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Autres Pertes Bacque James MORTS POUR RAISONS DIVERSES Par James Bacque Enquête sur le traitement des prisonniers de guerre Allemands dans les camps Américains et Français à la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Éditions de l'AAARGH 2004 Traduit de l'Anglais par CATHERINE LUDET Sand Cet ouvrage est la traduction du livre de langue Anglaise, paru sous le titre : OTHER LOSSES et publié par Stoddart Publishing Co. Limited, Toronto, Canada. I.S.B.N. 2-7107-0462-5 © James Bacque, 1989. © Éditions Sand, 1990, pour l'édition Française. À l'abbé Franz Stock et à Victor Gollancz Le pire des péchés envers nos semblables, voyez-vous, ce n'est pas de les haïr, mais c'est d'être indifférent à leur égard. En vérité, je vous le dis, c'est là l'essence de l'inhumanité. George Bernard Shaw, Le Disciple du Diable James Bacque, Morts Pour Raisons Diverses 1 Table des Matières Avertissement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 03 Chronologie des Principaux Événements Cités dans cet Ouvrage -------------------- 04 PRÉFACE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 08 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Chapitre 1 -- QUE FAIRE DE L'ALLEMAGNE ? -------------------------------------- 15 Chapitre 2 -- SANS ABRI ----------------------------------------------------------------- 25 Chapitre 3 -- PAS DE DÉCLARATION PUBLIQUE ---------------------------------- 39 Chapitre 4 -- LA CRUAUTÉ DU VAINQUEUR -------------------------------------- 50 Chapitre 5 -- UN ÉTÉ DE FAMINE ----------------------------------------------------- 63 Chapitre 6 -- AUCUNE AIDE AUTORISÉE ------------------------------------------- 81 Chapitre 7 -- LES CAMPS DE LA MORT LENTE ------------------------------------ 99 Chapitre 8 -- CAMOUFLER LE CADAVRE ------------------------------------------ 109 Chapitre 9 -- DANS LA SERRE --------------------------------------------------------- 124 Chapitre 10 -- LES BRITANNIQUES ET LES CANADIENS ------------------------ 144 Chapitre 11 -- HISTOIRE, MYTHES ET MENSONGES ----------------------------- 154 Chapitre 12 -- TACITES CONNIVENCES -------------------------------------------- 173 APPENDICES ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 186 INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 186 Appendice 1 -- AUTRES PERTES DANS LES CAMPS AMÉRICAINS ------------ 188 Appendice 2 -- L'HISTORIQUE MÉDICAL DU T.E.O. ----------------------------- 205 Appendice 3 -- LES RAPPORTS DU GRAND PRÉVÔT ---------------------------- 208 Appendice 4 -- LES DOCUMENTS DU S.H.A.E.F., PUIS DE L'U.S.F.E.T. -------- 210 James Bacque, Morts Pour Raisons Diverses 2 Appendice 5 -- LE HIATUS DU 2 JUIN ENTRE LE 3E BUREAU (OPÉRATIONS) DU S.H.A.E.F. ET LES GÉNÉRAUX LEE ET LITTLEJOHN ------------------------------------------------ 211 Appendice 6 -- DISCORDANCE SUR LES EFFECTIFS DE PRISONNIERS ENTRE LE 2 JUIN ET LE 8 SEPTEMBRE 1945 -------------------- 213 Appendice 7 -- LE TRANSFERT DE MINUIT ---------------------------------------- 215 Appendice 8 -- LES PRISONNIERS DE L'ENCLAVE DE BRÊME (S.C.O.F.O.R.) -------------------------------------------- 218 Appendice 9 -- LE HIATUS BRITANNIQUE ----------------------------------------- 219 Appendice 10 -- ÉVASIONS DES CAMPS FRANÇAIS ------------------------------ 222 Annexe 5 -- TEXTE INTÉGRAL DE L'ÉDITORIAL DU FIGARO DU 19 SEPTEMBRE 1945. Ne pas leur ressembler --------------------- 224 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 226 REMERCIEMENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 229 James Bacque, Morts Pour Raisons Diverses 3 [11] Avertissement On ne peut lire le livre de James Bacque sans un certain malaise. Sa diffusion au Canada, aux États-Unis et, naturellement, en Allemagne a suscité de nombreuses réactions, violentes, épidermiques, contradictoires. Fallait-il prendre le risque de le présenter au public français ? Plus de quarante ans après la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, les passions et les haines restent vives. Des peurs, des silences, des oublis nous empêchent encore d'aborder cette partie de notre histoire avec sérénité. Des sectes de fanatiques continuent d'alimenter les polémiques et les rancunes, à la télévision et dans les journaux. Dans un pays où les "historiens" révisionnistes trépignent et où un leader politique d'extrême-droite multiplie les provocations à l'égard des victimes du Nazisme, était-il opportun de publier le livre de James Bacque ? Ne risquait-on pas d'accroître la confusion et d'amplifier le malentendu ? N'allait-on pas nous accuser, dans le climat actuel, d'offenser la mémoire des victimes, d'être au service de ceux qui aujourd'hui tentent d'absoudre la barbarie Nazie et de nier la shoah ? Pour l'auteur, qui est canadien, il s'agit non pas d'excuser les "bourreaux" ni même de faire le procès des vainqueurs mais de tenter d'établir les faits en sachant que la vérité n'est pas donnée mais à conquérir. Ce livre est un document brutal : mais, si James Bacque dérange, son travail s'appuie sur des preuves qu'aucun historien sérieux n'a pu jusqu'ici contester. [12] C'est pourquoi nous avons décidé, malgré nos préventions et nos craintes, de publier cet ouvrage, convaincus que l'histoire ne tolère finalement que les faits et que la lutte éternelle entre les bons et les méchants ne doit pas se confondre avec la quête difficile de la vérité. Les éditeurs James Bacque, Morts Pour Raisons Diverses 4 [13] CHRONOLOGIE DES PRINCIPAUX ÉVÉNEMENTS CITÉS DANS CET OUVRAGE 1939 1er Septembre : L'Allemagne attaque la Pologne. 3 Septembre : La Grande-Bretagne et la France déclarent la guerre à l'Allemagne. 10 Septembre: Le Canada déclare la guerre à l'Allemagne. 17 Septembre : La Russie envahit la Pologne. Hiver 1939-940 Massacre d'officiers Polonais par les Russes à Katyn. 1940 21 Juin : Défaite, reddition et partage de la France en deux zones. Environ 1.500.000 soldats Français sont détenus en Allemagne sous le statut de prisonniers de guerre. 1941 Juin : L'Allemagne attaque l'U.R.S.S. Décembre : Le Japon attaque les États-Unis. Hitler déclare la guerre aux États-Unis. 1942 Août: Tentative de débarquement des Canadiens à Dieppe. Les Canadiens et les Allemands s'accusent réciproquement d'enchaîner leurs prisonniers. Novembre : Les Alliés débarquent en Afrique du Nord. [14] James Bacque, Morts Pour Raisons Diverses 5 1943 Janvier: Churchill et Roosevelt se rencontrent à Casablanca et réclament la capitulation sans condition de l'Allemagne. Mai: Les forces de l'Axe se rendent à Tunis. La plus importante capture de prisonniers effectuée jusqu'à cette date a lieu. Eisenhower se plaint auprès de Marshall: "Quel dommage de ne pas avoir pu en tuer davantage". Novembre-Décembre : Conférence de Téhéran. Staline et Roosevelt portent un toast à l'exécution escomptée de 50.000 officiers Allemands après les hostilités; Elliott Roosevelt boit à la mort de centaines de milliers d'autres, et affirme qu'il est sûr du soutien de l'Armée Américaine. Churchill, indigné, quitte la salle de réunion. 1944 Février : Eisenhower nomme à ses côtés le Général Everett S. Hughes, qui devient ainsi son plus proche collaborateur. 6 Juin, Jour J. : Débarquement des Américains, des Britanniques et des Canadiens en Normandie. Septembre : Conférence de Québec. Le Plan Morgenthau destiné à anéantir l'industrie Allemande est entériné par Roosevelt et Churchill. Les Alliés atteignent la vallée du Rhin. La presse Américaine se déchaîne contre le Plan Morgenthau. Octobre : À Moscou, Staline et Churchill donnent leur accord au Plan Morgenthau. 1945 Février: Conférence de Yalta. Roosevelt, Churchill et Staline débattent du démembrement de l'Allemagne et de la question des réparations. 10 Mars: Eisenhower signe un message créant le statut des Forces Ennemies Désarmées (F.E.D.), qui soustrait les prisonniers à la protection de la Convention de Genève. Par ailleurs, il donne une conférence à Paris au cours de laquelle il affirme que les États-Unis obéissent à la convention. Avril : Les chefs d'état-major réunis approuvent la création du statut de F.E.D.. Seuls les représentants Britanniques refusent de l'appliquer à leurs prisonniers. L'intendant général Américain Littlejohn réduit les rations des prisonniers. James Bacque, Morts Pour Raisons Diverses 6 8 Mai: Capitulation de l'Allemagne. Les États-Unis, en violation [15] de la convention de Genève, ôtent à la Suisse le rôle de puissance protectrice des intérêts des prisonniers Allemands. Eisenhower dit à Churchill qu'il a réduit les rations des prisonniers et qu'il songe à les réduire davantage. Patton libère rapidement ses captifs. Eisenhower ordonne à ses Généraux de cesser les libérations. Nouvelle réduction de l'alimentation de prisonniers. Juin : Le 2 Juin, le Général Lee, responsable de la logistique pour le TEO., affirme que le nombre de prisonniers transmis par le grand quartier général allié est incorrect. L'intendant général, Robert Littlejohn, se déclare dans l'incapacité de nourrir les 4.000.000 de prisonniers "en mains". Plusieurs centaines de milliers de détenus sont clandestine- ment transférés sous le statut de Forces Ennemies Désarmées. Il est interdit aux civils de contribuer au ravitaillement des captifs. La disette commence à régner en Allemagne. Le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (C.I.C.R.) envoie deux trains remplis de nourriture, qui lui sont renvoyés par l'armée américaine. Le Premier ministre du Canada, William
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