TRANSCRIPTION Ordinance of Secession (Enrolled Version)

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UNION or SECESSION

Virginians Decide

Library of Virginia | Virginia Department of Education UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Chapter 1. Virginia Convention at work ...... 2 Chapter 2. Map of April 4, 1861, Vote on Secession ...... 8 &KDSWHU´9LUJLQLDQVFDQQHYHUÀJKt our southern breathren”...... 10 Chapter 4. “Submission or war” ...... 16 Chapter 5. Roll Call of Vote on Secession, April 17, 1861 ...... 19 Chapter 6. Map of April 17, 1861, Vote on Secession ...... 21 Chapter 7. Ordinance of Secession (Enrolled Version) ...... 23 Chapter 8. “To Arms!” ...... 26 Chapter 9. “Hold themselves ready” ...... 27 Chapter 10. “To do any thing that a woman can do for her country” ...... 29 Chapter 11. A speedy union with the other slave states...... 33 Chapter 12. Ordinance of Secession (First Signed Version) ...... 36 Chapter 13. Robert E. Lee takes command of Virginia’s forces...... 40

Chapter 14. Ordinance of Secession (Calligraphy Version) ...... 42 Chapter 15. “Pay Roll of Slaves Employed by the Commonwealth”...... 47

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Introduction

Drawn primarily from the collections of the Library of Virginia, Union or Secession: Virginians Decide presents private letters, public debates, and other records that allow Virginians who experienced the crisis between the autumn of 1860 and the summer of 1861 to explain their thoughts, fears, and decisions in their own words.

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1 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 1. Virginia Convention at work

Peyton Gravely to Benjamin Franklin Gravely, April 1, 1861, Gravely Family Papers, Acc. 34126, Library of Virginia

On April 1, 1861, Peyton Gravely, a member of the Virginia Convention from Henry County, reported on the work of the convention. Elected as an opponent of secession, Gravely commented on the “Strong out Side pressure” the delegates faced from Richmond’s newspapers, most of which favored seceding from the Union. Three days after writing his letter, Gravely voted with a two-to-one majority against a motion to secede. Gravely mentioned speeches of Timothy Rives, of Prince Edward County, Thomas S. Flournoy, of Halifax County, James Barbour, of Culpeper County, William Leftwich Goggin, of Bedford County, William Ballard Preston, of Montgomery County, William T. Sutherlin and William M. Tredway, both of Pittsylvania County, and James Cole Bruce, of Halifax County. The great length of many of the speeches eventually led the delegates to place a time limit on each speaker. Jubal A. Early, whom Gravely thought might be a good candidate to oppose Representative Thomas Salem Bocock for Congress, represented Franklin County in the Virginia Convention.

For more links click Virginia Convention at work

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Peyton Gravely to Benjamin Franklin Gravely, April 1, 1861, Gravely Family Papers, Acc. 34126, Library of Virginia

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Peyton Gravely to Benjamin Franklin Gravely, April 1, 1861, Gravely Family Papers, Acc. 34126, Library of Virginia 4 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Peyton Gravely to Benjamin Franklin Gravely, April 1, 1861, Gravely Family Papers, Acc. 34126, Library of Virginia 5 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Peyton Gravely to Benjamin Franklin Gravely, April 1, 1861, Gravely Family Papers, Acc. 34126, Library of Virginia 6 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION Virginia Convention at work

Richmond April 1st 1861

Dear nephew

Your much esteemed favour of march the 25 was duly recived which brought to me the gratifying inteligence wh that all was at that time well at home

On friday last resolutions were introduced in the convention to terminate debate in the committee of the whol after tuesday nexte which resolutions meet with Strong oposition from the Secssi Secession Side of the house the resolutions was amended by Substituting thursday in the place of tuesday nexte and has Since been adopted in that Shape by a large majority

Tim Rives Spoke on friday last Seven hours in favor of the Union and it was a very able Speech Mr. Flournoy to Spoke on Saturday a bout one houer and a half in favor of the union his Speech was a well timed and very Abel and gives general Satisfaction to the party

-LP%DUERXUQH[WWRRNWKHÁRRUHDQGPDGHDYHU\6HFHVVLRQGU\DQGXQLQWHUHVWLQJ6HFHVVLRQ6SHHFKRIDERXWKDOI DQRXUHLQOHQWK0U*RJJLQQH[WHLQWXUQWRRNWKHÁRUHDQG6SRNHIRXUHKRXUVDSDUWHRIZKLFKZDVLQIDYRURI Secession and part in favor of union Goggin and Barbour are boath instructed deligates

Baldwin Preston and Flornoy have all made very able Speeches on the Side of union

I now think the convention will adopt for its ultimatum the reporte of the committee on federal relations at this time if the vote could be taken it would be adoped by a very large majority (There is not much differince) betwen the reporte of the committee on federal relations and the reporte of the peace conference what will be the result when the vote is taken I am at this tim unable to Say

We have in Richmond a Strong Strong out Side pressure the [one word cancelled and illegible] publick presses are all against us but the whig and that will go in a few days, if I have not been misinformed upon the Subject You nead have no fears a bout Sutherlin nor Tredway they will be kept Strate by there constituents So will Flornoy Bruce and ohers Wm Martin lefte here on Saturday morning I think he has Som idea of Runig for congress in oposition to Mr Bocock Majr Early would be a sutable candidate if he could compeat with Bocock on the Stump

I think the convention will adjourn by the 15 of April if not before that time

I am glad to hear that you have Set a resolution to write y me onst a week during the Siting of the convention My Kind regardes to Julia and the Children And accept the Same for for your Self from PEYTON GRAVELY

Citation: Peyton Gravely to Benjamin Franklin Gravely, April 1, 1861, Gravely Family Papers, Acc. 34126, Library of Virginia.

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Chapter 2. Map of April 4, 1861, Vote on Secession

Residences of delegates who voted for and against secession on April 4, 1861, displayed on E. Hergesheimer, Map of Virginia Showing the Distribution of its Slave Population from the Census of 1860, C. B. Graham, Lithographer (Washington, D.C.: Henry S. Graham, 1861), Library of Virginia.

On April 4, 1861, the convention rejected a motion to secede by a vote of 90 to 45. The importance of VODYHU\LQWKHGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVRI9LUJLQLDLQÁXHQFHGWKHSROLWLFDORSLQLRQVRIFRQYHQWLRQGHOHJDWHVZKHQ they voted on the secession resolution that day. Plotting the places of residence of the delegates on an 1861 map showing the distribution of slaves in Virginia illustrates that the strongest support for secession came from areas where slaves were most numerous and that opposition to secession came from regions where slaves were less numerous. No delegate in the Virginia Convention of 1861 favored abolishing slavery, and some opponents of secession feared that secession and civil war would endanger slavery in Virginia. Voters in cities and in counties with large commercial towns elected very few supporters of secession.

Some counties contain no marker because 17 delegates were absent on April 4, and some counties were parts of districts that included more than one county and the district’s delegate resided in another county.

For more links click Map of April 4, 1861, Vote on Secession

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+PIX\MZ¹>QZOQVQIV[KIVVM^MZÅOP\ our southern breathren”

James C. Taylor to Governor John Letcher, April 15, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

Following the surrender of Fort Sumter, in South Carolina, on April 13, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln UHTXHVWHGYROXQWHHUVLQFOXGLQJRIÀFHUVDQGPHQIURP9LUJLQLDWRSXWGRZQWKH6RXWKHUQ rebellion. James C. Taylor, of Christiansburg, in the southwestern county of Montgomery, informed the governor two days later that “Our Community, has been thrown into the most intense excitement” and WKDW´9LUJLQLDQVFDQQHYHUÀJKWRXUVRXWKHUQEUHDWKUHQµ*RYHUQRU-RKQ/HWFKHUUHIXVHGWRFRPSO\ZLWK Lincoln’s request. On April 16, Montgomery County’s delegate, William Ballard Preston, who had been unanimously elected as an opponent of secession, introduced an ordinance of secession in the Virginia Convention. On April 17, 1861, the convention adopted Preston’s ordinance by a vote of 88 to 55. During WKHFOLPDFWLFZHHNVRI$SULODQG0D\PHQLQ9LUJLQLDMRLQHGPLOLWDU\FRPSDQLHVVRPHWRÀJKWIRU WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGRWKHUVWRÀJKWIRU9LUJLQLDRUWKH6RXWK

For more links click ´9LUJLQLDQVFDQQHYHUÀJKWRXUVRXWKHUQEUHDWKUHQ”

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James C. Taylor to Gov. John Letcher, April 15, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

11 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

James C. Taylor to Gov. John Letcher, April 15, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

12 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

James C. Taylor to Gov. John Letcher, April 15, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

13 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

James C. Taylor to Gov. John Letcher, April 15, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

14 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION ´9LUJLQLDQVFDQQHYHUÀJKWRXUVRXWKHUQEUHDWKUHQµ

Christiansburg April 15th 1861.

Hon. Sir:

Our Community, has been thrown into the most intense excitement by the news here, that Lincoln has made a UHTXLVLWLRQXSRQ9DIRU1LQH7KRXVDQGVROGLHUVWRÀJKWRXUVRXWKHUQEUHWKUHQ

9LUJLQLDQVFDQQHYHUÀJKWRXUVRXWKHUQEUHDWKUHQDQGZKLOVWZHZLOOGRDOOLQRXUSRZHUWRUHQGHUWR\RXRXUVXSSRUW DQGWRGHIHQG\RXDQG\RXUIDPLO\IURPDVVDXOWV3OHDVHGRQRWDVNXVWR-RLQDQRUWKHUQDUP\WRÀJKWRXUVRXWKHUQ friends, neighbors, fathers & brothers. It will not it shall not be so. I hold my self in readiness dear governor to march my men to your support and to your defence, but not to support Lincoln nor to his defence.

When ever you want me for the purposes above indicated—Or whenever you wish my services in upholding the honor of our proud old mother let me hear from your end, I think, I mistake not when I assure you, that we of the south west will notify you that we are worthy to be numbered among the gallant Sons of old Virginia.

What will be the end of the foolish course persued by Lincoln?

Yr truly your friend

JAS C TAYLOR

Citation: James C. Taylor to Governor John Letcher, April 15, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

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Chapter 4. “Submission or war”

Francis G. Taylor to Governor John Letcher, April 17, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

Following the surrender of Fort Sumter, in South Carolina, on April 13, 1861, President Abraham /LQFROQUHTXHVWHGYROXQWHHUVLQFOXGLQJRIÀFHUVDQGPHQIURP9LUJLQLDWRSXWGRZQWKH Southern rebellion. Governor John Letcher refused to comply with the president’s request. Believing that “President Lincoln has left us no alternative, but submission or war,” Francis G. Taylor, of Hanover &RXQW\LQFHQWUDO9LUJLQLDZKRWZLFHYROXQWHHUHGIRUVHUYLFHLQWKHÀHOGGXULQJWKH:DURIZURWH to the governor and offered his services, “as a volunteer, to place me either in the ranks, or any other post, you may think proper to assign me.”

For more links click ´6XEPLVVLRQRUZDU”

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Francis G. Taylor to Governor John Letcher, April 17, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

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TRANSCRIPTION “Submission or war”

Hanover April 17th 1861.

To his Excellency Govr Letcher.

Dr. Sir.

My voice has been for peace, being a warm strong Union man; But President Lincoln has left us no alternative, but submission or war: Virginia’s rights, interest, honour patriotism, all declare peremptorily for war.

Having been twice a volunteer in the war, of 1812, I now, Sir, tender you my services, as a volunteer, to place me either in the ranks, or any other post, you may think proper to assign me.

I am bordering on three score & ten, but I feel willing & able, to discharge any duty to my Country. I hope my example will be followed by both old & young.

With great respect

I remain yr Obt. Servt.

FRAS. G. TAYLOR

To Govr. John Letcher.

Citation: Francis G. Taylor to Governor John Letcher, April 17, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

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Chapter 5. Roll Call of Vote on Secession, April 17, 1861

Record of the Vote in the Virginia Convention on the Ordinance of Secession, April 17, 1861, Paul Mellon Bequest, Acc. 11637, Small Special Collections, University of Virginia.

At twenty minutes past 4:00 in the afternoon on April 17, 1861, the secretary of the Virginia Convention counted the votes of the delegates on the question of secession. Using an alphabetical list of the delegates that had been printed to record votes during the convention, the secretary tallied 88 votes in favor of secession and 55 against.

For more links click Roll Call of Vote on Secession, April 17, 1861

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Record of the Vote in the Virginia Convention on the Ordinance of Secession, April 17, 1861, Paul Mellon Bequest, Acc. 11637, Small Special Collections, University of Virginia

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Chapter 6. Map of April 17, 1861, Vote on Secession

Residences of delegates who voted for and against secession on April 17, 1861, displayed on E. Hergesheimer, Map of Virginia Showing the Distribution of its Slave Population from the Census of 1860, C. B. Graham, Lithographer (Washington, D.C.: Henry S. Graham, 1861), Library of Virginia.

On April 17, 1861, the Virginia Convention voted 88 to 55 in favor of secession. That vote took place when civil war was breaking out, and the delegates had to decide which side to take. Plotting the places of residence of the delegates on an 1861 map showing the distribution of slaves in Virginia illustrates that most of the 55 delegates who opposed secession resided in the greater Ohio Valley, in or near the Shenandoah Valley, or near the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. Those delegates may have had closer personal or business ties to people in the free states than the delegates who lived in the interior and who voted for secession. Slavery was also less important in many of the counties and cities where the 55 delegates lived than it was elsewhere in Virginia. Several of them later changed their votes, and many of them signed the Ordinance of Secession.

Some counties contain no marker because 9 delegates were absent on April 17, and some counties were parts of districts that included more than one county and the district’s delegate resided in another county.

For more links click Map of April 17, 1861, Vote on Secession

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Chapter 7. Ordinance of Secession (Enrolled Version)

Enrolled Ordinance of Secession, adopted April 17, 1861, Virginia Convention (1861: Richmond), Records, 1861–1961, Acc. 40586, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 93, Library of Virginia.

On April 17, 1861, the Virginia Convention by a vote of 88 to 55 adopted the Ordinance of Secession. It UHSHDOHGWKHVWDWHFRQYHQWLRQ·VUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGWKH*HQHUDO Assembly’s resolutions ratifying amendments to that Constitution. The ordinance stated that Virginia resumed all the powers that the state had granted to the federal government on the grounds that the federal government had “perverted said powers not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the RSSUHVVLRQRIWKH6RXWKHUQVODYHKROGLQJ6WDWHVµ7KHRUGLQDQFHZDVUDWLÀHGLQDSRSXODUUHIHUHQGXPRQ May 23, 1861.

The formal, legal text of the Ordinance of Secession was inscribed on parchment (as were bills enacted by the General Assembly) and signed by the convention’s president. In the margin are the signatures of two RIWKHÀYHPHPEHUVRIDFRPPLWWHHWKDWWKHFRQYHQWLRQDSSRLQWHGWRYHULI\WKHWH[WVRIWKHRUGLQDQFHVWKDW the convention adopted. During the second session of the convention in June 1861, Delegates James H. &R[RI&KHVWHUÀHOG&RXQW\DQG-RKQ$&DUWHURI/RXGRXQ&RXQW\H[DPLQHGDQGFHUWLÀHGWKHHQUROOHG RUGLQDQFH&RQYHQWLRQ3UHVLGHQW-RKQ-DQQH\WKHQVLJQHGLWWRPDNHLWRIÀFLDO

1LQHW\WZRPHPEHUVRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQVLJQHGDSUHOLPLQDU\SDUFKPHQWODWHLQ$SULOGXULQJWKHÀQDOGD\V RIWKHÀUVWVHVVLRQRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQDQGPHPEHUVVLJQHGDFHUHPRQLDOSDUFKPHQWRIWKHRUGLQDQFH during the second and third sessions in June and November 1861.

For more links click Ordinance of Secession (Enrolled Version)

23 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

24 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION Ordinance of Secession (Enrolled Version)

An Ordinance

7RUHSHDOWKHUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDE\WKH6WDWHRI9LUJLQLDDQGWRUHVXPH all the rights and powers granted under said Constitution

7KHSHRSOHRI9LUJLQLDLQWKHLUUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDDGRSWHGE\WKHP LQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKHWZHQW\ÀIWKGD\RI-XQHLQWKH\HDURIRXU/RUGRQHWKRXVDQGVHYHQKXQGUHGDQGHLJKW\ eight having declared that the powers granted under the said Constitution were derived from the people of the United States and might be resumed whensoever the same should be perverted to their injury and oppression; and the Federal Government having perverted said powers not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the oppression of the Southern slaveholding States.

Now, therefore, we the people of Virginia do declare and ordain that the ordinance adopted by the people of this 6WDWHLQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKHWZHQW\ÀIWKGD\RI-XQHLQWKH\HDURIRXU/RUGRQHWKRXVDQGVHYHQKXQGUHGDQGHLJKW\ HLJKWZKHUHE\WKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDZDVUDWLÀHGDQGDOODFWVRIWKH*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\RI this State ratifying or adopting amendments to said Constitution are hereby repealed and abrogated; that the Union between the State of Virginia and the other States under the Constitution aforesaid is hereby dissolved and that the State of Virginia is in the full possession and exercise of all the rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State. And they do further declare that said Constitution of the United States of America is no longer binding on any of the citizens of this State.

7KLVRUGLQDQFHVKDOOWDNHHIIHFWDQGEHDQDFWRIWKLVGD\ZKHQUDWLÀHGE\DPDMRULW\RIWKHYRWHVRIWKHSHRSOHRIWKLV State cast at a poll to be taken thereon on the fourth Thursday in May next, in pursuance of a schedule hereafter to be enacted

Done in Convention in the city of Richmond on the seventeenth day of April in the year of our Lord one thousand HLJKWKXQGUHGDQGVL[W\RQHDQGLQWKHHLJKW\ÀIWK\HDURIWKH&RPPRQZHDOWKRI9LUJLQLD

JOHN JANNEY, Prest

JAMES H. COX JOHN A. CARTER

Citation: Enrolled Ordinance of Secession, adopted April 17, 1861, Virginia Convention (1861: Richmond), Records, 1861–1961, Acc. 40586, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 93, Library of Virginia.

25 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 8. “To Arms!”

“To Arms! To Arms! To Arms! Defend Your Homes and Firesides,” 1861, Broadside, 1861 .T62 FF, Special Collections, Library of Virginia.

During the climactic weeks of April and May 1861, men in Virginia joined military companies, some to ÀJKWIRUWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGRWKHUVWRÀJKWIRU9LUJLQLDRUWKH6RXWK)ROORZLQJWKHVXUUHQGHURI)RUW Sumter, in South Carolina, on April 13, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln requested 75,000 volunteers, LQFOXGLQJRIÀFHUVDQGPHQIURP9LUJLQLDWRSXWGRZQWKH6RXWKHUQUHEHOOLRQ2Q$SULOWKH very day that the Virginia Convention adopted the Ordinance of Secession but before the news was made public, an unknown person or group in Lexington called for 300 able-bodied men to form three companies “for the defence of Virginia against the invasion threatened by her Northern foes.”

For more links click ´7R$UPVµ

“To Arms! To Arms! To Arms! Defend Your Homes and Firesides,” 1861, Broadside, Library of Virginia

26 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 9. “Hold themselves ready”

7HOHJUDP7+&DPSEHOOWR*RYHUQRU-RKQ/HWFKHU GDWHG´WKHWKµDQGÀOHGZLWKGRFXPHQWVUHFHLYHGLQWKH JRYHUQRU·VRIÀFHLQ$SULO ([HFXWLYH3DSHUVRI*RYHUQRU-RKQ/HWFKHU$FF6WDWH*RYHUQPHQW5HFRUGV Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

T. H. Campbell telegraphed Governor John Letcher from Petersburg on April 18, 1861, to announce the arrival of a company of volunteers from Nottoway County. The governor received dozens of telegrams and letters similar to this during the second half of April 1861. The notation “DHK” may have been by the telegraph operator.

For more links click ´+ROGWKHPVHOYHVUHDG\”

7HOHJUDP7+&DPSEHOOWR*RYHUQRU-RKQ/HWFKHU GDWHG´WKHWKµDQGÀOHGZLWKGRFXPHQWVUHFHLYHG LQWKHJRYHUQRU·VRIÀFHLQ$SULO ([HFXWLYH3DSHUVRI*RYHUQRU-RKQ/HWFKHU$FF State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

27 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION “Hold themselves ready”

Received at Richmond the 18th 1861 at _____ o’clock, ____ minutes. By telegraph from Petersburg To His Excellency John Letcher Governor of Va A Company is here from Nottoway Commanded by Capt Owen who have offered their Services please inform me if you will accept them if not they will return home on tomorrow and hold themselves ready

T H Campbell

DHK

Citation:7HOHJUDP7+&DPSEHOOWR*RYHUQRU-RKQ/HWFKHU GDWHG´WKHWKµDQGÀOHGZLWKGRFXPHQWVUHFHLYHG LQWKHJRYHUQRU·VRIÀFHLQ$SULO ([HFXWLYH3DSHUVRI*RYHUQRU-RKQ/HWFKHU$FF6WDWH*RYHUQPHQW Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

28 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 10. “To do any thing that a woman can do for her country”

Sarah A. Logan to Governor John Letcher, April 20, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

Three days after the Virginia Convention voted to secede and even before the news could reach the rural portions of Virginia, Sarah A. Logan, of Dungeness, in the central Virginia county of Goochland, wrote a letter to the governor. Anxious “to do any thing that a woman can do for her country,” she offered the VHUYLFHVRIKHUVHOIDQGGDXJKWHUVWRVHZÁDQQHOVKLUWVIRUVROGLHUV´,ZLOOPDNHDVPDQ\DV\RXFDQVHQG PHWKHPDWHULDOVIRU³VD\ÀYHKXQGUHGRUDWKRXVDQG,FDQGRLWDV,KDYHDODUJHIRUFHDWP\FRPPDQG and if necessary we will work night and day.” The “large force” at her command likely included some of the more than 50 enslaved laborers at her family’s plantation.

For more links click ´7RGRDQ\WKLQJWKDWDZRPDQFDQGRIRUKHUFRXQWU\µ

29 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Sarah A. Logan to Governor John Letcher, April 20, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia 30 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION "To do any thing that a woman can do for her country"

Dungeness

April 20th: 1861.

To Governor Letcher:

Accept my services for my State. I have no son old enough, and my husband is one of the "homeguard" so I wish ZLWKWKHDVVLVWDQFHRIP\GDXJKWHUVWRGRVRPHWKLQJ³DQ\WKLQJ+HDULQJWKDWUHGÁDQQHOVKLUWVRUMDFNHWVDUHQHHGHG ,ZLOOPDNHDVPDQ\DV\RXFDQVHQGPHWKHPDWHULDOVIRU³VD\ÀYHKXQGUHGRUDWKRXVDQG,FDQGRLWDV,KDYHD large force at my command; and if necessary we will work night and day—. This is not a strange proposal as I reside only thirty nine miles from Richmond and can send the articles at a day's notice. I am desirous—anxious to do any thing that a woman can do for her country.

May God be with you and all others to whom is entrusted the guidance of this commonwealth in its hour of danger, and may He guard and protect those who are about to Struggle for our liberty. God be merciful unto us and keep us—

Yours respectfully

SARAH A LOGAN

of Dungeness

Loch Lomand P.O.

Goochland Co

Virginia

7KHÁDQQHOFDQEHVHQWWRWKHDERYHDGGUHVVDQGLWZLOOUHDFKPHVDIHO\³

Citation: Sarah A. Logan to Governor John Letcher, April 20, 1861, Executive Papers of Governor John Letcher, Acc. 36787, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 3, Library of Virginia.

32 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 11. A speedy union with the other slave states

Convention between the Commonwealth of Virginia and the Confederate States of America, April 24, 1861, Virginia Convention (1861: Richmond), Records, 1861–1961, Acc. 40586, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 93, Library of Virginia.

On April 24, 1861, a six-member committee of the Virginia Convention signed an agreement with Alexander H. Stephens, vice president of the provisional government of the Confederate States of $PHULFDWKDW9LUJLQLDZRXOGFRRSHUDWHZLWKWKH&RQIHGHUDF\SHQGLQJUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH9LUJLQLD 2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQDQGWKH9LUJLQLD&RQYHQWLRQ·VUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH&RQIHGHUDF\ This agreement is called a “convention,” indicating that it is a temporary or preliminary agreement pending the completion of a formal legal relationship between the two parties. In the margin, the VLJQDWXUHVRIFRQYHQWLRQGHOHJDWHV-DPHV$&DUWHUDQG+HUYH\'HVNLQVWZRRIWKHÀYHPHQQDPHG WRH[DPLQHWKHHQUROOHGRUGLQDQFHVRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQYHULÀHGWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHVLJQHGFRS\,QWKH autumn of 1861, the convention’s second president, Robert Latané Montague (who was also lieutenant governor of Virginia) also signed the formal parchment.

For more links click $VSHHG\XQLRQZLWKWKHRWKHUVODYHVWDWHV

33 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION A speedy union with the other slave states

Convention between the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the Confederate States of America.

The Commonwealth of Virginia, looking to a speedy union of said Commonwealth and the other Slave States with the Confederate States of America, according to the provisions of the Constitution for the Provisional Government of said States, enters into the following temporary Convention and agreement with said States for the purpose of meeting pressing exigencies affecting the common rights, interests and safety of said Commonwealth and said Confederacy:

1st. Until the union of said Commonwealth with said Confederacy shall be perfected, and said Commonwealth shall become a member of said Confederacy according to the Constitutions of both powers, the whole military IRUFHDQGPLOLWDU\RSHUDWLRQVRIIHQVLYHDQGGHIHQVLYHRIVDLG&RPPRQZHDOWKLQWKHLPSHQGLQJFRQÁLFWZLWKWKH United States, shall be under the chief control and direction of the President of said Confederate States, upon the same principles, basis and footing as if said Commonwealth were now, and during the interval, a member of said Confederacy.

2d The Commonwealth of Virginia will, after the consummation of the Union contemplated in this Convention, and her adoption of the Constitution for a permanent government of said Confederate States, and she shall become a member of said Confederacy, under said permanent Constitution, if the same occur, turn over to said Confederate States all the public property, naval stores and munitions of war, etc., she may then be in possession of, acquired from the United States, on the same terms and in like manner as the other States of said Confederacy have done in like cases

3d. Whatever expenditures of money, if any, said Commonwealth of Virginia shall make before the Union under the Provisional Government, as above contemplated, shall be consummated, shall be met and provided for by said Confederate States.

This Convention entered into and agreed to, in the city of Richmond, Virginia, on the twenty-fourth day of April, eighteen hundred and sixty one, by Alexander H. Stephens, the duly authorized Commissioner to act in the matter for the said Confederate States, and John Tyler, William Ballard Preston, Sam’l McD. Moore, James P. Holcombe, James C. Bruce and Lewis E. Harvie, parties duly authorized to act in like manner for said Commonwealth of Virginia—the ZKROHVXEMHFWWRWKHDSSURYDODQGUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKHSURSHUDXWKRULWLHVRIERWK*RYHUQPHQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\

In testimony whereof, the parties aforesaid have hereto set their hands and seals, the day and year aforesaid, and at the place aforesaid,—in duplicate originals.

JOHN TYLER JOHN TYLER[Seal.] [Seal.] WM. BALLARD PRESTONWM. BALLARD PRESTON[Seal.] [Seal.] S. MCD. MOORE S. MCD. MOORE[Seal.] [Seal.] JAMES P. HOLCOMBEJAMES P. HOLCOMBE.[Seal.] [Seal.] JAMES C. BRUCE JAMES C. BRUCE[Seal.] [Seal.] LEWIS E HARVIE LEWIS E HARVIE[Seal.] [Seal.] CommitteeCommittee of the of Conventionthe Convention ALEXANDER H.ALEXANDER STEPHENS H. STEPHENS[Seal.] [Seal.] Como.Como. for Confederatefor Confederate States States RO:RO: L: MONTAGUE. L: MONTAGUE. Prest:Prest: of the of Conventionthe Convention

Citation: Convention between the Commonwealth of Virginia and the Confederate States of America, April 24, 1861, Virginia Convention (1861: Richmond), Records, 1861–1961, Acc. 40586, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 93, Library of Virginia. 35 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 12. Ordinance of Secession (First Signed Version)

7KH2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQDGRSWHG$SULOUDWLÀHG0D\*HQHUDO5HFRUGVRIWKH Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

On April 22, the convention ordered that the text of the ordinance be inscribed on parchment for the delegates to sign. On April 24, William H. Dulany, the Fairfax County delegate who twice voted against secession, requested permission to sign the parchment before leaving town the next day. His signature is DWWKHWRSRIWKHÀUVWFROXPQRIDXWRJUDSKV3UHVLGHQW-RKQ-DQQH\DQGQLQHW\RWKHUGHOHJDWHVVLJQHGWKH FRS\EHIRUHWKHÀUVWVHVVLRQRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQDGMRXUQHGRQ0D\

John Quincy Marr, a delegate from Fauquier County who was absent when the convention adopted the text on April 17, signed the parchment at the end of the month or on May 1. He was killed in a skirmish on June 1. The second session of the convention authorized copying his autograph from the April parchment onto lithographic copies of the ceremonial parchment that delegates signed in June.

The enrolled, formal, legal text of the Ordinance of Secession was inscribed on parchment (as were bills enacted by the General Assembly) and signed by the Convention’s president in June 1861, during the second session of the convention. Another and very elegantly penned parchment of the Ordinance of Secession was prepared late in May, and 142 members signed it during the second and third sessions in June and November 1861.

For more links click Ordinance of Secession (First Signed Version)

36 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

7KH2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQDGRSWHG$SULOUDWLÀHG0D\*HQHUDO5HFRUGVRIWKH Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

37 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION Ordinance of Secession (First Signed Version)

$Q2UGLQDQFHWR5HSHDOWKH5DWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDE\WKH6WDWHRI9LUJLQLD and to resume all the rights and powers granted under said Constitution

7+(3(23/(2)9,5*,1,$LQWKHLUUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDDGRSWHGE\ WKHPLQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKHWZHQW\ÀIWKGD\RI-XQHLQWKH\HDURIRXU/RUGRQHWKRXVDQGVHYHQKXQGUHGDQGHLJKW\ eight having declared that the powers granted under the said Constitution were derived from the people of the United States, and might be resumed whensoever the same should be perverted to their injury and oppression; and the Federal Government having perverted said powers not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the oppression of the Southern slaveholding States:

Now, therefore, we, the People of Virginia do declare and ordain that the Ordinance adopted by the people of this 6WDWHLQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKHWZHQW\ÀIWKGD\RI-XQHLQWKH\HDURIRXU/RUGRQHWKRXVDQGVHYHQKXQGUHGDQGHLJKW\ HLJKWZKHUHE\WKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDZDVUDWLÀHGDQGDOODFWVRIWKH*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\RI this State ratifying or adopting amendments to said Constitution are hereby repealed and abrogated; that the Union between the State of Virginia and the other States under the Constitution aforesaid is hereby dissolved; and that the State of Virginia is in the full possession and exercise of all the rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State. And they do further declare that said Constitution of the United States of America is no longer binding on any of the citizens of this State.

7KLVRUGLQDQFHVKDOOWDNHHIIHFWDQGEHDQDFWRIWKLVGD\ZKHQUDWLÀHGE\DPDMRULW\RIWKHYRWHVRIWKHSHRSOHRI this State cast at a poll to be taken thereon on the fourth Thursday in May next, in pursuance of a schedule hereafter to be enacted.

Done in Convention in the City of Richmond on the seventeenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand HLJKWKXQGUHGDQGVL[W\RQHDQGLQWKHHLJKW\ÀIWK\HDURIWKH&RPPRQZHDOWKRI9LUJLQLD

>QDPHVLQÀUVWFROXPQ@ [names in second column] [names in third column] WM H DULANY. JOHN RANDH. CHAMBLISS JOHN JANNEY, President GEO: WYTHE RANDOLPH GEO: P. TAYLOE JAMES W SHEFFEY JAMES P. HOLCOMBE P B BORST ADDISON HALL WILLIAMS CARTER WICKHAM SAMUEL G STAPLES JEREMIAH MORTON GEORGE W. RICHARDSON. SAML A COFFMAN WOOD BOULDIN JOHN TYLER. WM. J. NEBLETT WM. LEFTWICH GOGGIN JOHN GOODE JR JOHN T SEAWELL LEONARD S. HALL EDMD. T. MORRIS MIERS W. FISHER. WILLIAM W FORBES WM. W. BOYD MANILIUS CHAPMAN LEWIS D. ISBELL JAMES H. COX W. T. SUTHERLIN. BENJ. F. WYSOR JOHN L MARYE GEORGE WM. BRENT JAMES C. BRUCE SAML. C. WILLIAMS JAMES M. STRANGE JAMES GUSTAVUS HOLLADAY MARMADUKE JOHNSON HORATIO G MOFFETT LEWIS E. HARVIE JAMES BOISSEAU HUGH M. NELSON FRANKLIN P. TURNER J. B. MALLORY. JOHN RICHARDSON KILBY. WM BALLARD PRESTON A. F. HAYMOND WM. CAMPBELL SCOTT W. M. AMBLER. THOS. BRANCH WM. H. MCFARLAND JOHN CRITCHER ROBT. H. TURNER PETER C. JOHNSTON ROBERT C. KENT SAML M. GARLAND EDWARD WALLER R. M. CONN F M CABELL JAMES LAWSON SAML WOODS. JNO: M. SPEED. R. E. SCOTT BENJAMIN WILSON CHAS K MALLORY JAS. BARBOUR CYRUS HALL A. T. CAPERTON JAMES B. DORMAN PEYTON GRAVELY V W SOUTHALL 38 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

[names in left margin] >QDPHVEHWZHHQÀUVWDQGVHFRQG [names beween second and third JOHN T. THORNTON. columns] columns] JNO: ECHOLS R. E. GRANT ANGUS R. BLAKEY R. H. COX CH. SLAUGHTER W. P. CECIL GEORGE BAYLOR GEO: BLOW JR. THOMAS F. GOODE JOHN A. CAMPBELL RO: L: MONTAGUE WALTER D. LEAKE WM WHITE F. B. MILLER THOS STANHOPE FLOURNOY EPPA HUNTON JOHN Q MARR N. B. FRENCH SAMUEL L GRAHAM ALFRED M BARBOUR A. S. GRAY

&LWDWLRQ7KH2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQDGRSWHG$SULOUDWLÀHG0D\*HQHUDO5HFRUGVRIWKH Department of State, Record Group 59, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

39 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 13. Robert E. Lee takes command of Virginia’s forces

Statue of Robert E. Lee by Rudulph Evans, 1931, State Artwork Collection, Library of Virginia.

$JUDGXDWHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV0LOLWDU\$FDGHP\DQGDFDUHHUDUP\RIÀFHU5REHUW(GZDUG/HH commanded the U.S. Marines who captured John Brown following his October 1859 raid on the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Following South Carolina’s secession in December 1860, Lee dreaded the prospect of civil war. On April 18, 1861, he declined an offer to take command of the United States Army. Two days later, after learning the Virginia Convention had voted to secede on April 17, Lee reluctantly resigned from the army.

At the invitation of the governor and the Virginia Convention, Lee traveled to Richmond, where in the Capitol on April 23, 1861, he accepted a commission as major general and commander in chief of the PLOLWDU\DQGQDYDOIRUFHVRI9LUJLQLD&RQÀUPHGDEULJDGLHUJHQHUDOLQWKHDUP\RIWKH&RQIHGHUDF\RQ May 14, 1861, Lee commanded in western Virginia during the remainder of the year and on the coast of South Carolina during the winter of 1861–1862. He took command of the Confederate army in Virginia on June 1, 1862, and immediately renamed it the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee led that army for the remainder of the war and became commander in chief of the Confederate army in February 1865 during the siege of Petersburg. He surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

The bronze statue of Lee by sculptor Rudulph Evans was placed on the spot in the hall of the House of Delegates where Lee accepted his commission. Evans based his 1931 statue of Robert E. Lee on an 1863 photograph of Lee in uniform. In fact, when Lee accepted command of the Virginia forces in April 1861, he wore civilian clothes.

For more links click 5REHUW(/HHWDNHVFRPPDQGRI9LUJLQLD·VIRUFHs

40 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Statue of Robert E. Lee by Rudulph Evans, 1931, State Artwork Collection, Library of Virginia

41 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 14. Ordinance of Secession (Calligraphy Version)

2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQDGRSWHG$SULOUDWLÀHG0D\9LUJLQLD&RQYHQWLRQ Richmond), Records, 1861–1961, Acc. 40586, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 93, Library of Virginia.

2QLWVODVWGD\0D\WKHÀUVWVHVVLRQRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQDXWKRUL]HGWKHVHFUHWDU\WRKDYHWKHWH[W of the Ordinance of Secession “engrossed on parchment by a professional penman, during the recess of the Convention, so that the same may be signed by members on their return, if it be adopted by the people at the polls.” William Flegenheimer (1832–1910) was a teacher residing in Richmond who later became an attorney in the city. He completed the preparation of the elegant parchment by May 28. The members began signing it on June 14. Several members did not attend the convention’s second session and signed it at the third session in November, as did several delegates who were elected to replace men who had resigned, died, or been expelled for taking part in the Restored government of Virginia in Wheeling. The parchment has the signatures of 142 delegates and that of Convention Secretary John L. Eubank.

1LQHW\WZRPHPEHUVRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQVLJQHGDSUHOLPLQDU\SDUFKPHQWODWHLQ$SULOGXULQJWKHÀQDOGD\V RIWKHÀUVWVHVVLRQRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQDQG&RQYHQWLRQ3UHVLGHQW-RKQ-DQQH\VLJQHGWKHRIÀFLDOHQUROOHG parchment of the ordinance in June 1861, during the second session of the convention.

John Quincy Marr, a delegate from Fauquier County who was absent when the convention adopted WKHWH[WRQ$SULOVLJQHGWKHSUHOLPLQDU\SDUFKPHQWFRS\RIWKHRUGLQDQFHEHIRUHWKHÀUVWVHVVLRQ adjourned on May 1. He was killed in a skirmish on June 1. On June 14, 1861, the second session of the convention authorized copying his autograph from the April parchment onto lithographic copies to be made of Flegenheimer’s ceremonial parchment that delegates signed in June.

For more links click 2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQ &DOOLJUDSK\9HUVLRQ)

42 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQDGRSWHG$SULOUDWLÀHG0D\9LUJLQLD&RQYHQWLRQ Richmond), Records, 1861–1961, Acc. 40586, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 93, Library of Virginia

43 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

TRANSCRIPTION Ordinance of Secession (Calligraphy Version)

An Ordinance

7R5HSHDOWKHUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDE\WKH6WDWHRI9LUJLQLDDQGWRUHVXPH all the rights and powers granted under said Constitution.

7KHSHRSOHRI9LUJLQLDLQWKHLUUDWLÀFDWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDDGRSWHGE\WKHP LQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKHWZHQW\ÀIWKGD\RI-XQHLQWKH\HDURIRXU/RUGRQHWKRXVDQGVHYHQKXQGUHGDQGHLJKW\ eight, having declared that the powers granted under the said Constitution, were derived from the people of the United States, and might be resumed whensoever the same should be perverted to their injury and oppression, and the Federal Government having perverted said powers, not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the oppression of the Southern slaveholding States,

Now, therefore, we, the people of Virginia, do declare and ordain That the ordinance adopted by the people of WKLV6WDWHLQ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKHWZHQW\ÀIWKGD\RI-XQHLQWKH\HDURIRXU/RUGRQHWKRXVDQGVHYHQKXQGUHGDQG HLJKW\HLJKWZKHUHE\WKH&RQVWLWXWLRQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDZDVUDWLÀHGDQGDOODFWVRIWKH*HQHUDO Assembly of this State ratifying or adopting amendments to said Constitution, are hereby repealed and abrogated; that the union between the State of Virginia and the other States under the Constitution aforesaid is hereby dissolved, and that the State of Virginia is in the full possession and exercise of all the rights of sovereignty, which belong and appertain to a free and independent State.

And they do further declare, that said Constitution of the United States of America, is no longer binding on any of the citizens of this State.

7KLVRUGLQDQFHVKDOOWDNHHIIHFWDQGEHDQDFWRIWKLVGD\ZKHQUDWLÀHGE\DPDMRULW\RIWKHYRWHVRIWKHSHRSOHRIWKLV State, cast at a poll to be taken thereon, on the fourth Thursday in May next, in pursuance of a Schedule hereafter to be enacted.

Done in Convention in the City of Richmond, on the seventeenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand HLJKWKXQGUHGDQGVL[W\RQHDQGLQWKHHLJKW\ÀIWK\HDURIWKH&RPPRQZHDOWKRI9LUJLQLD

HENRY L GILLESPIE [Names in First Column] F M CABELL W. M. AMBLER S L GRAHAM E M ARMSTRONG SAM. M. GARLAND. WM: B. ASTON GEORGE W. RICHARDSON. JOHN B. BALDWIN HENRY A. WISE GEORGE BAYLOR J T MARTIN MIERS W. FISHER JNO. L. EUBANK, Secretary of Convention WM. HAMILTON MACFARLAND HUGH M. NELSON [Names in Second Column] JOHNSON ORRICK ALFRED M. BARBOUR LOGAN OSBURN JAS. BARBOUR WM: C. PARKS EWD. R CHAMBERS WM BALLARD PRESTON GEO : BLOW JR. WM. CAMPBELL SCOTT JAMES BOISSEAU JNO: M. SPEED. PETER B BORST JOHN T. THORNTON. WOOD BOULDIN SAM’L WOODS. WM. W. BOYD JNO J. KINDRED JAMES C BRUCE 44 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

BENJAMIN W. BYRNE. F B. MILLER THOS STANHOPE FLOURNOY HORATIO G MOFFET WILLIAM W. FORBES DAVID PUGH JOHN T SEAWELL PETER SAUNDERS SR GEO: P. TAYLOE VW SOUTHALL. WM: M. TREDWAY JOHN TYLER BENJ. F. WYSOR RO: H: WHITFIELD HERVEY DESKINS JAS G. HOLLADAY GEO: W. HULL HENRY H MASTERS W. T. SUTHERLIN JEREMIAH MORTON JAS: W. HOGE THOMAS F. GOODE ROBERT C KENT GEORGE WM BRENT R.E.GRANT WM H. B. CUSTIS RICHARD H. COX W.P. COOPER STEPHEN A. MORGAN ROBT E. COWAN JAMES MARSHALL [Names in Fifth Column] [Names in Third Column] WM. L. GOGGIN A.T. CAPERTON JOHN GOODE JR. THOS BRANCH FIELDEN L HALE W.P. CECIL JAMES P. HOLCOMBE JOHN A. CAMPBELL JNO. N. HUGHES JOHN R. CHAMBLISS SR LEWIS D ISBELL MANILIUS CHAPMAN WALTER D. LEAKE SAML A. COFFMAN CHAS K MALLORY R. M. CONN J. B. MALLORY C B CONRAD JNO. L. MARYE ROBT Y CONRAD R. E. SCOTT JOHN CRITCHER J D. SHARP SAML PRICE JAMES MAGRUDER STRANGE TIMOTHY RIVES WMS C. WICKHAM CHARLES R. SLAUGHTER WM H DULANY ALEXR H. H. STUART JOHN ARMISTEAD CARTER ROBT. H TURNER M. R. H. GARNETT JAMES. H. COX G.W. BERLIN SAMUEL G. STAPLES THOMAS SITLINGTON JAMES W SHEFFEY FRANKLIN P. TURNER GEO: W. RANDOLPH. J. M. HECK JAMES LAWSON EPPA HUNTON ANDREW PARKS B. YOUNG THOS MASLIN EDW. D MCGUIRE [Names in Sixth Column] JOHN A. ROBINSON JOHN JANNEY (Prest. of the Convention And C.J.P. CRESAP Delegate from Loudoun) LEONARD S. HALL [Names in Fourth Column] ALLEN C. HAMMOND JAMES B. DORMAN LEWIS E HARVIE JUBAL A EARLY ALPHEUS F. HAYMOND NAPOLEON B FRENCH PETER C. JOHNSTON. COLBERT C. FUGATE JOHN R. KILBY PEYTON GRAVELY PAUL MCNIEL FENDALL GREGORY JR ROBERT L: MONTAGUE ADDISON HALL EDMUND TAYLOR MORRIS CYRUS HALL S. MCD MOORE

45 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

[space left for John Q. Marr’s signature, WM WHITE which was added to the lithograph] ANGUS R BLAKEY WM. J. NEBLETT ALGERNON. S. GRAY EDWARD WALLER JAS: V. BROOKE. SAML C. WILLIAMS JNO: ECHOLS MARMADUKE JOHNSON BURWELL SPURLOCK WM. FLEGENHEIMER Penman

Citation:7KH2UGLQDQFHRI6HFHVVLRQDGRSWHG$SULOUDWLÀHG0D\9LUJLQLD&RQYHQWLRQ Richmond), Records, 1861–1961, Acc. 40586, State Government Records Collection, Record Group 93, Library of Virginia.

46 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide

Chapter 15. “Pay Roll of Slaves Employed by the Commonwealth”

Pay Roll of Slaves Employed by the Commonwealth of Virginia, for Coast, Harbor and River Defenses, on the Defensive Works at Gloucester Point in the Month of April 1861, Slave Rolls, May–October 1861, Records of the Engineer Department, 1861–1865, Record Group 46, Library of Virginia.

This is the second page of a two-page itemized list of the expenses that the state’s engineer department incurred in renting slaves and horses to work on defensive works at Gloucester Point, on the north bank of WKHHampton Roads and lower James River region.

In January 1861, the General Assembly appropriated $1 million for the defense of the state and employed DPLOLWDU\HQJLQHHUWRGLUHFWWKHZRUN7KLVSULQWHGIRUPZLWKWKHSODFHPRQWKDQGÀQDOGLJLWRIWKH\HDU OHIWEODQNWREHÀOOHGLQZKHQFRPSOHWHGLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHVWDWHDQGWKHHQJLQHHUSODQQHGWRUHQWVODYHV E\WKHGD\IRUKHDY\ZRUNDQGVXJJHVWVWKDWDSULQWHURUVWDWHRIÀFLDODQWLFLSDWHGWKDWWKHGHIHQVLYHZRUNV might require laborers beyond the year 1861. This page also records the renting of several horses from the owners of the enslaved laborers and indicates that the rate for hire of laborers and of horses was the same, $0.50 per day.

The printed text contains spaces for the owners to sign when they received their pay, but this copy contains no signatures.

For more links click ´3D\5ROORI6ODYHV(PSOR\HGE\WKH&RPPRQZHDOWKµ

47 UNION or SECESSION: Virginians Decide