizoids. adjacent filaments by hapteral-like rhizoids (r). NUMBER 9 95

DISTRIBUTION.-§Texas, Mississippi (Humm & green; branching pseudodichotomous below, Darnell 1959), )f-Florida, :f:Bahamas, Cuba (D£az­ somewhat unilateral above; angle of branch­ Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, :f:Hispaniola, *Puerto ing 25°-45° in straight branches, 45°-60° in Rico, )f-Guadeloupe, :j:Barbados, Trinidad (Richard­ curved branches; cell division primarily inter­ son 1975), :j:Cura~ao, *Venezuela (*Taylor 1960), calary, not apical. Filament cells cylindrical, :f:Costa Rica (:f:van den Hoek 1982), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), §Mexico (§Humm & Hil­ 80-140 p.m diam., 4-12 diameters long; bran­ debrand 1962), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. chlets tapering to 40 p.m diam., slightly con­ Littler 30151 (US). stricted at junction with main axes; apices straight above, curved or sickle-shaped below. 129. ::-:'t-Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Rhizoids fine, often connecting to adjacent Kiitzing 1843: 271. filaments by hapteral-like rhizoids. HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, pebbles Con/erva prolifera Roth 1797: 182, pI. Ill, fig. 2. or other hard surfaces, near low-tide line; to 2 DESCRIPTION. - Thallus filamentous, coarse, m deep. stiff, often in spherical clumps to 10 cm diam. DISTRIBUTIoN.-*Texas, )f-Louisiana, *Florida, or as densely branched tufts to 25 cm high, )f-Bahamas, )f-Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, )IJamaica, dark green, free-living or attached; branching )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, St. variable, only from cell apices, pseudodi­ Martin (Vroman 1968), *St. Barthelmy, :f:Barbuda, chotomous or pseudotrichotomous, often :f:St. Kitts, tNevis, *Guadeloupe, tDominica, Mar­ unilateral at apices; cell division mostly apical. tinique (van den Hoek 1982), :j:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor Filaments stiff, straight to slightly curved; cells 1962b), tSt. Vincent, tBequia (tTaylor 1969), cylindrical to club-shaped, 240-800 /lm diam., )f-Grenada, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao 7-9{-12) diameters long; apical cells 95-240 (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, *Colombia, p.m diam., 2-5 diameters long; apices rounded. Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres Rhizoids formed proximally from basal cells, (Kapraun 1972), Isla de Providencia (Schnetter 1978), )f-Mexico, )f-Belize; )f-Taylor 1960, Pelican both with annular constrictions. Note: When Cays: D. & M. Littler 30255 (US). reproductive filament apices become undu­ lated or wavy, chloroplasts concentrate in 131. :'t-:%-Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) dark spots (3-5 p.m diam.), other chloroplasts Harvey 1849 [1846-1851]: pI. 238. enlarge (to 8-10 p.m diam) contributing to Con/erva riparia Roth 1806: 216. Rhizoclonium riparium gamete formation, and the plant disintegrates var. implexum (Dillwyn) Kiitzing 1845: 206. R. kerneri upon release of gametes. Stockmayer 1890: 582 (see Koster 1955). HABITAT.-Locally common under eu­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus finely filamentous, trophic environmental conditions, unattached in tangled masses, variable in size and shape, balls can cover large areas, with accumulations yellow-green; usually unattached. Filaments 1-2 m thick in calm harbors and inlets; to 10 10-30 p.m diam., unbranched or seldom m deep. branched, often somewhat curled; cells cylin­ DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Puerto Rico, St. drical, 1-6 diameters long; apical cells often Martin [D. & M. Littler 30586 (US), *Guadeloupe, s,,:ollen. Rhizoids when present short, incon­ Grenada (Taylor 1980), *Barbados, *Tobago, SpICUOUS. )f-Trinidad ef-Taylor 1960), Venezuela (D£az-Piferrer HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, pebbles or 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica other hard substrates, often tangled among (Soto & Ba1lantine 1986), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30239 (US). other species; intertidal to 1 m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-tTexas, )f-Mississippi, *Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Cuba, *Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Almo­ 130. Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) d6var & Blomquist 1965), St. Martin (Vroman van den Hoek 1963: 144. 1968), Antigua (price & John 1979), )f-Guadeloupe, Con/erva vagabunda Linnaeus 1753: 1167. Cladophora Bequia ([aylor 1969), *Tobago (*Taylor 1960), fascicularis (Martens in C.A. Agardh) Kiitzing 1843: 268. Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer C. mauritiana Kiitzing 1849: 399. C. sertularina 1964b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica (Montagne) Kiitzing 1849: 396 (see van den Hoek 1982). (Dawson 1962), tMexico (tHumm & Hildebrand DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, spon­ 1962), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler gy, soft, pompon-like, to 30 cm high, pale 30217 (US). 96 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

131. Rhizoclonium riparium 132. Bryobesia cylindrocarpa 1. Unbranched ftlaments with typical, swollen, apical cells. 1. Habit showing basal rhizoids.

133. Bryopsis hypnoides 134. Bryopsis pennata 1. Scattered, irregular habit of branchlets. 1. Habit. 2. Lateral branchlets in two opposite rows (pinnate branching). NUMBER 9 97

Order BRYOPSIDALES Fronds feather-like, 8-15 mm wide, sparingly branched; main axes 240-360 !-tm diam.; lat­ Family BRYOPSIDACEAE eral branchlets 75-150 !-tm diam., of uniform 132. :}:}Bryobesia cylindrocarpa Howe length, constricted at base, in two opposite 1920: 610. rows on upper half of branch, lower half na­ ked. Rhizoidal system fibrous, tightly inter­ DESCRIPTION. - Thallus erect, filamentous, woven. stiff, 3-15 mm high, dark green; branching HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop sparse, when present, somewhat dichoto­ roots or other solid substrates, in calm shal­ mous. Siphons 75-156 !-tm diam.; siphon wall low waters, lower intertidal to 5 m deep. (3-)5-10 !-tm thick. Sporangia spherical to DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand oval, 90-180 p,m diam., 150-450 !-tm long, 1962), )l-Florida, )l-Bahamas, )l-Cuba, )l-Jamaica, )l-His- solitary, sessile, formed from one arm of di­ paniola, )l-Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, chotomy; spores oval, 20-25 p,m diam, 20-40 tSt. Barthelmy, Antigua (Taylor 1969), St. Kitts p,m long, 200-500 per sporangium. (Taylor 1962b), tAves (tVroman 1968), )l-Guade­ HABITAT.-Rare, inconspicuous; epiphytic loupe, )l-Martinique, )l-Barbados, )l-Trinidad, on mangrove prop roots or growing on other ):-N etherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Gessner & hard surfaces; intertidal to 7 m deep. Hammer 1967), )l-Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto DISTRIBUTION.-Bahamas (Taylor 1960), )l-)l-Bel­ & Ballantine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter ize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30194 (US). 1978), )l-Mexico, )l-Belize Cl-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30277 (US). 133. ::-:}Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux 1809b: 135, pI. 1, figs. 2a-2b [also 1809a: 333]. 135. Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as filamentous tufts, 1822-1823: 448. to 10 cm high, dull or dark green; branching irregular; primary axes highly branched. VIva plumosa Hudson 1778: 571. Fronds decreasing in diameter with each suc­ cessive division; main axes 65-140 !-tm diam.; DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming filamen­ branchlets form irregularly, undifferentiated tous tufts, to 20 cm high, translucent light from axes, 40-80 p,m dialn., constricted at green, often with blue iridescence; primary base; apices rounded. Rhizoidal system fi­ axes frequently with secondary branches. brous, tightly interwoven. Note: Possibly Fronds fine, feather-like (pinnate) or plume­ conspecific with Bryopsis plumosa (see Schnei­ like, naked below, 1-3 cm wide; main axes to der and Searles 1991). 200 p,m diam.; lateral branchlets 65-100 p,m HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop diam., in two opposite rows, constricted at roots or other hard substrates; lower inter­ base, with rounded to bluntly pointed apices, tidal to 1 m deep. increasing in length toward main axes. Rhi­ DISTRIBUTION.-tTexas, )l-Florida, )l-Bahamas, zoidal system fibrous, tightly interwoven. Cuba (Suarez 1973), )l-Cayman Islands Cl-Taylor HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates, 1960), Jamaica (Chapman 1961), Puerto Rico (Dlaz­ in tidepools, sheltered habitats or in moderate Piferrer 1963), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica (Soto & surf behind reef crest; intertidal to 1 m deep. Ballantine 1986), tMexico (tHumm & Hildebrand DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun 1962), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 1973), )l-Florida, )l-Cuba, )l-Virgin Islands, Antigua 30275 (US). (Taylor 1969), )l-St. Barthelemy, St. Kitts (Vroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe, Grenadines [D. & M. Littler 134. Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux 31252 (US), )l-Grenada, )l-Barbados, Trinidad (Rich­ 1809a: 333. ardson 1975), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Vene­ zuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Sch­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, bushy, netter 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San in tuft-like mats, to 10 cm high, shiny dark Andres (Kapraun 1972), )l-Mexico, )l-Belize Cl-Taylor green, often with light blue iridescence. 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30185 (US). 98 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Imm

135. Bryopsis plumosa 136. Derbesia fastigiata 1. Habit. 2. Pinnate lateral branchlets. 3. Stolon-like 1. Habit showing repeated dichotomous divisions. rhizoids.

CD

100 JLrn

137. Derbesia marina 138. Derbesia osterhoutii 1. Plant siphons with double wall (w) occurring occasion­ 1. Habit. 2 & 3. Attachment pad. ally at base of branch and lateral sporangia (s). NUMBER 9 99

136. ;~;~Derbesia fastigiata W. Taylor broken free. "Halicystis stage" of Derbesia 1928: 94, pI. 11, figs. 1-3. osterhoutii is completely different from its DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, as sparse filamentous alternate, each form representing filamentous tufts, 0.5-2.0 cm high, dark a different stage in the life history. green; branching 4-7 times in equal dichoto­ HABITAT.-Common; growing on crustose mous divisions. Siphons erect, stiff, straight, coralline algae such as Sporolithon or Hy­ often swollen at apex just before branching; drolithon, in shaded cracks and crevices; to 18 50-100 p,m diam. at base, decreasing in diame­ m deep. ter with each successive division, terminal DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, >f-Bahamas, Cuba siphons tapering to 7-10 p,m diam., more lax, (Suarez 1973), Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969), flowing; not constricted at dichotomies or, >f-J amaica, Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), Antigua (Taylor 1962b), )f-Grenadines (*Taylor 1960), Co­ rarely, slightly constricted. Holdfast incon­ lombia (Schnetter 1978), Mexico (Huerta 1961), spicuous, of contorted siphons. >f->f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30094 (US). HABITAT.-Uncommon or inconspicuous; epiphytic on other marine plants; intertidal to Family CODIACEAE 1 m deep. 139. ;~;~Codium decorticatum (Woodward) DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Taylor 1960), Jamaica (Chapman 1961), )f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Howe 1911: 494. Littler 30068 (US). Viva decorticata Woodward 1797: 55. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus flowing, bushy, 137. ;~;~Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) hemispherical or in dome-shaped clumps, 25­ Solier 1846: 453. 50(-100) cm high, deep yellow-green; branch­ Vaucheria marina Lyngbye 1819: 79, pI. 22:A. ing dichotomous, often prolific. Branches D'ESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming fine fila­ spongy, cylindrical, 6-25 mm diam., 6-9 cm mentous tufts, 1-3 cm high, dark green; long, flattened at dichotomies (occasionally branching sparse, lateral, rarely dichotomous. throughout). Utricles cylindrical, oval or Siphons (11-)50-70 p,m diam., occasionally club-shaped, 150-800 p,m diam., 800-2000 p,m having double cell walls at juncture with par­ long; apex wall 4-8 p,m thick; hairs variable, ent siphon. Sporangia solitary, oval, spherical up to 12 per utricle when present, in band to club-shaped, (38-)90-200 p,m diam., 145-330 p,m below apex. Gametangia oval, (85-) 120-270(-333) p,m long, lateral on 58-125 p,m diam., 144-390 p,m long, stalked, branch, sessile or with short stalk, separated 1-7 per utricle. Holdfast fibrous, pad-like. by double wall; spores 16-32 per sporangium. HABITAT. -Common; on rock or other Holdfast inconspicuous, of contorted siphons. hard objects, in sheltered areas; to 15 m deep. HABITAT.-Uncommon or inconspicuous; DISTRIBUTION.->f-Florida, Cuba (Suarez 1973), epiphytic on other marine plants; intertidal to Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), >f-Virgin 60 m deep. Islands, St. Barthelemy (Silva 1960), Antigua [D. & M. Littler 30681 (US), >f-Guadeloupe, Bequia [D. & DISTRIBUTION.-Cuba (Sosa 1977), *)'c-Belize; M. Littler 31210 (US), *Tobago, >f-Venezuela, Co­ Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30188 (US). lombia (Schnetter 1969), *Costa Rica (>f-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Huerta 1960), >f-*Belize; Pelican ;~;~Derbesia 138. osterhoutii (L. R. Blinks & Cays: D. & M. Littler 30202 (US). A. H. Blinks) Page 1970: 375, figs. 1-6. Halicystis stage 140. Codium intertextum Collins & Hervey 1917: 54. Halicystis osterhoutii L. R. Blinks & A. H. Blinks 1931: 389, pIs. 22-23, figs. 1-12, text fig. 18. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus slick, firm, spon­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or in clus­ gy, smooth, contorted, forming creeping ters, as small shiny balloon-like cells, to 3 cm mats, often with overlapping broad lobes, of diam., pale translucent green. Cells oval or indeterminate size and shape, to 6 cm thick, spherical, pliable; wall thin, tough. Holdfast dark green; surface typically covered by fine inconspicuous; rhizoids 20-30 p,m diam., hairs, noticeable when submerged. Utricles blunt, pad-like. Note: Thallus floats when cylindrical, (42-)70-110(-215) p,m diam., 100 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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139. Codium decorticatum 140. Codium intertextum 1 & 2. Utricles with hair scars (h). 3. Habit showing 1. Utricles with young gametangia (g). 2. Utricles with flattened blades at dichotomies. hair scars (h). 3. Habit.

. --:::'. ~ l00J.Lm ~Jl' ~ - c:- ----. . ~ lcm

141. Codium isthmocladum 142. Codium repens 1. Utricles with gametangia (g) and surface hairs (h). 1. Habit. 2. Utrides with young gametangia (g). 3. Utri­ 2. Utricles with gametangia (g). 3. Typical branch. des with hair scars. NUMBER 9 101

(400-)480-700(-850) p,m long; apex rounded 1962b), )l-Guadeloupe, )l-Martinique, Bequia [D. & or flattened, rarely pointed, often bulbous or M. Littler 31193 (US), )l-Barbados, )l-Trinidad, tBon­ slightly constricted below apex; apical wall 3­ aire, tCura~ao (tDfaz-Piferrer 1964b), )l-Venezuela, 8 p,m thick; hair scars common on older utri­ )l-Colombia, *Panama, )l-Costa Rica, )l-Honduras, )l-Guatemala, )l-Mexico, )l-Belize (*Taylor 1960); Peli­ cles, somewhat whorled 60-145 p,m below can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30129 (US). apex. Gametangia spindle-shaped to oval, 55-110 p,m diam., 220-330 p,m long, stalked, 142. :~:~Codium repens P. Crouan & typically one per utricle. Rhizoids fine, numerous. H. Crouan in Vickers 1905: 56. HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering to DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as decumbent rock or other hard surfaces, often forming (creeping) mats or patches, to 40 cm diam., distinct zone near low-tide mark; to 20 m dark, dull green; branching widely dichoto­ deep. mous to irregular. Branches tough, rubbery, DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba cylindrical to slightly flattened, 1-3(-5) mm (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, diam., often fusing together; apices blunt, )I-Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, Antigua [D. & M. rounded. Utricles variable, cylindrical to oval, Littler 30679 (US), :f:St. Barthelemy, )l-St. Kitts, club-shaped, 100-275 p,m diam., slender utri­ )l-Guadeloupe, Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30827 cles 330-550 p,m long, thicker ones 700-900 (US), :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), )l-Barbados, p,m long; apical wall to 15.5 p,m thick; hairs )l-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela (*Taylor 1960), common, generally one, occasionally two per Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson utricle, appearing 65-130 p,m below apex. 1962), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia (tSchnetter 1978), Great Swan Island (faylor, Gametangia rare, oval, stoutly spindle-like, 1975), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos et al. 1984), Belize 65-90 p,m diam., 200-225 p,m long, stalked, (fsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. developing 230-350 p,m below apex, one per Littler 30073 (US). utricle. Rhizoids tufted. HABITAT.-Uncommon; growing over or clinging to rocks, under ledges on reef crest; 141. Codium isthmocladum Vickers lower-intertidal to 20 m deep. 1905: 57. DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer DESCRIPTION.-Thallus in tightly compact 1964a), Jamaica (Chapman 1961), Hispaniola hemispherical clumps, to 20 cm high, light (Almod6var & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almo­ gree~, in shaded areas loosely branched, dark d6var & Ballantine 1983), )l-Guadeloupe, )l-Barbados, green; surface smooth, soft, covered by deli­ Trinidad (Silva 1960), )l-Netherlands Antilles (*Tay­ cate hairs; branching dichotomous near tips, lor 1960), Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colom­ bia (Schnetter 1978), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & irregular below. Branches spongy, cylindrical, M. Littler 30201 (US). 2-6 mm diam., occasionally flattened. Utricles cylindrical, club-shaped, infrequently pear­ 143. :~:~Codium taylorii Silva 1960: 510, shaped, 120-475 p,m diam., 440-850 p,m long, pI. 112, 118b, 119, 120a-b. occasionally constricted 130-260 p,m below apex; apical wall 18-56(-110) p,m thick; hairs DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, seldom pros­ few to several per utricle. Gametangia oval, trate, as tightly compact hemispherical 50-130 p,m diam., 180-280 p,m long, stalked, clumps, to 15 cm high, dark green; surface two or more per utricle; gametangia often smooth, soft, covered by fine hairs; branching modified as propagative buds. Holdfast as dichotomous, occasionally cervicorn below. crust-like base. Branches spongy, cylindrical, 3-8(-25) mm HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop diam., often somewhat flattened. Utricles cy­ roots, reef rubble or other hard surfaces; to 10 lindrical to club-shaped, (55-)110-260(-380) m deep. p,m diam., (550-)650-1,150(-1,450) p,m long; DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks apices rounded to slightly pointed; apical wall & Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, )I-Puerto to 23 p,m thick; hairs and/or hair scars abun­ Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, )l- Antigua, )l-St. Martin, :f:St. dant, appearing 50-105 p,m below apex. Barthelemy, :f:Nevis (iSilva 1960), St. Lucia (faylor Gametangia slender, oval, 45-85 p,m diam., 102 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

~

200~~ lOOp,m

143. Codium taylorii 144. Caulerpa charoides 1. Utricles with surface hairs (h). 2. Utricles with gametangia (g). 1. Branchlet with uniform dichotomies. 2. Forked apex 3. Typical branch. of branchlet. 4. Longitudinal section of siphon showing structural trabeculae.

145. Caulerpa cupressoides var. cupressoides 146. Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata 1. Typical branch and branch apex. 2. Habit with upright 1. Branch apex with spine-like branchlets at margins. fronds (f), creeping stolon (s) and branching rhizoids (r). 2. Habit with upright fronds (f), creeping stolon (s) and branching rhizoids (r). NUMBER 9 103

200-350 p,m long, developing 275-430 p,m 145. Caulerpa cupressoides var. cupressoides below apex, 1-2 per utricle. Hold/ast as crust­ (West in Vahl) like base. C. Agardh 1817: XXIII.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove prop Fucus cupressoides West in Vah11802: 38. roots, reef rubble or other hard surfaces; to DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, covered with 10(-60) m deep. 3(-4) longitudinal parallel columns of short DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )I-Bahamas, Cuba branchlets, to 25 cm high, grass-green; branch­ (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), )IJamaica, Hispaniola (Almo­ ing dichotomous to irregular. Branchlets d6var & Bonnelly 1977), )f-Puerto Rico, *Virgin knobby, stiff, cone-shaped, to 0.4 mm diam., Islands, Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30530 (US), St. 1-2 mm long, upcurved; apices pointed. Cen­ Martin (Yroman 1968), *St. Barthelemy, )l-Saba, tral axes 0.5-1.0 mm diam. Stolons creeping, )f-Guadeloupe, Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30928 1.0-1.5 mm diam.; rhizoids numerous, white­ (US), Grenada (Taylor 1980), )f-Barbados, yellow, stalked, 200-300 /Lm diam. at stolon, branching to slender apices. Grenada (Taylor 1980), )f-Tobago, *Trinidad (*Silva 1960), )l-Venezuela, *Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto & HABITAT.-Common; on sandy bottoms or in mangrove muds; to 3 m deep. Ballantine 1986), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks Providencia (tSchnetter 1978), Great Swan Island & Caicos, )l-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, (Taylor, 1975), )I-Mexico (*Taylor 1960), *)l-Belize; )I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almod6var 1962), Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30069 (US). *Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Yroman 1968), *St. Barthelemy, §Antigua, *St. Eustatius, §Nevis, )l-Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), *Martin­ 144. :~:~Caulerpa charoides (Harvey ex Weber ique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), *St. Vincent, van Bosse) Thivy & Visalakshmi 1963: 101, )l-Grenada, *Barbados, *Toba~, Bonaire (van den Cura~ao figs 1-3, pI. 1. Hoek et al. 1972), (Vlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), *Colombia, Caulerpa verticillata f. charoides Harvey ex Weber van )l-panama, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Isla Bosse 1898: 267-268. Herpochaeta charoides Harvey 1857: de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Mexico, *Belize No. 97. el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, fibrous, as 30203 (US). individual strands, rarely as felt-like mats, 1­ 3(-10) cm high, of indeterminate length, green 146. :~:~Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata to yellow-green, center often whitish. Fronds B0rgesen 1907: 368, figs. 18-19. delicately whorled, to 5 mm diam.; whorls 2­ DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, stiff, sparse, 4, closely placed, distal on stalk; mat-forming with marginal spines or short branchlets, to colonies having up to 16 whorls, generally 1 10 cm high, grass-green; branching irregular to somewhat dichotomous. Branchlets tough, mm apart. Branchlets 5-7 times dichot­ stiff, opposite, often spine-like, 0.8-1.0 mm omously branched, slightly constricted at diam., to 0.5(-1.5) mm long., upcurved; apices forks; basal segments 80-100 p,m diam., 2-3 pointed. Central axes compressed or flattened, diameters long; apical segments 20-40 p,m 1-2 mm wide, several times branched, naked diam.; apices often abruptly forked, either below (without branchlets). Stolon creeping, rounded or pointed. Stolon creeping, slender, 2.0-2.5 mm diam.; rhizoids numerous, white­ 150-200 p,m diam., trabeculae or internal yellow, thickly stalked, to 2 mm diam. at stolon, branching to fine apices. bracing system easily visible under magnifica­ HABITAT.-Uncommon; on sedimentary tion; rhizoids few, branched. bottoms, anchored in fine silty sediments of HABITAT.-Rare; but often confused with mangrove lakes; to 3 m deep. c. verticillata; on various stable substrates or DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Dawes 1974), Puerto mangrove prop roots; to 30 m deep. Rico (Almod6var 1962), Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30535 (US), Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30873 DISTRIBUTION.-tCuba, tVirgin Islands, (US), Colombia (Schnetter (1980), Mexico {Huerta tGuadeloupe (tWeber van Bosse 1898), *)I-Belize; et al. 1987), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30215 (US). 30042 (US). 104 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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147. Caulerpa cupressoides var. turneri 148. Caulerpa fastigiata 1. Branch with pointed, knob-like branchlets shorter than 1. Habit. 2. Erect siphon. 3. Stolon with fine rhizoids. the diameter of the central axes. 4. Longitudinal section ofsiphon showing structural trabeculae.

149. Caulerpa mexicana 150. Caulerpa nummularia 1. Frond with flattened, upturned, pointed branchlets. 1. Frond apex with disc-shaped blades. 2. Blades showing proliferating stalk from lower blades. 3. Blades with scalloped margins, creeping stolon with many branched and unbranched rhizoids. NUMBER 9 105

147. :~:~Caulerpa cupressoides var. turneri high, 5-16 mm wide in calm protected habi­ Weber-van Bosse 1898: 330, pI. XXVII, fig. 4. tats, grass-green; unbranched or occasionally DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, stiff, densely branched. Branchlets opposite, flattened, up­ covered with short, longitudinal parallel curved, 2-4 mm wide, 2-10 mm long; apices branchlets, bushy, 2-8 cm high, grass-green. tapering, pointed; base narrowing. Central Branchlets knobby, tough, stiff, cone-shaped, axes (midrib) flat, broad, 1-3 mm wide; lower 0.8-1.0 mm diam., 1.0-1.5 mm long (shorter stalk 1.00-1.75 mm diam., 2-5 mm long. than diameter of central axes), upcurved; api­ St%n creeping, 0.6-1.5 mm diam.; rhizoids ces pointed. Central axes 1.5-2.5 mm diam. delicate, numerous, stalked, 0.2-1.0 mm diam. St%n creeping, 1.5-3.5 mm diam.; rhizoids at stolon, branching to slender apices. numerous, white-yellow, thickly stalked, HABITAT.-Common; attached to small branching to slender apices. coral fragments or pebbles, on sand or mud HABITAT.-Common; on sandy bottoms, bottoms in lagoons, mangroves or seagrass attached to stones and coral fragments or an­ beds; to 15 m deep. chored directly in sand, often present in sea­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), Flor­ grass beds; to 10 m deep. ida (Dawes et al. 1967), )f-Bahamas, *Turks & Cai­ DISTRIBUTION.-Costa Rica \Wellington 1973), cos, *Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispa­ Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), Mexico niola, )f-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St. Martin (faylor 1941), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. (Vroman 1968), §Antigua, *Guadeloupe, §Grenada Littler 30021 (US). (§Taylor 1969), )f-Barbados, )f-Tobago, Cura~ao, (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), )f-Venezuela, *Colombia, 148. Caulerpa fastigiata Montagne Costa Rica \Wellington 1973), Isla de San Andres 1837: 353. (Schnetter 1978), )f-Mexico, *Belize ef-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30009 (US). DESCRIPTION. - Thallus filamentous, form­ ing mat-like colonies, to 3 cm high, dark green; little differentiation between rhizoids, 150. :'c-:~Caulerpa nummularia Harvey stipe and branchlets. Erect siphons 20-120 p,rn ex]. Agardh 1873: 38. diam., branching dichotomous to irregular; trabeculae faintly visible under magnification DESCRIPTION.-Fronds bearing solitary or in younger siphons. Stolon 150-210 p,rn sparsely clustered, flattened, disk-like blades, diam.; rhizoids fine, hair-like, numerous, 20­ to 1 cm high, pale to dark green; often prolif­ 60 /lm diam., length variable. erating additional stalks and blades from cen­ HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous; ter of parent blade. Blades flattened discs, on sandy or muddy bottoms, near mangrove peltate, 1-2(-3) mm diam., occasionally islands, accumulating much sediment, often slightly lobed or scalloped on margins; forming small mounds; to 1 m deep. branchlet stalk 300-400 /lm diam., length DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Cuba, variable. St%n creeping, 400-850 p,m diam.; Cayman Islands (faylor 1969), Jamaica (Chapman rhizoids not stalked or when stalked branch­ 1961), *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Dfaz-Piferrer ing progressively finer. Note: Careful observa­ 1963), *Virgin Islands, *Guadeloupe, *Barbados, tion must be made to distinguish Caulerpa Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Venezuela (Gessner & nummularia from the similar C. racemosa var. Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1980), peltata; the most obvious differences are the *Panama, Mexico (Huerta & Garza-Barrientos thin stolon (400-850 p,m diam. vs. 1-2 mm 1966), *Belize ef-Taylor 1960}; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30196 (US). diam.), proliferating stalks from blade centers and the often lobed or scalloped margins in C. 149. Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kiitzing nummularia. 1849: 496. HABITAT.-Uncommon; in low-light habi­ DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, resembling tats such as shaded mangrove prop roots or flattened feathers, highly variable, dwarf under ledges in reef habitats; to 84 m deep. forms to 2 cm high, 4-10 mm wide in wave­ DISTRIBUTION.-**Belize Pelican Cays: D. & exposed areas, elongated forms 15-25 cm M. Littler 30252 (US). 106 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

151. Caulerpa racemosa vac. racemosa 152. Caulerpa racemosa vac. lamourouxii 1. Frond with tightly clustered branchlets ("uvifera" 1. Apex of frond showing flattened stalk with opposite form). 2. Frond with sparser branchlets ("clavifera" fonn). club-shaped branchlets.

153. Caulerpa racemosa vac. peltata 154. Caulerpa sertularioides 1. Frond with flattened branchlets. 2. Detail of branchlet. 1. Frond feather-like in appearance. 2. Apex with cylin­ drical branchlets and cylindrical central axes. NUMBER 9 107

151. Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh HABITAT.-Uncommon; on silty sub­ 1873: 35, var. racemosa. strates, generally in shallow shaded habitats Fucus racemosa Forssk£l 1775: 191. Caulerpa racemosa such as mangrove lakes; to 30 m deep. var. clavi/era (Turner) Weber-van Bosse 1898: 361-362, pI. DISTRffiUTION.-Bahamas (US 018577), Puerto XXXllI, figs. 1-3. C. racemosa var. uvifera (C. Agardh) J. Rico [D. & M. Littler 30309 (US), Martinique [D. Agardh 1873: 35 (see Papenfuss & Egerod 1957). & M. Littler 31026 (US), St. Lucia [D. & M. Littler DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect or creeping, 31101 (US), *~I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler bearing small, often crowded, bead-like 30265 (US). branchlets, 1-5 cm high, evenly grass-green or often with center star, dot or cat-eye; un­ 153. ~~~~Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata branched or branched. Branchlets spherical, (Lamouroux) Eubank 1946: 421, figs. 2r-2s. oval or club-shaped, occasionally somewhat Caulerpa peltata Lamouroux 1809a: 332. flattened, 2-4 mm diam., not constricted at DESCRIPTION.-Fronds bearing loose clus­ base; stalks 1-2 mm diam., 2-5 mm long. ters of flattened, rounded or disc-like caps, to Stolon creeping, 2-3 mm diam., often bran­ 5 cm high, pale to dark green. Branchlets ched; rhizoids numerous, thickly stalked, from flattened discs to mushroom-shaped, 3-4 branching to slender apices. mm diam.; stalk to 1 mm diam., 1-2 mm HABITAT.-Common; forming inter­ long. Stolon creeping, 1-2 mm diam.; rhizoids twined mats tightly adhering to rocks in stalked, branching to slender apices. Note: moderately heavy surf areas or in calm Flattened morphology is a response to low lagoons and bays, often present in seagrass light. beds; intertidal to 2(-50) m deep. HABITAT. -Common; on shaded man­ DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, ~I-Turks grove prop roots, in dark crevices or under & Caicos, ~I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, ledges; to 5 m deep. *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, ~I-Virgin Islands, St. DISTRffiUTION.-Martinique [D. & M. Littler Martin (Yroman 1968), *St. BarthcHemy, :f:Barbuda, 30838 (US), St. Lucia [D. & M. Littler 31102 (US), *Antigua, ~I-St. Eustatius, )I-Guadeloupe, §Domin­ Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), ~I-*Belize; Peli­ ique, )I-Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St. can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30098 (US). Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), )I-Grenada, ~I-Bar­ bados, )I-Tobago, )}Trinidad, *Isles de Aves, 154. Caulerpa sertularioides (5. G. Gmelin) )I-Netherlands Antilles, ~I-Venezuela, )I-Colombia, Howe 1905b: 576. ~l-panama, ~I-Costa Rica, tIsla de San Andres, tIsla Fucus sertularioides S. G. Gmelin 1768: 151, pI. XV, fig. 4. de Providencia (tSchnetter 1978), )I-Mexico, *Belize; *Taylor 1960, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30152 DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, feather-like, (US). occasionally branched, to 20 cm high, 1-2 cm wide, light green. Branchlets opposite, cylin­ 152. ~~~~Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii drical, needle-shaped, 180-330 /lm diam., 3-11 (Turner) Weber-van Bosse 1898: 369, mm long, upcurved or straight; apices bluntly pI. XXXII, figs. 1-4. pointed. Central axes cylindrical, 1.0-1.5 mm diam. Stolon creeping, extensive, 2.0-2.5 mm Fucus lamourouxii Turner 1811-1819: 79, pI. 229. diam., to 2 m long, generally shorter; rhizoids DESCRIPTION.-Fronds bearing bead-like to thickly stalked, to 2 mm diam. at stolon, tear-shaped branchlets, 10-15 cm high, grass­ branching to slender apices. green often with mottled or spotted pigmen­ tation. Branchlets club-shaped to spherical, 3­ HABITAT.-Common; forming large stands 5(-7) mm diam., alternately opposite, often in in shallow sandy areas or on mangrove prop roots, often present in seagrass beds; to 10 m four ranks or in 2 rows at 180 0 apart; branchlet stalks 2-3 mm diam., to 1 cm long, deep. occasionally slightly constricted at base. Cen­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), *Florida, ~I-Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, tral axes (frond stalk and midrib) compressed ~I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, ~I-J amaica, *Hispaniola, or slightly flattened, often constricted at *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, *St. stolon. Stolon creeping, numerous, 3.5-4.5 Barthelemy, :f:Barbuda, §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius mm diam.; rhizoids stalked, 2-3 mm diam. at (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, :f:Nevis, *Guadeloupe, stolon, branching to slender apices. ~I-Dominica, ~I-Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 108 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

~~~ CD

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155. Caulerpa taxifolia 156. Caulerpa verticillata 1. Frond with flattened feather-like brancWets. 2. Branch 1. Habit. 2. Dichotomously divided branchlet. 3. Forked apex showing upcurved, sickle-shaped branchlets and apices of branchlet. slightly flattened midrib.

157. Halimeda discoidea 158. Halimeda goreaui 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section. 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles of blade margin in 3. Flat disc-shaped segments. longitudinal section. 3. Slightly ribbed, pendant seg­ ments. NUMBER 9 109

1962b), §St. Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), DISTRIBUTION.-)foFlorida, )foBahamas, )foTurks )f-Grenada, )f-Barbados, *Tobago, *Trinidad, & Caicos, )foCuba, tCayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, )f-Netherlands Antilles, )f-Venezuela, )f-Colombia, )f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, Bar­ )}Panama, )f-Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun buda (Vroman 1968), *Antigua, tSt. Kitts (tTaylor 1972), )f-Mexico, )f-Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican 1969), )foGuadeloupe, )f-Martinique, )foGrenada, Trin- Cays: D. & M. Littler 30008 (US). dad (Richardson 1975), *Netherlands Antilles, )f-Venezuela efoTaylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 155. Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Taylor 1817: XXII. 1972), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30022 (US). Fucus taxifolia Vahl1802: 36. DESCRIPTION. -Fronds flattened, feather­ Family HALIMEDACEAE like, 3-15 cm high, pale grass-green; new fronds often proliferating from midrib. 157. Halimeda discoidea Decaisne 1842: 102. Branchlets opposite, 0.6-1.0 mm wide, to 6 DESCRIPTION.-7"ballus erect, compact, mm long, upcurved, tapering at both tip and often as dense clumps, to 20 cm high, bright base, constricted at point of attachment, ap­ green to cream-white; branching dichoto­ proximately 1 mm between branchlets. Cen­ mous, sparse, initially in one plane. Segments tral axes oval, slightly compressed (not flat), lightly calcified, ribless, disc-shaped, flat, oval 1.0-1.5 mm wide, often naked near base for to wedge-shaped, slick, soft, to 4 cm wide, 3.0 1-4 mm. Stolon creeping, 1.5-2.5 mm diam.; cm long, 0.7-1.4 mm thick; basal 1-2 seg­ rhizoids fine. ments seldom cylindrical or stipe-like. Utri­ HABITAT.-Uncommon; growing in sand cles in 2-3 layers; surface utricles 30-90 p.m on reef flats or in fine sediments adjacent to diam., 35-210 p.m long, up to 14 supported by mangrove islands in sheltered or moderately subsurface utricle; subsurface utricles often wave-exposed areas; to 15 m deep. swollen, 50-150 p.m diam., 100-350 p.m long. DISTRIBUTION.-Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), Joint siphons uniting in twos and threes, un- )foJamaica, Hispaniola (Almod6var & Bonnelly calcified. Holdfast small but obvious. Sporan­ 1977), *Puerto Rico, )foVirgin Islands, St. Martin gia spherical to oval, bright green, 120-300 CVroman 1968), )foBarbuda, §Antigua, §St. Kitts, p,m diam., radially alternate or irregular ar­ §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, )f-Martinique, ranged on stalk, densely clustered at margins §St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), )foGrenada, )foBarbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), )f-Islas de Aves, of fertile segments or as sparse clusters on )foNetherlands Antilles, *Colombia, )f-Mexico, *Be­ blade surface. lize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler HABITAT.-Common; on shells, coral frag­ 30218 (US). ments or other sand covered hard surfaces; to 80 m deep. 156. Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh 1847: 6, DISTRIBUTION.-)foFlorida, )foBahamas, )foCuba, as "verticillatam". )f-Jamaica, )f-Puerto Rico, )foVirgin Islands, Sombrero DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, fibrous, in Islands (Ogden et al. 1985), St. Martin (Vroman 1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969), )fo Guadeloupe, *Mar­ felt-like mats, 1-3(-10) cm high, of indetermi­ tinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), *Venezuela, nate area, rarely as individual strands, dark )f-Colombia, )f-Panama (Taylor 1960), Costa Rica green. Fronds delicately whorled, 5-8 mm (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Mexico (Huerta 1960), diam. Branchlets 5-7 times dichotomously Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & branched; basal segments 100-210 p.m diam., M. Littler 30025 (US). 5-10 or more diameters long; apical segments 30-40 p.m diam., apices abruptly forked, 158. Halimeda goreaui W. Taylor pointed. Central axes 140-200 p.m diam. 1962a: 173, figs. 1-7, as "goreauii". Stolon creeping, slender, 300-560 p.m diam.; DESCRIPTION.-Thallus usually pendant, rhizoids few, branched. small, to 7 cm long (in shallow waters), to 13 HABITAT.-Common; as large colonies on cm long (in deep waters), occasionally erect in stable substrates, mangrove prop roots or dense clusters, to 4 cm high, bright green; peat, often present as an understory in sea­ branching sparse (deep) or abundant (shallow) grass beds; to 30 m deep. and originating from single row of segments. 110 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOjLm 159. Halimeda incrassata 160. Halimeda monile 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section. 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section. 3. Cylindrical outer segments.

161. Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia 162. Halimeda opuntia f. triloba 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section. 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section. 3. Contorted, ribbed, tightly packed segments. 3. Contorted, lobed, ribbed segments. NUMBER 9 111

Segments calcified, brittle, flat, slightly ribbed, 1975), *Mexico, *Belize ef-Taylor 1960); Pelican 2.5-6.0 mm wide, 3-4 mm long, 300-500 J-tm Cays: D. & M. Littler 30112 (US). thick; lower segments cylindrical to wedge­ shaped; upper segments deltoid to trilobed. 160. Halimeda monile (Ellis & Solander) Utricles in three or more layers; surface utri­ Lamouroux 1816: 306. cles 15-37 J-tm diam., 15-40 J-tm long, 2-6 sup­ Corallina monile Ellis & Solander 1786: 110, pI. 20, fig. c. ported by each subsurface utricle; subsurface DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 20 cm utricles 10-30 J-tm diam., 20-60 J-tm long. high, dark green. Segments calcified, distally Joint siphons uniting in pairs, uncalcified. cylindrical, elsewhere disc-like or trilobed, 1-5 HABITAT. -Common; attached to rocks, mm wide, 3-8 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm thick; often in shallow shaded areas or in crevices; to basal segments cylindrical, fused to form stipe. 80 ID deep. Utricles in 3-5 layers; surface utricles DISTRIBUTION.-Bahamas (Blair & N orris 30-60{-80) J-tm diam., 48-115 J-tm long, 2-4 1988), Cuba (Suarez 1973), Jamaica (Taylor 1962a), supported by each subsurface utricle; subsur­ Puerto Rico (Almod6var & Blomquist 1965), Vir­ face utricles 23-90 J-tm diam., 23-130 J-tm long. gin Islands [D. & M. Littler 30474 (US), Colombia Joint siphons uniting in twos, threes, or larger (Bula-Meyer 1982), Belize (fsuda & Dawes 1974); groups, uncalcified. Rhizoidal mass bulbous. Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30165 (US). HABITAT.-Common; on sand flats and among seagrasses; to 30 m deep. 159. Halimeda incrassata (Ellis) DISTRmUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, *Turks & Lamouroux 1816: 307. Caicos, *Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rica, )f-Virgin Islands, *Guad­ Corallina incrassata Ellis 1768: pI. 17, figs. 20-27. eloupe, *Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 25 cm Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, tIsla de San high, light to dull green; branching somewhat Andres, t Isla de Providencia (tSchnetter 1978), dichotomous, initial branching in one plane. Mexico (Huerta 1961), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30114 (US). Segments heavily calcified, hard, brittle, disc­ like, oval to kidney-shaped, to 14 mm wide, 161. Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia (Linnaeus) 10 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm thick, distally flat, Lamouroux 1816: 308. often ribbed and/or lobed; basal segments Corallina opuntia Linnaeus 1758: 805. fused. Utricles in 3-5 layers; surface utricles DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming dense 34-90{-105) J-tm diam., 40-125 J-tm long, 2-4 clumps or mounds, to 20 cm high, 1 m diam. supported by each subsurface utricle; subsur­ (generally smaller), white-green to dark green; face utricles oval, swollen, 23-90 J-tm diam., branching random, irregular. Segments heav­ 30-115 J-tm long. Joint siphons uniting as sin­ ily calcified, flat to contorted, often ribbed, gle group, uncalcified. Rhizoidal mass bul­ oval to ear-shaped, to 11 mm wide, 7 mm bous. Sporangia spherical to oval, bright long, 0.5-1.2 mm thick. Utricles in 4-5 layers; green, 200-380 J-tm diam. on dichotomously surface utricles 12-20{-63) J-tm diam., 15-30{­ forked stalk, densely clustered at margins of 70) J-tm long, 3-5 supported by each subsur­ fertile segments. face utricle; subsurface utricles variable, 11-50 HABITAT.-Common; associated with sea­ J-tm diam., 30-50 J-tm long. Joint siphons unit­ grasses or on shallow sand flats; to 12{-65) m ing in pairs, rarely 3-4, uncalcified. Holdfast deep. region diffuse, rhizoids occurring anywhere DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Plorida, *Bahamas, )f-Turks & segments contact substrate. Caicos, )f-Cuba, Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969), ):Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Is­ HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering to lands, )10 Anguilla, )f-S t . Martin, )f-St. Barthelemy, and forming patches on shallow reef crests, as :f:Barbuda, :J:Nevis, )f-Guadeloupe, )f-Dominica, mounds in sand or Thalassia beds; to 25 m )f-Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), )f-Grenada, deep. )f-Barbados, )f-N etherlands Antilles, Venezuela DIsTRmuTloN.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, )f-Turks & (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Caicos, )f-Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Panama, tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia )f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, (tSchnetter 1978), Great Swan Island (Taylor, *Angui1la, tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, :f:Barbuda, 112 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

163. Halimeda simulans 164. Halimeda tuna 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in transverse section. 1. Surface view. 2. Longitudinal section of surface utricles 3. Ribbed, trilobed segments. in young segment. 3. Triangular-shaped segments.

165. Avrainvillea asarifolia 166. Avrainvillea digitata 1. Siphons of growing margin. 2. Surface siphons of 1. Surface siphons of blade. 2. Habit. blade. 3. Habit. NUMBER 9 113

§Antigua, *St. Kitts, *Nevis (*Taylor 1962b), surface utricles 25-45{-60) p.m diam., 25-90 tAves (tVroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, *Martinique, p.m long, rounded triangular, 2-4 supported §St. Lucia, §St. Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), by each subsurface utricle; subsurface utricles *Grenada, *Barbados, *Tobago, *Trinidad, variable, swollen, 30-72 p.m diam., 30-115 p.m *Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, *Colombia, )f-panama, ~·Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun long. Joint siphons uniting as single group, 1972), *Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island uncalcified. Stipe cylindrical, formed by basal (Taylor, 1975), *Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960); segment fusion, 1-3 segments long. Rhi­ Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30019 (US). zoidal mass bulbous. HABITAT.-Common; associated with 162. :~:~Halimeda opuntia f. triloba mangrove peat communities or other nu­ (Decaisne) Barton 1901: 20, pI. 2, fig. 20. trient-rich substrates; to 8 m deep. Halimeda triloba Decaisne 1842: 102. DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )l-Bahamas, *Turks & DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as loose clumps or Caicos, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, *St. Barthelemy, Antigua mounds, to 50 cm high, 1 m in diam. (gen­ (price & John 1979), *Dominica, *Martinique, St. erally smaller), white-green to dark green; Vincent (Taylor 1969), Grenada (Taylor 1980), branching random, irregular. Segments heav­ Cura~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), )l-Colombia, )f-Pan_ ily calcified, flat to contorted, ribbed, with ama, *Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island three lobes, to 11 mm wide, 7 mm long, 0.5­ (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta et al. 1987), *Belize 1.2 mm thick, often in plane at right angles to el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler next segment. Utricles in 3-4{-5) layers; sur­ 30176 (US). face utricles 12-20{-63) p.m diam., 15-30{-70) p.m long, 3-5 supported by each subsurface 164. Halimeda tuna (Ellis & Solander) utricle; subsurface utricles variable, 11-50 p.m Lamouroux 1816: 309. diam., 30-50 p.m long. Joint siphons uniting in pairs, rarely 3-4, uncalcified. Hold/ast region Corallina tuna Ellis & Solander 1786: 111, pI. 20, fig. e. diffuse, rhizoids developing anywhere DESCRIPTION.-Thallus compact, 10-25 segments contact firm substrate. Note: Re­ cm high, dark green; initial branching in one cent workers have not recognized this form; plane. Segments lightly calcified, disc-, kidney­ however, due to the dramatic differences in to triangle-shaped, large, to 1.9 cm wide, 1.3 appearance (Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia is cm long, 300-600 p.m thick; ribs absent. Utri­ compact and small while H. opuntia f. triloba cles in 2-4 layers; surface utricles 25-75{-125) is large, long and loose), we illustrate each p.m diam., 45-100{-230) p.m long, 2-4{-7) form. supported by each subsurface utricle; subsur­ HABITAT.-Common,· as loose mounds in face utricles 20-110 p.m diam., 40-120 p.m protected back reef lagoons or Thalassia beds, long. Joint siphons uniting in twos or threes, with sparsely branched strands often attached uncalcified. Stipe distinct, of fused segments. to mangroves roots; to 60 m deep. Hold/ast inconspicuous. DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Dawes et al. 1967). HABITAT. -Common but inconspicuous; Mexico (Huerta 1958), **Belize, Pelican Cays: D. as scattered individuals on hard substrates; to & M. Littler 30001 (US). 70 m deep. DISTRffiUTION.-*Florida, )f-Bahamas, )l-Turks & 163. Halimeda simulans Howe Caicos, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )l-Puerto 1907: 503, pI. 29. Rico, *Virgin Islands, *Anguilla, Sombrero Island (Ogden et al. 1985), )l-St. Martin, Antigua (price & DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 15 cm John 1979), *Saba Bank, St. Eustatius (Vroman high, light green; branching somewhat 1968), §St. Kitts, §Nevis (§Taylor 1969), )l-Gua­ dichotomous, in one plane. Segments heavily deloupe, )f-Barbados, Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Colombia, *Panama, Costa Rica {Dawson calcified, hard, disc-like, kidney-shaped to 1962}, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), Isla de oval, trilobed, 4-15 mm wide, 2-11 mm long, Providencia (Schnetter 1978), Great Swan Island 0.7-1.2 mm thick, distally distinctly (Taytor, 1975), *Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960); ribbed and/or lobed. Utricles in 3-5 layers; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30155 (US). 114 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

167. Avrainvillea longicaulis f. laxa 168. Avrainvillea nigricans 1. Siphons of growing margin. 2. Surface siphons of 1. Siphons of blade. 2. Habit. blade. 3. Habit.

169. Penicillus capitatus 170. Penicillus dumetosus 1. Cap siphon. 2 & 3. Lateral appendages of stipe cortex. 1. Cap siphons. 2 & 3. Lateral appendages of stipe cortex. 4. Habit showing smoothly rounded cap. NUMBER 9 115

Family UnOTEACEAE (tLittler & Littler 1992); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30014 (US). 165. Avrainvillea asarifolia B0rgesen 1909: 34, fig. 4 in text, pI. Ill. 167. Avrainvillea longicaulis f. laxa DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or in clus­ D. S. Littler & M. M. Littler ters of 3-5 uprights, to 24 cm high, dull dark 1992: 397, fig. 13. gray-green. Blades broadly kidney-shaped, to DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gregarious, often 19 cm wide, 11 cm long, < 2 mm thick, in large colonies, to 30 cm high, olive-green. smooth; margins ragged to smoothly Blades elongated oval or wedge-shaped, to 7 rounded; zonation distinct; interior siphons cm wide, 10 cm long, < 3 mm thick, spongy, 30-50 ",m diam. in deep-water plants, 20-30 loosely woven (especially at margins); zona­ ",m diam. in shallow plants, slightly monili­ tion absent; interior siphons cylindrical, form (bead-like) to cylindrical; surface siphons 40-60 p,m diam.; surface siphons mostly cy­ tapering, 12-20 p,m diam., contorted to lindrical, 40-60 ",m diam., tapering to 8 ",m slightly moniliform, forming distinct cortex. diam. at surface, in lower third of blade Stipe to 12 mm diam., 15 cm long, cylindrical moniliform to contorted; darkly pigmented or flattened above, not branched; central si­ siphons of growing margin cylindrical, 20-30 phons 35-50 ",m diam., slightly moniliform ",m diam., lighter siphons 40-60 ",m diam.; to cylindrical; surface siphons 8-12 ",m diam., cortex absent. Stipes to 10 mm diam., 26 cm slightly contorted to slightly moniliform. long, cylindrical to flattened, often branched; Rhizoidal mass bulbous, vertical. central siphons 38-46 p,m diam., cylindrical; HABITAT.-Common; in lagoons and sand surface siphons 8-12 ",m diam., moniliform to pockets between coral heads; to 20 m deep. contorted. Rhizoidal mass anchored by hori­ DISTRffiUTION.-)l-Florida, tBahamas, )'Jamaica, zontal stolon (old stipe). tPuerto Rico, ):-Virgin Islands (*Taylor 1960), An­ HABITAT.-Common; on nutrient-rich guilla [D. & M. Littler 30517 (US), §Martinique, organic substrates, in interior lagoons of man­ §St. Lucia, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), tPanama, Mexico (Huerta et al. grove islands; to 2 m deep. 1987), tBelize (tLittler & Littler 1992); Pelican DISTRIBUTION.-tFlorida, tCuba, tPuerto Cays: D. & M. Littler 30252 (US). Rico, t Antigua, Mexico (Taylor 1972), tBelize (tLittler & Littler 1992); Pelican Cays: D. & M. 166. Avrainvillea digitata D. S. Littler Littler 30159 (US). & M. M. Littler 1992: 379, fig. 3. DESCRIPTION. - Thallus gregarious, finger­ 168. :"':"'Avrainvillea nigricans like, occasionally club-shaped or pointed, to 6 Decaisne 1842: 108. cm high, 1.5 cm diam., dull dark brown­ DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary, seldom green. Blades loosely woven, spongy; zona­ clustered, to 30 cm high, pale green to brown­ tion absent; interior and surface siphons green, outer margin often darker. Blades strong-walled, 40-55 ",m (to 75 ",m at growing wedge-shaped to oval, 23 cm wide, 15 cm margins) diam., slightly moniliform (bead­ long, < 2 mm thick, loosely woven; margins like), apices bulbous or rounded. Stipe absent. smoothly rounded or ragged; blade base flat Rhizoidal mass large, prostrate. or angled upwards; zonation faint; interior HABITAT.-Common; on carbonate sedi­ and surface siphons uniformly 30-40 ",m in ments or mangrove peat, growing as large diam., deeply moniliform; cortex loose. Stipes mats in shallow waters « 1 m), often inter­ cylindrical, 1-4 cm diam., to 9 cm long, un­ spersed in Thalassia testudinum or at the edges branched; central siphons 30-60 ",m diam., of mangrove islands; deeper forms (> 3 m) slightly moniliform to cylindrical; surface have narrow uprights with bluntly pointed siphons 10-20 ",m diam., deeply moniliform. apices, Puerto Rican specimens have more Rhizoidal mass bulbous; rhizoids 40-50 ",m club-shaped uprights; to 5 m deep. diam. tapering to 7-12 ",m diam. at apices. DISTRIBUTION.-tBahamas, tCuba, tCayman HABITAT.-Common; on deep sand plains Islands, tJamaica, tGrenadines, t Panama, t Belize or other sandy habitats; to 30 m deep. 116 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

171. Penicillus lamourouxii 172. Penicillus pyriformis 1. Cap siphons. 2 & 3. Lateral appendages of stipe cortex. 1. Cap siphons. 2. Lateral appendage of stipe cortex. 4. Habit showing compact rounded cap atop short thick 3. Habit showing flat-topped cap. stipe.

," "ne

173. Rhipocephalus phoenix 174. Udotea cyathiformis 1. Blade with laterally fused, dichotomously branched 1. Blade siphon. 2. Lateral appendage of stipe cortex. 3. siphons. 2. Blade base showing basal two dichotomies Habit. lacking constrictions (nc). 3. Lateral appendage of stipe cortex. 4. Habit. NUMBER 9 117

DISTRIBUTION.-)!-Florida, *Bahamas, )!-Turks & flattened above; appendages not crowded, Caicos, *Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, His­ dichotomously branched with apices tapering paniola (Almod6var & Bonnelly 1977), *Virgin to blunt points. Rhizoidal mass large. Islands, *Guadeloupe, *Martinique, St. Lucia HABITAT.-Common; in sandy protected (Taylor 1962b), *Barbados, Cura~ao (Diaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Diaz-Piferrer 1970b), Honduras areas, often intermixed with seagrasses; to 15 (Littler & Littler 1992), *Mexico (*Taylor 1960), m deep. **Belize; l>elican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30210 (US). DISTRIBUTION.-)!-Florida, *Bahamas, *Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, *Anguilla, tSt. Martin, *St. 169. Penicillus capitatus Lamarck 1813: 299. Barthelemy, tBarbuda (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, calcified, *Guadeloupe, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), *Gre­ brush-like, to 18 cm high, faded green. Cap nada, *Colombia, Isla de San Andres (Schnetter smoothly rounded, spherical to oblong, 2-6 1978), *Isla de Providencia, Mexico (Huerta & cm diam., 2-6 cm wide; siphons slender, Garza-Barrientos 1966), *Belize; (*Taylor 1960)); crowded, 100-300 p,m diam., 2-3 cm long, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30109 (US). with no taper or only slight taper distally, 171. Penicillus lamourouxii Decaisne rarely moniliform (bead-like) at base, evenly 1842: 97. constricted above all dichotomies; segment apices slightly swollen. Stipe to 3 mm diam. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus shaggy, stiff, heav­ below, 10 mm diam. above, 14 cm long, sel­ ily calcified, shaving-brush-like, to 10 cm dom branched; surface smoothly corticated; high, faded light green. Cap spherical to oval, appendages closely set, 4-5 times dichoto­ 2-5 cm diam., 2-5 cm long; siphons sparsely mously branched with blunt, flat to rounded scattered or matted, 300-500 p,m diam., often apices. Rhizoidal mass bulbous. sporadically moniliform (expanded at close HABITAT.-Common; in calm lagoons and intervals), constricted at all dichotomies. Stipe bays, on mud or sand bottoms, often inter­ unbranched, 5-8 mm diam., 3-4 cm long, mixed with seagrasses or among mangrove often compressed; surface smoothly corti­ prop roots; to 12 m deep. cated; appendages close set having wide, swol­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand len, dichotomous, branches with short, flat, 1962), *Florida, )!-Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, finger-like apices. Rhizoidal mass bulbous. *Cuba, '!-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, HABITAT. -Common; individuals widely )!-Puerto Rico, '!-Virgin Islands, Anguilla (Vroman scattered, often intermixed with seagrasses. in 1968), *St. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, :f:Barbuda, calm lagoons and bays on mud or sand bot­ :f:Antigua, )!-St. Eustatius, :f:St. Kitts, :f:Nevis, toms; to 12 m deep. *Guadeloupe, *Dominica, *Martinique, :f:St. Lucia DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )!-Turks & (:f:Taylor 1962b), '!-Grenada, *Islas de Aves, Caicos, *Cuba, Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969), *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Taylor 1976), *Jamaica, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St. Martin *Colombia, *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), (Vroman 1968), *St. Eustatius, *Guadeloupe, *Pan­ Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Isla de Provi­ ama, Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), *Mexico dencia, Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), *Mexico, (*Taylor 1960), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Peli­ '!-Belize e!-Taylor 1960, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Lit­ can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30011 (US). tler 30004 (US). 172. Penicillus pyriformis A. Gepp 170. Penicillus dumetosus (Lamouroux) & E. S. Gepp 1905: 1, pI. 468, fig. 1. Blainville 1834: 553. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus flat topped, heav­ Nesea dumetosa Lamouroux 1816: 259, pI. 8, fig. 3a-3b. ily calcified, compact, brush-like, to 12 cm DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, lightly calci­ high, gray-green. Cap cone-shaped, apex flat, fied, brush-like, to 30 cm high, bright green. sides tapering into stalk; siphons stiff, matted Cap coarse, much longer than wide, tapering or tangled, 150-250 p,m diam., 2-3 cm long, to short stalk; siphons coarse, crowded, flac­ evenly constricted at all dichotomies. Stipe cid, 400-800 p,m diam., 4-8 cm long, evenly cylindrical or slightly flattened, 5-7 mm constricted at all dichotomies. Stipe variable, diam., 3-10 cm long, rarely branched; ap­ often branched, to 15 mm diam., 8 cm long, pendages 2-4 times dichotomously branched, 118 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOjLm

176. Udotea occidentalis 175. Udotea flabellum 1. Blade siphon with lateral appendages. 2. Lateral ap­ 1. Blade siphon with lateral appendages. 2. Blade lateral pendage of blade. appendage. 3. Habit.

177. Udotea wilsonii 178. Dasycladus vermicularis 1. Blade siphon. 2. Lateral appendages of blade. 3. Habit. 1. Fertile branchlet with solitary, spherical sporangium (s). 2. Transverse section at whorl of branchlets. 3. Habit of cluster. NUMBER 9 119

loosely branched with apices tapering to blunt meets stipe; siphons 50-120 /lm diam., gener­ points. Rhizoidal mass bulbous. ally unevenly constricted above dichotomies; HABITAT.-Common; on sandy bottoms lateral appendages repeatedly branched, with in calm lagoons and bays; to 30 m deep. swollen or flattened apices. Rhizoidal mass DISTRIBUTION.-)~Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks & fibrous. Caicos, )f-Cuba, )f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico HABITAT. -Common; in many environ­ (Almod6var & Blomquist 1965), *Virgin Islands, ments from shallow mangrove peat to deep )10 Anguilla, St. Martin CVroman 1968), )f-St. Eusta­ sand plains; to 30 m deep. tius, )~Guadeloupe, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), DISTRIBUTION.-Throughout the Caribbean Colombia (Schnetter 1969), )f-Panama (*Taylor and adjacent seas; Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. 1960), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia Littler 30002 (US). (tSchnetter 1978), Mexico (Huerta 1958), Belize (fsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. 175. Udotea flabellum (Ellis & Solander) Littler 30006 (US). Howe 1904: 94. 173. Rhipocephalus phoenix (Ellis Corallina flabellum Ellis & Solander 1786: 124, pI. 24. & Solander) Kiitzing 1843: 311. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fan-shaped, mod­ Corallina phoenix Ellis & Solander 1786: 126, tab. 25, erately calcified, solitary, to 30 cm high, dark figs. 2-3. green to pale green. Blade variable, undivided DESCRIPTION.-Thallus lightly calcified, to to highly divided, size variable, 0.8-1.5 mm 10 cm high, dark green. Cap long-oval, of thick, leathery, corticated; zonation distinct; small blades in close proximity to main stalk. siphons 30-50 /lm diam., constrictions above Blades to 5 cm long, concentric, flattened, infrequent dichotomies absent or slightly un­ symmetrical; siphons cylindrical, parallel, even; lateral appendages irregularly spaced, fused laterally, 200-250 /lm diam. proximally, long stemmed, dichotomously branched with 50-100 !-tm diam. distally; dichotomies equal crowded, short, rounded apices, when dried distances from base, lower one or two di­ apices appear shrunken or flat. Stipe cylindri­ chotomies not constricted, others evenly con­ cal below, flattened above, 5-7 mm diam., 2-4 stricted. Stipe cylindrical, 3-5 mm diam., 2-5 cm long, unbranched; surface unmodified in cm long; cortical appendages tightly packed, transition to blade; siphons 20-80 !-tm diam.; repeatedly branched with blunt, finger-like lateral appendages similar to blade. Rhizoidal apices. Rhizoidal mass compact. mass bulbous to elongated. HABITAT.-Common; on rock or sand, HABITAT. -Common, widespread; occur­ often among seagrasses; to 20 m deep. ring in sandy areas or seagrass beds; to 10 m DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Cuba, deep. )I-Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, St. Martin DISTRIBUTION.-Throughout the Caribbean (Vroman 1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969), )f-Gua­ and adjacent seas; Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. deloupe, *Colombia, )f-panama, Isla de San Andres Littler 30012 (US). (Schnetter 1978), )f-Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta 1960), 176. Udotea cf. occidentalis A. Gepp & E. S. )f-Belize ef-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Gepp 1911: 127, pI. 11, figs. 18, 22a-22b; Littler 30003 (US). pI. VII, figs. 63-65. DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fan-shaped, heavily 174. Udotea cyathiformis Decaisne calcified, to 30 cm high, light gray-green be­ 1842: 106. low, greener toward margins. Blades variable, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus funnel or cup­ undivided to highly divided, as wide as long (8 shaped, calcified, to 8 cm high, green. Blade cm), thin « 1 mm), papery, corticated; zona­ delicate, 0.5-1.0 mm thick, fibrous to papery; tion distinct; siphons 20-50 /lm diam., un­ cortex absent; zonation faint; siphons 30-70 evenly constricted above dichotomies; lateral /lm diam., lacking lateral appendages, parallel appendages numerous, terminating in lobes to interwoven, evenly constricted above di­ possessing 6-20 rounded knobs with concave chotomies. Stipe 1-4 mm diam., 0.3-2.0 cm apices (Pelican Cays specimens without long, with sharp demarcation where blade concave apices); surface covered by 120 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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179. Neomeris annulata 180. Acetabularia schenckii 1. Sporangia (s) flanked by surface cells. 2. Longitudinal 1. Rays of disc with corona superior (s) at base. 2. Co­ section of central axis with whorled branchlet scars. 3. rona inferior. 3. Corona superior with two hair scars (h) Habit. per branchlet. 4. Outer margin of mature sporangial ray filled with spores.

181. Acetabularia antillana 182. Lyngbya majuscula 1. Habit. 2. Rays of disc with corona superior (s) at base. 1. Filaments showing dome-shaped terminal cell and thick 3. Corona superior with multiple hair scars. sheath. NUMBER 9 121 submicroscopic spines (visible only under DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fuzzy, soft; indi­ SEM). Stipe cylindrical, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., 1­ viduals cylindrical, gregarious, 5-8 mm diam., 2 cm long; surface unmodified in transition to 2-6 cm high, green. Main axis whorled with blade; siphons 40-70 p,m diam., unequally tightly packed branchlets, having 10-15 constricted above dichotomies; lateral ap­ branchlets per whorl with abutting basal cells, pendages repeatedly divided with stubby, 100-150 p,m between whorls; branchlets 1-3 rounded apices. Rhizoidal mass bulbous. mm long, with basal cell 300-400 p,m diam., Note: Often confused with Udotea flabellum. capped with 3-4 branchlets, each terminating HABITAT.-Rare; in shallow sandy areas; in three spines; apical spines occasionally ter­ to 10 m deep. minating in 2-3 dichotomously branched ta­ DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, Bahamas (Littler & pering hair-like filaments. Stipe short, naked. Littler 1990), Jamaica (Chapman 1961), Puerto Holdfast of short lobes. Sporangia one per Rico (Almod6var & Ballantine 1983), )l-Virgin Is­ branch, spherical, 500-800 p,m diam., bright lands el-Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), yellow-green, in axis of branchlets. Note: Mexico (Huerta et al. 1987), Belize {Norris & Bu­ Dasycladus (and Batophora) releases a yellow cher 1982, Pelican Cays: 30085 (US). substance when crushed. 177. Udotea wilsonii A. Gepp, E. S. Gepp HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates & Howe in A. Gepp & E. S. Gepp such as shells or coral fragments, from shal­ 1911: 130, 144, pI. VII, fig. 66; pI. VIII, low reefs and tide pools to lagoons and man­ figs. 67-68, as »wilsoni". groves; to 8 m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )(oBahamas, )(oTurks & DESCRIPTION.-Thallus of multiple fan­ Caicos, )l-Cuba, Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969), shaped blades radiating from central axis )(oJamaica, )(oHispaniola (*Taylor 1960), Puerto Rico (rarely as single flat blade), lightly calcified, to (Dfaz-Piferrer 1963), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos 13 cm high, pale gray-green. Blades wider (10 1976), Belize (Littler & Littler 1995); Pelican Cays: cm) than long (8 cm), 1-2 mm thick; cortex D. & M. Littler 30117 (US). incomplete; zonation faint; siphons 40-80 p,m diam., rarely constricted above dichotomies, 179. Neomeris annulata Dickie 1874: 198. constrictions uneven when present; lateral DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or in appendages short, knobby, blunt, unbranched dense clusters, cylindrical, erect or arched or forked, 25-90(-120) p,m long, in 2-4 longi­ downward, 1-3 mm diam., 1-2(-3) cm high; tudinal rows which become obscure with age. base white, heavily calcified; apex fuzzy green, Stipe 1-2 mm diam., 1-2(-4) cm long; lateral tufted with unbranched, deciduous, fine apical appendages short, dichotomously branched filaments. Central axis 400-640 p,m diam.; with knobby apices. Rhizoids tangled, fine. branchlets in whorls from central axis, termi­ HABITAT.-Locally abundant; in organi­ nating in two surface cells flanking sporangia; cally rich silt or on sand plains, often growing surface cells polyhedral, 80-135 p,m diam., in with many thalli in close proximity due to annular rows with bulbous apex. Holdfast stolonous clonal reproduction; to 18 m deep. small, pad-like, of short, contorted siphons. DISTRmUTION.-*Florida, )l-Bahamas, tCay Sal Sporangia elongated oval, stalked; 46-80 p,m Banks, )l-Cuba, Jamaica (Taylor 1969), Puerto Rico diam., 115-175 p,m long, at maturity fusing in (Almod6var 1970), Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), heavily calcified sets of 5-8{-12). )l- Anguila el-Taylor 1960), tPanama, Mexico HABITAT.-Common; abundant on man­ (Huerta et al. 1987), tBelize (tLittler & Littler grove prop roots, coral fragments or rocks in 1990); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30005 (US). shallow sandy areas; intertidal to 30 m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )I-Bahamas, Cuba Order DASYCLADALES (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), )I-J amaica, )I-Hispaniola, Family DASYCLADACEAE )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), *Nevis, 178. Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), Krasser in Beck & Zahlbruckner )I-Martinique, )I-Barbados (Taylor 1960), Cura~ao 1898: 459, fig. 8. (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962a), Spongia vermicularis Scopoli 1772: 412, pI. 64, fig. 1454. :J:Isla de San Andres, :J:Isla de Providencia 122 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

(:J:Schnetter 1978), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); 181. ::-::-Acetabularia antillana (Solms- Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 300076 (US). Laubach) Egerod 1952: 410. Chalmasia antillana Solms-Laubach 1895: 12, pI. 3, figs. 2, Family POLYPHSACEAE 3, 5. Polypbysa antillana (Solms-Laubach) Wynne 1986: Note: The genera Acetabularia, Acicularia and Polypbysa 2256. have an intertwined and confusing past (see Silva et aI. DESCRIPTION. - Thallus solitary, incon­ 1996 for details) . To establish a monophyletic genus, we spicuous, parasol-shaped, calcified, 2-5(-10) choose to combine the above three genera (as has often been done in the past). The phylogenetic relationships of mm high, deep brown-green. Disc solitary, DNA sequences of Olsen et al. (1994), further confuses flat or cup-shaped, to 6 mm diam., of 15-32 the taxonomy, since neither of the species represented rays joined by heavy carbonate deposits; rays herein were tested. We recognize one genus until the 0.50-0.75 mm diam., 1.5-2.0 mm long, elon­ taxonomy and nomenclature are clarified. gated oval in transverse section, outer margin 180. ):·)~Acetabularia schenckii Mobius tapered to blunt point; base constricted; cen­ 1889: 318. ter plate convex; corona superior (micro­ Acicularia schenckii (Mobius) Solms-Laubach 1895: 33, pI. scopic branchlets on dorsal side at base of 3, figs. 4,9,11,12,14,15 (see Bailey et al. 1976). rays) lobes projecting, laterally free, with 2-8 Description.-Thallus solitary or in clus­ hair scars elliptically arranged; corona inferior ters, parasol-shaped, moderately calcified, 3-8 lacking. Stalk 300-800 p,m diam., 1-4(-9) mm cm high, white-green. Axes slender, 420-660 high, tapering toward base. Holdfast incon­ p,m diam., heavily calcified, occasionally bear­ spicuous, bulbous; rhizoids diminutive, con­ ing several whorls of filaments; filaments col­ torted. Sporangia develop from mature rays; orless, pale green when young, rapidly de­ spores spherical, 100-150 p,m diam., with ciduous, each branchlet topped with up to six spore wall 8-10 p,m thick. similar branchlets at apex, branching pattern HABITAT.-Uncommon, small and ob­ repeated for 5-7 levels, each branching set scure, seldom collected; found at bases of slightly smaller and narrower than preceding larger plants within shady cracks and crevices, set. Disc one or more, flat or cup-shaped, 5­ most often mixed in thick turf immediately 20 mm diam., of 30-60 rays; rays evenly ta­ behind reef crest; to 5 m deep. pered, oval in transverse section, outer margin DISTRmUTION.-)l-Florida, Cuba (Suarez 1973), of ray rounded with central tooth or spine; )l-Martinique (*Taylor 1960), Mexico (Campa de corona superior (microscopic branchlets on Guzman 1965), *)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. dorsal side at base of rays) composed of short, Littler 30077 (US). inconspicuous projections with lobed apices and two exceedingly faint, closely set, hair scars; corona inferior (on ventral side at base PhyluOl CYANOPHYTA of rays) as short, inconspicuous projections Order HORMOGONALES with forked apices. Holdfast small, disc-like. Family OSCILLATORIACEAE Gametangia are mature rays, producing 200­ 300 cysts per ray; cysts spherical, 60-100 p,m 182. :~:}Lyngbya majuscula (Dillwyn) diam., liberating gametes. Harvey in Hooker 1833: 370. Habitat.-Common; on rocks, shells or Con/erva majuscula Dillwyn 1809 [1802-1809]: 40, suppI. coral fragments in shallow protected areas; to pI.A. 1 m deep. DESCRIPTION. - Thallus filamentous, form­ DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand ing large tangled masses, to 3 cm long, brown­ 1962), )l-Florida, ):-Bahamas, Turks & Caicos [D. & green, yellow-green, black-green to black­ M. Littler 41160 (US), Cuba (Diaz-Piferrer 1964a), purple. Filaments long, often curled, rarely )IJamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Is­ coiled, (16-)35-41(-80) p,m diam. Cells disc­ lands, Antigua (price & John 1979), )l-Guadeloupe, )l-Martinique, *Barbados, Venezuela (Diaz-Piferrer like, (6.5-)16-33(-60) p,m diam., 2-4 p,m long 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica (up to 10 p,m long prior to cell division); not CWellington 1973), Mexico (Mateo-Cid & Menoza­ constricted between cells; terminal cells GonzaIez 1991), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. somewhat rounded or dome-shaped, not ta­ Littler 30162 (US). pering; cell contents finely granular, dull NUMBER 9 123

green, blue-green to gray. Sheaths clear, color­ p,m thick. Note: Conspecific with Oscillatoria less, 4-11 p,m thick. Note: Conspecific with submembranacea Ardissone and Strafforella, Microcoleus lyngbyaceus (Kiitzing) P. Crouan according to Drouet (1968). and H. Crouan, according to Drouet (1968). HABITAT.-Common; forming erect, ver­ HABITAT.-Common; forming large mats tically layered bundles; to 2 m deep. in calm water or when unattached as free DISTRIBUTION.-Tropical to temperate, world­ floating, black, hair-like mats, poisonous to wide; )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30240 mammals; causing swimmer's itch reaction in (US). humans; intertidal to 2 m deep. DISTRIBUTION.-Tropical and subtropical, Order HORMOGONALES worldwide. )I-Plorida, )I-Bahamas (*Taylor 1928), Family NOSTOCACEAE Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), tBonaire, 185. :~:~Dichothrix tCura~oa (tvan den Hoek et al. 1972), Isla de San bornetiana Howe Andres (Kapraun 1972), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), 1924: 357. Mexico, **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming small 30052 (US). fuzzy tufts or soft patches, to 1 cm high, pur­ ple-beige to olive-green. Filaments tapering :~:~Lyngbya 183. polychroa (Meneghini) from base, 20-40 p,m diam. Cells cylindrical, Rabenhorst 1847: 83. 6-13 p,m diam., swollen base 13-24 p,m diam., Leibleinia polychroa Meneghini 1844: 304. Lyngbya sor­ 10-40 p,m long; slightly constricted between dida (Zanardini) Gomont 1892: 127, pI. 3, fig. 1-2 (see cells. Heterocysts spherical, cone-shaped to Silva et al. 1996). DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, form­ elongated, 20-25 p,m diam., 20-60 p,m long, ing large tangled masses, to 50 cm long, basal or intercalary (at random locations). brown-green, yellow-green, black-green to Sheaths clear, colorless, striated, 8-20 p,m thick, often fusing in bundles. black-purple. Filaments long, straight or curved, rarely coiled, 30-90 p,m diam. Cells HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on man­ disc-like, 14-35 p,m diam., 4-6{-10) p,m long grove prop roots, mud, stone or wood, form­ (up to 10 p,m long prior to cell division); ing small pads or fuzzy clumps; intertidal to 2 slightly constricted between cells; terminal m deep. cells hemispherical or dome-shaped, not taper­ DISTRIBUTION.-]amaica (Chapman 1961), *)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30149 (US). ing; cell contents finely granular. Sheaths clear, colorless, 5-80 p,m thick. Note: Con­ specific with Schizothrix mexicana Gomont, 186. Dichothrix[ucicola Zanardini according to Drouet (1968) 1858: 297, pI. 14, fig. 3. HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on other DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming small tufts marine plants, often as long dark flowing or soft fuzzy patches, to 8 mm high, lavender. masses in mangrove lagoons; intertidal to 2 m Filaments tapering from base, 20-40 p,m diam. deep. Cells cylindrical, 9-13 p,m diam., swollen base DISTRIBUTION.-Worldwide. Antigua (price & 13-22 p,m diam., 10-60 p,m long; not con­ John 1979), tBonaire, tCura~oa (tvan den Hoek et stricted between cells. Heterocysts spherical, al. 1972), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler cone-shaped to elongated, 20-25 p,m diam., 30081 (US). 20-60 p,m long, basal or intercalary (at ran­ dom locations). Sheaths clear, colorless, stri­ :~:~Symploca 184. atlantica Gomont ated, 8-20 p,m thick. Note: Conspecific with 1892: 109, pI. 2, fig. 5. Calothrix crustacea Schousboe and Thuret, DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming erect bun­ according to Drouet (1968). dles, wick-like, to 3 cm high, tan-rose. Fila­ HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on other ments long, straight or curved, 6-10 p,m diam. marine plants, forming small pads or fuzzy Cells cylindrical, 4-6 p,m diam., 4-6 p,m long; clumps; intertidal to 2 m deep. slightly constricted between cells; terminal DISTRIBUTION.-Tropical and subtropical, cells somewhat rounded or torpedo-shaped, world-wide; **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Lit­ slightly tapering. Sheaths clear, colorless, 2-3 tler 30080 (US). 124 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

50p,m

183. Lyngbya polychroa 184. Symploca atlantica 1. Thallus showing disc-like cells tightly stacked in clear 1. Habit. 2. Filaments showing rounded apex and empty sheath. sheaths (s).

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185. Dichothrix bornetiana 186. Dichothrix[ucicola 1. Typical filaments with heterocyst (h). 1. Habit. 2. Typical filaments with heterocyst (h). 3. Filament cluster. NUMBER 9 125

PHYLUM MAGNOLIOPHYTA nine stamens: anthers oblong, to 1 mm wide, Order BUTOMALES 8-9 mm long. Fruits spherical to oval, 2.0-2.5 cm wide, 1.5-2.0 cm long, bright green to Family HYDROCHARITACEAE yellow-green, rarely red. Seeds (1-)3(-6), 187. Halophila dedpiens Ostenfeld pyramid-shaped, to 8 mm diam., 10 mm long. 1902: 260, with fig. HABITAT.-Common, abundant, con­ DESCRIPTION.-Plant delicate, small, in spicuous; forming extensive meadows on leafy patches, to 3 cm high, of indeterminate shallow sandy or muddy bottoms; lower area, bright green; flowers and fruits small, intertidal to 20 m deep. inconspicuous. Stems slender, 3-15 mm long, DISTRIBUTION.-Throughout the Caribbean 1 per node. Leaves oval, 3-6 mm wide, 10-25 and adjacent seas; Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30145 {US). mm long, 1 pair per node; margin with ex­ tremely fine teeth; marginal veins splitting from central vein at leaf base, paralleling mar­ Order NAJADALES gin, meeting central vein again just below leaf Family CYMODOCEACEAE apex; cross veins faint, 6-9 pairs, joining mar­ ginal veins; leaf cells rectangular. Scales 1 pair 189. Syringodium filiforme Kiitzing per node, oval, 3-7 mm long, transparent, in Hohenacker 1852-1962:426. keeled, hairy on outside. Stolons 0.5-1.0 mm DESCRIPTION.-Plant coarse, stiff, brittle, diam., extensive. Roots 0.2-0.5 mm diam., 1 with cylindrical leaves, to 45 cm high, grass­ per node opposite leaf pair; rootlets colorless, green; flowers and fruits small, inconspicuous. 10-20 p,m diam. Stalks one per node, bearing 1-3 leaves. Habitat.-Common; in calm waters on soft Leaves 1-2 mm diam., 10-30 cm long, central sand or fine sediment bottoms; to 30 m deep. vascular bundle surrounded by 5-8 air chan­ DISTRIBUTION.- >~Florida, *Jamaica, *Puerto nels and two central vascular bundles. Leaf Rico, >I-Virgin Islands, >I-Guadeloupe, *St. Vincent, sheaths to 2 mm wide, 2-6 cm long. Scales at >I-Martinique, *Barbados, *Tobago, >I-Trinidad, node, to 6 mm long, seldom present, shed >~Cura~ao, >~V enezuela, >~Colombia, >~Panama, rapidly. Stolon to 2 mm diam. Roots 2-4 per >~Costa Rica (*Hartog 1970), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 55333 node, occasionally more at old leaf scars on (US). stalk, to 500 p,m diam., unbranched or with few branches. 188. Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig HABITAT.-Common, widely distributed; 1805: 96. forming dense mats in sand or fine mud sedi­ DESCRIPTION.-Plant erect, coarse, grass­ ments; to 25 m deep. like; to 1 m high, covering indeterminate ar­ DISTRIBUTION.->~Louisiana, >f-Florida, Bahamas, >~Turks & Caicos, >~Cuba, >~Hispaniola, *Jamaica, eas, grass-green. Leaves strap-shaped, 2-6 per >~Cayman Islands, >~Virgin Islands, *St. Martin, sheath, 4-12(-15) mm wide, (5-)10-20(-60) >~ Antigua, *Saba, *Guadeloupe, >~Dominica, >~Mar­ cm high, 1 cluster per node; veins 9-15, paral­ tinique, *Cura~ao, >~Venezuela >~Colombia, >~Pan­ lel, connected by perpendicular cross veins at ama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), >~Isla de San An­ approximately 1 mm intervals; margins dres e~den Hartog 1970), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes smooth, distally with microscopic spines, 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30147 {US). terminal spine to 10 times longer than lateral spines. Leafsheaths 1.5-7.0 cm long. Scales 190. Halodule beaudettei (den Hartog) elliptical, 5-10 mm long, one per node. Stolon den Hartog 1964: 303, fig. 5. extensive, creeping, 3-6 mm diam. Roots one Diplanthera beaudettei den Hanog 1960: 4, fig. 2a-c. per node, densely covered by fine rootlets. DESCRIPTION.-Plant coarse, stiff but pli­ Flower bracts oval, 1.5-2.5 cm long, finely able, grass-like, to 25 cm high, covering inde­ toothed. Female flowers of three petals, oval, terminate areas; grass-green; root system rela­ with numerous pink to violet spots or streaks, tively weak. Leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide, 5-20 toothed at apex; ovary cone-shaped, to 1 cm cm long, narrowed at base, one cluster per long; floral cup to 2 cm long. Male flowers of node; midrib conspicuous; parallel marginal 126 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Imm 187. Halophila decipiens 188. Thalassia testudinum 1. Habit of plant showing scales (s) at node (n) and fine 1. Habit. 2. Blade apex with parallel veins. rootlets (r) on descending root. 2. Marginal teeth (t) and marginal vein (v). 3. Leaf apex with marginal veins meet­ ing center vein.

200 p,rn m 100 p,rn

189. Syringodium filiforme 190. Halodule beaudettei 1. Habit showing leaf scale (s), roots descending immedi­ 1. Apex of young blade with midrib (m) and marginal ately below blades and fine rootlets (r). 2. Transverse veins (v). 2. Transverse section of blade margin showing section of blade with two central vascular bundles (c), six marginal vein (v) of smaller densely packed cells. central air channels (a) and two lateral vascular bundles 3. Transverse section of central blade with midrib (m) (v). composed of small tightly bundled cells paralleled on both sides by air channels. NUMBER 9 127 veins present but not as conspicuous as midrib BrancWet: smaller axes or branch emanating from a vein; leaf tip having three teeth; center tooth main axis or larger branch. 1-10 times longer then lateral teeth. Scales Bulbous: bulb-like, with a distinct swollen end. elliptical, 5-10 mm long. Stolon extensive, Calcareous: impregnated and hardened with cal­ creeping. Roots 1-4 per node. cium carbonate ~ime). HABITAT.-Common; on sandy, soft, Calcified: having lime deposits (calcium carbonate, muddy bottoms; lower intertidal to 5 m deep. a chalk-like substance) within or on the plant; a heavily calcified plant appears stone-like in tex­ DISTRIBUTION.-)~Florida, )I-Cuba, )I-J amaica, ture. )I-Guadeloupe, )I-Trinidad, *Cura~ao, *Venezuela, )I-Guatemala, )I-Belize CI-Hartog 1970); Pelican Cays: Cap: top portion. D. & M. Littler 30024 (US), Cap cell: single cell at the apex of a filament or layer of cells at the apex of a thallus. Glossary Carpogonial branch: specialized internal filament Alternate branching: branches appear on opposite terminating in a carpogonium. sides of the stalk at different levels. Carpogonium (carpogonia): the female sex organ in Apex: distal end, growing tip, outer point, summit. the Rhodophyta, consisting of a single cell or egg (female gamete) and the trichogyne ~engthened Apical: at or near apex or distal tip. extension of egg cell with which the spermatia Annular: ring-like ridges. fuse to begin fertilization}. Antheridium (antheridia): a structure that produces Carposporangium (carposporangia): the reproduc­ motile male gametes. tive cell of the carposporophyte (diminutive, Appendage; a subordinate part; a limb. parasitic generation) producing nonmotile car­ Atoll: a ring-shaped reef, surrounded by open wa­ pospores. ters, enclosing a lagoon with no central high is­ Carpospore: .the diploid spore released from a car­ land, although low-lying islands may occur on posporanglum. the reef ring. Carposporophyte: the diminutive, parasitic genera­ Author: person who described a given species, tion unique to the Rhodophyta life history; pro­ whose name appears after the Latin name, the ducing the gonimoblasts that form carposporan­ last p~rt of the complete scientific name of an gia which release carpospores; equivalent to the organIsm. cystocarp minus the pericarp (surrounding pro­ Axial: pertaining to the primary filament or center­ tective tissue). length area. Cervicorn: branching dichotomously, but with one Axil: angle formed by the main axis and a lateral arm of each dichotomy suppressed. branch; angle formed by a branch and lateral Colony: an organism composed of interacting, branchlet. partially connected individuals. Axis (axes): main stem or major branch; central line Concave: curved inward, depression-shaped, like on which other parts are regularly arranged, the the inside of a hemisphere. stem-like stalk. Concentric: zones that parallel the margin of a Barrier reef: a reef that is separated from a land blade; lines that parallel a common center point. mass by a lagoon. Conceptacle: a cavity or chamber containing re­ Basal: toward the base or point of attachment. productive organs. Basionym: the original name assigned to a species, Conical: shaped like a cone. which is retained when transferred to a new po­ Corona: a small crown of rudimentary branchlets sition such as a different genus. or knobs (as in Acetabularia with corona supe­ Bird islands: islands where birds nest in abundance; rior above the fertile disc and corona inferior be­ their droppings, acting as fertilizer, make the low the fertile disc. surrounding waters rich in nutrients. Conspecific: identical with another species. Bladder: sack-like, spherical to oval, mucilaginous Convex: curving outward, shaped like the outside or air-filled vesicle; in the brown algae of a hemisphere. (phaeophyta) referring to the air-filled vesicle or Cortex: outer layer of tissue, sometimes lying be­ small sac-like float that enables some algae to neath the cuticle or epidermis, but always out­ float or remain erect. side the medulla or central tissue. Blade: the leaf-like structure of an alga [= frond]. Cortical: pertaining to the cortex. 128 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Corticated: having a cortex. Gamete: a haploid reproductive cell (containing a Cortication: secondarily formed outer covering of single set of chromosomes) capable of uniting the central tissue. with another gamete to form a diploid zygote. Cruciate division: cross-shaped planes of division Girdling: encircling the body or branch. separating tetraspores; divided by two planes at Gonimoblast: microscopic filament producing the right angles. carposporangium; forming the carposporophyte Cryptostomata: an open cavity or pit on a thallus generation in the Rhodophyta. surface containing sterile hairs (paraphyses). Genus (genera): a unit of classification; a group of Cuticle: non-cellular layer on the outer surface of closely related organisms, usually consisting of some species of plants. more than one species; first Latin word of a sci­ Cystocarp: the gonimoblast filaments and the car­ entific name. posporangia borne on them (the carposporo­ Hair: elongated, fine, thread-like, multicellular or phyte) and the surrounding pericarp tissue. uniseriate, colorless, extensions; often ephemeral. Deciduous: not permanent; falling off or shedding. Hair cell: basal cell from which a hair attaches to Decumbent: creeping, loosely following the surface the cortex or surface; also termed trichocyte or contour but with the apex or margin ascending. megacell. Diameter: measure of the width of a circular or Habit: the morphological form of a plant. cylindrical object. Habitat: the physical environment in which an Dichotomous: divided into two equal portions. organism grows; the place where an organism is Discoid: disc-like, flat and circular. typically found. Distal: toward the farthest point; free end; opposite Hapteron (haptera): a basal attachment organ or of basal or proximal. cell, usually with finger-like branches (similar non-basal structures are tenacular cells). Dominant: the most abundant, most conspicuous object or organism; having the greatest ecological Heterocyst: a differentiated reproductive cell found influence. in some blue-green algae. Dorsal: upper surface; opposite of ventral. Holdfast: root-like or disc-like structure that at­ Environment: the total physical, chemical and bio- taches an alga to the substrate. logical surroundings. Homonym: an invalid name because the same Ephemeral: lasting for a very short time. name was used, prior to this application, for a Epilithic: growing on rock substrates. different plant (i.e., attached to a different type specimen). Epiphyte: organism that lives upon, but does not get its nourishment from, another plant. Hooked: recurved backward. Eutrophic: waters rich in dissolved nutrients and Incurved: curled inward toward the main axis. plankton. Intercalary: between two joints. Family: a group of closely related organisms rank­ Intertidal: the area of the shoreline between the ing above genus and below order {ending in upper and lower tidal levels. "-aceae" . Involucral cells: large incurved sausage-shaped cells Feather-like: to grow like a feather with a central surrounding or partially surrounding a reproduc­ shaft (mid-rib, stalk) bearing on each side a series tive organ. of closely placed branchlets. Involucral filaments: sterile filaments surrounding, Fibrous: divided into slender fibers. or partially surrounding, a reproductive organ. Filament: a very slender, thread-like, single series of Iridescent: a surface sheen reflecting an interplay of pigmented cells. rainbow-like metallic colors (see Dictyota humi­ Form: the external shape of an organism, the mor­ [usa: true color brown but iridescent blue). phology; a unit of classification added to the ge­ Irregularly branched: branching in no consistent neric and specific name of a species to designate pattern. environmental variation within a species (abbre­ Joint: the junction between segments or end walls viated "f."). between contiguous cells in a filament (often Frond: blade or leaf-like structure of an alga. termed node). Fusion: wall between two adjoining cells dissolving Keeled: having a lengthwise ridge, like the keel of a to form one larger cell (e.g, lateral fusion in the boat. Corallinaceae). Lagoon: a relatively deep (5-30 m) protected area Gametangium (gametangia): a reproductive struc­ behind a reef front; the area separated from the ture containing gametes. sea by a barrier reef; the center portion of an atoll. NUMBER 9 129

Lance-shaped: longer than broad, tapering from Patch reef: an isolated reef pinnacles or mounds in near the base toward the apex. lagoons of barrier reefs and atolls. Lateral: at, from or toward the side. Peltate: a flattened, parasol-shaped disc with a cen- Lenticular (thickening): shaped like a thick convex tral stalk. lens. Pendant: hanging, suspended. Linear: narrow, much longer than broad, with the Perforated: having holes. edges parallel. Pericarp: structure surrounding the cystocarp or Long: measure of the longest axis carposporophyte. Longitudinal: lengthwise, in the direction of the Pericentral cells: surrounding the center {center longest axis, opposite of transverse. axial filament + pericentral cells or filaments = Macroscopic: large enough to be seen by the un­ polysiphonous} aided eye. Phylum (phyla): a major group representing a sepa­ Mangrove island: an island comprised of dense rate evolutionary line of the plant kingdom. thickets of mangrove trees around its perimeter: Pincer-like: two-pronged or claw-like. mangrove trees can live in seawater and form is­ Pinnate: having brancWets on opposite sides of the lands in the tropics and subtropics throughout main axis, in a feather- like arrangement. the world. Pit connections: tubular pores connecting adjacent Medullary cells: central core cells, generally sur­ cells in the Rhodophyta. rounded by a cortex. Plane: a flat surface; e g., growth in one plane re­ Megacells: unusually large cells, possibly the bases sults in a two dimensional plant. of surface hairs. Plastids: the photosynthetic spherical or disc-like Membrane: a thin, soft, pliable sheet or layer. bodies within a cell, carrying cWorophyll and Microscopic: unable to be reliably observed with- other pigments. out the aid of a microscope. Plurilocular: multichambered. Midrib: the central vein-like structure of a blade. Polyhedral: having many sides. Moniliform: like a string of rounded beads. Polysiphonous: having several coherent longitudi­ Monosporangium (monosporangia): a structure nal rows of cells surrounding a central axis. producing one spore. Proliferation: to grow by rapid production of new Morph: the external form, morphological shape. parts. Mucilaginous: slippery and slimy. Propagule: a vegetative structure having the poten­ Multiseriate: having more than one row of cells. tial to develop into a new plant when detached N ode: for vascular plants - the part of a stem that from its parent. bears a leaf; for the algae - the joint, either un­ Prostrate: lying flat on the substrate. calcified as in Halimeda or swollen and corti­ Proximal: toward the point of attachment or lower cated as in Ceramium. part; opposite of distal. Nomenclature: the system of naming and the use of Pseudodichotomous: appearing dichotomous; al­ rules to determine the correct scientific name of most, or not quite, dividing into two equal parts. an organIsm. Pyrenoid: a dark or refractive body associated with Nutrient: a substance necessary for growth of an chloroplasts in green algae that is involved with organIsm. the production and storage of starch. Oligotrophic: waters containing few dissolved nu­ Recur:ved: .bent away from and then toward the trients or particulate materials. mam axIS. Opposite branching: branches appear in two op­ Receptacle: an enlarged or swollen reproductive posing directions of the stalk at a single level. body. Order: a category of taxonomic classification rank­ Reef crest: the shallowest part of a reef where the ing above family and below class (ending in highest wave energy is released, usually an inter­ "-ales"). tidal or upper subtidal area. Oogonium (oogonia): a female reproductive organ Reef flat: the uniformly shallow, protected area producing one or more eggs (female gametes). behind (shoreward of) the reef crest. Paraphyses: sterile hairs in pit-like depressions Regeneration: vegetative development from an old (cryptostomata). dormant part; to generate or produce anew. Parent cell: the initial source or origin of subse­ Rhizophytic: sediment-dwelling plants. quent cells or structures. Rhizoids: root-like structures of an alga. 130 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Ribbed: to form vertical ridges. Substrate: the substance or surface to which an Scalloped: a series of curves; forming a wavy margin. organism is attached. Seaweeds: larger marine plants (macrophytes), eas- Synonym: an equivalent but superseded name; an ily observed with the unaided eye. obsolete or invalid name. Sediment: particulate matter that has settled to the T enacular cells: finger-like or pad-like cells bottom, including deposits of mud, sand, and (hapteroid) connecting one brancWet to another. gravel. Terminal: at the tip, distal end, apex. Segment: (often termed internode) a section; in Tetrahedral division: Y-shaped planes of division articulated plants the hard calcified sections; in separating tetraspores. polysiphonous plants the central cell and its sur­ T etrasporangium (tetrasporangia): an oval or rounding pericentral cells, if present, and its cor­ spherical structure containing four tetraspores. tex, if present; segments are generally connected Thallus (thalli): a non-vascular plant body of a by joints (sometimes termed nodes). cryptogamic plant. Series: repetitive sequences. Thick: measurement between opposite surfaces or Sessile: not stalked, attached directly to the sub­ part thereof. strate or parent structure; also, non-motile, at­ tached. Tiered: layered. Sheath: a surrounding membrane. Toothed: having small sharply pointed marginal Siphon: a tube with no crosswalls. projections or processes. Siphonaceous: composed of interwoven tubes, gen­ Translucent: partly transparent; permitting the erally multinucleate. passage of light but not clear vision. Sorus (sori): a cluster of reproductive organs, in Transverse: across or at right angles to the main axis. patches or as a single specialized structure. T rabeculum (trabeculae): slender, internal Species: a group of closely related organisms that strands of wall material, extending across si­ can interbreed to produce fertile offspring; the phons to forming a bracing system, present second word (specific epithet) in a scientific in some siphonaceous Chlorophyta (e.g., name. Caulerpa). Spermatangium (spermatangia): a male reproduc­ Trichoblast: a simple or branched, colorless, fila- tive structure producing spermatia (male gametes). ment arising near the tip or apex. Spermatangial plants: plants producing spermatia; Trichocytes: cells producing hairs. male plants. Trichotomous: divided into three equal parts. Spherical: globe- or ball-shaped, round. Tubular: tube-like; a hollow cylinder. Spindle-shaped: circular in transverse-section, taper­ Truncate: cut off abruptly, blunt, flat-topped. ing sharply toward each end. Tuft: a cluster of filaments, branches or siphons Sporangium (sporangia): a structure that produces attached at a single basal area. spores. Turf: a sparse to dense, short mat of small thalli. Spore: a single-celled reproductive body that can Unilateral branching: branches arising only on one germinate into a new thallus. side Qongitudinally) along the main axis. Spur and groove: the zone seaward of the reef crest; Unilocular: having one chamber; a sporangium an area of deep sandy grooves separating with one cavity producing one to many spores. shallower, parallel, calcareous ridges (spurs) Uniseriate: in a single row or as a single series of cells. forming a tooth-comb pattern Upright: the blade or branch of an alga that stands Sterile: lacking reproductive structures, vegetative. at a right angle to the substrate. Stichidium (stichidia): a specialized swollen branch Urn-shaped: egg-shaped with a narrow, protruding that produces tetrasporangia. orifice. Stipe: the stem-like or stalk portion of an alga. Utricle: a bladder-like siphon swelling usually in Stolon: a runner or rhizome connecting small up­ the outer layer of a thallus. right fronds; a horizontal stem. Vein: a vascular bundle or thickened area forming Strand: an elongated body resembling a rope or the framework of a leaf or blade. thread. Variety: an epithet added to the [generic and spe­ Subapical: immediately below the apex or tip. cific] name of a species to designate a consistent Subtidal: below the lowest low-tide level. difference or differences within that species, but NUMBER 9 131

not substantial enough to separate as a new spe­ -. 1885. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag cies; some botanists consider varieties equivalent (Fjerde afdelningen).-Lunds Universitets Ars­ to subspecies, others consider them a divisions of skrift, Afdelningen for Mathematik och N atur­ subspecies (abbreviated "var."). vetenskap 21(8):1-117, pI. 1. Ventral: lower or under-side; opposite of dorsal. -. 1887. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag Vertical: at right angles to the plane ofthe horizontal. (Femte afdelningen).-Lunds Universitets Ars­ Wide: measure from side to side. skrift, Afdelningen for Mathematik och N atur­ vetenskap 23(2):1-174, pIs. 1-5. Whorled branching: three or more branches arising -. 1890. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag. from one level an axis. (Sjette afdelningen.)-Lunds Universitets Ars­ Zonate division: cleaving of a thallus (often due to skrift, Andra Afdelningen, Konglig Fysiografiska concentric growth) in parallel planes, or the par­ Sallskapets i Lund Handlingar 26(3):1-125, pIs. 1-3. allel division of a tetrasporangium. --. 1898. Species genera et ordines algarum. Vo!. 3, Part 3: De dispositione Delesseriearum curae posteriores. Gleerup, Lund. vii + 239 pp. Literature Cited Aguilar, R. M. A., R. L. Aguilar, & P. J. A. Fer­ nandez. 1989. Algas marinas bentonicas de la Abbott, I. A. 1990. A taxonomic assessment of the Bahia de la Ascencion, Quintana Roo, Mexico.­ species of Liagora (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico de Venezuela recognized by J. Agardh, based upon studies of Universidad del Oriente 28(1):267-275. type specimens.-Cryptogamic Botany 1:308-322. Almodovar, L. R. 1962. Notes on the algae of the -, & M. S. Doty. 1960. Studies in the coral reefs, off La Parguera, Puerto Rico.­ Helminthocladiaceae, II. Trichogloeopsis.­ Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of American Journal of Botany 47(8):632-640. Sciences 25(4):275-286. Agardh, C. A. 1817. Synopsis algarum Scandina­ -. 1964. The marine algae of Bahia de Jobos, viae. Berling, Lund. xl + 135 pp. Puerto Rico.-Nova Hedwigia 7(1/2):33-52. -. 1820. Species algarum. Vo1. 1, part 1. Berling, --. 1965 . The unnamed Rhodophyta of the Mar­ Lund. iv + 168 pp. shall A. Howe collection of marine algae from --. 1822. Algae. Pp. 1-6, in C. S. Kunth, Synopsis Puerto Rico.-Nova Hedwigia 9:1-19. plantarum. V01. 1. Levrault, Paris. --. 1970. Deep-water algae new to Puerto Rico.­ --. 1822-1823. Species algarum. VoI. 1, part 2. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Berling, Lund. [i-viii + ] 169-398 (1822), 399-531 Science 33: 23-28. (1823) pp. --, & D. L. Ballantine. 1983. Checklist of ben­ -. 1824. Systema algarum. Berling, Lund. xxxviii thic marine macroalgae plus additional species + 312 pp. records from Puerto Rico.-Caribbean Journal --. 1828. Species algarum. Vo1. 2, part. 1. E. Mau­ of Science 19{1-2):7-19. ritius, Greifswald. lxxvi + 189 pp. --, & H. L. Blomquist. 1961. Notes on marine Ag.~rdh, J. G. 1847. Nya alger fran Mexico.­ algae of Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico.-Quarterly Ofversigt af Konglig [Svenska] Vetenskaps­ Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences Akademiens Forhandlingar 4(1):5-17. 24(2):81-93. --. 1851-1863. Species genera et ordines algarum. --, & --. 1965. Some marine algae new to Vo1. 2. Gleerup, Lund. pp. i-xii, 1-351 (part 1, Puerto Rico.-Nova Hedwigia 9:63-71. 1851); pp. 352-720 (part 2, 1852); pp. 721-786 (part 3, fasc. 1, 1852); pp. 787-1291 (part 3, fasc. --, & I. Bonnelly de Calventi. 1977. Notas sobre 2, 1863). las algas marinas bentonicas macroscopicas de la --. 1873. Till algernes systematik, Nya bidrag.­ Republica Dominicana.-Universidad Autonoma Lunds Universitets Ars-skrift, Afdelningen for de Santo Domingo, Investigaciones Marinas, Mathematik och Naturvetenskap 9(8):1-71. Republica Dominicana 1977:5-22. --. 1882. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag -, & F. A. Pagan. 1967. Notes on the algae of {Andra afdelningen).-Lunds Universitets Ars­ Barbados.-Nova Hedwigia 13{1 +2):111-115. skrift, Afdelningen for Mathematik och N atur­ Ardissone, F. 1871. Rivista dei Ceramii della flora vetenskap 17(4):1-134, pIs. 1-3. italiana.-Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano --. 1883. Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag 3:32-50. (fredje afdelningen).-Lunds Universitets Ars­ --. 1878. Studi sulle alghe italiche della familglia skrift, Afdelningen for Mathematik och N atur­ delle Rhodomelacee.-Atti della Societa Critto­ vetenskap 19(2):1-177, pIs. 1-4. gamologica Italiana 1:41-159. 132 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Areschoug, J. E. 1854. Phyceae novae et minus Blainvi11e, H. M. D. de. 1834. Manuel d'actinologie cognitae in maribus extraeuropaeis collectae quas ou de zoophytologie. viii + 694 pp. + atlas of descriptionibus atque observationibus adumbra­ 103 pIs. [probably published 1830-1834]. vit John Erh. Areschoug.-Nova Acta Regiae Bliding, C. 1969. A critical survey of European taxa Societatis Scientiarum U psaliensis, Series 3, in Ulvales. IT: Vlva, Vlvaria, Monostroma, Korn­ 1:329-372. mannia.-Botaniska Notiser 121(4):535-629. Baca, B. J., L. O. Sorensen, & D. R. Cox. 1979. Blinks, L. R., & A. H. Blinks. 1931. Two genera of Systematic list of the seaweeds of south Texas.­ algae new to Bermuda.-Bulletin of the Torrey Contributions in Marine Science 22: 179-192. Botanical Club 57:389-396. Bailey, G. P., R. Rezak, & E. R. Cox. 1976. A revi­ B0rgesen, F. 1905. Contributions ala connaissance sion of generic concepts of living members in the du genre Siphonocladus Schmitz.-Oversigt over subfamily Acetabularieae (Dasycladaceae, Dasy­ det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs cladales) based on scanning electron micros­ Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider copy.-Phycologia 15(1):7-18. 1905(3):259-291. Ballantine, D. L. 1979. The distribution of algal --. 1907. An ecological and systematic account of epiphytes on macrophyte hosts offshore from La the Caulerpas of the Danish West Indies.­ Parguera, Puerto Rico.-Botanica Marina Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs 22(2):107-111. Skrifter, 7. Raekke, N aturvidenskabelig og -. 1985. Botryocladia wynnei sp. novo and B. Mathematiske Afhandeling, Ser. 4, 4(5}:337-392. spinulifera (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta) Taylor -. 1909 [1908]. The species of Avrainvilleas hith­ & Abbott from Puerto Rico.-Phycologia erto found on the shores of the Danish West In­ 24(2):199-204. dies.-Videnksabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kj0benhavn 1908:27-44. --, & J. N. Norris. 1989. Notes on the marine algae of Puerto Rico. V. New additions to the -. 1910. Some new or little known West Indian flora.-Caribbean Journal of Science 25(1-2}:1-8. Florideae II.-Botanisk Tidsskrift 30:177-207. --. 1911. Some Chlorophyceae from the Danish --, & M. J. Wynne. 1986a. Notes on the marine West Indies.-Botanisk Tidsskrift 31: 127-152. algae of Puerto Rico. I. Additions to the flora.­ Botanica Marina 24(2}:131-135. --. 1912. Some Chlorophyceae from the Danish West Indies. IT.-Botanisk Tidsskraft 32:241-273. --, & --. 1986b. Notes on the marine algae of --. 1913. The marine algae of the Danish West Puerto Rico. II. Additions of Ceramiaceae Indies. Part 1. Chlorophyceae.-Dansk Botanisk (Rhodophyta) including Ceramium verongiae sp. Arkiv 1(4}:1-158. nov.-Botanica Marina 29(6):497-502. Barton, E. S. 1891. A systematic and structural --. 1914. The marine algae of the Danish West account of the genus Turbinaria, Lamx.­ Indies. Part 2. Phaeophyceae.-Dansk Botanisk Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Arkiv 2(2): 159-222. Series 2, Botany 3:215-226, pIs. liv, Iv. --. 1916. The marine algae of the Danish West --. 1901. The genus Halimeda.-Siboga-Expeditie Indies. Part 3. Rhodophyceae (2).-Dansk Bota­ Monographie 60:1-32, pIs. 1-4. nisk Arkiv 3(lb}:81-144. Batters, E. A. L. 1902. A catalogue of the British -. 1917. The marine algae of the Danish West marine algae-Journal of Botany, British and Indies. Part 3. Rhodophyceae (3).-Dansk Bota­ Foreign 40(supplement):1-107. nisk Arkiv 3(lc):145-240. Beck G. von, & A. Zahlbruckner. 1898. Schedae ad --. 1920. The marine algae of the Danish West » kryptogamas exsiccatas« editae a Museo Pa­ Indies. Part 3. Rhodophyceae (6), with addenda latino Vindobonensi, centuria IV.-Annalen des to the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rho­ Kaiserlich Koniglich Naturhistorischen Hofmu­ dophyceae.-Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 3(1f):369-498. seums 13:443-472, figs. 1-2. --. 1924. Marine algae in Plants from Beata Is­ Bird, C. J., & R. P. McIntosh. 1979. Notes on the land, St. Domingo, collected by C. H. Ostenfeld. marine algae of Guatemala.-Revista de Biologia (Botanical Results of the Dana-Expedition 1921­ Tropical 27(2}:163-169. 22, No. 1}.-Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 4(7}:14-35. Blair, S. M., & J. N. Norris. 1988. The deep-water --. 1932. A revision of Forsskal's algae mentioned species of Halimeda Lamouroux (Halimedaceae, in Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica and found in his Chlorophyta) from San Salvador Island, Baha­ herbarium in the Botanical Museum of the Uni­ mas: species composition, distribution and depth versity of Copenhagen.-Dansk Botanisk Arkiv records.-Coral Reefs 6: 227-236. 8(2}:1-14. NUMBER 9 133

Bucher, K. E., J. N. Norris, M. M. Littler, & D. S. rines de la rade de Brest.-Annales des Sciences Littler. 1990. Marine algae new to Florida, in­ N aturelles, Botanique, Series 4, 12:288-292, pI. 22. cluding Triehosolen molassensis sp. nov. Dawes, C. J. 1974. Marine algae of the west coast (Chlorophyta) and Diplothamnion jolyi var. eeel­ of Florida. University of Miami, Press Coral lulare var. novo {Rhodophyta).-Cryptogamic Gables. xvi + 201 pp. Botany 1:295-307. --, S. A. Earle, & F. C. Croley. 1967. The off­ Bula-Meyer, G. 1982. Adiciones alas cloroficeas shore benthic flora of the southwest coast of marinas del Caribe Colombiano, I.-Anales del Florida.-Bulletin of Marine Science 17(1):211­ Insitituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de 231. Bettn 12:117-136. Dawson, E.Y. 1962. Additions to the marine flora --. 1987. Taxonomic and ecologic studies of a of Costa Rica and Nicaragua.-Pacific Science subtidal sand plain macroalgal community in the 3(13):375-395. Colombian Caribbean. Unpubl. Ph.D. Disserta­ Decaisne, J. 1842. Essais sur une classification des tion, University of Delaware. 189 pp. algues et des polypiers calciferes de Lamour­ --. 1994. Notas sobre Dietyota p[affii y D. humi­ oux.-Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Bot­ [usa (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta).-Anales del Insi­ anique, Series 2, 17:297-380, pIs. 14-17; 18:96­ tituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de 128. [Second part, appearing in vo!. 18, bears Bettn 23:117-181. subtitle, "Memoire sur les corallines ou polypiers calciferes. "] Campa de Guzman, S. de la. 1965. Notas prelimi­ De Toni, G. B. 1905. Sylloge algarum Vo!. 4. Sect. nares sobro un reconocimiento de la flora marina 4. Padova. pp. i-iv, 1523-1973. del estado de Veracruz.-Anales del Instituto Dlaz-Piferrer, M. 1963. Adiciones a la flora marina N acional de Investigaciones, Biol6gico-Pesqueras de Puerto Rico.-Caribbean Journal of Science (Mexico.) 50: 7-49. 3(4):215-235. Chamberlain, Y. M. 1983. Studies in the Corallin­ --. 1964a. Adiciones a la flora marina de Cuba.­ aceae with special reference to Fosliella and Pneo­ Caribbean Journal of Science 4(2-3): 353-371. phyllum in the British Isles.-Bulletin of the Brit­ --. 1964b. Adiciones a la flora marina de las An­ ish Museum (Natural History)' Botany tillas Holandesas Curazao y Bonaire.-Caribbean 11(4):291-463. Journal of Science 4(4):513-543. Chapman, V. J. 1961. The marine algae of Jamaica. --. 1970a. Nuevas adiciones a la flora marina de Part 1: Myxophyceae and Chlorophyceae.­ Puerto Rico.-Caribbean Journal of Science Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Se­ 10(1-2):9-15. ries 12(1):1-159. --. 1970b. Adiciones a la flora marina de Vene­ --. 1963. The marine algae of Jamaica. Part 2: zuela.-Caribbean Journal of Science 10(3­ Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.-Bulletin of 4):159-198. the Institute ofJamaica, Science Series 12(2):1-201. --. 1978. Las investigaciones ficologicas en el Coen, L. D. & C. E. Tanner. 1989. Morphological Caribe. La flora marina de la Republica Domini­ variation and differential susceptibility to her­ cana.-Moscosoa 1(3):1-9. bivory in the tropical brown alga Lobophora Dickie, G. 1874 [1875]. On the algae of Mauri­ variegata.-Marine Ecology Progress Series 54: tius.-Journal of the Linnean Society [London], 287-298. Botany 14: 190-202. CoBins, F. S. 1901. The algae of Jamaica.­ Dillwyn, L. W. 1802-1809. British Confervae. W. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts Phillips, London. pIs. 1-20 (fascs. 1, 2, 1802); pIs. and Sciences 37(9):229-270. 21-38 (fascs. 3, 4, 1803); pIs. 39-44 (fasc. 5, 1804); --, & A. B. Hervey. 1917. The algae of Ber­ pIs. 45-56 (fascs. 6, 7, 1805); pIs. 57-81 (fascs. 8­ muda.-Proceedings of the American Academy 11, 1806); pIs. 82-93 (fascs. 12, 13, 1807; pIs. 94­ of Arts and Sciences 53(1):1-195. 99 (fasc. 14, 1808); pIs. 100-109 (fascs. 15, 16, Connor, J. L., & W. H. Adey. 1977. The benthic 1809). algal composition, standing crop and productiv­ Drouet, F. 1968. Revision of the classification of ity of a Caribbean algal ridge.-Atoll Research the Oscillatoriaceae.-Academy of Natural Sci­ Bulletin 211:1-15. ences of Philadelphia, Monograph 15: i-vi, 1­ Cribb, A. B. 1983. Marine algae of the southern 370. Great Barrier Reef. Part I. Rhodophyta. Austra­ Earle, S. A. 1969. Phaeophyta of the eastern Gulf of lian Coral Reef Society, Brisbane. 173 pp., 71 pIs. Mexico.-Phycologia 7(2):71-254. Crouan, P. L., & H. M. Crouan. 1859. Notice sur --. 1972. The influence of herbivores on the ma­

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-. 1845 [1842-1845]. Plantes cellulaires, in J. B. Papenfuss, G. F. 1943. Notes on algal nomenclature Hombron & H. Jacquinot, in Dumont-d'Urville, IT. Gymnosorus J. Ag.-American Journal of Bot­ Voyage au Pole Sud et dans l'Oceanie sur les any 30(7):463-468.

corvettes II Astrolabe et la Zelee. Botanique, V01. -. 1968. A history, catalogue, and bibliography 1. Gide, Paris. xiv + 349 pp. + Atlas: Botanique: of Red Sea benthic algae.-Israel Journal of Bot­ Cryptogamie. 20 pIs. any, 17(1/2):1-118. --. 1846. Ordo I. Phyceae Fries, in M. C. Durieu -, & L. E. Egerod. 1957. Notes on South African de Maisonneuve, Exploration scientifique de marine Chlorophyceae.-Phytomorphology 7:

1I AIgerie. Sciences naturelles: Botanique, Partie 82-93. 1. Cryptogamie. ii + 197 pp., 16 pIs. --, K. E. Mshigeni, & Y. M. Chiang. 1982. Revi­ -. 1850. Cryptogamia guayanensis, seu pIanta­ sion of the red algal genus Galaxaura with special rum cellularium in Guayana gallica annis 1835­ reference to the species occurring in the western 1849 a Cl. Leprieur collectarum enumeratio uni­ Indian Ocean.-Botanica Marina 25:401-444. versalis.-Annales des Sciences N aturelles, Parke, M., & P. S. Dixon. 1976. Check-list of Brit­ Botanique, series 3, 14:283-309. ish marine algae, third revision.-Journal of Ma­ --, & P. M. A. Millardet. 1862. Botanique, cryp­ rine Biology 56:527-594. togamie, Algues, in L. Maillard, Notes sur l'tle Penrose, D., & Y. M. Chamberlain. 1993. Hy­ de la Reunion (Bourbon). 2e Partie. Annexe O. drolithon farinosum (Lamouroux) comb. nov.: Dentu, Paris. pp. 1-25, pIs. 24-27. implications for generic concepts in the Masto­ Muller, O. F. 1778. Icones plantarum. Flora~ dani­ phoroideae (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta).­ cae. Vol. 5, fasc. 13. Copenhagen. pp. 1-8, pIs. Phycologia 32:295-303. 721-780. -, & W. J. Woelkerling. 1991. Pneophyllumfrag­ Nageli, C. W. 1858. Die Starkekorner, in C. W ile in southern Australia: implications for generic Nageli & C. Cramer, Pflanzenphysiologische concepts in the Mastophoroideae (Corallinaceae, Untersuchunger, vol. 2. L. Schulthess, Zurich. x Rhodophyta).-Phycologia 30:495-506. + 623 pp., pIs. XI-XXVI. Phillips, R. C. 1959. Notes on the marine flora of Nasr, A. H. 1941. Some new and little known algae the Marquesas Keys, Florida.-Quarterly Journal from the Red Sea.-Revue AIgologique 12:57-76, of the Florida Academy of Sciences 22(3): 155-162. 16 figs., pI. 2. --. 1960. Ecology and distribution of marine Norris, J. N., & K. E. Bucher. 1982. Marine algae algae found in Tampa Bay, Boca Ciega Bay, and and seagrasses from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.­ at Tarpon Springs, Florida.-Quarterly Journal of Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sci­ the Florida Academy of Sciences 23(3):222-260. ences 12:167-223. -. 1961. Seasonal aspect of the marine algal flora Norris, R. E. 1987. The systematic position of of St. Lucie inlet and adjacent Indian River, Flor­ Gelidiopsis and Ceratodictyon (Gigartinales, Rho­ ida.-Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy dophyceae), genera new to South Africa.-South of Sciences 24(2):135-147. African Journal of Botany 53:239-246. Price, I. R., & G. T. Kraft. 1991. Reproductive Ogden, N. B., W. G. Gladfelter, J. C. Ogden, & E. development and classification of the red algal H. Gladfelter.-1985. Marine and terrestrial flora genus Ceratodictyon (Rhodymeniales, Rhodo­ and fauna notes on Sombrero Island in the Car­ phyta).-Phycologia 30(1):106-116. ibbean.-Atoll Research Bulletin 292:61-74. Price, J. H., & D. M. John. 1979. The marine ben­ Oliveira, E.C., C. J. Bird, & J. McLacWan. 1983. thos of Antigua (Lesser Antilles). IT. An anno­ The genus Gracilaria (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) tated list of algal species.-Botanica Marina in the western Atlantic. Gracilaria dom ingensis, 22(5):327-331. G. cervicornis, and G. ftrox.-Canadian Journal Rabenhorst, L. 1847. Deutschlands Kryptogamen­ of Botany 61(12):2999-3008. Flora. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abteilung: AIgen. Olsen, J. L., & J. A. West. 1988. Ventricaria E. Kummer, Leipzig. xix + 216 pp. (Siphoncladales-Cladophorales complex, CWo­ Reinke, J. 1888. Einige neue braune und griine rophyta), a new genus for Valonia ventricosa.­ algen der Kieler Bucht.-Berichte der Deutschen Phycologia 27(1):103-108. Botanischen Gesellschaft 6:240-241. --, W. T. Stam, S. Berger, & D. Menzel. 1994. Richardson, W. D. 1975. The marine algae of 18S rDNA and evolution in the Dasycladales Trinidad, West Indies.-Bulletin of the British (Chlorophyta): modern living fossils.-Journal of Museum (Natural History) Botany 5(3):71-143. Phycology 30: 729-744. Rodrlguez de Rlos, N., & Y. Saito. 1982. Observa­ Page, J. Z. 1970. Existence of a Derbesia phase in ciones sobre el genero Laurencia en Venezuela. I. the life history of Halicystis osterhoutii Blinks and Laurencia intermedia Yamada y Laurencia coral­ Blinks.-Journal of Phycology 6(4):375-380. lopsis (Montagne) Howe.-Ernstea 11:1-16. NUMBER 9 139

Rosanoff, S. 1866. Recherches anatomiques sur Ies Schramm, A., & H. Maze. 1865. Essai de classifica­ Melobesiees (Hapalidium, Melobesia, Lithophyl­ tion des algues de la Guadeloupe. Edition 1. Imprim­ lum et Lithothamnion).-Memoires de la Societe erie du Gouvemement, Guadeloupe. iii + 52 pp. Imperiale des Sciences N aturelles de Cherbourg -, & -. 1866. Essai de classification des algues 12:5-112, pIs. I-VII. de la Guadeloupe. Edition la. Imprimerie du Roth, A. W. 1797. Catalecta botanica. Fasc. 1. Gle­ Gouvernement, Cayenne. v + 144 pp. dischiano, Leipzig. viii + 244 pp., 8 pIs. Scopoli, J. A. 1772. Flora carniolica. Edition 2. --a 1806. Catalecta botanica. Fasc. 3. Gledischi­ Vo!. 2. Eran~aise, Guyane. 496 pp., 65 pIs. ano, Leipzig. viii + 350 pp., 12 pIs. Searles, R. B., & C. W Schneider. 1989. New gen­ Schmitz, F. 1893. Die Gattung Lophothalia J. Ag.­ era and species of Ceramiaceae {Rhodophyta) Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft from the southeastern United States.-Journal of 11 (3) :212-232. Phycology 25:731-740. --a 1895. Marine Floideen von Deutsch­ Setchell, W. A. 1926. Tahitian algae collected by Ostafrika.-Botanische Jahrbiicher fiir Sys­ W.A. Setchell, C.B. Setchell, and H.E. Parks.­ tematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanengeogra­ University of California Publications in Botany phie 21: 137-177. 12:61-142. -, & P. Falkenberg. 1897. Rhodomelaceae. Pp. --a 1933. Some early algal confusions. 11.­ 421-480, figs. 240-266, in A. Engler & K. Prand, University of California Publications in Botany eds., Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil 1, 17:187-254. Abteilung 2. Engelmann, Leipzig. --, & L. R. Mason. 1943. Goniolithon and Neogo­ Schneider, W., & R. B. Searles. 1991. Seaweeds of niolithon: two genera of crustaceous coralline al­ the southeastern United States. Duke University gae.-Proceedings of the National Academy of Press, Durham. 553 pp. Sciences of the United States of America Schnetter, R. 1969. Beitrag zur kenntnis der algen­ 29(3):87-92. flora an dert Kolumbianischen Kiiste der Silva, P. C. 1960. Codium (Chlorophyta) in the Karibischen See.-Mitteilungen aus dem Insti­ tropical western Atlantic.-Nova Hedwigia tuto Colombo-Aleman de Investigaciones Cien­ 1(3/4}:497-536. tificas [Santa Marta, Colombia] 3:49-57. -. 1972. Remarks on algal nomenclature. V.­ Taxon 21(1):199-205. --a 1972. Nuevas algas benticas del litoral Caribe --, P. W. Basson, & R. L. Moe. 1996. Catalogue de Colombia.-Mutisia 36:12-16. of the benthic marine algae of the Indian --a 1976. Marine algen der Karibschen Kiisten Ocean.-University of California Publications in von Kolumbien. I. Phaeophyceae.-Bibliotheca Botany 79:i-xiv + 1-259. Phycologica 24:1-125. -, E. G. Mefiez, & R. L. Moe. 1987. Catalog of 1977. Notas sobre las especies Caribes del --a the benthic marine algae of the Philippines.­ genero Botryocladia (Rhodymeniales, Rhodo­ Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sci­ phyceae) con referencia especial a los taxa de la ences 27:i-iv + 1-179. Costa Atlantica de Colombia.-Anales del Insti­ Solier, A. J. J. 1846. Sur deux algues zoosporees tuto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de formant le nouveau genre Derbesia.-Revue Bedn [Santa Marta, Colombia] 9:73-80. Botanique [Duchartre] 1:452-454. --a 1978. Marine algen der Karibschen Kiisten Solms-Laubach, H. 1895. Monograph of the von Kolumbien. IT. CWorophyceae.-Bibliotheca Acetabularieae.-Transactions of the Lin­ Phycologica 42:1-199. nean Society of London, Series 2, Botany 5(1): 1­ --a 1980. Algas marias nuevas para los litorales 39, pIs. 1-4. Colombianos del Mar Caribe.-Caribbean Jour­ Sonder, O. G. 1871. Die AIgen des tropischen Aus­ nal of Science 15(3/4): 121-125. traliens.-Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in --, & G. Bula-Meyer. 1977. RodoHceas nuevas Hamburg, Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der para la Costa Atlantica de Colombia, I.-Anales Naturwissenschaften 5(2):33-74, pIs. I-VI. del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Bettn [Santa Marta, Colombia] 9:81-90. Sosa, E. H. 1977. Adiciones a la flora maria de Cuba.-Ciencias Biol6gicas [Cuba] 1:158-160. -, &-. 1979. RodoHceas nuevas para la Costa Atlantica de Colombia, ID.-Anales del Instituto Soto, R., & D. L. Ballantine. 1986. La flora ben­ de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Bettn tonica maria del Caribe de Costa Rica (Notas [Santa Marta, Colombia] 11:71-85. Preliminares}.-Brenesia 25/26:123-162. --, I. Hornig & G. Weber-Peukert. 1987. Taxon­ Sprengel, K. 1827. Systema vegetabilium. Ed. 16, omy of some North Atlantic Dictyota species Vo!. 4, Part 1. Classis 24. Dieterich, Gottingen. (phaeophyta).-Hydrobiologia 151/152:193-197. iv + 592 pp. 140 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Stackhouse, J. 1795-1801. Nereis britannica. Haz­ -. 1980. Notes on marine algae from the tropical ard, Bath. pp. i-viii + 1-30, pIs. i-viii {fasc. 1, 1795}; Atlantic Ocean- VIII.-Contributions from the pp. ix-xxiv + 31-70, pIs. ix-xii {fasc. 2, 1797}; University of Michigan Herbarium 14:205-207. pp. xxv-xl + 71-112, pIs. xiii-xvii (fasc. 3, 1801). -, & I. A. Abbott. 1973. A new species of Bo­ Stockmayer, S. 1890. Ueber die Algengattung Rhi­ tryocladia from the West Indies.-British Phy­ zoclonium.-Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich­ cological Journal 8:409-412. Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesell­ Tsuda, R. T., & C. J. Dawes. 1974. Preliminary schaft in Wien 40{Abh.):571-586, figs. 1-27. checklist of the marine benthic plants from Suarez, A. M. 1973. Catalogo de algas Cubanas.­ Glover's Reef, British Honduras.-Atoll Re­ Ciencias, U niversidad de la Habana, series 8 search Bulletin 173:1-13. {Investigaciones marias} 2: 1-107 + 10 (Suple­ Turner, D. 1808-1809. Fuci. Vo!. 2. M'Creery, mento [Index]. London. 162 pp., pIs. 72-134. Taylor, W. R. 1928. The marine algae of Florida --. 1811-1819. Fuci. Vo!. 4. M'Creery, London. with special reference to the Dry Tortugas.­ 153 pp., pIs. 197-258. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication Vahl, M. 1802. Endeel kryptogamiske Planter fra 379:i-v, 1-220 , pIs. 1-37. St. Croix.-Skrifter af N aturhistorie-Selskabet --. 1941. Tropical marine algae of the Arthur [Ki0benhavn] 5{2}:29-47. Schott Herbarium.-Publications of the Field Vickers, A. 1905. Liste des algues marines de la Museum of Natural History, Botany Series Barbade.-Annales des Sciences N aturelles, 20(4):87-104. Botanique, Series 9, 1:45-66. --. 1943. Marine algae from Haiti collected by H. H. Bartlett in 1941.-Papers of the Michigan Vinogradova, K. L., & E. H. Sosa. 1977. Addita­ menta ad floram Rhodophycearum insulae Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:143­ Cuba.-Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Non 163, pIs. 1-4. Vascularum 14:8-19. -. 1955. Notes on algae from the tropical Atlan­ Cura~ao tic Ocean, IV.-Papers of the Michigan Academy Vroman, M. 1968. Studies on the flora of of Science, Arts and Letters 40:67-76, pis. 1-5. and other Caribbean Islands. Vo!. ll. The marine al­ gal vegetation of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba --. 1960. Marine algae of the eastern tropical and (Netherlands Antilles).-Uitgaven Natuurweten­ subtropical coasts of the Americas. University of schappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Ned­ Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 870 pp. erlandse Antillen, Utrecht 52:1-120, pis. 1-10. -. 1962a. Two undescribed species of Ha­ Weber-van Bosse, A. 1898. Monographie des Caul­ limeda.-Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club erpes.-Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buiten­ 89(2):172-177. zorg 15:243-401, pIs. 20-34. --. 1962b. Marine algae from the tropical Atlantic Wellington, G. M. 1973. Additions to the Atlantic Ocean: V. Algae from the Lesser Antilles.­ benthic flora of Costa Rica.-Brenesia 2: 17-20. Contributions from the United States National Williams, L. G. 1951. Algae of the black rocks. Pp. Herbarium. 36(2):43-62. 149-159, in A. S. Pearse, & L. G. Williams, The --. 1964. A valuable old collection of Florida biota of the reefs off the Carolinas.-Journal of marine algae.-Quarterly Journal of the Florida the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 67:133-161. Academy of Sciences 27(1): 1-8. Withering, W. 1776. A botanical arrangement of all --. 1969. Notes on the distribution of West In­ the vegetables naturally growing in Great dian marine algae particularly in the Lesser An­ Britian. Swinney, Birmingham. [i]-xviii, xvii­ tilles, with a bibliography of recent works on xcvi + 838 pp., 12 pIs. eastern American tropical algae.-Contributions Womersley, H. B. S. 1978. Southern Australian from the University of Michigan Herbarium species of Ceramium Roth (Rhodophyta).­ 9(2): 125-203, pIs. 1-8. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater -. 1972. Marine algae of the Smithsonian-Bredin Research 29:205-257. expedition to Yucatan 1960.-Bulletin of Marine -. 1979. Southern Australian species of Polysi­ Science 22(1):34-44. phonia Greville {Rhodophyta).-Australian --. 1975. Marine algae of Great Swan Island.­ Journal of Botany 27: 459-528. Atoll Research Bulletin 128:6-10. -, & A. Bailey. 1970. Marine algae of the Solo­ -. 1976. A check-list of Venezuelan marine al­ mon Islands.-Philosophical Transactions of the gae.-Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Ciencias Naturales 22{132/133):71-101. Sciences 259:257-352, pIs. 24-27. NUMBER 9 141

Woodward, T. J. 1797. Observations upon the --, & D. L. Ballantine. 1986. The genus Hypoglos­ generic character of Viva, with descriptions of sum Kiitzing (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) in the tropical western Atlantic, including H anoma­ some new species.-Transactions of the Linnean lum sp. nov.-Journal of Phycologia 22:185-193. Society [London] 3:46-58. Yamada, Y. 1931. Notes on Laurencia, with special Wulfen, F. X. 1803. Cryptogama aquatica.-Archiv reference to the Japanese species.-University of fur die Botanik 3:1-64. California Publications in Botany 16: 185-310. Wynne, M.J. 1985. Concerning the names &agelia coral­ Zanardini, G. 1858 [1857]. Plantarum in mari Ru­ lina and Heterosiphonia wurdemannii (Ceramiales, bro hucusque collectarum enumeratio Guvante Rhodophyta).-Cryptogamie: Algologie 6(2):81-90. A. Figari).-Memorie del Reale Istituto Veneto --. 1986. A checklist of benthic marine algae of di Scienze, Lettere ed Ani 7:209-309, pIs. 3-14. the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic.­ Zollinger, H. 1854. Systematisches Verzeichniss der Canadian Journal of Botany 64(10):2239-228l. im indischen Archipel in den Jahren 1842-1848 -. 1989. The re-instatement of Hydropuntia Montagne gesammelten sowie der aus Japan empfangenen (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta).-Taxon 38:476-479. Pflanzen. Kiesling, Zuerich. xii + 160 pp. 142 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

TAXONOMIC INDEX

Page references to primary entries are in boldface type and illustrations are in italics.

-A- astreoides, Porites, 9 -c- atlantica, Polysiphonia, 11, 66, 68 Acanthophora caespitosa, Catenella, 11,36, 37 atlantica, Symploca, 19, 123, 124 spicifera, 5, 7, 8, 12, 58, 59 caespitosa, Vlva, 37 atlanticus, Megalops, 5 acerosa, Gelidiella, 13, 25, 26 Callithamnion A vrainvillea acerosus, Fucus, 25 crispellum, 57 asarifolia, 7, 18, 112, 115 Acetabularia, 122 lherminieri, 49 digitata, 5, 7, 18, 112, 115 antillana, 19, 120, 122 Caloglossa longicaulis f. laxa, 18, 114, 115 schenckii, 19, 120, 122 leprieurii, 10, 54, 56 nigricans, 7, 18, 114, 115 Calothrix A cicularia, 122 crustacea, 123 schenckii, 122 capillacea, ]ania, 14, 31, 32 acinarium, Sargassun1, 16, 80, 81 -B- capitatus, Penicillus, 19, 114, 117 acinarius, Fucus, 81 baileyana, Chylocladia, 43 caraibica, Laurencia, 13, 62, 63 Acrocarpus baileyana, Lomentaria, 11, 43, 44 caraibicum, Ceramium brevi- gracilis, 47 baillouviana, Dasya, 12, 55, 56 zonatum var., 12, 48, 49 Acropora baillouviana, Fucus, 55 Cassiopea palmata, 8 Batophora, 121 frondosa, 7 adhaerens, Jania, 9,14,30,31 beaudettei, Diplanthera, 125 xamachana, 7 A garicia, 8 beaudettei, Halodule, 19, 125, 126 catenatoides, Cladophora, 93 tenuifolia, 5, 7, 8, 9 beauvoisii, Amphiroa, 14, 27, 28 Catenella Albula bicuspidata, Wrangelia, 12, 52, 54 caespitosa, 11, 36, 37 vulpes, 9 binderi, Bostrychia, 59 repens, 37 alternans, Dilophus, 15, 76, 77 boergesenii, Goniolithon, 31 Caulacanthaceae, 37 Amphiroa, 9 boergesenii, Hydrolithon, 14,30, 31 Caulerpa, 8 beauvoisii, 14, 27, 28 bometiana, Dichothrix, 19, 123, 124 charoides, 17, 102, 103 fragilissima, 14, 28, 29 Bostrychia cupressoides var. cupressoides, 18, rigida var. antillana, 14, 29, 30 binderi, 59 102, 103 Anadyomenaceae, 91 cupressoides var. flabellata, tenella, 12, 59, 60 18, 102, 103 Anadyomene Botryocladia cupressoidesvar. turneri, 18, 104, 105 saldanhae, 16, 90, 91 shanksii, 11, 44, 45 stellata, 8, 16, 91, 92 fastigiata, 17, 104, 105 spinulifera, 8, 11, 44, 45 mexicana, 5, 8, 17, 104, 105 annulata, Neomeris, 19, 120, 121 brevizonatum var. caraibicum, nummularia, 7, 17, 104, 105 antillana, A cetabularia, 19, 120, Ceramium, 12, 48, 49 peltata, 107 122 Bryobesia racemosa, 5, 7, 8 antillana, Amphiroa rigida var., 14, cylindrocarpa, 17, 96, 97 racemosa var. clavifera, 107 29,30 Bryopsidaceae, 97 racemosa var. lamourouxii 18 antillana, Chalmasia, 122 106,107 ', Bryopsidales, 97 antillana, Polyphysa, 122 racemosa var. peltata, 17, 106, 107 Bryopsis antillanum, A ntithamnion, 10, 49 racemosa var. racemosa, 18, 106, 107 A ntithamnion hypnoides, 16, 96, 97 racemosa var. uvifera, 107 antillanum, 10, 49 pennata, 16, 96, 97 sertularioides, 5, 8, 18, 106, 107 lherminieri, 48, 49 plumosa, 7, 8, 16, 97, 98 taxifolia, 17, 108, 109 asarifolia, A vrainvillea, 7, 18, 112, Butomales, 125 verticillata, 5, 8, 17, 108, 109 115 byssoideum, Ceramium, 51 verticillata f. charoides, 103 NUMBER 9 143

cavernosa, Dictyosphaeria, 5, 16, mauritiana, 95 tuna, 113 87,88 mexicana, 93 Corallinaceae,27 cavernosa, Ulva, 87 montagneana, 17,93,94 Corallinaceae, crustose, 9 Centroceras polycantha, 93 Corallinales, 27 clavulatum, 11, 48, 49 prolifera, 17, 94; 95 corallopsis, Laurencia, 12, 62, 63 Ceramiaceae, 49 sertularina, 95 corallopsis, Sphaerococcus, 63 Ceramiales, 49 vagabunda, 17,94,95 Cordylecladia Ceramium, 8 Cladophorales, 87, 91 irregularis, 43 brevizonatum var. caraibicum, Cladophoropsis cornea, Gracilaria, 39 12,48,49 macromeres, 17,87,88 cornea, Hydropuntia, 5,7, 14,39,40 byssoideum, 51 membranacea, 17, 87, 88 crassa, Chaetomorpha, 17,92,93 clavulatum, 49 Clavelina crassa, Conferva, 93 cruciatum, 12, 48, 51 picta, 5 crassissima, Gracilaria, 41 flaccidum, 11, 50, 51 puertosecensis, 5 crassissima, Hydropuntia, 13, 40, 41 nitens, 11, 50, 51 clavifera, Caulerpa racemosa var., 107 crassissima, Plocaria, 41 rubrum var. nitens, 51 clavulatum, Centroceras, 11, 48, 49 crassissima, Polycavernosa, 41 transversale, 51 clavulatum, Ceramium, 49 crispella, Heterosiphonia, 11, 57, 58 ceranoides, Liagora, 14, 20, 21 Codiaceae, 99 crispellum, Callithamnion, 57 Ceratodictyon, 45 Codium crouaniana, Dasya, 12, 55, 56 cervicornis, Dictyota, 15, 72, 73 decorticatum, 18, 99, 100 cruciatum, Ceramium, 12, 48, 51 cervicornis, Fucus, 39 intertextum, 18, 99, 100 crustacea, Calothrix, 123 cervicornis, Gracilaria, 7, 14, isthmocladum, 18, 100, 101 crustose Corallinaceae, 9 39,40 repens, 18, 100, 101 Cryptonemia Chaetomorpha spp., 5, 8 species, 13, 41, 42 crassa, 17, 92, 93 taylorii, 18, 101, 102 Cryptonemiales, 41 linum, 17, 92, 93 Coelothrix Ctenocladales, 84 chaetomorphoides, Enteromorpha, irregularis, 5, 7, 8, 11, 43, 44 cupressoides var. cupressoides, 16,85,86 comans, Galaxaura, 15, 20, 23 Caulerpa, 18, 102, 103 Chalmasia complanata, Millepora, 7, 8, 9 cupressoides var. flabellata, Caul­ antillana, 122 complanata, Spyridia, 12, 52, 53 erpa, 18, 102, 103 Champia Conferva cupressoides var. turneri, Caulerpa, parvula var. parvula, 11, 41, 42 crassa, 93 18, 104, 105 parvula var. prostrata, 11, 42, flexuosa, 85 cupressoides, Caulerpa cupressoides 43 laetevirens, 93 var., 18, 102, 103 Champiaceae, 41 linum, 93 cupressoides, Fucus, 103 charoides, Caulerpa, 17, 102, 103 majuscula, 122 curtissiae, Microdictyon, 16, 91, 92 charoides, Caulerpa verticillata f., membranacea, 87 Cyanophyta,3, 10, 19, 122 103 prolifera, 95 cyathiformis, Udotea, 19, 116, 119 charoides, Herpochaeta, 103 riparia, 95 cylindrocarpa Bryobesia, 17, 96, 97 Chlorophyta,3, 10, 16,84 simplex, 61 Cymodoceaceae, 125 Chondria vagabunda, 95 Cystoseiraceae,84 filiformis, 63 Corallina papillosa, 67 flabellum, 119 parvula, 41 fragilissima, 29 -D- polyrhiza, 12, 59, 60 incrassata, 111 Chylocladia lapidescens, 24 baileyana, 43 marginata, 23 Dasya Cladophora monile, 111 baillouviana, 12, 55, 56 catenatoides, 93 oblongata, 25 crouaniana, 12, 55, 56 delicatula, 93 opuntia, 111 mollis, 12,57, 58 fascicularis, 95 phoenix, 119 rigidula, 12, 57, 58 laetevirens, 17, 93, 94 rugosa, 23 Dasyaceae, 55 144 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Dasycladaceae, 121 digitata, Avrainvillea, 5,7,18,112, filamentosa, Spyridia, 5, 12, 52, 53 Dasycladales, 121 115 filamentosus, Fucus, 53 Dasycladus, 121 Dilophus, 77 filiforme, Syringodium, 7, 19, 125, vermicularis, 18, 118, 121 alternans, 15, 76, 77 126 debilis, Gracilaria, 39 Diplanthera filiformis, Chondria, 63 debilis, Polycavernosa, 39 beaudettei, 125 filiformis, Laurencia, 13, 62, 63 decipiens, Halophila, 19, 125, 126 discoidea, Halimeda, 19, 108, 109 flabellata, Caulerpa cupressoides decorticata, Viva, 99 duchassaingianus, Ectocarpus, 71 var., 18, 102, 103 decorticatum, Codium, 18, 99, 100 dumetosa, Nesea, 117 flabellum, Corallina, 119 Delesseria dumetosus, Penicillus, 19, 114, 117 flabellum, Udotea, 19, 118, 119, heterocystidea, 55 121 leprieurii, 54 -E- flaccidissima, Polysiphonia, 11, 69, Delesseriaceae, 54 70 delicatula, Cladophora, 93 echinocarpa, Meristiella, 38 flaccidum, Ceramium, 11,50,51 delicatula, Dictyopteris, 15, 72, 73 echinocarpum, Eucheuma, 38 flaccidum, Hormoceras, 51 dendroidea, Helminthora, 21 echinocarpum, Meristiella, 7, 13, 36, flagelliformis, Galaxaura, 24 dendroides, Liagora, 14, 20, 21 38 flexuosa, Conferva, 85 Derbesia Echinocaulon flexuosa, Enteromorpha, 16, 85, 86 fastigiata, 17, 98, 99 setaceum, 27 flexuosa, Ulva, 85 marina, 17, 98, 99 Ecteinascidia Fosliella, 31 osterhoutii, Halicystis stage, 16, turbinata, 7 farinosa, 14,29,30 98,99 Ectocarpaceae, 71 lejolisii, 33 Dermatolithon Ectocarpales, 71 fragile, Pneophyllum, 14,32, 33 pustulatum, 35 Ectocarpus fragilis, Eschara, 25 Dichothrix duchassaingianus, 71 fragilis, Tricleocarpa, 14, 25, 26 bornetiana, 19, 123, 124 indicus, 71 fragilissima, Amphiroa, 14, 28, 29 fucicola, 19, 123, 124 Enteromorpha fragilissima, Corallina, 29 dichotoma var. menstrualis, chaetom0 rphoides, 16, 85, 86 frondosa, Cassiopea, 7 Dictyota, 75 flexuosa, 16, 85, 86 dichtoma, Dictyota, 75 Ernodesmis frutescens, Galaxaura, 23 Dictyerpa stage of Padina jamaicen­ verticillata, 16, 89, 90 Fucales,81 sis, 15, 78, 79 Eschara fucicola, Dichothrix, 19, 123, 124 Dictyopteris fragilis, 25 Fucus delicatula, 15, 72, 73 Eucheuma acerosus, 25 Dictyosphaeria echinocarpum, 38 acinarius, 81 cavernosa,S, 16,87,88 isiforme, 8, 13,36, 37 baillouviana, 55 Dictyota, 77 Eupogonium cervicornis, 39 cervicornis, 15, 72, 73 rigidulum, 57 cupressoides, 103 dichotoma var. menstrualis, 75 exposita, Lejolisia, 10, 50, 53 filamentosus, 53 dichtoma, 75 hypoglossoides, 55 humifusa, 15, 73, 74, 77 -F- lamourouxii, 107 jamaicensis, 15, 73, 74 musciformis, 35 linearis, 15, 74, 75 falcatus, Trachinotus, 9 obtusus, 67 pavonicus, 81 menstrualis, 15, 74, 75 farinosa, Fosliella, 14, 29, 30 poiteaui, 68 pfaffii, 15, 73, 76, 77 farinosa, Melobesia, 29 pukhella, 15,76,77 racemosa, 107 fascicularis, Cladophora, 95 spp,5 repens, 37 fastigiata, Caulerpa, 17, 104, 105 variegata, 79 sertularioides, 107 Dictyotaceae, 73 fastigiata, Derbesia, 17, 98, 99 spiciferus, 59 Dictyotales, 73 Feldmannia taxifolia, 109 Digenia indica, 15, 70, 71 tenellus, 59 simplex, 8, 12, 60, 61 ferox, Gracilaria, 39 turbinatus,84 NUMBER 9 145

-G- Gracilariaceae,39 Hormogonales, 122, 123 Gracilariales, 39 humifusa, Dictyota, 15, 73, 74, 77 Galaxaura, 8 gracilis, Acrocarpus, 47 Hutchinsia comans, 15, 20, 23 gracilis, Gelidiopsis, 47 periclados, 68 flagelliformis, 24 Griffithsia Hydrocharitaceae, 125 jrutescens, 23 heteromorpha, 10, 50, 53 Hydrolithon, 29, 31, 99 lapidescens, 23, 24 penicillata, 54 boergesenii, 14,30, 31 liebmannii, 24 gymnospora,Padina, 8,15,78,79 Hydropuntia, 39 marginata, 14,22,23 gymnospora, Zonaria, 79 cornea, 5,7, 14,39,40 oblongata, 25 crassissima, 13, 40, 41 rugosa, 23, 24 Hypnea rugosa gametophytic stage, 15, -H- musciformis, 13,34, 35 22,23 secundiramea, 37 rugosa tetrasporic stage, 15, 22, 24 Halicystis, 99 osterhoutii, 99 spinella, 13, 34, 35 squalida, 23 Hypneaceae,35 Halicystis stage of Derbesia oster­ stupocaulon, 23 hypnoides, Bryopsis, 16, 96, 97 boutii, 16, 98, 99 subverticillata, 15, 22, 24 hypoglossoides, Fucus, 55 Halimeda, 8, 9 Cialaxauraceae,23 hypoglossoides, Hypoglossum, 55 d~coidea, 19, 108, 109 Cielidiales, 25 Hypoglossum Gelidiella goreaui, 18, 108, 109 heterocystideum, cf., 10, 55, 56 acerosa, 13, 25, 26 incrassata, 18, 110, 111 hypoglossoides, 55 sanctarum, 13, 25, 26 monile, 18, 110, 111 setacea, 13, 27, 28 opuntia, 5, 7, 8 species, 13, 26, 27 opuntia f. opuntia, 18, 110, 111, 113 -1- trinitatensis, 13, 27, 28 opuntia f. triloba, 18, 110, 113 implexum, Rhizoclonium riparium Cielidiellaceae, 25 simulans, 18, 112, 113 var., 95 Gelidiopsis, 45 triloba, 113 incrassata, Corallina, 111 gracilis, 47 tuna, 19, 112, 113 incrassata, Halimeda, 18, 110, 111 intricata, 13, 46, 47 Halimedaceae, 109 indica, Feldmannia, 70, 71 planicaulis, 13, 46, 47 Halodule indica, Giffordia, 71 scoparia, 13, 46, 47 beaudettei, 19, 125, 126 indicus, Ectocarpus, 71 variabilis, 13, 46, 47 Halophila intertextum, Codium, 18, 99, 100 Gelidium decipiens, 19, 125, 126 intricata, Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47 scoparium, 47 Halymeniaceae, 41 intricata, Laurencia, 13, 64, 65 variabile, 47 havanensis, Polysiphonia, 11, 69, 70 intricata, Sphaerococcus, 47 gelidium, Meristiella, 7, 38 Helminthora irregularis, Coelothrix, 5, 7, 8, 11, gemmifera, Laurencia, 12, 13, 64, 65 21 dendroidea, 43,44 Giffordia Herpochaeta irregularis, Cordylecladia, 43 indica, 71 charoides, 103 isiforme, Eucheuma, 8, 13, 36, 37 Ciigartinales, 35 Herposiphonia Goniolithon isiformis, Sphaerococcus, 37 parca cf., 11, 60, 61 boergesenii, 31 isthmocladum, Codium, 18, 100, 101 pecten-veneris, 11, 61, 62 spectabile, 33 heterocystidea, Delesseria, 55 strictum, 33 heterocystideum, Hypoglossum cf., -J- goreaui, Halimeda, 18, 108, 109 10,55,56 Gracilaria, 5, 39 jamaicensis, Dictyerpa stage of heteromorpha, Griffithsia, 10, 50, 53 cervicornis, 7, 14, 39, 40 Padina, 15, 78, 79 Heterosiphonia cornea, 39 jamaicensis, Dictyota, 15, 73, 74 crispella, 11, 57, 58 crassissima, 41 ]ania debilis, 39 wurdemannii, 57 adhaerens, 9, 14,30, 31 jerox, 39 Hormoceras capillacea, 14, 31, 32 mammillaris, 5, 7, 8, 13, 39, 40 flaccidum, 51 146 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

-K- linearis, Zonaria, 75 menstrualis, Dictyota dichotoma linum, Chaetomorpha, 17, 92, 93 var., 75 kemeri, Rhizoclonium, 95 linum, Conferva, 93 Meristiella, 5 Lobophora echinocarpa, 38 -L- variegata, 5, 8, 9 echinocarpum, 7, 13, 36, 38 variegata decumbent morph, 15, gelidium, 7, 38 lactuca var. rigida, VIva, 87 76,79 schrammii, 13, 36, 38 laetevirens, Cladophora, 17, 93, 94 variegata, crust morph, 15, 78, mexicana, Caulerpa, 5, 8, 17, 104, laetevirens, Conferva, 93 79 105 lamourouxii, Caulerpa racemosa Lomentaria mexicana, Cladophora, 93 var., 18, 106, 107 baileyana, 11, 43, 44 mexicana, Schizothrix, 123 lamourouxii, Fucus, 107 Lomentariaceae, 43 microcladia, Laurencia, 12, 64, 65 lamourouxi~ Penicillus, 19, 116, 117 longicaulis f.laxa, Avrainvillea, 18, Microcoleus lapidescens, Corallina, 24 114,115 lyngbyaceus, 123 lapidescens, Galaxaura, 23, 24 Lyngbya Microdictyon Laurencia, 8 majuscula, 19, 120, 122 curtissiae, 16, 91, 92 caraibica, 13, 62, 63 polychroa, 123, 124 Millepora corallops~, 12,62,63 sordida, 123 complanata, 7, 8, 9 filiformis, 13, 62, 63 lyngbyaceus, Microcoleus, 123 miniata var. planicaulis, Wurde- gemmifera, 12, 13,64, 65 mannia, 47 intricata, 13, 64, 65 -M- mollis, Dasya, 12, 57, 58 microcladia, 12, 64, 65 monile, Corallina, 111 nana, 63 macrocarpa, Polysiphonia, 68 monile, Halimeda, 18, 110, 111 obtusa, 13, 64, 67 macromeres, Cladophoropsis, 17, montagneana, Cladophora, 17,93,94 papillosa, 8, 12, 66, 67 87,88 Montastrea, 8 poiteaui, 13, 65, 66, 68 macrophysa, Valonia, 16, 90, 91 mucosa, Liagora, 21 poitei, 68 Magnoliophyta, 3, 125 Murrayella scoparia, 63 Magnoliophytae, 10, 19 periclados, 11, 66, 68 laxa, Avrainvillea longicaulis f., 18, majuscula, Conferva, 122 musciformis, Fucus, 35 114, 115 majuscula, Lyngbya, 19, 120, 122 musciformis, Hypnea, 13,34, 35 laxissima, Mycale, 5 mammillaris, Gracilaria, 5, 7, 8, Mycale Leibleinia 13,39, 40 laxissima, 5 polychroa, 123 mammillaris, Rhodymenia, 39 Mychodea Lejolisia mangle, Rhizophora, 7 schrammi, 38 exposita, 10, 50, 53 marginata, Corallina, 23 lejolisii, Fosliella, 33 marginata, Galaxaura, 14, 22, 23 -N- lejolisii, Melobesia, 33 marina, Derbesia, 17,98,99 lejolisii, Pneophyllum, 33 marina, Vaucheria, 99 N ajadales, 125 kn~ Vlvella, 16,85,86 mauritiana, Cladophora, 95 nana, Laurencia, 63 leprieurii, Caloglossa, 10, 54, 56 Megalops N emaliales, 21 leprieurii, Delesseria, 54 atlanticus, 5 Neogoniolithon lherminieri, Antithamnion, 48, 49 Melobesia spectabile, 14,32, 33 lherminieri, Callithamnion, 49 farinosa, 29 strictum, 14, 32, 33 Liagora lejolisii, 33 Neomeris ceranoid~, 14,20,21 pustulata, 35 annulata, 19, 120, 121 dendroidea, 14,20,21 Melongena Nesea mucosa, 21 melongena, 7 dumetosa, 117 pedicellata, 21 melongena, Melongena, 7 nigricans,Avrainvillea, 7, 18, 114, 115 Liagoraceae, 21 membranacea, Cladophoropsis, 17, nitens, Ceramium, 11, 50,51 87,88 rubrum var., 51 liebmannii, Galaxaura, 24 membranacea, Conferva, 87 Nostocaceae, 123 linearis, Dictyota, 15, 74, 75 menstrualis, Dictyota, 15, 74, 75 NUMBER 9 147 nummularia, Caulerpa, 7, 17, 104, pecten-veneris, Polysiphonia, 61 Polyphysa, 122 105 pedicellata, Liagora, 21 antillana, 122 pedicellata, Trichogloeopsis, 14, 20, polyrhiza, Chondria, 12, 59, 60 -0- 21 Polysiphonia peltata, Caulerpa, 107 atlantica, 11, 66, 68 oblongata, Corallina, 25 peltata, Caulerpa race'l1'Josa var., 17, flaccidissima, 11, 69, 70 oblongata, Galaxaura, 25 106, 107 havanens~, 11,69, 70 oblongata, Tricleocarpa, 25 penicillata, Griffithsia, 54 macrocarpa, 68 obtusa, Laurencia, 13, 64, 67 penicillata, Wrangelia, 12, 52, 54 pecten-veneris, 61 obtusus, Fucus, 67 Penicillus scopulorum, 11, 69, 70 occidentalis, Udotea cf., 5, 7, 8, 19, capitatus, 19, 114, 117 sertularioides, 69 118, 119 dumetosus, 19, 114, 117 Porites, 8 Ochtodes lamourouxii, 19, 116, 117 astreoides, 9 secundiramea, 14,34,37 pyriformis,S, 9, 19, 116, 117 porites, 7, 9 opuntia f. opuntia, Halimeda, 18, pennata, Bryopsis, 16, 96, 97 porites, Porites, 7, 9 110, 111, 113 periclados, Hutchinsia, 68 Potamogetonaceae, 125 opuntia f. triloba, Halimeda, 18, periclados, Murrayella, 11, 66, 68 Pringsheimia 110, 113 Peyssonneliaceae, 41 scutata, 84 opuntia, Corallina, 111 Peyssonnelia boergesenii, 9, 14, udoteae, 84 opuntia, Halimeda, 5, 7, 8 41,42 Pringsheimiella opuntia, Halimeda opuntia f., 18, pfaffii, Dictyota, 15, 73, 76, 77 scutata, 16, 82, 84 110, 111, 113 Phaeophyta,3, 10, 15,71 udoteae, 84 Oscillatoria phoenix, Corallina, 119 prolifera, Cladophora, 17, 94, 95 submembranacea, 123 phoenix, Rhipocephalus, 19, 116, prolifera, Conferva, 95 Osci1latoriaceae, 122 119 prostrata, Champia parvula var., osterhoutii, Derbesia, Halicystis Phyla, key to the, 10 11,42,43 stage of, 16, 98, 99 picta, .Clavelina, 5 puertosecensis, Clavelina, 5 osterhoutii, Halicystis, 99 planicaulis, Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47 pulchella, Dictyota, 15, 76, 77 planicaulis, Wurdemannia pultulatum, Titanderma, 14,34, 35 -p- miniata var., 47 pustulata, Melobesia, 35 Plocamium pustulatum, Dermatolithon, 35 Padina, 81 tenellum, 59 pyriformis, Penicillus,S, 9, 19, 116, gymnospora, 8, 15, 78, 79 Plocaria 117 jamaicensis, Dictyerpa stage of crassissima, 41 Padina, 15, 78, 79 plumosa, Bryopsis, 7, 8, 16, 97, 98 -~- pavonica, 15, 78, 81 plumosa, Ulva, 97 sanctae-crucis, 5, 15, 80, 81 Pneophyllum racemosa var. clavifera, Caulerpa, vickersiae, 79 fragile, 14,32,33 107 palmata, Acropora, 8 lejolisii, 33 racemosa var. lamourouxii, papillosa, Chondria, 67 Pocockiella Caulerpa, 18, 106, 107 variegata, 79 papillosa, Laurencia, 8, 12, 66, 67 racemosa var. peltata, Caulerpa, 17, poiteaui, Fucus, 68 106, 107 parca, Herposiphonia cf., 11, 60, 61 poiteaui, Laurencia, 13, 65, 66, 68 racemosa var. racemosa, Caulerpa, parvula var. parvula, Champia, 11, poitei, Laurencia, 68 18, 106, 107 41,42 polycantha, Cladophora, 93 racemosa var. uvifera, Caulerpa, parvula var. prostrata, Champia, Polycavernosa 107 11,42,43 crassissima, 41 racemosa, Caulerpa, 5, 7, 8 parvula, Champia parvula var., 11, debilis, 39 racemosa, Caulerpa racemosa var., 41,42 polyceratium, Sargassum, 16,80,83 18, 106, 107 pavonica, Padina, 15, 78, 81 polychroa, Leibleinia, 123 racemosa, Fucus, 107 pavonicus, Fucus, 81 polychroa, Lyngbya, 19, 123, 124 ramifolium, Sargassum, 16, 80, 83 pecten-veneris, Herposiphonia, 11, Polyphsaceae, 122 repens, Catenella, 37 61,62 148 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

repens, Codium, 18, 100, 101 ramifolium, 16, 80, 83 spiciferus, Fucus, 59 repens, Fucus, 37 vulgare, 16, 82, 83 spinella, Hypnea, 13, 34, 35 Rhipocephalus schenckii, A cetabularia, 19, 120, spinellus, Sphaerococcus, 35 phoenix, 19, 116, 119 122 spinulifera, Botryocladia, 8, 11, 44, Rhizoclonium schenckii, Acicularia, 122 45 kerneri, 95 Schizothrix Spongia riparium, 17, 95, 96 mexicana, 123 vermicularis, 121 riparium var. implexum, 95 schrammi, Mychodea, 38 Sporolithon, 99 Rhizophora schrammii, Meristiella, 13, 36, 38 Spyridia mangle, 7 scoparia Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47 complanata, 12, 52, 53 Rhizophyllidaceae,37 scoparia, Laurencia, 63 filamentosa, 5, 12, 52, 53 Rhodomelaceae, 59 scoparium, Gelidium, 47 squalida, Galaxaura, 23 Rhodophyta, 3, 10,21 scopulorum, Polysiphonia, 11, 69, stellata, anadyomene, 8, 16, 91, 92 Rhodymenia 70 stellata, Viva, 91 mammillaris, 39 scutata, Pringsheimia, 84 strictum, Goniolithon, 33 Rhodymeniaceae, 43, 45 scutata, Pringsheimiella, 16, 82, 84 strictum, Neogoniolithon, 14,32, 33 Rhodymeniales, 41 Scytosiphonaceae, 71 stupocaulon, Galaxaura, 23 rigida var. antillana, Amphiroa, 14, Scytosiphonales, 71 submembranacea, Oscillatoria, 123 29,30 secundiramea, Hypnea, 37 subverticillata, Galaxaura, 15, 22, rigida var. antillana, Corallina, 29 secundiramea, Ochtodes, 14,34,37 24 rigida, Viva, 7, 16,86, 87 sertularina, Cladophora, 95 Symploca rigida, Vlva lactuca var., 87 sertularioides, Caulerpa, 5, 8, 18, atlantica, 19, 123, 124 rigidula, Dasya, 12,57, 58 106, 107 Syringodium rigidulum, Eupogonium, 57 sertularioides, Fucus, 107 filiforme, 7, 19, 125, 126 rigidus, Emodesmis, 16 sertularioides, Polysiphonia, 69 rigidus, Siphonocladus, 16, 88, 89 setacea, Gelidiella, 13,27, 28 -T- riparia, Conferva, 95 setaceum, Echinocaulon, 27 riparium var. implexum, Rhizoclo­ shanksii, Botryocladia, 11, 44, 45 taxifolia, Caulerpa, 17, 108, 109 nium, 95 simplex, Conferva, 61 taxifolia, Fucus, 109 riparium, Rhizoclonium, 17, 95, 96 simplex, Digenia, 8, 12, 60, 61 taylorii, Codium, 18, 101, 102 Rosenvingea simulans, Halimeda, 18, 112, 113 tenella, Bostrychia, 12, 59, 60 sanctae-crucis, 15, 71, 72 Siphonocladaceae, 87 tenellum, Plocamium, 59 rubrum var. nitens, Ceramium, 51 Siphonocladus tenellus, Fucus, 59 rugosa, Corallina, 23 rigidus, 16, 88, 89 tenuifolia rugosa, Galaxaura, 23, 24 Solieriaceae, 37 Agaricia, 5 rugosa, Galaxaura, gametophytic sordida, Lyngbya, 123 tenuifolia, Agaricia, 5, 7, 8, 9 stage, 15, 22, 23 species, Cryptonemia, 13, 41, 42 testudinum, Thalassia, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19, rugosa, Galaxaura, tetrasporic species, Gelidiella, 13, 26,27 38, 115, 125, 126 stage, 15, 22, 24 spectabile, Goniolithon, 33 Thalassia, 5, 111, 113 spectabile, Neogoniolithon, 14,32, testudinum, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19, 38, 33 115, 125, 126 -8- Sphacelaria Titanderma tribuloides, 15, 71, 72 pultulatum, 14, 34, 35 saldanhae, Anadyomene, 16, 90, 91 Sphacelariaceae, 71 Trachinotus sanctae-crucis, Padina, 5, 15, 80, 81 Sphacelariales,71 falcatus, 9 sanctae-crucis, Rosenvingea, 15, 71, Sphaerococcus transversale, Ceramium, 51 72 corallopsis, 63 tribuloides, Sphacelaria, 15, 71, 72 sanctarum, Gelidiella, 13,25, 26 intricata, 47 Trichogloeopsis, 23 Sargassaceae, 81 isiformis, 37 pedicellata, 14, , 20, 21 Sargassum spinellus, 35 Tricleocarpa acinarium, 16, 80, 81 spicifera, Acanthophora, 5, 7, 8, 12, fragilis, 14, 25, 26 polyceratium, 16, 80, 83 58,59 oblongata, 25 NUMBER 9 149

tricostata, Turbinaria, 15, 82, 84 plun-/osa, 97 vermicularis, Dasycladus, 18, 118, triloba, Halimeda, 113 rigida, 7, 16, 86, 87 121 triloba, Halimeda opuntia f., 18, stellata, 91 vermicularis, Spongia, 121 110,113 Ulvaceae, 85 verticillata f. charoides, Caulerpa, trinitatensis, Gelidiella, 13, 27, 28 Ulvales,85 103 tuna, Corallina, 113 Ulvella verticillata, Caulerpa, 5, 8, 17, 108, tuna, Halimeda, 19,112,113 lens, 16, 85, 86 109 Turbinaria Ulvellaceae, 84 verticillata, Ernodesmis, 16, 89, 90 tricostata, 15, 82, 84 uvi/era, Caulerpa racemosa var., verticillata, Valonia, 89 turbinata, 15, 82, 84 107 vickersiae, Padina, 79 turbinata, Ecteinascidia, 7 vulgare, Sargassum, 16, 82, 83 turbinata, Turbinaria, 15, 82, 84 vulpes, A lbula, 9 turbinatus, Fucus, 84 -v- turneri, Caulerpa cupressoides var., vagabund~ Cladophora, 17,94,95 18, 104, 105 vagabunda, Conferva, 95 -w- Valonia wilsonii, Udotea, 19, 118, 121 macrophysa, 16,90,91 Wrangelia -u- ventricosa, 89 bicuspidata, 12, 52, 54 Udotea verticillata, 89 penicillata, 12, 52, 54 cyathiformis, 19, 116, 119 variabile, Gelidium, 47 Wurdemannia }labellum, 19, 118, 119, 121 variabilis, Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47 miniata var. planicaulis, 47 occidentalis, cf., 5, 7, 8, 19, 118, variegata, Lobophora, crust morph, wurdemannii, Heterosiphonia, 57 119 15,78, 79 wilsonii, 19, 118, 121 variegata Lobophora decumbent Udotea spp., 9 morph, 15, 76, 79, -x- Udoteaceae, 115 variegata, Dictyota, 79 xamachana, Cassiopea, 7 udoteae, Pringsheimia (?), 84 variegata, Lobophora, 5, 8, 9, udoteae, Pringsheimiella, 84 variegata, Pocockiella, 79 Ulva Vaucheria -Zr--- caespitosa, 37 marina, 99 Zonaria cavernosa, 87 Ventricaria gymnospora, 79 decorticata, 99 ventricosa, 16, 85, 89, 90 linearis, 75 }lexuosa, 85 ventricosa, Valonia, 89 lactuca var. rigida, 87 ventricosa, Ventricaria, 16, 85, 89, 90