International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations + Gornergrat HFSJG

Activity Report 2015

International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat HFSJG Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 /

Telephone +41 (0)31 631 4052 URL: http://www.hfsjg.ch

February 2016 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Table of contents

Message of the President i Report of the Director iii High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Statistics on research days 2015 ...... 1 Long-term experiments and automatic measurements ...... 3 Activity reports: . The weather in 2015: report for the International Foundation HFSJG (Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Switzerland) ...... 6 . High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere (Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, Belgium) ...... 12 . Atmospheric physics and chemistry (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, Belgium) ...... 20 . The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at Jungfraujoch (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland) ...... 24 . Field measurements of aerosols acting as ice nucleating particles and their influence on mixed-phase clouds (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 31 . Interactions between aerosols and rain clouds as a function of aerosol type and source (The Institute of Earth Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) ...... 38 . Ice residual characterization during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE) (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland)………….41 . Biological ice nucleators at tropospheric cloud height (Departement Umweltwissenschaften, Universität , Switzerland) ...... 44 . Stable isotopes in plant wax aerosols (Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel) ...... 46 . Comprehensive Radiation Flux Assessment (CRUX) (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) ...... 48 . Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements (Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Switzerland) ...... 51 . Assessment of high altitude aerosol and cloud characteristics, cirrus climatology (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 53 . National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) ...... 55

. Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Jungfraujoch (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) ...... 62 . High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch (Climate and Environmental Division, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland) ...... 64 . Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch (Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany) ...... 69 . Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch (Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Groningen, The Netherlands) ...... 71

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

. Isotopic composition of N2O at Jungfraujoch (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) ...... 73 . Halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) ...... 76 . System and performance audit for the Jungfraujoch ICOS atmospheric station (Finnish Meteorological Institute) ...... 80 . SwissQuick: Emissions and imissions of atmospheric mercury in Switzerland (Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 82 . Baseline characterisation of air masses using radon-222 (Departement Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Basel, Switzerland) ...... 84 14 . Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch (Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany) ...... 86 . 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany / Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland) ...... 88 . Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 90 . Aerosol radioactivity monitoring RADAIR and DIGITEL (Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Sektion Umweltradioaktivität, Switzerland) ...... 93 . Test for a new concept of an EAS detector for UHE neutrinos (Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy) ...... 101 . Development and scientific application of nuclear emulsion particle detectors to geological problems in 3D (Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern / Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern) ...... 105 . Glaciological investigations on the Grosser Aletschgletscher (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, VAW, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 107 . Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network PERMOS (Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 109 . Influences of the snowcover on thermal processes in steep permafrost rockwalls. Long-term permafrost monitoring (WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Switzerland) ...... 111 . Analysis of bacterial communities in fresh surface snow from Alpine regions (Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia) ...... 113 . Test for an improved speed sensor for railway ETCS application (HaslerRail AG, Switzerland) ...... 115 . Performance of Methanol fuel cells in alpine environments (armasuisse S + T, Test Centre, Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport DDPS) ...... 118 . Long-term study on the efficiency of photovoltaic installations at high altitudes (Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Photovoltaic Laboratory, Switzerland) ..... 120 . Effects of remote preconditioning on severity and incidence of acute mountain sickness at 3450 m (Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria) ...... 126

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

. Correlation of blood gas analysis at 3454 m with symptoms of acute mountain sickness – ongoing study (Pneumologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany) ...... 128 . Operation of an automatic weather station – infrastructure renewal (Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Switzerland) ...... 130 . Photographic site visitation to Jungfraujoch for educational outreach (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver / Mt. Evans High-altitude Observatory and Chamberlin Observatory, USA) ...... 132

High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Statistics on research days 2015 ...... 134 Activity reports: . Stellarium Gornergrat (Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Switzerland) ...... 135 . SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the sun (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 140

The International Foundation HFSJG in the ...... 141 Publications ...... 144 Index of research groups / institutes ...... 152 List of collaborations ...... 158 Pictures of the month 2015 from http://www.hfsjg.ch ...... 179 Acknowledgements ...... 185

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Message of the President

For more than 80 years the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat HFSJG has had the privilege to serve the international scientific community with two unique high alpine research infrastructures. This is both an honour and a commitment, since maintaining and strengthening the leading role as centers of scientific excellence with global reputation is a permanent challenge. The following key assets are essential for the continuing success of the Foundation HFSJG in mastering this challenge: - The close collaboration with locals. The collaboration and partnership between locals (e.g. the Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat railways, the Burgergemeinde Zermatt) and the scientists has always been very close and to the mutual profit of all partners. - The internationality. Since the very beginning the Foundation HFSJG has been based on a partnership between national and international organizations, fostering Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat as unique high altitude sites for research of highest standards as well as lively meeting places for established scientists, students, and the public, in the spirit of the motto „Science has no borders“. - The loyalty of the supporters. The stable long-term financial support demonstrated toward our Foundation by all our member institutions and funding bodies, in particular the Swiss National Science Foundation and the University of Bern, is crucial. It is therefore highly appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. But we are equally thankful for the significant direct and indirect support by the and Gornergrat railway companies, the Burgergemeinde Zermatt, and the Swiss Academy of Sciences SCNAT. In consideration of these assets, the year 2015 was again a good one, and my sincere thanks go to all those involved, in particular to the HFSJG management and staff, and to the dedicated work of the science teams. As documented in the detailed report of the HFSJG Director, Prof. Markus Leuenberger, our research platforms are as much in demand as ever. Activity in 2015 was again high and of excellent standard. Within the Foundation HFSJG several milestones could be reached, and most of the “construction areas” and work in progress mentioned in my message of last year could be completed. The year started with a highly appreciated new three-year grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation. The “White Paper”, worked out in collaboration with the Swiss Academy of Sciences SCNAT, defining the strategy for the future development of the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, was finally published. In agreement with the proposed actions to consolidate Jungfraujoch as a European key infrastructure of worldwide significance, first environmental reference measurements were started at the Jungfrau East Ridge. Also, international networking was promoted, in particular in the context of the project “Virtual Alpine Observatory VAO” initiated by our colleagues from the Umweltforschungsstation Schneefernerhaus at Zugspitze, Germany. Thanks to good weather conditions, the new protection roof of the Research Station could at last be completed. At Gornergrat, with a signed memorandum of understanding between the main partners involved, the project “Stellarium Gornergrat” started the transition from the development to the operational phase. Finally, the meeting of the Board HFSJG at Grand Hotel Zermatterhof in Zermatt was held in a good spirit and was followed by the traditional excursion to Gornergrat. On behalf of the Board of the Foundation HFSJG, I would like to express my sincere and cordial thanks to all those who contributed to the accomplishments of 2015. This is my last foreword of a HFSJG activity report, since I decided to step down as the President of the International Foundation HFSJG as of 29 February 2016.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

It is with great pleasure and satisfaction that I look back to six years of continued excellence in scientific achievements and continued endeavour in pursuing the challenging goals of the Foundation. Handing over the honourable duty of the presidency HFSJG to my successor, Prof. Silvio Decurtins, I seize the opportunity to thank all those whom I had a chance to meet and who supported me and our Foundation during the many years, in a constructive spirit of mutual respect and friendship: the distinguished members of the Board HFSJG and of the Jungfraujoch Commission SCNAT, the representatives and staff of affiliated and supporting institutions, and the scientists. In particular I thank our Director Prof. Markus Leuenberger, Mrs. Claudine Frieden, Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, and Dr. Stéphane Affolter, as well as our custodians at Jungfraujoch, Joan and Martin Fischer and Maria and Urs Otz for their dedicated work. But I would also like to thank our Honorary President, Prof. Hans Balsiger, for his unbroken interest in the affairs and the well-being of our Foundation, as well as our treasurer, Mr. Karl Martin Wyss. Last but not least I thank my wife Rosmarie for sharing the HFSJG experience with me for more than forty years. The uniqueness and the internationality of the high alpine research sites Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, the many personal contacts, and the inspiring cross disciplinary discussions about science as well as science policy are the most precious and enjoyable reward I will take along into the new phase of my life. Wishing the International Foundation HFSJG and its new president, Prof. Silvio Decurtins, its staff, the researchers, all colleagues and friends, the very best for a bright future, I remain yours sincerely,

Bern, February 2016 Erwin O. Flückiger

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Report of the Director

The year 2015, the warmest on instrumental record, brought much better weather conditions during summer and autumn than in 2014. This allowed us to finalize the work on the new protection roof of the Research Station Jungfraujoch. The first experiences with the new, steeper protection roof are positive in that the snow load slides down when warming up. More than one million tourists have visited Jungfraujoch last year. Now the goal – announced way back by the Jungfraubahn CEO – is reached. It is a tremendous economic achievement. Congratulations to the Jungfraubahn AG. However, an unprecedented steep increase of tourist numbers in this region must go along with intensified discussions between the Jungfraubahn and HFSJG to take actions to control local emissions. On the Gornergrat, the Stellarium project is shaping towards a very interesting destination for students but also for the public at large. Already for the third year, the public outreach event “Dining with the stars” has been successfully organised in collaboration with the Gornergrat- Kulmhotel, the Gornergrat Bahn and the Burgergemeinde Zermatt.

The Foundation HFSJG In 2015 our Board meeting took place on September 4/5 in Zermatt. The president especially welcomed Prof. St. Udry, University of , who attended this meeting for the first time, Prof. H. Gäggeler, the new president of the Jungfraujoch-Commission and delegate of the SCNAT, Prof. M. Huber, the immediate past president of the Jungfraujoch-Commission, and Prof. S. Decurtins, University of Bern, the designated president of the Foundation HFSJG. Prof. R. Davies, the delegate of the Royal Society had to cancel his participation due to health problems and resigned as delegate on short notice. No replacement person could be found. Therefore, no representative of the Royal Society was present, however a ballot sheet with the votes of the Royal Society was available. The statement of accounts for the year 2014 was approved and the HFSJG administration was given discharge. The budget for 2015 and 2016 was approved by the Board, who took notice of the extraordinary expenses allowed for the extension of the protection net for falling rocks above the research station and the renewal of the fresh and waste water linings therein. The CORE Treuhand Cotting AG (Mr. Lüdi) was elected for an additional two years term as auditor, namely the years 2016 and 2017.

Figure 1. From left to right, the three delegates Jürg Lauper, Jungfraubahn, Martin Heimann, Max Planck Gesellschaft, Germany and Heinz Gäggeler, SCNAT during the coffee break at the meeting of the Board on September 4, 2015 at Zermatt (left) and excursion to Gornergrat with the delegates of the Foundation HFSJG, Saturday September 5, 2015 (right). Prof. Erwin Flückiger announced to resign as president of the International Foundation HFSJG at the end of February 2016. He was active first of all as scientist at Jungfraujoch since 1968 and served as director of the Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 between 1999 and 2009 as well as president of the International Foundation HFSJG from 2010 to 2016. For his tremendous commitment he was elected as corresponding member of the Foundation after being nominated by the honorary president Prof. Balsiger. According to the Foundation’s bylaws, the election of the president occurs through the Swiss Academy of Sciences SCNAT. The nomination of the candidate is made by the Jungfraujoch- Commission of the SCNAT. The president of the Jungfraujoch-Commission, Mr. H. Gäggeler, was looking for a possible successor – together with the honorary president, Mr. H. Balsiger. After a careful evaluation, Prof. Silvio Decurtins of the University of Bern was suggested as a qualified candidate to the members of the Jungfraujoch-Commission. At the 2015 annual meeting of the Jungfraujoch-Commission, Mr. Decurtins was officially nominated for the office of president of the Foundation. In the meantime the SCNAT approved the nomination and confirmed Mr. Decurtins as the new president of the International Foundation HFSJG as of March 1, 2016.

Figure 2. New protection roof of the Research Station Jungfraujoch after finalizing the work in autumn 2015. Below is the extended photovoltaic power plant for panel testing. The annual meeting of the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences was held on June 19, 2015 at the House of Sciences, Bern. In June 2015, the Foundation HFSJG in collaboration with the SCNAT published the White Paper: Research at Jungfraujoch – Vision and Mission Statement 2015 – 2050. Strategy for the development of the unique, internationally renowned High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. The Jungfraujoch Commission and the Swiss Committee on Polar and High Altitude Research of the SCNAT agreed to share and award the Prix de Quervain alternately. On November 5, 2015, the president of the Jungfraujoch Commission handed over the Prix de Quervain to three persons, namely Dr. S. Sylvester for his PhD thesis, C. Gabbud for her Master thesis and an extraordinary prize to M. Heiniger for his movie “Base Camp Circus”. The annual HFSJG user meeting took place at the Hotel Bern on May 8, 2015. After discussing agenda items related to the two research stations, Ms. Jost, co-ordinator of International Affairs, Federal Office for Spatial Development ARE, was informing the participants about the activities within the framework of the Alpine convention and more specifically about the EU Strategy for the Alpine Region (EUSALP) where the initiative from iv

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Germany to promote the Virtual Alpine Observatory may be of importance for the Foundation HFSJG. Hans Boss, the HFSJG architect, will resign after having had this mandate for many decades. We had two interviews with potential successors and decided to give this mandate to the ateliermarti architekten ag from Unterseen.

Figure 3. Erwin Flückiger (right) and Hans Boss (left) will resign as president and architect of our Foundation HFSJG in 2016. We sadly took notice of the decease of three former supporters of our Foundation: Prof. Rodney Davies, Professor of radio astronomy at the University of Manchester and – among many other prestigious positions – a delegate of the Royal Society in our Foundation HFSJG, passed away on November 8, 2015, Prof. Marcel Golay, astronomer and well known for his development of the 7-color photometry and corresponding member of our Foundation, passed away on April 9, 2015 and Prof. Urs Würgler, mathematician and rector of the University of Bern as well as corresponding member of our Foundation, passed away on November 16, 2015. We also are in deep sadness about the decease of Adrian Marti-Berger, 51 years of age, on July 14, 2015 during his work as helicopter pilot.

The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch is proud of the many science projects of national and international importance. In 2015, 37 (2014:43) research institutions were active at Jungfraujoch. About 25 of 48 (2014:62) research projects at Jungfraujoch are automated and remotely accessible by their corresponding institutions. The significant reduction of projects is because no larger campaign was on-going in 2015. Involvement in international programmes is essential for many of the above mentioned projects: The two programmes, Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and the Network of Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), can count on many projects conducted at Jungfraujoch. However, international embedment is not restricted to these two but extents to a large variety of programmes, listed in Table 1.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

In 2015, projects with principal investigators from ten different countries as displayed in Figure 4 could be welcomed and hosted at Jungfraujoch. When taking collaborations into account, the number of countries involved increases to 14 as visible in Figure 5. All this information can also be retrieved from the HFSJG Webpage. (http://www.hfsjg.ch/jungfraujoch/researchprojects/overview.php) The number of working days is varying quite strongly from year to year mainly due to the number of campaigns present during a year. In 2015, only one medical campaign was held at Jungfraujoch, hence only 720 (1393 in 2014) person-working days were counted. The importance of campaigns is visualised in Figure 6 with the number of working days split into different categories. Half of the working days were spent by staff from Swiss institutions, followed by Belgium and Austrian organisations.

40 37 35 Research Projects at Jungfraujoch 30 and Gornergrat in 2015 25 20 Total = 50

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10 4 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Figure 4. Number of research projects at the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2015 by country.

Collaborations at Jungfraujoch 60 55 and Gornergrat in 2015 50

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30 18 20 15 12 10 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0

Figure 5. Number of collaborations at the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2015. vi

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Figure 6. Number of working days spent by scientists at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch during the past years. The number in 2015 was split up into four categories, i.e. medical campaigns (green), CLACE campaign (grey), atmospheric research (blue), others (purple).

0.3% 3.1% 1.0% 0.3% 0.1%

6.0% Switzerland Belgium Austria 18.1% Germany Finland Israel 52.2% Italy USA Australia 19.0%

Figure 7. Percentage of person-working days in 2015 at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch per country.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

The research conducted at Jungfraujoch resulted in the following output in 2015: 47 refereed publications 49 conference presentations / posters 6 popular publications and presentations 9 data publications and reports 10 bachelor- (0), master- (2), PhD (8) thesis and 0 book / edited books

Researchers active at Jungfraujoch presented once again their results at many national and international conferences in 2015 including: AAAR 34th Annual Conference, Minneapolis, USA, October 12-16, 2015; European Aerosol Conference, Milano, Italy, September 6-11, 2015; ATMOS 2015 conference, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, June 8-12, 2015; EGU 2015 General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015; NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015; 10. Deutsche Klimatagung, Hamburg, Germany, September 21-24, 2015; IUGG General Assembly, Prague, Czech Republic, June 22 – July 2, 2015; American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 14-18, 2015; Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, August 16-21, 2015; Gordon Research Conferences, Atmospheric Chemistry, Waterville, NH, USA, August 2-7, 2015; Chemistry of Atmospheric Aerosols, Honolulu, HI, USA, December 15-20, 2015; ACTRIS-2 Kick-off Meeting, Rome, Italy, June 3-5, 2015; 16th Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, Switzerland, April 1, 2015; MIR Spectroscopy beyond trace levels - environmental and industrial applications, CLEO, San Jose, USA, May 10-15, 2015; VAO Symposium 2015 Abstracts, p. 64, Salzburg, Austria, October 27-30, 2015; GAS 2015, Rotterdam, Netherlands, June 11, 2015; 13th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Basel, Switzerland, November 21, 2015.

The science partners did once again an excellent job. Thank you very much. This is documented by the number of publications, the presentations in form of an oral or poster contribution at conferences as well as in contributions to the media and therefore to the public. Many of these studies have been funded within an international setting as documented by Table 1. From the many exciting and interesting research projects conducted throughout the year 2015, I would like to highlight three investigations: (i) efficient removal of ice nucleation active particles by precipitating clouds, (ii) cloud radiative effect in dependence on cloud type and (iii) isotopic composition of N2O at Jungfraujoch.

(i) Franz Conen and co-workers investigated ice nucleation particles. Ice nucleation in cold clouds is a decisive step in the formation of rain and snow. Observations and modelling suggest that variations in the concentrations of ice nucleating particles (INPs) affect timing, location and amount of precipitation. A quantitative description of the abundance and variability of INPs is crucial to assess and predict their influence on precipitation. Here we used the hydrological indicator δ18O to derive the fraction of water vapour lost from precipitating clouds and correlated it with the abundance of INPs in freshly fallen snow. Results show that the number of INPs active at temperatures ≥ −10 °C (INPs−10) halves for every 10% of vapour lost through precipitation. Particles of similar size (>0.5 μm) halve in number for only every 20% of vapour lost, suggesting effective microphysical processing of INPs during precipitation. We show that INPs active at moderate supercooling are rapidly depleted by precipitating clouds, limiting their impact on subsequent rainfall development in time and space.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Figure 8. Relationship between the fraction of water vapour lost from a precipitating cloud (derived from stable isotope ratios in snow (δ18O)) and ice nucleating particles (INPs, measured in snow). Stopelli, E., F. Conen, C.E. Morris, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, and C. Alewell, Ice nucleation active particles are efficiently removed by precipitating clouds, Scientific Reports, 5, 16433, 2015. (ii) Julian Gröbner and his team investigated effects of clouds on radiation. The objective of the project CRUX (Comprehensive Radiation Flux Assessment) is to analyse the effect of clouds on the radiation budget of the Earth and therefore on the climate system. This analysis is performed at three stations at three different altitude levels in Switzerland: Jungfraujoch (3471 m asl), Davos (1590 m asl) and Payerne (490 m asl). CRUX is financed by the Swiss contribution to the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW-CH) of the WMO. Figure 1 shows the LCE (left) per octa cloud coverage (yellow dots) and the SCE in percent (right) per octa cloud coverage for the automatic detected cloud class fog. The larger the cloud coverage, the larger the LCE. However, the correlations between LCE and cloud coverage as well as SCE and cloud coverage are both not linear. Also for the SCE, the larger the fractional cloud coverage the more negative the SCE values.

Figure 9. Correlation between cloud cover and longwave cloud effect (left; yellow dots) and cloud cover and shortwave cloud effect (right; yellow dots) for the cloud type fog for Jungfraujoch in the time period from August 1, 2014 to June 22, 2015. The median (red line), the 25- and 75-percentiles (blue box) and the spread (black line) are shown per octa cloud coverage. 1 octa: 5-18.74 %, 2 octa: 18.75-31.24 %, 3 octa: 31.25-43.74 %, 4 octa: 43.75- 56.24 %, 5 octa: 56.25-68.74 %, 6 octa: 68.75-81.24 %, 7 octa: 81.25-93.74 %, 8 octa: 93.75-100 % cloud coverage. Aebi Ch., J. Gröbner, N. Kämpfer and L. Vuilleumier, Cloud radiative effect in dependence on cloud type, poster presentation at EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 12 – 17, 2015.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

(iii) Joachim Mohn and his team sampled air in flasks and analysed it for N2O concentration and their isotope compositions using a laser technology.

Figure 10. N2O mole fraction and isotope data from flask samples collected at Jungfraujoch. Individual weekly samples are shown in the left panel, with the 2σ uncertainty indicated as the shaded area (deviating from the mean). The right panel shows monthly mean data in red, as well as monthly mean values for repeated measurements of compressed air in blue. The compressed air tank was changed in late 2015, accounting for the shift in the last two points.

Additional scientific highlights were published in several peer-reviewed journals:

- Barthlott, S. et al., Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2015 use XCO2 retrievals for assessing the long-term consistency of NDACC/FTIR data sets, - Baudis, L., et al., European Physical Journal C, 2015 investigated cosmogenic activation of xenon and copper. - Bergamaschi P. et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015 report top-down estimates of European CH4 and N2O emissions based on four different inverse models. - Chambers, S.D. et al, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2015 report about towards a universal “baseline” characterisation of air masses for high- and low-altitude observing stations using radon-222. - Conen, F., et al., Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 2015 investigated atmospheric ice nuclei at the high- altitude observatory Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. - Cristofanelli, P., et al, Atmospheric Environment, 2015 report about long-term surface ozone variability at Mt. Cimone WMO/GAW global station (2165 m a.s.l., Italy. - Dammers, E., et al, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015 report retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR solar spectra.

- Duflot, V., et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015 studied acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from IASI satellite observations: global distributions, validation, and comparison with model. - Fernandez, S., et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2015 developed a novel ground-based microwave radiometer for ozone measurement campaigns (GROMOS-C). - Flentje, H., et al., Atmospheric Environment , 2015 identified and monitored Saharan dust: An inventory representative for south Germany since 1997. - Fortems-Cheiney, A., et al., Geophys. Res. Atmos., 2015 report an increase in HFC-134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol. - Franco, B., et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2015 studied diurnal cycle and multi-decadal trend of formaldehyde in the remote atmosphere near 46° N. - Franco, B., et al., Atmos, Meas. Tech., 2015 report retrievals of formaldehyde from ground-based FTIR and MAX-DOAS observations at the Jungfraujoch station and comparisons with GEOS-Chem and IMAGES model simulations. - Franco, B., et al., J. Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 2015 investigated the retrieval of ethane from ground- based FTIR solar spectra using improved spectroscopy: Recent burden increase above Jungfraujoch. - Fröhlich, R., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 report about fourteen months of on-line measurements of the non-refractory submicron aerosol at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) – chemical composition, origins and organic aerosol sources. x

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

- Grazioli, J., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 report polarimetric radar and in situ observations of riming and snowfall microphysics during CLACE 2014. - Haberkorn A., et al., Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2015 studied snow as a driving factor of rock surface temperatures in steep rough rock walls. - Hammer, E., et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015 calculated sensitivity estimations for cloud droplet formation in the vicinity of the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.). - Henne S., et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2015 validated the Swiss methane emission inventory by atmospheric observations and inverse modelling. - Herrmann, E., et al., Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2015 report about analysis of long-term aerosol size distribution data from Jungfraujoch with emphasis on free tropospheric conditions, cloud influence, and air mass transport. - Hoerger, C.C., et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2015 conducted an ACTRIS non-methane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment in Europe to support WMO GAW and EMEP observation networks. - Hoyle C. et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2015 discuss chemical and physical influences on aerosol activation in liquid clouds: an empirical study based on observations from the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland. - Huss, M., et al., Journal of Glaciology , 2015 present a new long-term mass balance series for the Swiss . - Inness, A., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 present a data assimilation of satellite retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS. - Kienast-Sjögren, E., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 report sensitivities of Lagrangian modelling of mid-latitude cirrus clouds to trajectory data quality. - Kupiszewski, P., et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2015 present the Ice Selective Inlet : a novel technique for exclusive extraction of pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds. - Langerock, B., et al., Geosci. Model Dev., 2015 give a description of algorithms for co-locating and comparing gridded model data with remote-sensing observations. - Lloyd, G., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 present the origins of ice crystals measured in mixed-phase clouds at the high- alpine site Jungfraujoch. - Lunt, M.F., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2015 reconcile reported and unreported HFC emissions with atmospheric observations. - Meola, M., et al., Frontiers in Microbiology , 2015 report about bacterial Composition and Survival on Sahara Dust Particles Transported to the European Alps. - Paramonov, M., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 present a synthesis of cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements within EUCAARI network. - Povinec, P.P., et al., Radiocarbon, 2015 report radiocarbon in the atmosphere of the Zlkovce monitoring station of the Bohunice NPP: 25 years of continuous monthly measurements.

- Scheepmaker, R.A., et al., Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2015 present a validation of SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements using the TCCON and NDACC-MUSICA networks. - Schibig, M.F., et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2015 report about a comparison of continuous in situ CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch using two different measurement techniques. - Schmidt, S., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2015 present a in-situ single submicron particle composition analysis of ice residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds in Central Europe. - Schultz M. G., et al., Elementa, 2015 discuss the Global Atmosphere Watch reactive gases measurement network. - Stopelli, E., et al., Scientific Report, 2015 report about ice nucleation active particles are efficiently removed by precipitating clouds. - Van Geffen, J.H.G.M. et al Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2015 report an improved spectral fitting of nitrogen dioxide from OMI in the 405–465 nm window. - Vigouroux, C., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 report trends of ozone total columns and vertical distribution from FTIR observations at eight NDACC stations around the globe. - Vochezer, P., et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 2015 report in situ characterization of mixed phase clouds using the Small Ice Detector and the Particle Phase Discriminator. - Vollmer, M.K., et al., Environmental Science & Technology, 2015 present first observations of the fourth generation synthetic halocarbons HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234e(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) in the atmosphere. - Vollmer, M.K., et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 2015 report modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. - Vollmer, M.K., et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 2015 present abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC- 133a (CF3CH2Cl. - Wacker, S., et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2015 report cloud observations in Switzerland using hemispherical sky cameras. - http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022643 - Wang, Y., et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2015 present towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2. - Worringen, A., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2015 report single-particle characterization of ice-nucleating particles and ice particle residuals sampled by three different techniques.

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Table 1. List of major nationally and internationally coordinated networks and/or research programs where Jungfraujoch is a key station

NDACC Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change Primary Site (http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/) GAW, GAW-CH Global Atmosphere Watch, Global GAW Station (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html, and http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/home/forschung-und- zusammenarbeit/internationale-zusammenarbeit/gaw.html) GAW-PFR GAW Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Network (http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc/index.html) GCOS Global Climate Observing System (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/) GCOS-CH Swiss GCOS office (http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/home/forschung-und- zusammenarbeit/internationale-zusammenarbeit/gcos.html) AGAGE Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment Collaborative Sampling Station (http://agage.eas.gatech.edu/) NADIR/NILU NILU's Atmospheric Database for Interactive Retrieval (http://www.nilu.no/nadir/) EUMETNET Network of European Meteorological Services (http://www.eumetnet.eu/) SwissMetNet Automatic Measuring Network of MeteoSwiss (http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/home/mess-und- prognosesysteme/bodenstationen/automatisches-messnetz.html) RADAIR Swiss Automatic Network for Air Radioactivity Monitoring (http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00045/02372/02374/index.html?lang=de) ICOS Integrated Carbon Observation System (https://www.icos-ri.eu/) NADAM Netz für automatische Dosis-Alarmierung und Meldung (https://www.naz.ch/de/aktuell/tagesmittelwerte.shtml) NABEL Nationales Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe - National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (http://www.bafu.admin.ch/luft/00612/00625/index.html?lang=de) AGNES Automated GPS Network for Switzerland (http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/swisstopo/geodesy/pnac/html/en/statjujo.html) PERMASENSE Wireless Sensing in High Alpine Environments (http://www.permasense.ch/) PERMOS Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland (http://www.permos.ch/) NMDB Real-Time Database for High Resolution Neutron Monitor Measurements (http://www.nmdb.eu) E-GVAP I + II The EUMETNET GPS Water Vapour Programme (http://egvap.dmi.dk/) ACTRIS ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases (http://www.actris.eu/) Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU) Monitoring Network (http://glaciology.ethz.ch/messnetz/?locale=en) EARLINET-ASOS European Aerosol Research Lidar Network – Advanced Sustainable Observation System (http://www.earlinetasos.org) InGOS Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Observing System (http://www.ingos-infrastructure.eu) NORS Network of Remote Sensing (http://nors.aeronomie.be) AGACC-II Advanced exploitation of Ground based measurements, Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate applications (http://agacc.aeronomie.be) EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (http://www.emep.int) GAIA-CLIM Gap Analysis for Integrated Atmospheric ECV CLImate Monitoring (http://www.gaia-clim.eu/) QA4ECV Quality Assurance for Essential Climate Variables (http://www.qa4ecv.eu/)

Most of the measurements made at Jungfraujoch are publicly available via the respective databases, many of them in real or near real-time. Further information can be found at www.hfsjg.ch.

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The interest in our research infrastructures is unbroken. Several groups visited our two sites partly as excursions during a conference or workshop with a participation of the HFSJG. A selection of individual and group visitors in 2015 is given in the following: - ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, 28.01.2015 - Myclimate, Dominik Mösching with international students, 30.01.2015 - Berner Fachhochschule, Seminarteilnehmer, 28.02.2015 - Visitor group from Australia / Albert Einstein tour 2015, 07.03.2015 - Université de Liège / Emanuel Mahieu with students, 07.04.2015 - Paul Scherrer Institut / Sektionen NE/Medizinzyklotron und HIPA, 15.04.2015 - Universität Bern / Klima- und Umweltphysik / Prof. Hubertus Fischer und Studenten, 24.04.2015 - Johan Hultberg / Swedish Parliament, 12.05.2015 - Lions Club Interlaken, 22.05.2015 - Universität Stuttgart / Institut für Landschaftsplanung und Ökologie / Janet Maringer und Studenten, 23.05.2015 - Siemens AG, 28.05.2015 - Berufsbildungszentrum IDM, 30.05.2015 - Kantonsschule Stadelhofen / Käthi Lienemann mit Schülern, 09.06.2015 - Universität Bern / Prof. Harald Krug mit Studenten, 24.06.2015 - VBS / Führungsunterstützungsbasis FUB, 01.07.2015 - Participants of the Alpine Convention ‚We are Alps‘ tour 2015, 02.07.2015 - University of Hannover / Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, 02.08.2015 - University of Zürich / Department of Geography / Samuel Nussbaumer with students, 12.08.2015 - English scouts, 14.08.2015 - Students of the Kellog University of Chicago, 24.08.2015 - Gymnasium Bäumlihof, Basel / Sacha Glardon mit SchülerInnen, 27.08.2015 - Hokkaido University, Japan / Institute of low temperature science / Shin Sugiyama with students, 02.09.2015 - Paul Scherrer Institut / Sektion Messwesen, 24.09.2015 - MeteoSchweiz und der Peruanische Wetterdienst, 14.10.2015 - Schule Lauterbrunnental / Ronald Schnetzer mit SchülerInnen, 15.10.2015 - Royal Grammar School, UK / Mark Burbidge with students, 19.10.2015 - UVEK, Bundesamt für Verkehr, 05.11.2015 - ETH Zürich, VAW-Glaziologie / Dr. Andreas Bauder with students, 18.11.2015 - Gymnasium Thun / Mirjam Stähli mit SchülerInnen, 14.12.2015

The Foundation HFSJG was particularly honoured to welcome the following official delegations at the Research Station Jungfraujoch: - Welcome and guided tour for the senior Arctic Officials, international ambassadors and representatives of the EDA in the context of Switzerland’s candidature for Observer Status to the Arctic Council, February 16, 2015. - Welcome and guided tour for the staff of Geotest and Chinese collaborators, May 05, 2015. - Welcome and guided tour for the visitors from the Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, September 5, 2015. - Welcome and guided tour for the winners of the ‘Schweizer Jugend forscht’ competition together with Prof. Heinz Gäggeler, Paul Scherrer Institute and president of the Jungfraujoch Commission of SCNAT, October 26, 2015. - Welcome and guided tour for the members of the All European Academies (ALLEA) together with the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT), September 12, 2015. - Welcome and guided tour for the participants of the Alpine Convention ‚We are Alps‘ tour 2015, July 02, 2015.

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Figure 11. Visit of Ambassadors in the context of Switzerland’s candidature for the Observer Status to the Arctic Council February 16, 2015 (left); visit of the participants of the Alpine Convention tour ‘We are Alps 2015’ July 2, 2015 (right).

The research and activities around and in our infrastructure are attractive for the media. We could host several television and radio broadcasting journalist groups as well as delegations from printed media that resulted in 56 contributions in 2015 (2014: 46).

As already mentioned, the renovation of the protective roof went on 2015. This year we were lucky regarding the weather conditions and the work progressed well. Yet, a very strict schedule had to be followed, otherwise it would not have been possible to finish the renovation. We also replaced the pyramid roof on the upper Sphinx terrace to serve two purposes: (i) the snow removal is becoming easier and (ii) we gain space to place instruments outside during campaigns. Unfortunately, the work was affected by a tragedy. During the transport of the old roof a helicopter crashed and the pilot did not survive.

We took notice from the report by Geotest, a company that was given the task to explore the geology risks at Jungfraujoch regarding our facilities, that it is essential to extend the safety constructions to prevent the research station from falling rocks from the steep slope above it. We already took action and initiated a planning of this extension which will be done as soon as the weather conditions will allow it in 2016. In this respect we also will sign a contract with Geotest for annual risk analysis by in-situ controls. Furthermore, we will have to replace the fresh and waste water linings within the research station after more than 80 years, which will again be costly. For this work our new architect team from the ateliermarti architekten ag from Unterseen will be responsible after Hans Boss stepped back from his mandate as HFSJG architect.

We have had several discussions and meetings with the management of the regarding the infrastructure at Jungfraujoch but also the East Ridge. The main annual coordination meeting for all institutions working at Jungfraujoch took place on October, 13, 2015. It was attended by the director of the Research Station and Mr Urs Otz the custodian. Prime topics related to HFSJG were (i) seat reservation capabilities; (ii) emissions associated with the number of visitors documented by differences observed between measurements done at the East Ridge and the Sphinx observatory; (iii) announcement about the White Paper that has been published in June 2015.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

The High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat At Gornergrat again only two projects were conducted in 2015, i.e. “Stellarium Gornergrat” and the cosmic ray research of the University of Bern with 87 working days spent (Figure 12). The Stellarium Gornergrat project has become attractive to both teachers and the public. A significant number of teachers attended the training in October 2015 as documented by Figure 13 and more than 500 visitors could be welcomed at the Gornergrat Observatory. Congratulations to this achievement. Dining with the stars – a collaborative offer by the Gornergrat Railway, the Gornergrat Kulmhotel and the Stellarium Gornergrat Observatory – is a continuation of bringing science to the public. The cosmic ray detector at Gornergrat will be removed in one of the next years. We are in contact with institutions in Africa.

90 82 Working Days 80 at Gornergrat 2015 70

60 Total = 87

50

40

30

20

10 5

0 Centre for Space and Habitability, Physics Institute, University of Bern University of Bern

Figure 12. Number of working days at the High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat in 2015 by research groups.

Figure 13. Dining with the Stars – Gornergrat (courtesy Gornergrat Bahn)(left) and impression of the Stellarium Gornergrat teacher’s training in October 2015 (right).

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Summary and Acknowledgements The year 2015 was a successful year. First of all, we published our strategy document – the White Paper – which is available as pdf document for everybody on our homepage (http://www.hfsjg.ch/publications/). I would like to thank all who contributed to this document, but in particular Proff. Martin Huber and Erwin Flückiger for their tremendous work and time they dedicated to it. Equally important was the engagement of Claudine Frieden, she did a lot of editing, summarizing and rearranging until the final version was born. Many thanks to the members of the Jungfraujoch Commission of the SCNAT, under the lead of Prof. Heinz Gäggeler, for writing parts of the document and reviewing it all. Furthermore, we would like to thank the SCNAT for the layout and printing support. In 2015 the work on the protective roof was finalised, which was celebrated on October 23, 2015 in Grindelwald. After the very difficult weather situations in 2014, the work was running smoothly in this regard. Nonetheless, a strict schedule had to be followed for its final success. This has been achieved and therefore, I would like to express my sincere thanks to everybody who was involved in this project. First of all, the companies involved: Aeschimann Elektro AG, Wilderswil, Brawand Zimmerei AG, Grindelwald, Frutiger AG, Interlaken, Scheidegger Gerüstbau AG, Unterseen, Seiler AG, Bönigen, Air , Lauterbrunnen and Ruoff AG, Grindelwald and of course Hans Boss, the HFSJG architect. Last but not least, I would like to thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for the extraordinary financial support that was granted to make this necessary renovation possible. As you will go along this report you can convince yourself that the scientific output with publications, conference contributions and other activities is once again impressive. Close to 50 peer-reviewed publications have been placed. Congratulations to all science partners that have so efficiently used our infrastructure. Your success motivates us from the HFSJG management and administration to do our best in keeping up good and pleasant working and residence conditions and if possible in even improving them. A key point for having a continued strong publication record with the corresponding visibility is the international setting the Foundation has since its inauguration. Therefore, I would like to thank all members of the Foundation for their financial contributions, but also for their contributions in person during the representation at the Board meeting; the Swiss National Science Foundation for the continued support to run our infrastructure and to guarantee further development of our facilities; our personnel at Jungfraujoch, Mrs. and Mr. Fischer, Mrs. and Mr. Otz, and Mrs. and Mr. Seiler for their excellent work. I was very much pleased about their mutual cooperation to rearrange service plans in order to bridge time periods after unexpected service breaks due to accidents. Thank you so much. One million tourists at Jungfraujoch per year – a vision? No, not any more. What an achievement. I congratulate the Jungfraubahn Holding AG (Prof. Thomas Bieger, president of the Board and Mr. Urs Kessler, Chief Executive Officer) for this economic success. Such a high number leads not only to challenges in the logistics but also affects and concerns us as scientists. Therefore, we have to continue to raise the mutual awareness of each other’s challenges in order to keep Jungfraujoch clean. I am convinced that this is achievable, also in view of the support of the Jungfraubahn of our strategy documented in our White Paper. All year round we can build on substantial support from many different sections at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat, the Jungfrau Railway infrastructure (Mr. Jürg Lauper and Mr. Heinz Schindler), the Zugförderung und Werkstätte (ZfW/JB, Mr. Gabriel Roth), the Jungfraubahn Holding AG, the technical services (Mr. Andreas Wyss and his team). Thank you very much. HFSJG experienced once again the friendly and good service of Mrs. Brigitte Soche and Mr. Martin Soche and their personnel of the restaurants at the Top of Europe, hosting our staff, scientists, and visitors. Stellarium Gornergrat has progressed well with many visitors of their installations and live experiences to view stars during a “Starlight dinner” event or the upcoming “Dining with the Stars”. In this respect, I would like to thank Dr. Timm Riesen and his team from the xvi

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University of Bern for their enthusiastic engagement as well as the team at the University of Geneva to promote Gornergrat as science transfer location in astronomy. In this respect, I also thank the Matterhorn Gotthard Railway (Jean-Pierre Schmid, president and Fernando Lehner, Chief Executive Officer and his representative in the HFSJG Board, Mr. René Bayard) and the Gornergrat Railway for the good collaboration and for signing an updated agreement on travel support. We are well aware of the continued support of the Burgergemeinde Zermatt towards our Foundation and in particular for the project Stellarium Gornergrat. In this respect, I sincerely thank Mr. Andreas Biner, president and Mr. Fernando Clemenz. During these days, I will enjoy again the heartily atmosphere of Mrs. Nicole Marbach and Mr. Thomas Marbach at the Kulmhotel Gornergrat, since I have booked a night to enjoy the “Dining with the stars” event. Thank you for all your support throughout the year. Year by year, we can count on a fast and robust internet connection to and from Jungfraujoch. This deserves a cordial applause. For Gornergrat, we have an intermediate solution, which requires an update. We still work on an agreement which is required due to the transfer of highly resolved images from the Stellarium Gornergrat. I am optimistic that we will come to a convincing solution. It would be impossible to do my job without the administrative staff at Bern. Claudine Frieden (secretary) and Dr. Rolf Bütikofer (IT responsible person) delivered once again excellent work. Mr. Karl Martin Wyss for his competent services as our treasurer, Mrs. Theres Trachsel for the bookkeeping, and the CORE Treuhand Cotting AG, Bern (Mr. Harro Lüdi) for the professional auditing, deserve my sincere credit. The continued support of the University of Bern is so manifold, allow me to express my sincere thanks to its Rector Prof. Dr. Martin Täuber, the Administrative Director, Dr. Daniel Odermatt, and the former Director of the Physikalisches Institut, Prof. Willy Benz, for being a member of our organization, for their hospitality and support of our administration. Finally, I would like to thank Prof. Erwin Flückiger for his steady support in many different respects. I conclude with the hope that the collaboration with all of you will continue in a good and prosperous way in 2016, and I would be happy to welcome you either at Jungfraujoch or Gornergrat. On behalf of the Directorate HFSJG, best regards to all of you.

Bern, February 10, 2016 Markus Leuenberger

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Research statistics for 2015 High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Belgium 135 2 Université de Liège Landeskrankenhaus Salzburg, Austria 128 Klinik für Anästhesiologie, perioperative Medizin und allgemeine Intensivmedizin Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Switzerland 120 22 ETH Dr. med. Rainald Fischer, Germany 36 Lungenärztliche Praxis München Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Switzerland 22 46 Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf Finnish Meteorological Institute Finland 22 MeteoSwiss, Payerne Switzerland 21 18 Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Switzerland 18 23 Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Switzerland 11 2 Informatik, Photovoltaiklabor, Burgdorf Armasuisse Switzerland 10 10 Wissenschaft und Technologie Earth Science Institute, Israel 7 Hebrew University of Jerusalem Helmholtz Zentrum München Germany 6 Institute for Aerosol and Sensor Technology, Switzerland 5 1 University of Applied Sciences (FHNW) Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Switzerland 4 4 Institut, Universität Bern Center for Space and Habitability, Switzerland 4 University of Bern Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Switzerland 3 1 Universität Basel Physics Institute, University of Bern Switzerland 3 1 HaslerRail AG Switzerland 3 Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Bern Switzerland 2 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Switzerland 2 Botany, University of Basel Universität Innsbruck, Austria 2 Austrian Academy of Sciences, IGF University of Denver, USA 2 Mt. Evans High-Altitude Observatory

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Computer Engineering and Networks Lab, Switzerland 1 1 ETH Zürich Ecotech Pty Ltd, Switzerland 1 Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Switzerland 1 PMOD, World Radiation Center WCR, Davos VAW-Glaziologie, Switzerland 10 ETH Zürich Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University Switzerland 3 of Zürich Department of Physics, Italy 2 University of Rome “La Sapienza” Institut für Umweltphysik, Germany 1 Universität Heidelberg Swisstopo Switzerland 1 University of Australia Australia 1 TOTAL 569 151

Overnight stays Visits with no overnight stay Visitors, workers 327 Media / film / TV and radio 34 36 HFSJG administration 4 25 Total including researchers 934 212

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Long-term experiments and automatic measurements at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Experiment / Measurements

Institut d’Astrophysique et Atmospheric physics and solar physics de Géophysique de l'Université de Liège B-4000 Liège

Belgian Institute for Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Space Aeronomy B-1180 Brussels

Federal Office of Meteorology Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry and Climatology (radiation measurements) MeteoSwiss Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements CH-1530 Payerne

Federal Office of Meteorology Weather observations and Climatology MeteoSwiss CH-8044 Zürich

Bundesamt für Automated Global Positioning System Network AGNES Landestopographie swisstopo CH-3084 Wabern-Bern

Paul Scherrer Institute Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Laboratory of Atmospheric Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen PSI

Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center Aerosol depth monitoring CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Empa - Swiss Federal Atmospheric chemistry Laboratories for Materials (O3 - and NOx measurements) NABEL National Air Testing and Research, Pollution Monitoring Network, halogenated greenhouse CH-8600 Dübendorf gases and continuous measurements of stable CO2 isotopes

Abteilung für Astrophysics (cosmic ray measurements) Weltraumforschung und Planetologie Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institute Experiment / Measurements

Department of Physics Measurement of large zenith angle cosmic rays University of Rome „La Sapienza“ I-00185 Rome

Berner Fachhochschule, Photovoltaic power plant Technik und Informatik Photovoltaik-Labor CH-3400 Burgdorf

14 Universität Heidelberg Long term observations of CO2 Institut für Umweltphysik D-69120 Heidelberg

Climate and Environmental 85Krypton measurements Physics, Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz D-78098 Freiburg i.B.

Abteilung für Klima- und High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen Umweltphysik, measurements Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Abteilung für Klima- und Flask comparison of CO2 and O2/N2 on Jungfraujoch Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Isotope Research - Energy and Flask comparison of CO2 and O2/N2 on Jungfraujoch Sustainability Research Institute Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands

Max Planck Institut für Flask comparison of CO2 and O2/N2 on Jungfraujoch Biogeochemie Hans Knöll Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany

Eawag 7Be and 10Be in monthly precipitation Überlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Dübendorf

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institute Experiment / Measurements

Nationale Alarmzentrale NADAM Automatic Dose Alarm and Monitoring Bundesamt für Network (ambient dose rate) Bevölkerungsschutz CH-8044 Zürich

Bundesamt für Gesundheit RADAIR Measurements of radioactivity in the air and CH-1700 Freiburg DIGITEL aerosol sampler

VAW Glacier measurements Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology ETH Zürich CH-8092 Zürich

Swiss Federal Institute for Snow Permafrost monitoring in the Jungfrau East Ridge and Avalanche Research SLF CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Department of Geography Permasense: Permafrost monitoring in alpine rock walls University of Zürich CH-8057 Zürich

Institut für Measurement of 222Rn for atmospheric tracer Umweltgeowissenschaften applications Universität Basel CH-4056 Basel

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss

Title of project: The weather in 2015

Report by: Stephan Bader, Climate Division MeteoSwiss English translation by Brigitta Klingler Pasquil

Report for the International Foundation HFSJG Again a new high: with a surplus of 1.29°C compared with the normal value 1981-2010 the annual temperature 2015 reached a new record level. Together with the former record temperature surpluses of 1.25°C in 2014 and 1.21°C in 2011, three years in quick succession have yielded practically identical record temperatures. In addition, the year 2015 produced the second-warmest winter south of the Alps and in the Engadine and – overall in Switzerland - the second-hottest summer as well as the third-warmest November since observations started in 1864. Finally, the months of November and December brought a record lack of precipitation south of the Alps. As can be seen in table 1 below, the temperature 2015 was well above the norm value 1981‒2010 (reference period), with a higher deviation in the high Alpine regions than in the lowland regions north of the Alps. Precipitation totals reached 90 percent of the normal value in the Jungfrau region and were well below of the normal values in the lowland regions north of the Alps.

Table 1. Annual values 2015 referring to the parameters temperature and precipitation as well as the deviations from the reference period 1981‒2010 for the stations Jungfraujoch and Berne. As precipitation is not measured on Jungfraujoch the values pertaining to the are used here.

Jungfraujoch Berne Average temperature -5.7 °C 9.9 °C Deviation +1.5 °C +1.1 °C

Precipitation 1463 mm 768 mm Deviation 90 % 73 %

Extremely mild start to the year In the first half of January the weather in Switzerland was characterized above all by mild westerly and south-westerly currents. On 10 January it turned extremely mild with daily mean temperatures between 6°C and more than 14°C above the normal value1981–2010. experienced the mildest winter day since observations started. In the daily mean temperature reached 15.1°C – a value never before recorded in any of the winter months (December to February) in the measurement series starting in 1871. The daily maximum rose to 19.3°C. Only in the winter of 1992/93 has there been a comparable daily maximum (19.5°C). South of the Alps daily maxima reached between 20°C to approximately 23°C. However, record winter temperatures are above 24°C in these parts.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Wintery from mid-January onwards In the second half of January north-westerly and northerly currents brought the winter back to Switzerland. On both sides of the Alps snow fell even at low altitudes. February presented itself wintery with – in many parts – under-average temperatures with snowfall down to low altitudes on both sides of the Alps. Especially south of the Alps, snowfall was substantial. In mid-February 16 cm of fresh snow fell in Locarno-Monti within two days. In Airolo (1100 m a.s.l.) and San Bernardino (1640 m a.s.l.) snowfall amounted to 63 cm, in Bosco-Gurin (1500 m a.s.l.) as much as 96 cm. One week later a cold air front from north-west covered almost the whole of Switzerland in fresh snow. In low altitude areas north of the Alps amounts remained under 10 cm. South of the Alps 10 to 20 cm of fresh snow were recorded even at low altitudes while at higher altitudes over half a metre was measured regionally.

Extremely mild winter conditions south of the Alps and in the Engadine Despite a cold February the winter was overall too mild in Switzerland with a surplus of 0.7°C compared with normal values 1981–2010. Extremely mild winter conditions prevailed south of the Alps and in the Engadine. The weather stations of , Locarno-Monti and Samedan registered the second-warmest winter since observations started. South of the Alps surplus temperatures varied between 1.5 and 1.8°C. In Samedan the winter temperature was even 2.4°C above the normal value 1981-2010 and in other parts of the Engadine, 1.0 to 1.4°C above the normal value. In high exposed areas of the Alps, however, winter temperatures remained slightly under the normal value.

Figure 1. Winter temperatures (DJF) from 1933/34 to 2014/15 at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.; homogeneous data).

A sunny onset of spring After a few grey and wet days at the beginning of the month, March came up with fabulous high-pressure weather until mid-month. From 6 to 13 March the whole of Switzerland registered - to a large extent - between 80 and 100% of the daily sunshine maximum duration. At high altitudes daily mean temperatures in many parts reached a surplus of between 4 and 7°C above the normal value 1981-2010 while on the Jungfraujoch there was a surplus as high as 5 to 9°C. In low altitudes of the northern Plateau daily maxima rose to between 14 and 17°C. In the lower areas south of the Alps a strong northerly Föhn brought temperatures above the 20°C mark on 11 March.

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Fair weather for the solar eclipse From 18 to 20 March a high-pressure zone established itself from England to Russia - just in time for the partial solar eclipse on 20 March which could be observed in many parts of Switzerland under perfect weather conditions. Areas south of the Alps were at a disadvantage since they were affected by a solid cloud cover that was transported by an upper low-pressure zone from south-western precisely on 20 March. March ended in a late-wintery mood with snowfall down to 600 m and stormy conditions on both sides of the Alps. With a strong northerly Föhn on 27 March wind gusts reached over 90 km/h south of the Alps. On 31 March storm Niklas brought high winds to the Plateau, which peaked at over 100 km/h and - in high exposed areas - 160 km/h.

Sunny and mild in the middle of spring In April quiet, sunny and mild spring weather prevailed in Switzerland. The consistently warm, high-pressure conditions with practically no precipitation temporarily caused acute danger of forest fires in the Grisons and south of the Alps.

End of spring with record precipitation The transition to mainly low pressure conditions marked the beginning of a period with intense precipitation as April departed and May arrived. Within six days all of Switzerland received a medium of around 100 mm of rain. The largest totals were measured in the Lower Valais, in the Alps and in the adjoining . At higher altitudes precipitation totals amounted to 200 mm and more. Most of the precipitation fell within three days. Some individual weather stations with precipitation series dating back over 100 years registered their second-highest three-day totals since observations started. Especially in the western part of Switzerland the high precipitation volume resulted in flooding and damage caused by torrents as streams burst their banks. At several meteorological stations with long measurement series further strong precipitation at mid-month resulted in a May registering the highest precipitation total since observations started – above all in the western Alps and in the Bernese Oberland. A number of stations with long measurement series recorded the second- or third-wettest May in their history.

Extremely hot summer The Swiss summer 2015 will rank as the second-warmest in the 152-year-old history of meteorological observation. In Switzerland the overall mean temperature surplus amounted to 2.4°C compared with the normal value 1981–2010. This resulted in the summer 2015 ranking above all previous record summers with a difference of over 1°C, the only exception being the legendary, hot summer 2003. Concerning the overall mean, the latter was around 1°C hotter than the summer of 2015.

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Figure 2. Summer temperatures (JJA) from 1933 to 2015 at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl; homogeneous data).

In most regions the temperature surplus in summer amounted to between 2.0 and 2.5°C above the normal value 1981–2010. South of the Alps surplus values were between 1.6 and 2.3°C. Already at the onset of summer the heat announced itself. With a surplus of 1.8°C in relation to the normal value 1981–2010 the fourth-warmest June was recorded since observations started in 1864. South of the Alps, in the Engadine, in the Valais and in Western Switzerland the month of July was in many parts the hottest month since the beginning of observations. In the remaining areas July counted among the three hottest months in the annals spanning 152 years. July temperatures were 3 to 4°C above the normal value 1981–2010. And, to round it all off, the summer 2015 registered the fourth-warmest August since observations started. Averaged over the whole of Switzerland the August temperature rose to 1.8°C above the normal value 1981–2010.

Heat waves near record-breaking point From 1 to 7 July 2015 Switzerland experienced a week with one of the most extreme heat waves since observations started over 150 years ago. The mean daily maximum temperature was as high as 33 to over 36°C in low altitudes north of the Alps. At the Geneva weather station 36.3°C was measured, an almost identical value to the 36.7°C that was registered during the record-breaking week in summer 2003. At other meteorological stations only the summers of 2003, 1952 and 1947 had presented even higher values. The week with extreme heat came to its conclusion on 7 July when Geneva registered 39.7°C, the highest temperature ever observed north of the Alps. This value is almost 1°C higher than the previous record of 38.9°C dating from 28 July 1921, which was also registered in Geneva. South of the Alps the period with extreme heat unfolded from mid-July onwards. The hottest week lasted from 17 to 23 July. At Locarno-Monti the mean daily maximum temperature reached 34.7°C. Again, temperatures were practically identical with those measured during the record week of August 2003, which amounted to 35.0°C. The highest temperature south of the Alps was registered on 22 July: 36.8°C at the Locarno-Monti station. This is the third- highest value in the Locarno-Monti measurement series which dates back to 1935.

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A lot of summer sunshine regionally Thanks mostly to the very sunny month of July, some regions north of the Alps experienced the second-sunniest summer in the homogenous measurement series available since 1961, namely at the meteorological stations of Neuchâtel, Lucerne, Altdorf, Zurich-Fluntern, St. Gall und Säntis. Berne registered the third-sunniest, Basel and Geneva the fourth-sunniest summer.

Autumn begins with cool weather In both autumn months September and October cool northerly and north-westerly currents as well as cold north-easterly winds (“Bise”) had an impact on temperatures. In September the overall mean temperature was 0.8°C below the normal value 1981-210, in October 0.6°C. With the arrival of humid and cold air there was some snowfall in the mountains.

Extreme warmth and plenty of sunshine at the end of autumn Due to a persistent high pressure zone with the arrival of warm air from south-westerly and westerly directions, Switzerland registered the third-warmest November since observations started in 1864. The overall November mean temperature rose to 2.7°C above the normal value 1981–2010. Already in the year before, November had been extremely mild with a temperature surplus of 3.1°C. Looking further back, the record November 1994 was similar in terms of mild weather with 3.3°C above the normal value. At a number of weather stations, especially at higher altitudes, new November records were observed in terms of daily maximum temperatures. On the Great St Bernard Pass (2470 m a.s.l.) the daily maximum on 12 November was extremely high in relation to the 152-year-old measurement series. The thermometer climbed to 11.9°C - more than 2°C above the former November record of 9.7°C dating from 11.11.1977. Not only the high temperatures but also plenty of sunshine characterized the first three November weeks. In Lucerne, Altdorf and Lugano it was the sunniest November in the homogenous measurement series available since 1959, at other weather stations the second or third-sunniest November.

Persistent lack of precipitation Already in summer precipitation was generally below average. In autumn the scarcity of precipitation continued. Only September brought above-average precipitation to some major areas, namely in the westernmost region of the country, in Ticino and in Grisons. October precipitation totals were largely below average and the first three weeks in November were practically without any precipitation in the whole of Switzerland. Taking into account all three autumn months, precipitation totals reached only 50 to 70 percent of the normal value 1981–2010 on the eastern Plateau. In the remaining areas 70 to 90 percent was observed. Only in parts of Grisons did precipitation totals amount to 100 percent of the normal value. South of the Alps a record drought was experienced in the period from November to December. Lugano and Locarno-Monti registered only 0.8 mm of precipitation: normally a total of 200 to 250 mm should be expected. They were the lowest November-to-December totals in the relevant series spanning well over 100 years.

And as in the previous year . . . waiting for winter to come The extreme warmth of November continued into December. Averaged over the whole of Switzerland, December produced a record surplus of 3.2°C. The former record was held by the year 1868 with a 3.0°C surplus. The persistent high pressure weather with extremely mild temperatures and with hardly any precipitation resulted in a substantial overall lack of snow in early winter. Due to the stationary high pressure zone certain regions in the German part of Switzerland and in Grisons registered the sunniest December in the homogenous measurement series available since 1959.

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Annual balance In most areas of Switzerland annual temperatures in 2015 were 1.0 to 1.4°C above normal values 1981–2010. Averaged over the whole of Switzerland, the result was a surplus of 1.29°C, narrowly beating the former record value of a 1.25°C surplus registered in the previous year 2014. North of the Alps annual precipitation reached only 60 to 85 percent of the normal value 1981–2010. In parts of the Alps precipitation totaled from 80 to around 100 percent of the normal value while south of the Alps 70 to 95 percent of normal precipitation amounts were recorded. In many parts the sunshine duration was registered at between 110 and 120 percent of the normal value 1981–2010. On the Plateau and in north-western Switzerland values of even 125 percent of the normal value were observed. Some meteorological stations registered the third-sunniest year in their homogenous measurement series, namely the stations at Neuchâtel, Berne, Zurich und St. Gall. Homogenous sunshine duration measurement series date back as far as 1959. It is only the Zurich station that can provide homogenized series which date as far back as 1884 when observations started.

Figure 3. Development of the 24-hour mean temperatures 2015 at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), in relation to the long-term mean value 1981‒2010 (solid line) and the long-term mean fluctuation (dashed line, standard deviation). The two grey curves show the highest and the lowest 24-hour mean temperatures since observations started.

Address: MeteoSchweiz Krähbühlstrasse 58 CH-8044 Zürich Tel.: +41 44 256 91 11 URL: http://www.meteoschweiz.ch

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège

Title of project: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

Part of this programme: NDACC, GAW

Project leader and team: Christian Servais (project leader), Whitney Bader, Benoît Bovy, Olivier Flock, Bruno Franco, Bernard Lejeune, Emmanuel Mahieu, Ginette Roland (em.), Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane Zander

Project description: The team’s objectives are essentially twofold: (i) improve the performance of the instrumentation and perform the observations, (ii) analyse the spectra in order to produce high-level geophysical parameters and valorize them. Over the last years, significant efforts have been invested in the development and implementation of a reliable system allowing to remotely and safely control the whole instrumentation, among which the spectrometer itself, the cooling of the detectors, the suntracker and its protective lid. Nevertheless, local support from the custodians remains critical, e.g. to remove heavy snow from the lid, to fill in the LN2 Dewar flask. In 2015, more than 2100 high resolution infrared solar spectra have been recorded on 120 days. The major instrumental development program testing new acquisition techniques in the FTIR domain has reached the state where the hardware is nearly ready for software development. Along this permanent main goal, other issues required urgent attention to improve the efficiency and security of the remote controlled observation task. One of these problems is liquid nitrogen detector cooling for which a new specific device has been developed to reclaim N2 natural evaporation to spare liquid nitrogen while speeding up detector cooling. The computer and network architecture of the laboratory was also modified and improved to allow for the future increase in the volume of data collected.

Greenhouse gases H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, CF4, SF6 Support to the Kyoto Protocol

O3, NO, NO2, HNO3, ClONO2, HCl, Support to the Montreal Ozone-related HF, COF2, CFC-11, -12, HCFC-22, Protocol -142b, CCl4, CH3Cl Air quality CO, CH3OH, C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, Support to the EU-Copernicus HCN, HCHO, HCOOH, NH3 programme

Other OCS, N2, various isotopologues

Table 1. List of atmospheric species currently retrieved from the Jungfraujoch observational database.

Subsequent analysis of our spectra allows us to determine the abundance of an increasing number of constituents of the Earth atmosphere (currently more than 30; see Table 1), playing a role in ozone depletion, climate change or affecting air quality. Numerous target species are therefore relevant to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete stratospheric ozone (e.g. CFCs, HCFCs, HCl) and/or to the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gases emissions (e.g.

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CO2, CH4, N2O). We present hereafter a selection of recent results derived from the scientific exploitation of our database.

Ammonia (NH3)

Agriculture is responsible of large emissions of ammonia (NH3), estimated at nearly 50 Tg in 2008 while biomass burning completes its atmospheric budget. This species is causing acidification and eutrophication of soils and surface waters. Furthermore, ammonia is playing a role in particulate matter formation, and hence contributes to smog development. Although it has several adverse effects on the biosphere and human health, large uncertainties remain as to its global atmospheric budget, spatial and temporal distributions, particularly because of currently limited monitoring capabilities.

Figure 1. Individual measurements of NH3 above Jungfraujoch, as a function of the calendar month. Maximum columns corresponding to significant deviations with respect to the background conditions are mainly observed during summertime.

A recent paper (Dammers et al., 2015) presents for the first time a strategy allowing to retrieve NH3 total columns from high-resolution infrared solar spectra. The approach has been established and validated using observations performed at four NDACC sites, including the Jungfraujoch. Given the very short lifetime of NH3 (typically of a few hours), the high- altitude and lack of significant nearby emission sources, the Jungfraujoch site essentially allows for the determination of background conditions, and low abundances are indeed derived from the 2004-2013 time series, with a mean column of 0.18E15 molec./cm2 and no obvious seasonal modulation. A few maxima observed during summertime (see Figure 1) are likely associated with transport from the surrounding valleys for days characterized by strong vertical mixing. The lower columns determined most of the time at that site demonstrate the sensitivity of the FTIR technique to the NH3 retrieval. Formaldehyde (HCHO) As a product of the oxidation of many volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde (HCHO) is a ubiquitous reactive intermediate in the atmospheric photo-oxidation pathways leading to the

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 formation of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. As such, it is a key indicator for the operational monitoring of air quality. Nowadays, only very few long-term trends exist, particularly due to the lack of extended consistent data sets. Moreover, many uncertainties remain as to its diurnal cycle, which represents a large short-term variability superimposed on seasonal and inter-annual variations that should be accounted for when comparing ground- based observations to satellite and model results. The combination of elevation, weakly polluted conditions and the strong vertical gradient of HCHO concentration in the lower troposphere complicates its monitoring from the Jungfraujoch station. Nevertheless, HCHO profiles were successfully retrieved from ground- based FTIR solar spectra and UV-visible Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) scans recorded during the July 2010 – December 2012 time period at the Jungfraujoch station (Franco et al., 2015c). Characterization of the retrieval products revealed different vertical resolution and sensitivity between both remote sensing instruments. Most of the information on the vertical HCHO distribution contained in the MAX-DOAS measurements is located in the first tropospheric layers (below 5.5 km altitude) with a maximum sensitivity in the lowest layers close to the ground, while FTIR retrievals are mainly sensitive in the free troposphere (up to 12 km altitude) and vertically unresolved. Such a difference of vertical resolution did not allow for direct comparisons of FTIR and MAX- DOAS data sets. Therefore we successively confronted FTIR total columns and MAX-DOAS partial columns as well as the corresponding vertical profiles to HCHO columns and profiles simulated by two state-of-the-art 3-D chemical transport models: GEOS-Chem and IMAGES v2. Using the model outputs as the intermediate, FTIR and MAX-DOAS retrievals showed consistent seasonal modulations of HCHO throughout the investigated period, characterized by summertime maximum and wintertime minimum.

Figure 2. FTIR time series of daily mean HCHO total columns and associated 1σ standard deviation bars above Jungfraujoch, from January 1988 to June 2015 (Franco et al., 2015a). All individual measurements were re-scaled to 9 a.m. and then averaged over the days. The blue curves correspond to the functions fitted to all daily means (including trend component and seasonal modulation) by a bootstrap method over the 1988-1995, 1996-2002 and 2003- 2015/06 time periods, inclusive.

In a second paper (Franco et al., 2015a), we derived and analyzed a consistent, multi-decadal time series (January 1988 – June 2015) of HCHO total columns from the Jungfraujoch FTIR solar spectra, which is to our best knowledge the longest time series of remote HCHO

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 observations worldwide. Because of its localization, this site allows for the study of the continental background conditions in the remote troposphere at mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere. Using the large statistics that represent the Jungfraujoch data set, we first investigated the HCHO diurnal variations above the station. These variations, resulting in a.m. increases and p.m. decreases peaking around mid-day and in the early afternoon, are mainly driven by the atmospheric photochemistry, the intra-day insolation modulation and the methane (CH4) oxidation. Then, we characterized quantitatively these monthly diurnal variations by adjusting a parametric model to the observations. It was employed to scale all the individual FTIR measurements on a given daytime in order to remove the effect of the intra-day modulation for improving the trend determination and the comparison with HCHO simulated by GEOS-Chem. Such a parametric model will be needed to scale the ground- based HCHO measurements on satellite overpass times in the framework of future calibration/validation efforts of space borne sensors (e.g., the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board of the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite due for launch in 2016). GEOS-Chem sensitivity tests suggested that the seasonal and inter-annual HCHO column variations above Jungfraujoch are predominantly led by the atmospheric oxidation of CH4, with a maximum contribution of 25% from the anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compound precursors during wintertime. Finally, trend analysis of the 27-year FTIR time series has revealed a long-term evolution of the HCHO abundance in the remote troposphere, in relation with atmospheric CH4 fluctuations and short-term OH variability. The following relative rates of change have been characterized (see Fig. 2): +2.9 %/yr between 1988 and 1995, -3.7 %/yr over 1996-2002 and +0.8 %/yr from 2003 onwards.

Recent trends of organic chorine (CCly) and fluorine (CFy) The atmospheric abundance of chlorine and fluorine increased very significantly in the 1970s to 1990s, chiefly because of the large use and subsequent release of long-lived halogenated sources gases, notably the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (e.g. Mahieu et al., Nature, 515, 2014). Thanks to the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer, the production and emission of such chemicals have been drastically reduced, then banned. Monitoring the success of this international treaty is possible with FTIR instruments, since high-resolution solar infrared spectra encompass the signature of a suite of important halogenated source and reservoir species. Recent efforts have dealt with the improvement or the definition of retrieval strategies for such source gases using Jungfraujoch spectra. The current target list includes: CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HCFC-22 (CHClF2), HCFC-142b (CH3CClF2), CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride; Rinsland et al., JQSRT, 113, 2012), CH3Cl (methyl chloride), CF4 (PFC-14 or carbon tetrafluoride; Mahieu et al., AMT, 7, 2014). Corresponding time series have been produced from 2000 onwards, they are displayed in Figure 3 (HCFC-142b is not visible with columns in the 0.15-0.30 E15 molec./cm2 range). Overall, we determine decreases for the CFCs and CCl4, rise for their first replacement products (HCFCs) and for CF4 (primarily emitted by the aluminum and the semi-conductor industries) and an essentially constant burden for CH3Cl, a species whose sources are mainly of natural origin. The following weighted sums allow determining proxies for the organic chlorine and fluorine budgets, CCly* and CFy*: * [CCly] = 3 x [CCl3F] + 2 x [CCl2F2] + [CHClF2] + [CH3CClF2] +4 x [CCl4] + [CH3Cl] * [CFy] = [CCl3F] + 2 x [CCl2F2] + 2x [CHClF2] + 2 x [CH3CClF2] + 4 x [CF4] * Hence, six species are relevant to establish the evolution of the CCly budget. Altogether, they represent ~90% of the total CCly budget for the year 2011. The CCly* trend over 2000-2014 shows a constant decrease at a rate of –(0.23±0.05)%/yr. It is important however to realize that the largest negative contribution of CFC-11 is currently cancelled by the steady accumulation of HCFC-22.

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Figure 3. Time series of six halogenated source gases monitored at the Jungfraujoch station (Mahieu et al., EGU2015).

A corresponding budget has been established for organic fluorine, including the contributions * * from CFC-11 and -12, HCFC-22 and -142b as well as of CF4. In contrast to CCly , CFy is still characterized by a positive rate of increase, of (0.60 ± 0.03) %/yr.

Key words: Earth atmosphere, climate change, greenhouse gases, ozone layer, air quality, long-term monitoring, infrared spectroscopy, atmospheric circulation

Internet data bases: General website: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be Consolidated geophysical data are available from NDACC: ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/station/jungfrau/

Collaborating partners/networks: Main collaborations: BIRA-IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change; http://www.ndacc.org) / GAW-CH / ACE science team / NASA JPL / EMPA / University of Leeds / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / satellite experiments: IASI, OMI, ENVISAT / …

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: The complete list of GIRPAS publications can be found at http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/publi03e.htm and http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/Communic.htm

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Refereed journal articles and their internet access Barthlott, S., M. Schneider, F. Hase, A. Wiegele, E. Christner, Y. González, T. Blumenstock, S. Dohe, O.E. García, E. Sepúlveda, K. Strong, J. Mendonca, D. Weaver, M. Palm, N.M. Deutscher, T. Warneke, J. Notholt, B. Lejeune, E. Mahieu, N. Jones, D.W.T. Griffith, V.A. Velazco, D. Smale, J. Robinson, R. Kivi, P. Heikkinen, and U. Raffalski, Using XCO2 retrievals for assessing the long-term consistency of NDACC/FTIR data sets, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 3, 1555–1573, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1555-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/173087 Dammers, E., C. Vigouroux, M. Palm, E. Mahieu, T. Warneke, D. Smale, B. Langerock, B. Franco, M. Van Damme, M. Schaap, J. Notholt, and J.W. Erisman, Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR solar spectra, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 22, 12789–12803, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-12789-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185337 Duflot, V., C. Wespes, L. Clarisse, D. Hurtmans, Y. Ngadi, N. Jones, C. Paton-Walsh, J. Hadji-Lazaro, C. Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, J.-M. Metzger, E. Mahieu, C. Servais, F. Hase, M. Schneider, C. Clerbaux and P.-F. Coheur, Acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from IASI satellite observations: global distributions, validation, and comparison with model, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 18, 10509–10527, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-10509-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/181787 Franco, B., E.A. Marais, B. Bovy, W. Bader, B. Lejeune, G. Roland, C. Servais and E. Mahieu, Diurnal cycle and multi-decadal trend of formaldehyde in the remote atmosphere near 46° N, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 21, 31287–31333, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-31287-2015, 2015a. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/187850 Franco, B., W. Bader, G.C. Toon, C. Bray, A. Perrin, E.V. Fischer, K. Sudo, C.D. Boone, B. Bovy, B. Lejeune, C. Servais and E. Mahieu, Retrieval of ethane from ground-based FTIR solar spectra using improved spectroscopy: Recent burden increase above Jungfraujoch, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 160, 36–49, doi: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2015.03.017, 2015b. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/175442 Franco, B., F. Hendrick, M. Van Roozendael, J.-F. Müller, T. Stavrakou, E.A. Marais, B. Bovy, W. Bader, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, B. Lejeune, G. Pinardi, C. Servais, and E. Mahieu, Retrievals of formaldehyde from ground- based FTIR and MAX-DOAS observations at the Jungfraujoch station and comparisons with GEOS-Chem and IMAGES model simulations, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1733–1756, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1733- 2015, 2015c. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/174025 Van Geffen, J.H.G.M., K.F. Boersma, M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick, E. Mahieu, I. De Smedt, M. Sneep, and J.P. Veefkind, Improved spectral fitting of nitrogen dioxide from OMI in the 405–465 nm window, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1685–1699, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1685-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/173258 Harris, N.R.P., B. Hassler, F. Tummon, G.E. Bodeker, D. Hubert, I. Petropavlovskikh, W. Steinbrecht, J. Anderson, P.K. Bhartia, C.D. Boone, A. Bourassa, S.M. Davis, D. Degenstein, A. Delcloo, S.M. Frith, L. Froidevaux, S. Godin-Beekmann, N. Jones, M.J. Kurylo, E. Kyrölä, M. Laine, S.T. Leblanc, J.-C. Lambert, B. Liley, E. Mahieu, A. Maycock, M. de Mazière, A. Parrish, R. Querel, K.H. Rosenlof, C. Roth, C. Sioris, J. Staehelin, R.S. Stolarski, R. Stübi, J. Tamminen, C. Vigouroux, K.A. Walker, H.J. Wang, J. Wild, and J.M. Zawodny, Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone – Part 3: Analysis and interpretation of trends, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 17, 9965–9982, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-9965-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/179547 Kremser, S., N.B. Jones, M. Palm, B. Lejeune, Y. Wang, D. Smale and N.M. Deutscher, Positive trends in Southern Hemisphere carbonyl sulfide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi: 10.1002/2015GL065879, 2015. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/2015GL065879 Scheepmaker, R.A., C. Frankenberg, N.M. Deutscher, M. Schneider, S. Barthlott, T. Blumenstock, O.E. Garcia, F. Hase, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, V. Velazco, J. Landgraf and I. Aben, Validation of SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements using the TCCON and NDACC-MUSICA networks, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1799–1818, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1799-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/174484 Vigouroux, C., T. Blumenstock, M. Coffey, Q. Errera, O. García, N.B. Jones, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, B. Liley, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, M. Palm, G. Persson, M. Schneider, C. Servais, D. Smale, L. Thölix, M. De Mazière, Trends of ozone total columns and vertical distribution from FTIR observations at eight NDACC stations around the globe, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 6, 2915–2933, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-2915-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/172277 Wang, Y., N.M. Deutscher, M. Palm, T. Warneke, J. Notholt, I. Baker, J. Berry, P. Suntharalingam, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, B. Lejeune, J.E. Campbell, A. Wolf and S. Kremser, Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 18, 26025–26065, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-26025-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/186285 Conference papers Bader, W., B. Bovy, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, E. Mahieu, S. Conway, K. Strong, I. Murata, D. Smale, A. Turner, P. Bernath, and E. Buzan, Recent changes of CH4 since 2005 from FTIR observations and GEOS-CHEM simulation, oral presentation at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/184393

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Dammers, E., M. Palm, T. Warneke, M. Van Damme, D. Smale, C. Vigouroux, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, and J.W. Erisman, Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR measurements and its use for validation of satellite observations by IASI, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. Franco, B., W. Bader, B. Bovy, E. Mahieu, E.V. Fischer, K. Strong, S. Conway, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Recent increase of ethane detected in the remote atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180485 Franco, B., W. Bader, E. Mahieu, B. Bovy, E.V. Fischer, Z.A. Tzompa-Sosa, K. Strong, S. Conway, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, K. Sudo, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Recent ethane increase above North America: comparison between FTIR measurements and model simulations, oral presentation at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/182788 Hannigan, J.W., M. Palm, S. Conway, E. Mahieu, D. Smale, E. Nussbaumer, K. Strong, and J. Notholt, Current trend in carbon tetrachloride from several NDACC FTIR stations, oral presentation at the “Solving the mystery of carbon tetrachloride” workshop, Empa Akademie, Duebendorf, Switzerland, October 4-6, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185223 Mahieu, E., W. Bader, B. Bovy, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, C. Servais, J. Notholt, M. Palm, and G.C. Toon, Halogenated source gases measured by FTIR at the Jungfraujoch station: updated trends and new target species, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180469 Mahieu, E., W. Bader, B. Franco, B. Bovy, B. Lejeune, C. Servais, G. Roland, and R. Zander, Overview of the recent results derived from the Jungfraujoch observational database, poster presented at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/182107

Mahieu, E., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Decrease of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) over 2004-2013 as inferred from global occultation measurements with ACE-FTS, poster presentation at the “Solving the mystery of carbon tetrachloride” workshop, Empa Akademie, Duebendorf, Switzerland, October 4-6, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185221 Mahieu, E., B. Bovy, W. Bader, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, E.V. Fischer, E.A. Marais, A.J. Turner, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, K. Strong, and S. Conway, Use of GEOS-Chem for the interpretation of long-term FTIR measurements at the Jungfraujoch and other NDACC sites, poster presented at the 7th International GEOS-Chem Meeting, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 4-7, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180927 Notholt, J., E. Mahieu, F. Pfloeger, M. Riese, G. Stiller, M. Chipperfield, and T. Reddmann, Stratospheric HCl increasing again, caused by dynamic variability, driven by increased tropospheric wave activity, oral presentation at the 10. Deutsche Klimatagung, Hamburg, Germany, September 21-24, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185461 Pommier, M., C. Clerbaux, C. Clarisse, P.-F. Coheur, E. Mahieu, J.-F. Müller, C. Paton-Walsh, T. Stavrakou, and C. Vigouroux, HCOOH distributions from IASI with updated retrieval parameters: comparison with ground-based FTIR measurements and IMAGESv2 model, oral presentation at the ATMOS 2015 conference, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, June 8-12, 2015. Theses Bader, W., Long-term study of methane and two of its derivatives from solar observations recorded at the Jungfraujoch station, PhD Thesis, Université de Liège, 19 Allée du 6 Août, 4000-Liège, Belgium, pp.1-148, 2015. Magazine and Newspapers articles “L’effet papillon du gaz de schiste” – “The butterly effect of gas”, W. Bader, B. Franco & E. Mahieu, Reflexions, June 29, 2015. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/en/Ethane “Atmospheric circulation changes identified thanks to ground-based FTIR monitoring of hydrogen chloride (HCl)”, Mahieu, E., M.P. Chipperfield, J. Notholt and T. Reddmann, NDACC Newsletter, 6, 30–33, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/184988 “L’exploitation des gaz de schiste aux Etats-Unis pollue l’air des européens”, notre-planete.info, September 23, 2015. http://www.notre-planete.info/actualites/4339-gaz-de-schiste-pollution-air-Europe “Du gaz de schiste américain dans l’atmosphère européenne!”, Sciences et Avenir, October 6, 2015. http://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/pollution/20151006.OBS7165/du-gaz-de-schiste-americain- dans-l-atmosphere-europeenne.html “Du gaz de schiste américain détecté… en Europe”, Europe 1, October 6, 2015, http://www.europe1.fr/sciences/du-gaz-de-schiste-americain-detecte-en-europe-2525433 Radio and television “En direct du Jungfraujoch”, including a radio interview with Christian Servais, ULg, La Première, RTS.ch, CQFD, January 22, 2015.

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Address: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique – Université de Liège Quartier Agora Allée du 6 août, 19 – Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Contacts: Emmanuel Mahieu – Group leader +32 4 366 9786 [email protected] Christian Servais +32 4 366 9784 [email protected] Whitney Bader +32 4 366 9789 [email protected] Benoît Bovy +32 4 366 9789 [email protected] Olivier Flock +32 4 366 9790 [email protected] Bruno Franco +32 4 366 9785 [email protected] Bernard Lejeune +32 4 366 9788 [email protected] Ginette Roland +32 4 342 2594 [email protected] Vincent Van De Weerdt +32 4 366 9767 [email protected] Diane Zander +32 4 366 9770 [email protected]

Fax: +32 4 366 9747 URL: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be

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Name of research institute or organization: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

Title of project: Atmospheric physics and chemistry

Part of this programme: NDACC, NORS, ACTRIS, AGACC-II, GAIA-CLIM, QA4ECV, Sentinel-5 Precursor CalVal AO

Project leader and team: Dr. M. Van Roozendael: project leader UV-Vis Dr. Martine De Mazière: project leader FTIR Bart Dils, Bavo Langerock, Corinne Vigouroux, Caroline Fayt, Clio Gielen, François Hendrick, Christian Hermans, Gaia Pinardi: team scientists

Project description: UV-Vis (main results, significance of results, progress in 2015): Although the SAOZ instrument was damaged due to lightning in July 2014, and since then could not be reinitiated, the long-term monitoring of stratospheric NO2 and ozone total columns has been continued throughout 2015 using the BIRA-IASB MAXDOAS instrument. In order to restore the continued zenith-sky measurements, it has however been decided to replace the old SAOZ system by a new mini-SAOZ system using a low-noise CCD-based Avantes spectrometer. This system is under development at BIRA and will be installed at the Jungfraujoch in the course of 2016. In addition to stratospheric NO2 and ozone monitoring, MAXDOAS tropospheric trace gas measurements of NO2, HCHO and aerosols have been performed continuously in 2015. An operational processing chain has been set up for these measurements allowing for rapid-delivery of the data within a few days after acquisition. The rapid delivery service of NO2 profiles and ozone columns developed as part of the NORS project has also been continued in 2015, allowing for regular contribution to the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) validation programme. Finally the stratospheric NO2 and ozone column measurements have been delivered to the NOAA NCEP data base as part of the BIRA contribution to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC).

FTIR solar absorption spectrometry (main results, significance of results, progress in 2015): BIRA-IASB has coordinated the analysis of ozone vertical profile trends using the NDACC FTIR data: the results have been published by Vigouroux et al. (2015) and have been reported in the WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2014. The Institute is now coordinating the contribution of the NDACC FTIR ozone data to the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR). This study should be published by the end of 2016. The Jungfraujoch FTIR ozone data delivered by University of Liège have been included in both studies.

UV-VIS and FTIR solar absorption spectrometry (main results, significance of results, progress in 2015): Starting in March 2015, BIRA-IASB is involved in the H2020 GAIA-CLIM (Gap Analysis for Integrated Atmospheric ECV CLImate Monitoring) project which is aiming at improving our ability to use ground-based and sub-orbital observations to characterize satellite observations for a number of atmospheric Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). Work being undertaken by BIRA-IASB to establish fully traceable reference-quality measurements for total ozone using ground-based UV-visible spectroscopy and for O3 and H2O profile

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 measurements using ground-based FTIR solar absorption spectrometry will have an impact on such measurements being performed at the Jungfraujoch. In the frame of the EU QA4ECV project (Quality Assurance for ECV products), BIRA-IASB is leading a task for characterizing and establishing MAXDOAS tropospheric NO2 and H2CO column measurements as well as NDACC and TCCON FTIR CO profile measurements as traceable reference data sets for satellite validation. The Institute is in contact with the University of Liège to include the Jungfraujoch NDACC FTIR CO data in this reference data set. BIRA-IASB is also responsible for the use of NDACC data, including the Jungfraujoch SAOZ, MAXDOAS and FTIR data for the validation of various products of the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (MACC/CAMS). The results are reported on quarterly basis in the validation reports that are available at https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/quarterly_validation_reports. Jungfraujoch NDACC data are included as soon as they are submitted to the NDACC database.

Key words: Atmospheric composition, long-term monitoring, optical remote sensing, vertical inversion methods, satellite and model validation

Internet data bases:  The data are archived in the NDACC database (http://www.ndacc.org/), in the NADIR/NILU database (http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir).  Data processed for ENVISAT validation purposes are also submitted to the ENVISAT CAL/VAL database (http://nadir.nilu.no/calval).  Revised HDF GEOMS formats for UV-Vis DOAS and FTIR data products have been implemented at the NDACC data base, as a contribution to the NORS and QA4ECV project.  In the framework of NORS, a Rapid-Delivery submission system has been implemented for several NDACC sites (among them Jungfraujoch), by which measurements are provided to the data base within 1 day to 1 month after data acquisition.

Collaborating partners/networks:  Collaborations with University of Liège and NDACC partners  Collaboration with European FTIR and UV-Vis teams and modelling teams in the frame of the EU project NORS  Collaboration with M. Chipperfield of Univ. Leeds  Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations contribute to the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes (NDACC)  Collaboration with B. Buchmann, D. Brunner, S. Henne, S. Reimann and M. Steinbacher of EMPA (NORS and ACTRIS projects)  Collaboration with F. Goutail, J.-P. Pommerau and A. Pazmino of LATMOS, France (SAOZ)  Collaboration with the OMI, TROPOMI, ACE and MetOp GOME-2 and IASI satellite communities  Collaboration with Université Libre de Bruxelles for IASI FORLI data validation  Collaboration with S&T for the NORS and QA4ECV Validation Server

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Van Geffen, J.H.G.M., K.F. Boersma, M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick, E. Mahieu, I. De Smedt, M. Sneep, and J.P. Veefkind, Improved spectral fitting of nitrogen dioxide from OMI in the 405–465 nm window, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1685-1699, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1685-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/1685/2015/ Tack, F., F. Hendrick, F. Goutail, C. Fayt, A. Merlaud, G. Pinardi, C. Hermans, J.-P. Pommereau, and M. Van Roozendael, Tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column retrieval from ground-based zenith–sky DOAS observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2417-2435, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-2417-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/2417/2015/amt-8-2417-2015.html Franco, B., F. Hendrick, M. Van Roozendael, J.-F. Müller, T. Stavrakou, E.A. Marais, B. Bovy, W. Bader, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, B. Lejeune, G. Pinardi, C. Servais, and E. Mahieu, Retrievals of formaldehyde from ground- based FTIR and MAX-DOAS observations at the Jungfraujoch station and comparisons with GEOS-Chem and IMAGES model simulations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1733-1756, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1733-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/1733/2015/amt-8-1733-2015.html Verhoelst, T., J. Granville, F. Hendrick, U. Köhler, C. Lerot, J.-P. Pommereau, A. Redondas, M. Van Roozendael, and J.-C. Lambert, Metrology of ground-based satellite validation: co-location mismatch and smoothing issues of total ozone comparisons, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 5039-5062, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-5039-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/5039/2015/amt-8-5039-2015.html Frieß, U., H. Klein Baltink, S. Beirle, K. Clèmer, F. Hendrick, B. Henzing, H. Irie, G. de Leeuw, A. Li, M.M. Moerman, M. van Roozendael, R. Shaiganfar, T. Wagner, Y. Wang, P. Xie, S. Yilmaz, and P. Zieger, Intercomparison of aerosol extinction profiles retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., doi: 10.5194/amt-2015-358, 2016. http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2015-358/ Harris, N.R.P., B. Hassler, F. Tummon, G.E. Bodeker, D. Hubert, I. Petropavlovskikh, W. Steinbrecht, J. Anderson, P.K. Bhartia, C.D. Boone, A. Bourassa, S.M. Davis, D. Degenstein, A. Delcloo, S.M. Frith, L. Froidevaux, S. Godin-Beekmann, N. Jones, M. J. Kurylo, E. Kyrölä, M. Laine, S.T. Leblanc, J.-C. Lambert, B. Liley, E. Mahieu, A. Maycock, M. De Mazière, A. Parrish, R. Querel, K.H. Rosenlof, C. Roth, C. Sioris, J. Staehelin, R.S. Stolarski, R. Stübi, J. Tamminen, C. Vigouroux, K. Walker, H.J. Wang, J. Wild, and J.M. Zawodny, Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone – Part 3: Analysis and interpretation of trends, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9965-9982, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-9965-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/9965/2015/ Inness, A., A.-M. Blechschmidt, I. Bouarar, S. Chabrillat, M. Crepulja, R.J. Engelen, H. Eskes, J. Flemming, A. Gaudel, F. Hendrick, V. Huijnen, L. Jones, J. Kapsomenakis, E. Katragkou, A. Keppens, B. Langerock, M. De Mazière, D. Melas, M. Parrington, V.H. Peuch, M. Razinger, A. Richter, M.G. Schultz, M. Suttie, V. Thouret, M. Vrekoussis, A. Wagner, and C. Zerefos, Data assimilation of satellite retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5275-5303, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-5275-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/5275/2015/ Hassinen, S., Balis, D., Bauer, H., Begoin, M., Delcloo, A., Eleftheratos, K., Gimeno Garcia, S., Granville, J., Grossi, M., Hao, N., Hedelt, P., Hendrick, F., Hess, M., Heue, K.-P., Hovila, J., Jønch-Sørensen, H., Kalakoski, N., Kiemle, S., Kins, L., Koukouli, M. E., Kujanpää, J., Lambert, J.-C., Lerot, C., Loyola, D., Määttä, A., Pedergnana, M., Pinardi, G., Romahn, F., van Roozendael, M., Lutz, R., De Smedt, I., Stammes, P., Steinbrecht, W., Tamminen, J., Theys, N., Tilstra, L. G., Tuinder, O. N. E., Valks, P., Zerefos, C., Zimmer, W., and Zyrichidou, I.: Overview of the O3M SAF GOME-2 operational atmospheric composition and UV radiation data products and data availability, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 8, 6993-7056, doi:10.5194/amtd-8-6993-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/amt-2015-120/ Langerock, B., M. De Mazière, F. Hendrick, C. Vigouroux, F. Desmet, B. Dils, and S. Niemeijer, Description of algorithms for co-locating and comparing gridded model data with remote-sensing observations, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 911-921, doi: 10.5194/gmd-8-911-2015, 2015. http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/8/911/2015/ Vigouroux, C., T. Blumenstock, M. Coffey, Q. Errera, O. García, N.B. Jones, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, B. Liley, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, M. Palm, G. Persson, M. Schneider, C. Servais, D. Smale, L. Thölix, and M. De Mazière, Trends of ozone total columns and vertical distribution from FTIR observations at eight NDACC stations around the globe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2915-2933, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-2915-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/2915/2015/

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Address: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Contacts: Dr. Michel Van Roozendael (primary contact point) Tel.: +32 2 373 04 16 Fax: +32 2 374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

Martine De Mazière Tel.: +32 2 373 03 63 Fax: +32 2 374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ http://uv-vis.aeronomie.be/ http://infrared.aeronomie.be http://nors.aeronomie.be/ http://agacc.aeronomie.be

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Title of project: The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at Jungfraujoch

Part of this programme: GAW, ACTRIS

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Urs Baltensperger, project leader Dr. Martin Gysel, co-leader Dr. Nicolas Bukowiecki, Dr. Erik Herrmann*, Dr. Julia Schmale, Ghislain Motos, Günther Wehrle Dr. Martine Collaud Coen (MeteoSwiss, Payerne) * reporting author

Project description: Aerosols affect Earth’s climate primarily by influencing the atmospheric energy budget through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects (aerosol – radiation interactions, ARI) refer to the scattering and absorption of radiation by aerosol particles. Indirect effects (aerosol – cloud interactions, ACI) refer to the role of particles as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particles (INP). The number of CCN available under certain conditions affects droplet size in a cloud and thus cloud brightness and cloud life-time. The latter is also impacted by INPs which play a key role in initiating precipitation. The climate relevance of both direct and indirect effects results from their effect on the planetary albedo. The IPCC report states that almost all uncertainty with respect to anthropogenic forcing is caused by our limited understanding of these aerosol effects. According to some estimates, however, aerosol forcing may be of the same magnitude (but opposite in sign) as the combined effect of all greenhouse gases. Aerosols thus have a significant cooling effect.

Figure 1. Time series of the total aerosol scattering coefficient as an example of the long- term measurements at Jungfraujoch (adapted from Bukowiecki et al., 2016).

The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme is an activity overseen by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The goal of GAW is to ensure long-term measurements in order to detect trends and to develop an understanding of these trends. With respect to aerosols the objective of GAW is to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of aerosol properties related to climate forcing and air quality up to multi-decadal time scales. Since the atmospheric residence time of aerosol particles is relatively short, a large number of measuring stations are needed. The GAW monitoring network consists of 30 global

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

(including the Jungfraujoch site) and about 400 regional stations. While global stations are expected to measure as many of the key variables as possible, the regional stations generally carry out a smaller set of observations. From April 2011 to March 2014, the aerosol programme at Jungfraujoch was also part of the European infrastructure project ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infra Structure), which was followed by ACTRIS-2, starting in May 2015 again with a duration of 4 years. The Jungfraujoch aerosol observations are among the most complete worldwide. By the end of 2015 they have reached over 20 years of continuous measurements for part of the observables (see Figure 1). In celebration of this anniversary, a review article was compiled, summarizing two decades of aerosol research at Jungfraujoch (Bukowiecki et al., 2016). The year also saw the first analysis of long-term size distribution measurements with an SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) observations at Jungfraujoch (Herrmann et al., 2015), a more recent addition to the monitoring activities. Finally, data from the latest monitoring newcomer CCNC (cloud condensation nuclei counter for the measurement of the number of particles that are able to form a cloud droplet at specified supersaturations) is part of an ongoing effort to characterize CCN variability world-wide. While the initial step in the form of a synthesis of measurements within the FP6 project EUCAARI (Figure 2) has been completed, a new study in the ACTRIS framework is underway that will put special focus on long-term observations.

Figure 2. Average activated fraction A as a function of supersaturation Seff for all available data sets. Lines represent linear fits in the form A = a×ln(Seff)+b. The shading of the overall fit represents the prediction bounds of the fit with a confidence level of 95 % (from Paramonov et al., 2015).

Table 1 shows the current GAW instrumentation that is continuously running at Jungfraujoch. For these measurements, ambient air is sampled via a heated inlet (25°C), designed to prevent ice build-up and to evaporate cloud particles at an early stage, ensuring that the cloud condensation nuclei and/or ice nuclei are also sampled. This inlet is called the total inlet.

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Table 1. Current GAW aerosol instrumentation at Jungfraujoch Instrument Measured parameter CPC (TSI 3010 or 3772) Particle number density (particle diameter Dp>10 nm) Nephelometers (TSI 3563 & Ecotech Scattering coefficient at three Aurora 3000) wavelengths Aethalometers (AE-31 & AE-33) Absorption coefficient at seven wavelengths; equivalent black carbon (BC) concentration MAAP Absorption coefficient at one wavelength; equivalent black carbon (BC) concentration Filter packs Aerosol major ionic composition (PM1 and TSP) Betameter and HiVol1) Aerosol mass, PM1 and TSP1) SMPS, OPC Particle number size distribution, Dp = 20 - 22’500 nm CCNC Number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei at different supersaturations 1) measured by EMPA Observations at Jungfrau East Ridge In October 2014, an aethalometer (AE-33) and a condensation particle counter (TSI 3775) were installed at the Jungfrau East Ridge station (3705 m a.s.l., former Swisscom station), to measure aerosol microphysical properties. These measurements will be compared to those performed at the Sphinx Laboratory with a similar setup, to determine the impact of local pollution at Jungfraujoch and to investigate the small-scale spatial variability of aerosol parameters. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the total number concentration at both sites for a couple of days in spring 2015. While concentrations are nearly identical during night-time, data from the Sphinx show large spikes during the day which indicate tourism-related local pollution (Fröhlich et al., 2015).

Figure 3. Total number concentrations at Sphinx and East Ridge.

Nucleation at Jungfraujoch New particle formation in the lower free troposphere has been investigated in the NUCLACE campaigns. Two intensive measurement periods took place in the first months of 2013 and 2014 which saw the first deployment of a state-of-the-art CI-API-TOF mass spectrometer (detects neutral clusters and can thus observe the very first steps of nucleation) at a high- altitude site. In addition to this, the usual GAW instrumentation at Jungfraujoch was

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 augmented by a nano-SMPS (size range 5-80 nm) and an API-TOF mass spectrometer (detects air ions) during an extended period from summer 2013 to spring 2014. Obervations showed that new particle formation occurs mainly through HOMs (highly oxydized multifunctional organic compounds) but also ammonia-sulfuric acid nucleation was found. Furthermore we observed that nucleation is possible only within a certain window of opportunity after an air mass has had ground contact: while a certain amount of time is necessary to turn the precursors from the boundary layer into condensable vapors, those vapors also condense onto pre-existing particles and are thus lost over time. Between these two processes, prominent particle formation events have been observed only one or two days after ground contact. Finally, data from the extended campaign in combination with GAW monitoring results suggest that nucleation causes only a little direct contribution to cloud condensation nuclei numbers.

Figure 4. A: The best “banana” observed during NUCLACE 2014 (A). Comparison of campaign and monitoring instrumentation (B).

Key words: Atmospheric aerosol particles, aerosol climatic effects, radiative forcing, light scattering, cloud condensation nuclei, hygroscopic growth, CCN concentration, aerosol size distribution, remote sensing of aerosol optical properties, nucleation

Internet data bases: http://www.psi.ch/lac http://www.psi.ch/lac/gaw-monitoring-nrt-data http://sites.google.com/site/jfjnrt/ 27

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/meteoswiss/international_affairs/GAW.html http://ebas.nilu.no/ http://www.actris.net/

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. D. Ruffieux, MeteoSwiss, Payerne Prof. U. Lohmann, Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich Dr. C. Hüglin, Dr. S. Henne, Dr. M. Steinbacher, and Dr. S. Reimann, EMPA, Dübendorf Dr. Franz Conen, Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel Prof. M. Leuenberger, Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern Dr. Martin Schnaiter and Dr. Corinna Hoose, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany Prof. H. Burtscher, Dr. E. Weingartner, and Dr. M. Fierz, Institut für Aerosol- und Sensortechnik, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Dr. S. Mertes, Prof. A. Wiedensohler, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Prof. J. Curtius, Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany Prof. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (SEAES), University of Manchester, Manchester, England Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, University of Mainz, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany Dr. U. Pöschl, Biogeochemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Prof. S. Weinbruch, Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Mineralogie, Darmstadt, Germany Prof. M. Kulmala, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Dr. A. Wiedensohler, ECAC and TROPOS, Leipzig, Germany G. Kassell and Dr. M. Laborde, Ecotech Pty Ltd, Australia and AerosolConsultingML, Switzerland Dr. G. Roberts and Dr. T. Bourrianne, National Meteorological Research Center (CNRM- GAME), Toulouse, France Griša Močnik, Aerosol d.o.o. and Jozef Stefan Int. Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia Dr. M. Hutterli, Tofwerk AG, Thun, Switzerland Dr. D. Worsnop, Aerodyne Research (USA) and University of Helsinki. Finland

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Bianchi et al., New particle formation in the free troposphere: a question of chemistry and timing, 2015. submitted Boose et al., Three-year ice nucleating particle climatology in the free troposphere during winter, 2015. submitted Bukowiecki, N., E. Weingartner, M. Gysel, M. Collaud Coen, P. Zieger, E. Herrmann, M. Steinbacher, H.W. Gäggeler, and U. Baltensperger, A Review of More Than 20 Years of Aerosol Observation at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (3580masl), Aerosol Air Qual. Res., doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0305, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.05.0305 in press Conen, F., S. Rodriguez, C. Hüglin, S. Henne, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, and C. Alewell, Atmospheric ice nuclei at the high-altitude observatory Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Tellus B, 67, 25014, doi: 10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014 Crawford, I., G. Lloyd, K.N. Bower, P.J. Connolly, M.J. Flynn, P.H. Kaye, T.W. Choularton, and M.W. Gallagher, Observations of fluorescent aerosol–cloud interactions in the free troposphere at the Sphinx high Alpine research station, Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 26067-26088, doi:10.5194/acpd-15- 26067-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-26067-2015 Fröhlich, R., M.J. Cubison, J.G. Slowik, N. Bukowiecki, F. Canonaco, P.L. Croteau, M. Gysel, S. Henne, E. Herrmann, J.T. Jayne, M. Steinbacher, D.R. Worsnop, U. Baltensperger, and A.S.H. Prévôt, Fourteen months of on-line measurements of the non-refractory submicron aerosol at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) – chemical composition, origins and organic aerosol sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11373-11398, doi: 10.5194/acp-15- 11373-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11373-2015

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Grazioli, J., G. Lloyd, L. Panziera, C.R. Hoyle, P.J. Connolly, J. Henneberger, and A. Berne, Polarimetric radar and in situ observations of riming and snowfall microphysics during CLACE 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13787-13802, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-13787-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13787-2015 Hammer, E., N. Bukowiecki, B.P. Luo, U. Lohmann, C. Marcolli, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, and C.R. Hoyle, Sensitivity estimations for cloud droplet formation in the vicinity of the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10309-10323, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-10309-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10309-2015 Herrmann, E., E. Weingartner, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, Z. Jurányi, M. Collaud Coen, L. Vuilleumier, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, F. Conen, U. Baltensperger, and M. Gysel, Analysis of long-term aerosol size distribution data from Jungfraujoch with emphasis on free tropospheric conditions, cloud influence, and air mass transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 9459-9480, doi: 10.1002/2015JD023660, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023660 Hoyle, C. R., C.S. Webster, H.E. Rieder, E. Hammer, M. Gysel, N. Bukowiecki, E. Weingartner, M. Steinbacher, and U. Baltensperger, Chemical and physical influences on aerosol activation in liquid clouds: an empirical study based on observations from the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 15469-15510, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-15469-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-15469-2015 Kupiszewski, P., E. Weingartner, P. Vochezer, M. Schnaiter, A. Bigi, M. Gysel, B. Rosati, E. Toprak, S. Mertes, and U. Baltensperger, The Ice Selective Inlet: a novel technique for exclusive extraction of pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3087–3106, doi:10.5194/amt-8-3087-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3087-2015 Kupiszewski et al., Ice residual properties in mixed-phase clouds at the high alpine Jungfraujoch site, 2016. in prep. Paramonov, M., V.-M. Kerminen, M. Gysel, P.P. Aalto, M.O. Andreae, E. Asmi, U. Baltensperger, A. Bougiatioti, D. Brus, G.P. Frank, N. Good, S.S. Gunthe, L. Hao, M. Irwin, A. Jaatinen, Z. Jurányi, S.M. King, A. Kortelainen, A. Kristensson, H. Lihavainen, M. Kulmala, U. Lohmann, S.T. Martin, G. McFiggans, N. Mihalopoulos, A. Nenes, C.D. O'Dowd, J. Ovadnevaite, T. Petäjä, U. Pöschl, G.C. Roberts, D. Rose, B. Svenningsson, E. Swietlicki, E. Weingartner, J. Whitehead, A. Wiedensohler, C. Wittbom, and B. Sierau, A synthesis of cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements within the EUCAARI network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 12211-12229, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-12211-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12211-2015 Schmidt, S., J. Schneider, T. Klimach, S. Mertes, L.P. Schenk, J. Curtius, P. Kupiszewski, E. Hammer, P. Vochezer, G. Lloyd, M. Ebert, K. Kandler, S. Weinbruch, and S. Borrmann, In-situ single submicron particle composition analysis of ice residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds in Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 4677-4724, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-4677-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-4677-2015 Stopelli, E., F. Conen, C.E. Morris, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, and C. Alewell, Ice nucleation active particles are efficiently removed by precipitating clouds, Scientific Reports, 5, 16433, doi: 10.1038/srep16433, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep16433 Tröstl, J. et al., Contribution of new particle formation to the total aerosol concentration at the high altitude site Jungfraujoch, Tröstl et al., 2015. submitted Vochezer, P., E. Järvinen, R. Wagner, P. Kupiszewski, T. Leisner, and M. Schnaiter, In situ characterization of mixed phase clouds using the Small Ice Detector and the Particle Phase Discriminator, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 8, 6511–6558, doi:10.5194/amtd-8-6511-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-6511-2015 Worringen, A., K. Kandler, N. Benker, T. Dirsch, S. Mertes, L. Schenk, U. Kästner, F. Frank, B. Nillius, U. Bundke, D. Rose, J. Curtius, P. Kupiszewski, E. Weingartner, P. Vochezer, J. Schneider, S. Schmidt, S. Weinbruch, and M. Ebert, Single-particle characterization of ice-nucleating particles and ice particle residuals sampled by three different techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4161–4178, doi:10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015 Conference papers Bianchi, F., H. Junninen, J. Tröstl1, C. Frege, A. Adamov, N. Bukowiecki, J. Dommen, J. Duplissy, M. Gysel, E. Herrmann, C.R. Hoyle, J. Kangasluoma, J. Kontkanen, A. Kürten, R. Linda, H. Manninen, U. Molteni, S. Münch, O. Peräkylä, T. Petäjä, C. Williamson, X. Chen, J. Curtius, E. Weingartner, D.R. Worsnop, M. Kulmala, and U. Baltensperger, New particle formation events observed in the lower free troposphere, European Aerosol Conference, Milano, Italy, September 6-11, 2015. Frege, C., F. Bianchi, H. Junninen, J. Tröstl, U. Molteni, E. Herrmann, M. Sipilä, J. Dommen, M. Kulmala, and U. Baltensperger, Characterization of Atmospheric Ions at the High Altitude Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), European Aerosol Conference, Milano, Italy, September 6-11, 2015. Herrmann, E., N. Bukowiecki, M. Gysel, E., Hammer, G. Wehrle, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, Z. Jurányi, M. Collaud Coen, L. Vuilleumier, F. Conen, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, What shapes the aerosol size distribution at the Jungfraujoch?, BACCHUS Annual Meeting, Zürich, Switzerland, January 13-15, 2015.

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Herrmann, E., E. Weingartner, S. Henne, L. Vuilleumier, N. Bukowiecki, M. Steinbacher, F. Conen, M. Collaud Coen, E. Hammer, Z. Jurányi, F. Bianchi, J. Tröstl, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, What shapes the aerosol size distribution at Jungfraujoch? - Insights from long-term observations, AAAR 34th Annual Conference, Minneapolis, USA, October 12-16, 2015. Herrmann, E., E. Weingartner, S. Henne, L. Vuilleumier, N. Bukowiecki, M. Steinbacher, F. Conen, M. Collaud Coen, E. Hammer, Z. Jurányi, F. Bianchi, J. Tröstl, P. Kupiszewski, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, Aerosol Research at Jungfraujoch - Recent Activities, Virtual Alpine Observatory (VAO) Symposium, Salzburg, Austria, October 27-30, 2015. Niemand, M., C. Hoose, I. Reichardt, M. Gysel, E. Herrmann, J. Schneider, S. Schmidt, P. Vochezer, and M. Zanatta, “Real case study” simulations of aerosol-cloud interactions for the INUIT campaign at Jungfraujoch research station using different ice nucleation parameterizations, IUGG General Assembly, Prague, Czech Republic, June 22 – July 2, 2015. Schmale, J., G. Motos, J.S. Henzing, G.P.A. Kos, P. Schlag, R. Holzinger, P.P. Aalto, M. Äijälä, L. Heikkinen, M. Paramonov, F. Stratmann, S. Henning, L. Poulain, K. Sellegri, J. Ovadnevaite, R. Fröhlich, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, M. Gysel, U. Baltensperger, and the ACTRIS Team, Overview on ACTRIS cloud condensation nuclei measurements results, European Aerosol Conference, Milano, Italy, September 6-11, 2015. Schmale, J., S. Henning, F. Stratmann, J.S. Henzing, G.P.A. Kos, P. Schlag, R. Holzinger, P.P. Aalto, H. Keskinen, M. Paramonov, L. Poulain, K. Sellegri, J. Ovadnevaite, M. Krüger, S. Carbone, J. Brito, A. Jefferson, J. Whitehead, K. Carslaw, S.S. Yum, M. Park, A. Kristensson, R. Fröhlich, E. Herrmann, E. Hammer, G. Motos, N. Bukowiecki, A. Wiedensohler, A. Sonntag, W. Birmili, K.F.A. Frumau, A. Kiendler-Scharr, M. Äijälä, L. Heikkinen, T. Petäjä, M. Kulmala, D. Picard, C. O’Dowd, J. Bialek, C. Pöhlker, H. Su, U. Pöschl, M. Andreae, P. Artaxo, H. Barbosa, J. Ogren, G. McFiggans, E. Swietlicki, G. Frank, B. Svenningsson, C. Wittborn, A. Bougiatioti, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, Synthesis of the ACTRIS Network Cloud Condensation Nuclei Measurements, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 14-18, 2015. Theses Bianchi, F., Influence of ammonia, amines, and oxidized organics on new particle formation, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Fröhlich, R., A new aerosol mass spectrometer for long-term environmental applications: performance assessment and first deployment at the Jungfraujoch, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Kupiszewski, P., Design and application of a novel ice selective inlet and physical and chemical characterization of ice residuals in mixed-phase clouds, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Tröstl, J., Investigation of new aerosol particle formation and growth at the CERN CLOUD chamber at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Magazine and Newspapers articles “Research at its highest level”, Les Ambassadeurs Magazine No. 16, 2015. http://www.lesambassadeurs.ch/misc/la-magazine/No16/EN/index.html#20 “Der Staubsauger der Sphinx”, NZZ, 16.05.2015. http://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/der-staubsauger-der-sphinx-1.18543177 Radio and television “La météorologie dans les nuages”, RTS Radio, January 22, 2015. http://www.rts.ch/la-1ere/programmes/cqfd/6439478-la-meteorologie-dans-les-nuages-22-01-2015.html “Einstein: Wozu ist eigentlich Nebel gut?“, November 12, 2015. http://www.srf.ch/sendungen/einstein/wozu-ist-eigentlich-nebel-gut

Address: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts: Nicolas Bukowiecki Urs Baltensperger Tel.: +41 56 310 2465 Tel.: +41 56 310 2408 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zurich

Title of project: Field measurements of aerosols acting as ice nucleating particles and their influence on mixed – phase clouds

Part of this programme: GAW CH +

Project leader and team: Dr. Zamin A. Kanji (Project Leader) Dr. Jan Henneberger (Post-Doc), Larissa Lacher (PhD), Alexander Beck (PhD)

Project description: For an improved understanding of ice and mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), measurements of ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations are performed on a regular basis at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (JFJ). Continuous measurements of INP concentrations in an environment relevant for clouds containing ice are rare, because a fully automated instrument to measure INP concentrations in real-time and continuously does not exist (DeMott et al., 2010). We perform measurements with the Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber, HINC (Kanji and Abbatt, 2009) several times a year in different seasons (winter, spring and summer) at JFJ to extend the existing INP measurements from our group (see activity report 2014, Chou et al., 2011 and Boose et al., 2016). Although JFJ is situated most of the year in free tropospheric conditions, air from the boundary layer may reach the station in spring and summer, especially during daytime (e.g. Lugauer et al., 1998; Zellweger et al., 2003; Collaud-Coen et al., 2011; Griffiths et al., 2014). As such, we want to investigate if there exists an annual cycle of INP concentrations in the free troposphere due to injections of boundary layer air, Saharan dust or air masses from marine environments. We address the question if the influence from boundary layer air is related to phenological periods, like the influence from biological aerosols. Furthermore, we want to compare their influence on INP concentrations to Sahara dust, as the JFJ is regularly affected by Sahara dust events (SDE) in spring which influence the INP concentrations significantly (Chou et al., 2011). Last but not least, our project aims to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions on the INP concentration. Activities 2015 (INP, HINC) The main achievements in 2015 were the performances of three field campaigns with HINC during winter, spring and summer. With the addition of three more seasons of INP measurements to the existing measurements done at the JFJ in prior years, not only could we compare INP concentrations between different seasons, but also had the chance to sample during interesting special events with higher INP concentrations compared to the campaign average value. In winter 2015 for example, measurements of INP in the condensation mode (see Figure 1) show two interesting events: an increase in INP from 1-10 std l-1 to > 50 INP std l-1 was observed during the 2nd and 6th of February. The latter was caused by a SDE, which could be identified with nephelometer data (Nicolas Bukowiecki, PSI), size distribution data (Erik Herrmann, PSI), FLEXPART back trajectories (Stephan Henne, EMPA) and chemical analysis of cloud water samples (Assaf Zipori, Hebrew University of Jerusalem). During the 2nd February the station was not under the influence of Sahara dust, and the cloud water sample analysis revealed influence of marine air, supported by FLEXPART back trajectories. The influence of marine aerosol on ice nucleation is recently discussed (e.g. Wilson et al., 2015), causing the question if the ocean is a possible source for INP.

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Figure 1. INP concentrations in winter 2015, measured with HINC (T=-31°C; RHw = 104%).

INP climatology is shown in Figure 2 for measurements in the condensation and deposition mode. Campaign and special event averages such as SDE or marine influenced air masses are also shown. Campaign averages are shown both for excluding (marker) and including (grey box) INP measurements which were below the limit of detection (LOD) of HINC. What we demonstrate here is that for periods when INP concentrations are low (i.e. close to the LOD of HINC), if we completely exclude and report only measurements above the LOD, we could be significantly overestimating the INP concentrations at JFJ. This is typically true for the deposition mode, where the grey shaded area is larger. In the condensation mode, the effect of excluding data points below the LOD is not significant indicated by tiny grey shaded areas. INP concentrations below water saturation range from 0.1 and 10 std l-1, with lower concentrations in winter. The highest average concentration of > 50 INP std l-1 was measured during a SDE in spring 2015. Above water saturation, INP concentrations in winter are between 1-10 std l-1, and reach higher concentration during special events in this season. In spring and summer INP concentrations are higher as well. To assess the influence of boundary layer air and Sahara dust, which both can cause higher INP concentrations, for the period of INP measurements we analysed the NOy/CO ratio (Zellweger et al., 2003) and the particle concentrations above 90 nm (Herrmann et al., 2015) to assess time periods when we had influence from the boundary layer leading to disturbed free tropospheric conditions.

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Figure 2. INP measurements at JFJ performed with PINC (up to winter 2014) and HINC (from summer 2014 onwards) for deposition nucleation at T ~ -31°C; RHw ~ 92%; and for condensation freezing ~ 104% RHw. Data points are averaged values for one field campaign.

The distinction reveals, that INP concentrations are generally lower in the free troposphere in both freezing modes, ranging between 1-10 std l-1 (Figure 3). The free tropospheric INP concentrations during spring and summer 2015 are lower as well, indicating that the high INP concentrations were measured during times with boundary layer influence. Additionally to this, FLEXPART back trajectories revealed that the station could have been under the influence of Sahara dust, without the declaration of a SDE. This could be the reason why the average free tropospheric INP concentration in spring 2015 was higher than the other campaign averages.

Figure 3. INP measurements at JFJ for only free tropospheric conditions. Measurements were performed with HINC (T=-31°C; deposition nucleation = 94% RHw; condensation freezing = 104% RHw); data points are averaged values for one field campaign.

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Cloud Microphysics Measurements with HOLIMO

Figure 4. Instruments set-up during the inter-comparison campaign at the JFJ during November 2015. Side-by-side a Fog Monitor (from the right), HOLIMO 3M and HOLIMO 3G are employed, together with two 3D sonic anemometer.

During 2015, the newly designed holographic imager HOLIMO 3M (see activity report 2014) was deployed at the JFJ for the first time. Between January and March, HOLIMO 3M continued measuring the micro-physical properties of the clouds arriving at the JFJ. In addition, the new developed measurements platform HOLOGondel was deployed at the cable car Eggishorn in the Valais valley. The main component of the HOLOGondel platform is a digital holographic imager HOLIMO 3G, very similar to HOLIMO 3M. The data from both field locations will be analysed to find cloud cases were the same air mass was sampled at the Eggishorn and at the JFJ, which will contribute to a better understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of orographic MPCs by targeting the same air mass at two different locations. For an inter-comparison campaign, both holographic imagers (HOLIMO 3M and 3G) and a Fog Monitor, which is a single-particle scattering spectrometer, where employed at the JFJ at the same time (Figure 4). By comparing these simultaneously obtained measurements at the same location, the concentration calculation and variation due to instrument design will be quantified. With this inter-comparison and a size calibration data during post-analysis, the measurement uncertainty can be specified and a more precise calculation of cloud parameters can be achieved. Data Analysis: Obtaining long time-series of cloud data with a holographic imager requires demanding data analysis both computationally and time wise. The holographic imager produces up to eight terabytes of raw data per day. The reconstruction of the raw holograms is computer-intensive. Furthermore it is complicated to reliably extract cloud particle features from reconstructed images to get the cloud data finally. In all of these steps, the data analysis was improved in 2015. First, the data storage was centralized on a network storage system. The reconstruction of holograms into images is done on the Euler Cluster, which is one of ETH’s high-performance computer cluster. The parallelization on multiple nodes speeds-up the time needed for reconstruction by up to factor of 10. During the past years, a software package, called

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HOLOSuite, has been developed to extract the cloud data out of the reconstructed data. The HOLOSuite software is shared between multiple research groups and approximately 15 people use his software to analyse holographic data. In December 2015 a workshop was organized to bring this community together to share the knowledge and to discuss further developments. In the future, the HOLOSuite software will be organized with a version control system to share new development faster and avoid parallel programming of the same feature. With all this improvement, less time and effort is needed to synthesize the cloud properties data from the raw data. Results: We continued the analysis of the in-situ observation of orographic clouds at JFJ. Phase resolved measurements of the size distributions, concentrations, and cloud water contents were obtained by HOLIMO. MPCs consisting of a mixture of supercooled liquid droplets and ice crystals were observed in high frequency at the JFJ. Although MPCs are thermodynamically unstable, they were observed over long periods (up to 7 hours). This can be explained by orographic lifting. Updraft velocities, high enough to exceed saturation with respect to liquid water, cause the simultaneous growth of water droplets and ice crystals. The finding that the two main wind directions at the JFJ lead to distinctly different cloud properties supports the explanation of stabilization of the mixed-phase cloud due to orographic lifting. A larger frequency of mixed-phase clouds is observed during north- westerly wind cases which are associated with a steeper ascent than south-easterly wind cases (Figure 5). Unfortunately, information on the updraft velocities are missing as the measurements at the JFJ are much too influenced by the local topography. Therefore, the updraft velocity measurements do not represent the condition inside the cloud. Simulation with the regional climate model COSMO were performed, to get more information on the origin of air masses reaching JFJ and what factors influence the formation and glaciation of MPCs. The simulation confirmed that the updraft speeds during the MPCs cases were higher, but also synoptical changes have a strong influence on the cloud phase arriving on the JFJ.

Figure 5. Boxplot of ice fraction (ice water content (IWC) divided by total water content (TWC)) at different temperature intervals grouped by the main wind direction.

In addition, high ice crystal concentrations up to 1 cm-3 were observed (Lloyd et al., 2015, see refereed articles section). As the measured INP concentrations were at least two orders of magnitude lower, these high ice crystal concentrations cannot be explained by primary ice nucleation, but indicate that an ice multiplication process is active. It is unlikely that the high

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 ice crystal concentrations were produced through the Hallett–Mossop process as the cloud was most often not in the active temperature range for this process, but was caused more likely by the snow covered surrounding of the JFJ station. Either by hoar frost crystals generated where the cloud touches the terrain or blowing snow which is re-suspended from the ground at higher wind speeds (Lloyd et al., 2015).

References Boose et al., (2016), Ice nucleating particle measurements at 241 K during winter months at 3580 m a.s.l. in the , J. Atmos. Sci. (accepted, in review - minor revisions) Chou, C. et al. (2011), Ice nuclei properties within a Sahara dust event at the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4725-4738. Collaud Coen, M. et al. (2011), Aerosol climatology and planetary boundary influence at the Jungfraujoch analyzed by synoptic weather types, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5931–5944. DeMott, P. J. et al. (2010), Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. Griffiths, A. D., Parkes, S. D., Chambers, S. D., McCabe, M. F., and A. G. Williams (2013), Improved mixing height monitoring through a combination of lidar and radon measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 207–218. Herrmann, E. et al. (2015), Analysis of long-term aerosol size distribution data from Jungfraujoch with emphasis on free tropospheric conditions, cloud influence, and air mass transport, JGR, 120, 9459 – 9480. Kanji, Z. A. and J. P. D. Abbatt, (2009), The University of Toronto Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (UT- CFDC): A Simple Design for Ice Nucleation Studies, Aerosol Science and Technology, 43, 730-38. Lugauer, M. et al. (1998), Aerosol transport to the high Alpine sites Jungfraujoch (3454ma.s.l.) and Colle Gnifetti (4452ma.s.l.), Tellus B, 50, 76–92. Wilson et al. (2015), A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles, Nature, 525, 234-238, doi:10.1038/nature14986. Zellweger, C. et al. (2003), Partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NOy) and dependence on meteorological conditions in the lower free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 779–796.

Key words: Aerosols, Ice Nucleation, Ice Crystals, Holography, Ice Nucleating Particles

Collaborating partners/networks: Erik Herrmann, Urs Baltensperger, Nicolas Bukowiecki (Paul Scherrer Institute) Martin Steinbacher, Stephan Henne (EMPA) Jacob Fugal (MPI Mainz) Paul Connolly, Gary Lloyd, Tom Choularton (University of Manchester) Assaf Zipori (Hebrew University of Jerusalem)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Lloyd, G., T.W. Choularton, K.N. Bower, M.W. Gallagher, P.J. Connolly, M. Flynn, R. Farrington, J. Crosier, O. Schlenczek, J. Fugal, and J. Henneberger, The origins of ice crystals measured in mixed-phase clouds at the high- alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 12953–12969, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-12953- 2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12953/2015/acp-15-12953-2015.pdf Grazioli, J., G. Lloyd, L. Panziera, C.R. Hoyle, P.J. Connolly, J. Henneberger, and A. Berne, Polarimetric radar and in situ observations of riming and snowfall microphysics during CLACE 2014, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 13787-13802, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-13787-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/13787/2015/acp-15-13787-2015.pdf Conference papers (names in bold are GAW project participants) L. Lacher*, U. Lohmann and Z. A. Kanji, Field measurements of ice nucleating particles on the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, August 16-21, 2015 (Oral). Y. Boose*, F. Mahrt, M. I. Garcia, S. Rodriguez, C. Linke, M. Schnaiter, S. Nickovic, U. Lohmann, Z. A. Kanji and B. Sierau, Ice nucleating particle properties in the Saharan air layer close to the dust source, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 14-18, 2015 (Oral). Z. A. Kanji, J. Henneberger, Y. Boose, L. Lacher and U. Lohmann, Field Measurements of Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles and Ice Crystal Numbers, Gordon Research Conferences, Atmospheric Chemistry, Waterville, NH, USA, August 2-7, 2015 (Poster).

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Z. A. Kanji, Y. Boose, L. Lacher and U. Lohmann, Climatology of Ice Nucleating Particles at the High Altitude Station Jungfraujoch, PACIFICHEM, Chemistry of Atmospheric Aerosols, Honolulu, HI, USA, December 15-20, 2015 (Oral). J. Henneberger, O. Henneberg, G. Lloyd, J. P. Fugal and U. Lohmann, In-situ measurements of orographic mixed-phase clouds in a High Alpine Environment using Digital in-line Holography, European Geophysical Union, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015 (Oral). Magazine and Newspapers articles Online Magazine interview, Nautilus, August 5, 2015. Radio and television Radio Interview, Radio Télévision Suisse, January 22, 2015.

Address: IAC – ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Dr. Zamin A. Kanji Tel.: +41 44 633 6161 Fax: +41 44 633 1058 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iac.ethz.ch/people/zkanji

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Name of research institute or organization: Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Title of project: Interactions between aerosols and rain clouds as a function of aerosol type and source

Part of this programme: ACTRIS

Project leader and team: Mr. Assaf Zipori, Project leader Prof. Daniel Rosenfeld Prof. Yigal Erel

Project description: As a continuation to our results from CLACE 2014, that showed a substantial concentration of marine ice nuclei (IN) at Jungfraujoch (JFJ), we conducted additional cloud sampling in 2015. We collected snow and cloud samples at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch during two campaigns, parallel to IN concentration measurements using a Horizontal Ice Nuclei Counter (HINC) operated by Larissa Lacher from ETH. The samples were taken for chemical analysis of metal concentrations using ICP-MS (Agilent 7500cx). In addition, the Strontium isotopic ratio (87Sr/86Sr) was examined in the cloud samples using a NEPTON plus high-resolution multi-collector ICP-MS system. The isotopic analysis was done in order to identify the aerosol's source and composition in the cloud. The first campaign took place during Jan 24-Feb 14, 2015, where 20 different cloud samples were collected. The second campaign was during May-June 2015, and 10 different cloud samples were collected. From the Na/Al ratio of the cloud samples and f(Sr)ss1 values we can identify several samples that contain a high concentration of marine aerosols (Figure 1.a and 1.b). In addition, several SDE were also detected by the cloud chemical composition with high Al concentration and low Na/Al (Figure 1.c and 1.a). These SDE events were identified also by the automatic system using the single scattering albedo (Coen et al, 2004). Until now, we did Sr isotopic analysis for the first measurement campaign. From this campaign, only five cloud samples had a sufficient Sr amount in order to perform the isotopic analysis. There was a good correlation between the Sr isotopic ratio and the Na/Al ratio (Figure 2). Additionally, the trend relationship between these two parameters had the same trend as in the results from CLACE 2014, but with offset. From the isotopic and chemical composition two end members can be identified (Figure 2): (1) Marine aerosols with high Na/Al values and 87Sr/86Sr value of sea water. (2) Saharan dust with low Na/Al values and 87Sr/86Sr≥0.71 (0.70917; Burk et al., 1982; Faure, 1986). It is important to mention that these results are in good agreement with the results from CLACE 2014, as can be seen also in Figure 2.

Sr × NaSample 1 Na sea fSr(ss): the fraction of Sr arriving from sea salt. f() Sr ss = , where SrSample

(Sr/Na)sea is the Sr to Na ratio in the sea salt (0.00075) and Nasamp and SrSamp are the Na and Sr concentration in the sample, respectively. 38

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

The chemical and isotopic data will be combined with the HINC IN measurements in order to identify IN activity and efficiency for different aerosols type and sources. Currently we are completing the isotopic analysis for the samples from the second campaign, and results should be available shortly. In addition, cloud samples are still being collected this year be Larissa Lacher parallel to HINC measurements.

References: Burke, W.H., Denison, R.E., Hetherington, E.A., Koepnick, R.B., Nelson, H.F. & J.B., O., 1982, Ariation of seawater 87Sr/86Sr throughout Phanerozoic time, Geology, 10, 516-519. Faure, G., 1986, Principles of isotope geology, second edn, Vol. 589, pp. Pages, Wily New York, New York. Coen, M.C., Weingartner, E., Schaub, D., Hueglin, C., Corrigan, C., Henning, S., Schwikowski, M. & Baltensperger, U., 2004, Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 2465-2480.

Marine air mass? a 80.0 Marine air mass? 60.0 Marine air mass?

40.0 Na/Al

20.0 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 30 01 03 05 07 09 0.0 24 26 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05

Date

100% b 80% Marine air mass? 60% Marine air mass?

f(Sr)ss 40% 20% 16 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

0% 24 26 28 30 01 03 05 07 09 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05

Date

50 c 40 SDE SDE SDE SDE (~200 30 ppb Al)

Al ppb 20 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 24 26 28 30 01 03 05 07 09 21 26 20 22 23 24 25 27 28 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05

Date Figure 1. Time series for the first (Jan-Feb 2015) and second (May-Jun 2015) sampling campaigns of Na/Al (a), fSr(ss) (b) and Al concentration (c).

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Jan-Feb 2015 CLACE 2014 20

16

12

Na/Al 8

4

0 0.7080 0.7090 0.7100 0.7110 87Sr/86Sr

Figure 2. Sr isotopic ratio versus Na/Al ratio of cloud samples that were collected from the campaign that took place in Jan-Feb 2015 (blue rhombus) and from CLACE 2014 (red squares).

Key words: Aerosols-cloud interactions, Aerosols chemical composition, IN concentrations, Marine IN

Collaborating partners/networks: Yvonne Boose, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich Larissa Lacher, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Conference Papers Lacher, L., U. Lohmann and Z. A. Kanji, Field measurements of ice nucleating particles on the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, August 16-21, 2015 (Oral).

Address: The Institute of Earth Science The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat-Ram Jerusalem, 91904 Israel

Contacts: Assaf Zipori Tel.: +972 52 6165018 Fax: +972 2 5662581 e-mail: [email protected]

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Title of project: Ice residual characterization during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE)

Part of this programme: GAW+

Project leader and team: Dr. Martin Gysel, project leader Dr. Ernest Weingartner, co-leader** Piotr Kupiszewski, Dr. Nicolas Bukowiecki, Dr. Erik Herrmann*, Günther Wehrle, Prof. Dr. Urs Baltensperger * reporting author **now at Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Windisch, Switzerland

Project description: Aerosols influence the atmospheric energy budget directly through aerosol radiation interactions (ARI) and indirectly through aerosol cloud interactions (ACI). Direct radiative effects include the scattering and absorption of solar radiation and the subsequent influence on planetary albedo and the climate system. Indirect effects involve the influence of the aerosol on cloud properties, cloud lifetime and cloud cover through acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN). Anthropogenic changes of the atmospheric aerosol loadings are expected to cause an overall negative climate forcing partially offsetting the positive forcing by greenhouse gases. However, the aerosol effects are still poorly quantified due to the inhomogeneity of global aerosol loadings and chemical composition as well as the complexity of involved interactions and feedbacks. High uncertainties in future climate predictions arise from insufficient knowledge of the interaction of clouds with visible (solar) and infrared (terrestrial) radiation. The optical properties and lifetime of clouds are strongly influenced by the ability of atmospheric aerosol particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or ice nuclei (IN). Previous research has found that the cloud radiative properties strongly depend on the cloud ice mass fraction, which is influenced by the abundance of IN. Increased IN concentrations are also thought to enhance precipitation, thus causing a decrease in cloud lifetime and cloud cover, resulting in a warming of the atmosphere. Central questions in this context are: • Which aerosol particles act as IN in our atmosphere? • By which detailed mechanisms do atmospheric aerosols contribute to the formation of ice? Ice residual characterization with the Ice-CVI To approach these questions, a wealth of data was accumulated during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment’s (CLACE) 2013 and 2014 instalments. Here, we want to highlight results from the Ice-CVI, an inlet system that uses a series of components to remove snow crystal aggregates, liquid droplets and interstitial (not activated) particles from the sample, leaving only small ice crystals with aerodynamic diameters between 5 and 20 m. These particles are dried such that only the ice residuals (IR) remain which can then be characterized by a multitude of instruments. By comparing the characteristics of IR to µthe features of the total aerosol, one can then infer which aerosol traits favour or suppress heterogeneous ice formation.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

As one would expect, the ice activated fraction increases with particle size. This finding is well in line with previous observations. More surprisingly, however, the data indicate that most active ice nuclei are smaller than 1 m in diameter. A significant number of IR is even smaller than 500 nm which challenges the classical DeMott parameterisation that determines the number of ice nuclei based on the concentrationµ of particles larger than 500 nm diameter. Furthermore, observations from CLACE 2013 indicate that the ice-activated fraction of black carbon (BC) containing particles is smaller than the fraction of BC-free particles of the same size (Figure 1). BC in particles thus does not favour heterogeneous ice formation and, ultimately, precipitation.

Figure 1. Ice-activated fraction for particles with and without black carbon.

Key words: Atmospheric aerosol particles, aerosol climatic effects, radiative forcing, ice residual particles, heterogeneous ice nucleation

Internet data bases: http://www.psi.ch/lac http://www.psi.ch/lac/gaw-monitoring-nrt-data http://sites.google.com/site/jfjnrt/ http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/meteoswiss/international_affairs/GAW.html http://ebas.nilu.no/ http://www.actris.net/

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. D. Ruffieux, MeteoSwiss, Payerne Prof. U. Lohmann, Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich Dr. Martin Schnaiter, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Germany Prof. H. Burtscher, Dr. E. Weingartner, and Dr. M. Fierz, Institut für Aerosol- und Sensortechnik, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Windisch Dr. S. Mertes, Prof. A. Wiedensohler, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Prof. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (SEAES), University of Manchester, Manchester, England Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, Particle Chemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Boose et al., Three-year ice nucleating particle climatology in the free troposphere during winter, 2015. submitted Crawford, I., G. Lloyd, K.N. Bower, P.J. Connolly, M.J. Flynn, P.H. Kaye, T.W. Choularton, and M.W. Gallagher, Observations of fluorescent aerosol–cloud interactions in the free troposphere at the Sphinx high Alpine research station, Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 26067-26088, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15- 26067-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-26067-2015 Kupiszewski, P., E. Weingartner, P. Vochezer, M. Schnaiter, A. Bigi, M. Gysel, B. Rosati, E. Toprak, S. Mertes, and U. Baltensperger, The Ice Selective Inlet: a novel technique for exclusive extraction of pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3087–3106, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-3087-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3087-2015 Kupiszewski et al., Ice residual properties in mixed-phase clouds at the high alpine Jungfraujoch site, 2016. in prep. Schmidt, S., J. Schneider, T. Klimach, S. Mertes, L.P. Schenk, J. Curtius, P. Kupiszewski, E. Hammer, P. Vochezer, G. Lloyd, M. Ebert, K. Kandler, S. Weinbruch, and S. Borrmann, In-situ single submicron particle composition analysis of ice residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds in Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 4677-4724, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-4677-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-4677-2015 Vochezer, P., E. Järvinen, R. Wagner, P. Kupiszewski, T. Leisner, and M. Schnaiter, In situ characterization of mixed phase clouds using the Small Ice Detector and the Particle Phase Discriminator, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 8, 6511–6558, doi: 10.5194/amtd-8-6511-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-6511-2015 Worringen, A., K. Kandler, N. Benker, T. Dirsch, S. Mertes, L. Schenk, U. Kästner, F. Frank, B. Nillius, U. Bundke, D. Rose, J. Curtius, P. Kupiszewski, E. Weingartner, P. Vochezer, J. Schneider, S. Schmidt, S. Weinbruch, and M. Ebert, Single-particle characterization of ice-nucleating particles and ice particle residuals sampled by three different techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 4161–4178, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015 Theses Kupiszewski, P., Design and application of a novel ice selective inlet and physical and chemical characterization of ice residuals in mixed-phase clouds, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015.

Address: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts: Dr. Nicolas Bukowiecki Dr. Martin Gysel Tel.: +41 56 310 2465 Tel.: +41 56 310 4168 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Departement Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Basel

Title of project: Biological ice nucleators at tropospheric cloud height

Project leader and team: Dr. Franz Conen, project leader Mr. Emiliano Stopelli Mr. Lukas Zimmermann Ms. Corinne Baudinot

Project description: The vast majority of precipitation over continents comes from clouds that contain ice (Mülmenstädt et al., Geophys. Res. Lett, DOI: 10.1002/2015GL064604, 2015). Over land the ice phase seems important for the formation of hydrometeors. At temperatures between 0 and about -15 °C a majority of ice formation is probably catalysed by biological particles in the atmosphere, or by particles that carry at least some organic material on their surface, such a soil dust associated with organic matter. Through this project we aim to contribute to a better understanding of the role of biological ice nucleators in the terrestrial water cycle. In previous years we have been collecting and analysing precipitation samples on Jungfraujoch. Also we analysed ice nucleators that had been collected on PM10 filters by NABEL (Empa and BAFU). In 2015, we have concentrated on analysing and publishing some of these data. Our publication of results on the microphysical processing of ice nucleators (Stopelli et al., 2015) have led to constructive discussions with colleagues around the world, providing us with ideas for future investigations of this issue. Although in 2015 this project has been relatively quiet in terms of experimental work on Jungfraujoch, we are planning and keen to do more work at the station in 2016 and, if successful with a grant application, even more in 2017 and 2018. Since our capability to quantify the influence of recent land contact on air masses around Jungfraujoch has been re-established through the re-location of our radon-222 detector (see our other contribution to this report), we now have a further tool at hand to investigate the influence of recent land contact on the density and composition of populations of ice nucleating particles at tropospheric cloud height.

Key words: Ice nucleation, biological, snow, PM10

Internet data bases: https://umweltgeo.unibas.ch/forschung/aktuelle-projekte/biological-nucleators/

The data published in Conen et al. (2015) will be available through the database: http://www.bacchus.ethz.ch/in/

Collaborating partners/networks: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Swiss Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Pathologie vegetale, Montfavet, France

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Conen, F., S. Rodriguez, C. Hüglin, S. Henne, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, and C. Alewell, Atmospheric ice nuclei at the high-altitude observatory Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Tellus B, 67, 25014, doi: 10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014 Stopelli, E., F. Conen, C.E. Morris, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, and C. Alewell, Ice nucleation active particles are efficiently removed by precipitating clouds, Scientific Reports, 5, 16433, doi: 10.1038/srep16433, 2015. http://www.nature.com/articles/srep16433 Theses Baudinot, C., Die Charakterisierung von biologischen Eiskeimen auf der Hochalpinen Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch, MSc Thesis, University of Basel, 2015.

Address: Departement Umweltwissenschaften Universität Basel Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel

Contacts: Dr. Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 0481 Fax: +41 61 267 0479 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://umweltgeo.unibas.ch/team/personen-ugw/profil/person/conen/

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany

Title of project: Stable isotopes in plant wax aerosols

Part of this programme: Sustainable land use group at Uni Basel

Project leader and team: Prof. Ansgar Kahmen, Project Leader Dr. Daniel Nelson

Project description: We are collecting particulate material onto glass fiber filters to analyze the distribution and hydrogen isotopic composition of plant waxes at this location. The low abundance of these compounds at the Jungfraujoch requires that we sample at 1000 LPM for a month at a time. We are using these samples to help us define the background levels for these compounds in the atmosphere. We are hopeful that these samples will help us to define a background signal against which we can evaluate similar samples that we are also recovering from low elevation sites (grassland and forest) in Switzerland. Presently we have analyzed all samples collected in 2014 and are looking forward to working on the 2015 samples soon. Comparing the 2014 data from the Jungfraujoch with data from plant wax aerosol samples that we analyzed from our grassland and forest site shows that the Jungfraujoch plant waxes likely have a somewhat local footprint (Fig. 1). The δ2H values of nC29 are generally comparable between the high and low elevation sites.

Figure 1. Currently available plant wax aerosol data from the Jungfraujoch compared to samples from lower elevation in Switzerland. X-error bars indicate the duration of the collection interval for each sample.

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Key words: Leaf wax lipids, aerosols

Address: University of Basel Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany Schönbeinstrasse 6 CH-4056 Basel

Contacts: Dr. Daniel B Nelson Tel.: +41 61 267 29 88 e-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Ansgar Kahmen Tel.: +41 61 267 35 71 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.botanik.unibas.ch/slu

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC)

Title of project: Comprehensive Radiation Flux Assessment (CRUX)

Part of this programme: GAW-CH

Project leader and team: Julian Gröbner, project leader Christine Aebi Laurent Vuilleumier

Project description: The objective of the project CRUX (Comprehensive Radiation Flux Assessment) is to analyse the effect of clouds on the radiation budget of the Earth and therefore on the climate system. This analysis is performed at three stations at three different altitude levels in Switzerland: Jungfraujoch (3471 m asl), Davos (1590 m asl) and Payerne (490 m asl). CRUX is financed by the Swiss contribution to the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW- CH) of the WMO. At the aforementioned three stations the total solar and terrestrial irradiances are measured with pyranometers and pyrgeometers, respectively. Hemispherical all-sky cameras are used to calculate fractional cloud cover and to determine seven different cloud types by applying different algorithms (Wacker et al., 2015). The measure of the influence of clouds on the radiation budget of the Earth is the cloud radiative effect (CRE). CRE is defined as the difference between a surface radiation measurement and a clear sky model. CRE is determined for shortwave and longwave radiation and for all seven cloud types and stations separately. In a first step, the CRE has been calculated for cases where only one cloud type is present. The corresponding values for the downwelling longwave cloud radiative effect (LCE) and the downwelling shortwave cloud radiative effect (SCE) for the Jungfraujoch are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1. Overview of the CRE in SW (SCE) and LW (LCE) for a cloud coverage of eight octas and the cloud types separately for Jungfraujoch (JFJ). In brackets are the 95 % confidence boundaries of the respective CRE.

Cloud type # cases JFJ: LCE [W/m2] JFJ: SCE [W/m2] Cirrus-Cirrostratus 91 19 (17, 21) -42 (-66, -18) Cirrocumulus- 54 48 (43, 53) -79 (-149, -9) Altocumulus Stratus-Altostratus 88 61 (57, 64) -196 (-230, -163) Cumulus - Not defined Not defined Stratocumulus - Not defined Not defined Cumulonimbus- - Not defined Not defined Nimbostratus Fog 101 79 (78, 81) -352 (-412, -292)

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The cloud class fog has with 79 W/m2 the largest LCE, followed by Stratus-Altostratus (61 W/m2), Cirrocumulus-Altocumulus (48 W/m2) and Cirrus-Cirrostratus (19 W/m2). Thus, the lower the cloud, the higher the LCE. The same conclusion is also applicable for the SCE, the lower the cloud, the larger the absolute value of the SCE. Low level clouds (e.g. Cumulus) are difficult to detect since their cloud base is often at a lower level than the instruments on the Jungfraujoch. Consequently, such situations are directly determined as fog. In a second step, the calculation of the CRE has been expanded to a one year data set (August 2014 - June 2015) with a temporal resolution of ten minutes. For this period, all pictures have been taken into account, regardless the number of different cloud types present per time step. In 98 % of the time steps the cloud type fog has been detected and in the remaining 2 % the cloud class cirrus-cirrostratus. All the other cloud types have not been detected in this aforementioned period of eleven months. This fact shows the difficulty in the automatic detection of the cloud type on the Jungfraujoch. However, Figure 1 shows the LCE (left) per octa cloud coverage (yellow dots) and the SCE in percent (right) per octa cloud coverage for the automatic detected cloud class fog. The larger the cloud coverage, the larger the LCE. However, the correlations between LCE and cloud coverage as well as SCE and cloud coverage are both not linear. Also for the SCE, the larger the fractional cloud coverage the more negative the SCE values. In comparison to the values in Table 1, the LCE for a cloud coverage of eight octas is in the same range.

Figure 1. Correlation between cloud cover and longwave cloud effect (left; yellow dots) and cloud cover and shortwave cloud effect (right; yellow dots) for the cloud type fog for Jungfraujoch in the time period from August 1, 2014 to June 22, 2015. The median (red line), the 25- and 75-percentiles (blue box) and the spread (black line) are shown per octa cloud coverage. 1 octa: 5-18.74 %, 2 octa: 18.75-31.24 %, 3 octa: 31.25-43.74 %, 4 octa: 43.75- 56.24 %, 5 octa: 56.25-68.74 %, 6 octa: 68.75-81.24 %, 7 octa: 81.25-93.74 %, 8 octa: 93.75-100 % cloud coverage.

Next steps will be the improvement of the cloud type detection algorithm in order to get a larger variety of cloud types. This improvement in necessary since it is not reasonable to detect the cloud type fog with a cloud coverage of for example one octa. One explanation for the wrong detection of the cloud type might be that the camera is not shaded and thus the picture is overexposed due to the sun. As soon as this problem is fixed it is planned to increase the calculation of the cloud radiative effect up to four years. As a last step it is planned to compare the results obtained at Jungfraujoch with the ones obtained in Davos and Payerne.

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Key words: Climate change, radiation, cloud fraction, cloud type classification, sky camera

Internet data bases: ftp://ftp.pmodwrc.ch/stealth/002_payerne/liras/cloudcam/jf/

Collaborating partners/networks: MeteoSwiss

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Wacker S., J. Gröbner, C. Zysset, L. Diener, P. Tzoumanikas, A. Kazantzidis, L. Vuilleumier, R. Stöckli, S. Nyeki, and N. Kämpfer, Cloud observations in Switzerland using hemispherical sky cameras, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 120, 695-707, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022643, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022643/abstract Conference papers Aebi Ch., J. Gröbner, N. Kämpfer and L. Vuilleumier, Cloud radiative effect in dependence on cloud type, poster presentation at EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 12 – 17, 2015.

Address: PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Contacts: Dr. Julian Gröbner Tel.: +41 58 467 5157 Fax: +41 58 467 5100 e-mail: [email protected]

Christine Aebi e-mail: [email protected]

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Title of project: Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements

Part of this programme: GAW

Project leader and team: Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier, project leader Dr. Giovanni Martucci Mr. Gilles Durieux

Project description: The goal of the Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurement program at Jungfraujoch is providing long-term monitoring of surface downward radiation fluxes. It is conducted in the framework of the GAW Swiss Alpine Climate Radiation Monitoring program (SACRaM), which applies operational guidelines similar to those of the international Baseline Surface Radiation Network, except for the daily maintenance requirements due to the remote nature of the site. In 2015, the mechanical infrastructure and the data acquisition (DAQ) electronics were renewed during the month of July. These efforts included the installation of a new measurement bench on the Sphinx terrace and the update of all the DAQ systems. Such renewals are essential to preserve the quality of the measurement system infrastructure on the long term, especially at a location where meteorological conditions are as harsh as at Jungfraujoch. Despite the fact that the measurement system was completely stopped during two weeks in July, and the subsequent debugging of the DAQ during the following months, an overal data availaibility of 94% was achieved in 2015, including the time when the system was stopped. Redundancy and continuity tests showed that the quality of the data was preserved. The success of this renewal relied on a very strict preparation and the usual constant efforts to sustain the highest achievable accuracy, stability and continuity in the measurements.

Figure 1. Installation of the new measurement bench on the Sphinx terrace (left) and Jungfraujoch SACRaM station after completion of the renewal. The new measurement bench holds more available positions than the previous one, and all cabling are now located within the metallic structure and are thus protected from the harsh meteorological conditions.

The measurement program includes short-wave (solar spectrum) and long-wave (infrared thermal) broadband measurements as well as UV broadband measurements. Short- and long- wave measurement series are important for climate research, while UV measurements are of

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 interest for both public health and exploring the relationship between the evolution of the ozone layer and radiation. Broadband radiation is measured both as global downward hemispheric irradiance and as direct sun irradiance. In addition, direct spectral irradiance is also measured, which allows the total column of several atmospheric constituents to be determined. In collaboration with and under the lead of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry from the Paul Scherrer Institute, MeteoSwiss participated to the analysis of aerosol size distribution measurements. In this framework, the analysis used the long-term series of meteorological and radiation measurements by MeteoSwiss for determining what the conditions prevailing at Jungfraujoch were and allowed giving results that considered these different conditions. Specifically, the long-wave (thermal infrared) radiation data were used to determine whether the aerosol size distribution data were taken when Jungfraujoch was within a cloud or out of the cloud. Such distinctions allow a better undestanding of the role of aerosol in cloud nucleation.

Key words: Solar irradiance, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, spectral irradiance, precision filter radiometer (PFR), pyranometer, pyrheliometer, UV biometer, total aerosol optical depth (AOD), integrated water vapor (IWV)

Internet data bases: http://wrdc-mgo.nrel.gov/ (World Radiation Data Centre – WRDC)

Collaborating partners/networks: Radiation data submitted to the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch. Study of solar photometry (aerosol optical depth) and long-wave infrared radiative forcing in collaboration with the "Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos" (PMOD) World Radiation Center (WRC).

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Herrmann, E., E. Weingartner, S. Henne, L. Vuilleumier, N. Bukowiecki, M. Steinbacher, F. Conen, M. Collaud Coen, E. Hammer, Z. Jurányi, U. Baltensperger and M. Gysel, Analysis of long-term aerosol size distribution data from Jungfraujoch with emphasis on free tropospheric conditions, cloud influence, and air mass transport, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 9459–9480, doi: 10.1002/2015JD023660, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JD023660/abstract Wacker, S., J. Gröbner, C. Zysset, L. Diener, P. Tzoumanikas, A. Kazantzidis, L. Vuilleumier, R. Stöckli, S. Nyeki and N. Kämpfer, Cloud observations in Switzerland using hemispherical sky cameras, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120:D2, 695–707, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022643, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022643/abstract

Address: Office fédéral de météorologie et de climatologie MétéoSuisse Station Aérologique Ch. de l’Aérologie 1 CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts: Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier Tel.: +41 58 460 95 41 Fax: +41 58 460 90 04 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/home/measurement-and-forecasting- systems/atmosphere/strahlungsmessnetz.html

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich

Title of project: Assessment of high altitude aerosol and cloud characteristics, cirrus climatology

Project leader and team: Prof. Thomas Peter, project leader Dr. Ulrich Krieger, senior scientist Uwe Weers, Engineer Marco Vecellio, Technician

Project description: Our project aims at gaining a better understanding on the properties of cirrus clouds, their formation and lifetime. We operate a Leosphere ALS 450 Lidar in combination with a Vaisala Cl31 ceilometer to measure attenuated backscatter in two polarizations at 355 nm. Using these data we retrieve extinction and optical density of cirrus clouds and analyze those using meteorological parameters from the COSMO-2 weather model analysis. Over the past years, we did collect data for about 5500 hours at the Jungfraujoch site which makes our climatology one of the largest data sets for Lidar cirrus observations available. In 2015 we finalized a publication evaluating the radiative properties of mid-latitude cirrus clouds. This publication (Kienast et al.) is currently under review. A case study (Kienast et al. 2015) which was described in the 2014 report was published in 2015. As a side project we started searching our Lidar data set for the occurrence of dust plumes (master thesis of Yandong Tong) and compare these with ground based observations at the Jungfraujoch. Unfortunately, the Lidar had a series of failures after the end of February 2015 with a number of repair attempts not yielding stable operation. Hence we brought the system back to Zurich at the end of 2015 for a fundamental revision.

Key words: Lidar, cirrus, climatology

Collaborating partners/networks: Paul Scherrer Institut

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Kienast-Sjögren, E., A.K. Miltenberger, B.P. Luo, T. Peter, Sensitivities of Lagrangian modelling of mid-latitude cirrus clouds to trajectory data quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7429-7447, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-7429-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/7429/2015/ Kienast-Sjögren, E., C. Rolf, P. Seifert, U.K. Krieger, B.P. Luo, M. Krämer, and T. Peter, Radiative properties of mid-latitude cirrus clouds derived by automatic evaluation of lidar measurements, under review in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Theses Kienast-Sjögren, E., Mid-latitude cirrus properties derived from lidar measurements, PhD thesis ETH 22492, ETH Zürich, 2015.

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Address: Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima ETH Zürich Universitätstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Dr. Ulrich Krieger Tel.: +41 44 633 4007 Fax: +41 44 633 1058 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iac.ethz.ch

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology

Title of project: National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Part of this programme: EMEP, GAW, ICOS, ACTRIS

Project leader and team: Dr. Martin Steinbacher, Simon A. Wyss, Dr. Christoph Zellweger, Dr. Lukas Emmenegger, Dr. Christoph Hüglin (project leader)

Project description: The National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) is run by Empa jointly with the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN). The NABEL network was established in 1978 with initially 8 sites emerging from activities that started already in 1968 as contributions to international WMO and OECD observation networks. In-situ measurements by Empa at Jungfraujoch began in 1973. Early activities mainly focused on sulphur dioxide and particulate matter. In 1990/1991 the NABEL network was extended to 16 monitoring stations that are distributed throughout Switzerland. The locations of these monitoring stations are representative for the most important air pollution levels ranging from the urban kerbside to remote free tropospheric background. The NABEL site at Jungfraujoch is a very low polluted site, representing a background station for the lower free troposphere in central Europe. The current measurement program at Jungfraujoch includes continuous in-situ analyses of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the sum of nitrogen oxides (NOy), sulphur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). These data are stored as 10-min averages. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is semi-continuously monitored in 30-min intervals. An extended set of halocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and a selection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (alkanes, aromatics) are measured with a time resolution of two hours. The concentrations of particulate matter < 10 µm (PM10) are determined both continuously and in 24-hour integrated samples. Daily samples are taken to quantify particulate sulphur. In 2015, two multi-week intercomparison campaigns were performed at Jungfraujoch to assess the quality of selected continuous NABEL observations. From January 16 to March 2nd, the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) operated a Cavity Ringdown Spectrometer and a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer which allowed collocated measurements of CO, CO2 and CH4 (see the respective contribution to the activity report 2015 by FMI). Moreover, O3, CO, CO2 and CH4 measurements were also evaluated as part of an audit by the World Meteorological Organization/Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) World Calibration Centre for Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Methane and Carbon Dioxide (WCC-Empa). The ozone analyzer at Jungfraujoch was compared against the WCC- Empa travelling standard with traceability to a Standard Reference Photometer. The travelling standard was used for the generation of a randomized sequence of ozone levels ranging from 0 to 90 ppb (see Figure 1). The results confirmed that the Jungfraujoch ozone measurements are fully traceable to international standards.

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Unbiased ozone = OA - 0.33 (ppb) / 0.996 TEI 2 1 [OA - SRP] (ppb) 0 -1 -2

0 20 40 60 80

SRP (ppb)

Figure 1. Comparison of the NABEL ozone analyzer (OA) with respect to the Standard Reference Photometer (SRP) as a function of mole fraction. The white area represents the mole fraction range relevant for Jungfraujoch, whereas the green range corresponds to the GAW data quality objectives. The dashed lines around the regression line illustrate the Working-Hotelling 95% confidence bands.

The CO, CO2 and CH4 performance was assessed by analysis of WCC-Empa travelling standards measured with the NABEL equipment and the verification of the resident calibration gases with the WCC-Empa instrumentation. Moreover, parallel measurements for CO, CO2 and CH4 using a travelling instrument were made from March 19 to May 29. Next to the reference gases comparison, this 10-week campaign provided additional information on the overall performance of the measurements at Jungfraujoch including the air sampling and data evaluation processes. The results showed an agreement well within the GAW compatibility goals for all audited species (see Figure 2).

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Figure 2. Time series of CO (top), CO2 (middle) and CH4 (bottom) mole fractions from March 19 to May 29, 2015. Data measured with the NABEL equipment are shown in red; data from WCC-Empa are shown in black.

In late 2014, new options to quality control the continuous Jungfraujoch measurements arose from the implementation of measurements at the Jungfrau East Ridge station. The former telecommunications station at 3705 m asl, approximately 1 km Southwest of the Sphinx station, is now equipped with instrumentation for continuous NO, NO2, CO, CO2 and CH4 observations. Parallel measurements for East Ridge and Sphinx are available for the whole year of 2015. The additional measurements provide useful information on the representativeness of the observations at the Sphinx observatory and also allow identifying episodes when the Sphinx measurements are influenced by local (mainly touristic) activity which is occasionally the case, especially in summer. Measurements at East Ridge are rarely contaminated, and the impact of local sources is easily identifiable. Certain differences between the measurements at Sphinx and East Ridge can also be explained by the distance between the sites and the higher elevation (125 m) of the East Ridge station. For the less reactive gases CO, CO2 and CH4, the agreement is particularly good in winter when both

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Sphinx and East Ridge are nearly always above the atmospheric boundary layer (see Figure 3). In contrast, clear differences can be observed in summer, e.g. when the influence of boundary layer air is less pronounced at East Ridge than at Sphinx (see Figure 4). Summertime differences are particularly visible in the CO2 records when the intrusion of boundary layer air, which is often depleted in CO2 due to the biospheric CO2 uptake at lower altitudes, leads to lower mole fractions at Sphinx (see August 5 and 6). Sometimes, arrival times of the advected air masses can also be shifted by a few hours as it can be seen in the CO record on August 3rd.

Figure 3. 6-day time series of CO (top) and CO2 (bottom) mole fractions measured at the Sphinx observatory (red) and the East Ridge station (blue) in February 2015.

NO mole fractions are usually very low, close to or below the detection limit, at both sites. Absolute levels of NO2 are difficult to compare as different instrumentation is used at Sphinx and East Ridge. While a photolytic converter is used at Sphinx to convert NO2 to NO prior to analysis, a heated molybdenum converter is used at East Ridge. Molybdenum converters do require only little maintenance which is beneficial at a site like East Ridge where access is strongly restricted. However, it is known that molybdenum converters are also sensitive to other oxidized nitrogen species, and thus overestimate NO2 concentrations (Steinbacher et al., 2007). A reasonable agreement was found for NOx (i.e. the sum of NO and NO2) measurements at East Ridge and NOy (the sum all oxidized nitrogen species) measured at Sphinx (see Figure 5). Concurrent patterns in the time series point to larger scale phenomena, while specific features only observed in one of the time series are likely caused by local processes.

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Figure 4. Same as Figure 3 but for 6 days in August 2015.

The comparison of the two data sets shows that the measurements at East Ridge are highly valuable for quality control, filtering and interpretation of the data recorded at the Sphinx observatory. Therefore, measurements are planned to be continued also in 2016.

Figure 5. Time series of NOy mole fractions at Sphinx (red) and NOx mole fractions at East Ridge (blue) for July 2015.

References Steinbacher M., C. Zellweger, B. Schwarzenbach, S. Bugmann, B. Buchmann, C. Ordóñez, A.S.H. Prévôt, C. Hueglin, 2007. Nitrogen Oxides Measurements at Rural Sites in Switzerland: Bias of Conventional Measurement Techniques, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D11307, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007971.

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Key words: Atmospheric chemistry, air quality, trace gases, long-term monitoring

Internet data bases: http://empa.ch/web/s503/nabel http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) / Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut MeteoSchweiz Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern GAW – Global Atmosphere Watch EMEP – European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme ICOS – Integrated Carbon Obervation System InGOS – Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse gas Observation System ACTRIS – Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace Gases Research Network

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Bergamaschi P., M. Corazza, U. Karstens, M. Athanassiadou, R. L. Thompson, I. Pison, A. J. Manning, P. Bousquet, A. Segers, A. T. Vermeulen, G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Schmidt, M. Ramonet, F. Meinhardt, T. Aalto, L. Haszpra, J. Moncrieff, M. E. Popa, D. Lowry, M. Steinbacher, A. Jordan, S. O'Doherty, S. Piacentino, E. J. Dlugokencky, Top-down estimates of European CH4 and N2O emissions based on four different inverse models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 715-736, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-715-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/715/2015/acp-15-715-2015.html Conen, F., S. Rodríguez, C. Hueglin, S. Henne, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, C. Alewell, Atmospheric ice nuclei at the high-altitude observatory Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Tellus B, 67, 25014, doi: 10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014 Cristofanelli P., H. E. Scheel, M. Steinbacher, M. Saliba, F. Azzopardi, R. Ellul, M. Fröhlich, L. Tositti, E. Brattich, M. Maione, F. Calzolari, R. Duchi, T. C. Landi, A. Marinoni, P. Bonasoni, Long-term surface ozone variability at Mt. Cimone WMO/GAW global station (2165 m a.s.l., Italy), Atmospheric Environment, 101, 23-33, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.012, 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014008711 Fröhlich R., M. J. Cubison, J. G. Slowik, N. Bukowiecki, F. Canonaco, S. Henne, E. Herrmann, M. Gysel, M. Steinbacher, U. Baltensperger, A. S. H. Prévôt, Fourteen months of on-line measurements of the non-refractory submicron aerosol at the Jungfraujoch (3580m a.s.l.) - chemical composition, origins and organic aerosol sources, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 11373-11398, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-11373-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/11373/2015/acp-15-11373-2015.html Henne S., D. Brunner, B. Oney, M. Leuenberger, W. Eugster, I. Bamberger, F. Meinhardt, M. Steinbacher, L. Emmenegger, Validation of the Swiss methane emission inventory by atmospheric observations and inverse modelling, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 35417-35484, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-35417-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2015-894/ Herrmann E., M. Gysel, E. Weingartner, S. Henne, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, Z. Juranyi, M. Collaud Coen, L. Vuilleumier, M. Steinbacher, F. Conen, U. Baltensperger, Analysis of long-term aerosol size distribution data from Jungfraujoch with emphasis on free tropospheric conditions, cloud influence, and air mass transport, Journal of Geophysical Research, 120, 18, 9459-9480, doi 10.1002/2015JD023660, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JD023660/epdf Hoyle C. R., C. S. Webster, H. E. Rieder, E. Hammer, M. Gysel, N. Bukowiecki, E. Weingartner, M. Steinbacher, U. Baltensperger, Chemical and physical influences on aerosol activation in liquid clouds: an empirical study based on observations from the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 15469–15510, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-15469-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2015-337/ Schibig M. F., M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, I. van der Laan-Luijkx, S. Van der Laan, S. Ranjan, M. C. Leuenberger, Comparison of continuous in-situ CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch using two different measurement techniques, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 87, 57-68, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-57-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/57/2015/amt-8-57-2015.html

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Schultz M. G., H. Akimoto, J. Bottenheim, B. Buchmann, I. E. Galbally, S. Gilge, D. Helmig, H. Koide, A. C. Lewis, P. C. Novelli, C. Plass-Dülmer, T. B. Ryerson, M. Steinbacher, R. Steinbrecher, O. Tarasova, K. Torseth, V. Thouret, C. Zellweger, The Global Atmosphere Watch reactive gases measurement network, Elementa, 3, 1-23, doi: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000067, 2015. https://www.elementascience.org/articles/67 Conference papers Henne, S., B. Oney, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, M. Steinbacher, F. Meinhardt, D. Brunner, Estimation of Swiss Methane Emissions by Near Surface Observations and Inverse Modelling, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. Henne, S., B. Oney, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, M. Steinbacher, F. Meinhardt, D. Brunner, Estimation of Swiss Methane Emissions by Near Surface Observations and Inverse Modelling, ICOS-Model-Data- Fusion Workshop, Paris, France, April 20-21, 2015. Henne, S., Validation of GHG Fluxes Using In-situ Observations and Inverse Modelling, GAW CH Landesausschuss, Zurich, Switzerland, November 4, 2015. Hill, M., S. Reimann, ACTRIS-2: WP3: Near-surface observations of aerosols, clouds and trace gases, ACTRIS-2 Kick-off Meeting, Rome, Italy, June 3-5, 2015. Steinbacher, M., Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) - status report, GAW CH Landesausschuss, Zurich, Switzerland, November 4, 2015. Steinbacher. M, Observations of air pollution and atmospheric composition from local to global scale, seminar at Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia, October 13, 2015. Steinbacher, M., I. Suter, S. Henne, J. Keller, J. Staehelin, C. Hueglin, L. Emmenegger, Meteorologically adjusted long-term trends (1990-2009) of surface ozone and its precursors in Switzerland, TOAR Workshop 1.02, Madrid, Spain, April 28-30, 2015. Steinbacher, M., B. Tuzson, Y. Poltera, G. Martucci, A. Haefele, F. Conen, M. Leuenberger, L. Emmenegger, Swiss Contribution to Atmospheric Observations in ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System), 16th Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, Switzerland, April 1, 2015. Data books and reports BAFU 2015: NABEL – Luftbelastung 2014. Messresultate des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), pp. 132, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 1515, 2015. Magazine and Newspapers articles “Trésors des Alpes”, Alpes, magazine #152, April-May, 2015. Radio and television “En direct de Jungfraujoch – La mesure de la pollution”, Interview with Martin Steinbacher, Empa, Radio La 1ère, “CQFD”, Janvier 22, 2015.

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Dr. Martin Steinbacher Tel.: +41 58 765 4048 Fax: +41 58 765 1122 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://empa.ch/web/s503/nabel

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Name of research institute or organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology

Title of project: Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland

Part of this programme: ICOS

Project leader and team: Dr. Lukas Emmenegger, project leader Dr. Béla Tuzson

Project description:

Isotopic composition measurements of atmospheric CO2 deliver valuable information about the involved source- and sink processes and their dynamics at local, regional and continental scales. The continuous, in situ, and real-time isotope analysis at the Jungfraujoch based on quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer (QCLAS) is a world-wide unique opportunity to gain unprecedented insight into the characteristics of atmospheric CO2. 12 16 13 16 12 18 16 The three main CO2 isotopologue mixing ratios ( C O2, C O2 and C O O) have simultaneously been recorded since December 2008, providing the first long-term, continuous time series of its kind at a remote location. The spectroscopic data and numerous instrumental parameters are acquired at 1 Hz time resolution. In 2015, the calibration routines and the data processing procedures of the QCLAS have been improved and optimized for systematic reporting of hourly calibrated data. This assures compatibility with international procedures and guarantees long-term traceability to the WMO and VPDB scales (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, MPI-BGC) for the CO2 concentration and the stable isotope ratios δ13C and δ18O. Current calibration is based on four secondary standards and three working standards. Possible instrumental drifts are determined at 15 minutes time intervals using a pressurized air cylinder. Furthermore, the cooling system for the laser and detector has been upgraded to obtain a thermal control of ± 0.05°C. Thus, the laser temperature can be kept at a constant value within ± 1 mK over extended periods of time, i.e. days or weeks. To achieve this, it was crucial to shield the optical module against temperature variations in the Sphinx Laboratory through a combination of active and passive elements, leading to a dampening factor > 50 in the optical system. The analytical precision under normal operating conditions was reassessed and found to be <0.03 ‰ for both δ13C and δ18O for an averaging time of 10 minutes. In addition, the QCLAS participated in the WMO/IAEA Round Robin 6 Comparison Experiment (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/wmorr/wmorr_results.php) to assess the instrument capability to hold the link to the WMO recommended level under field operation. Table 1 shows the summary of the results for the CO2 isotope measurements. The last row indicates the absolute deviation of the QCLAS values from the VPDB scale. Within the reported uncertainty, the values for both isotope ratios are approaching the WMO recommended level of network compatibility (0.01 ‰ and 0.05 ‰ for δ13C and δ18O, respectively) regardless of the CO2 concentration. It appears that there is a systematic offset of -0.07 ‰ and -0.155 ‰ for δ13C and δ18O in the reported QCLAS values. As the precision of the QCLAS is better than these offset values, it is possible that the systematic error originates from the calibration gases. The larger uncertainty range reported for the δ18O values is due to the difficulty of interpolating the δ - scale from -7.6 ‰ (highest value from calibration gases) towards -1 ‰, value typical for ambient air CO2.

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Table 1: Summary of the WMO/IAEA Round Robin 6 comparison experiment as reported by NOAA. The stable isotopes of CO2 values have been assigned by the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Stable Isotope Laboratory (SIL), University of Colorado, USA. Two gas cylinders with high (H) and low (L) CO2 mole fractions were analyzed and the difference against the reference lab (INSTAAR) calculated. The MPI-BGC results are included, because the QCLAS reference scale is linked to this lab.

Lab – Ref Δδ13C (‰) Δδ18O (‰) H L H L INSTAAR (IRMS) 0.000 ± 0.011 0.000 ± 0.011 0.000 ± 0.040 0.000 ± 0.029 MPI-BGC (IRMS) -0.048 ± 0.024 -0.043 ± 0.028 -0.056 ± 0.046 -0.031 ± 0.053 Empa (QCLAS) -0.120 ± 0.041 -0.116 ± 0.041 -0.205 ± 0.175 -0.194 ± 0.153 Empa – MPI -0.072 ± 0.047 -0.073 ± 0.049 -0.149 ± 0.181 -0.163 ± 0.162

Key words: Isotope ratio measurements, carbon dioxide, laser spectroscopy, quantum cascade laser

Collaborating partners/networks: ICOS – Integrated Carbon Observation System Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany University of Berne, Switzerland Alpes Lasers SA, Switzerland

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Conference papers Emmenegger, L., MIR Spectroscopy for environmental applications, Swiss Photonics Workshop, Dübendorf, Switzerland, January 15, 2015. Emmenegger, L., B. Tuzson, J. Jágerská, H. Looser, M. Mangold, and J. Mohn, MIR Spectroscopy beyond trace levels - environmental and industrial applications, CLEO, San Jose, USA, May 10-15, 2015. Steinbacher, M., B. Tuzson, Y. Poltera, G. Martucci, A. Haefele, F. Conen, M. Leuenberger, and L. Emmenegger, Swiss Contribution to Atmospheric Observations in ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System), Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, Switzerland, April 1, 2015. Magazine and Newspapers articles https://www.axetris.com/de-ch/axetris-news/1509_axag_mfd-ss-top-of-europe-climate-change-research/

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Dr. Lukas Emmenegger Tel.: +41 58 765 4699 Fax: +41 58 765 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://empa.ch/abt134

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Name of research institute or organization: Climate and Environmental Division, Physics Institute, University Bern

Title of project: High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch

Part of this programme: ICOS, GAW, Obspack, Globalview

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Markus Leuenberger, project leader Michael Schibig, Peter Nyfeler, Hanspeter Moret and Tesfaye Berhanu

Project description:

Combined online CO2 and O2 measurements at Jungfraujoch were continued and trends were updated for the period 2005 to 2015 which resulted in a CO2 increase rate of -1 -1 2.17 ± 0.09 ppm y and a δO2/N2 decrease rate of -24.3 ± 1.3 per meg y , respectively (Figure 1).

Because of the non-linearity of the NDIR analyzer, the CO2 calibration in the database was reprogrammed. Now the ppm-output of the NDIR analyzer is first converted back to a mV signal based on the coefficients used in the basic calibration of the device. Afterwards, this mV signal is calibrated with the low span, the high span, and the working gas. If the CO2 mole fractions of the three standard gases are distant enough, a polynomial approach is used, otherwise the previously used linear approach is applied. With the polynomial approach, the small non-linarity effects of the NDIR analyzer will be damped.

Figure 1. A: Unfiltered CO2 in-situ measurements (orange), filtered CO2 in-situ measurements (red), 2-harmonic fit with slope (black) as a function of time, and linear CO2 increase (black dashed) as a function of time; B: Unfiltered δO2/N2 in-situ measurements (cyan), filtered O2 in-situ measurements (blue), spline fit (black) as a function of time, and linear δO2/N2 decrease (black dashed) as a function of time.

In 2015, we faced only a few problems with the online system. In summer 2015 it was discovered, that the keyboard of the NDIR analyzer wasn’t working anymore, which made it impossible to check and change the settings of the analyzer. Since it wasn’t possible to repair

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 the analyzer at Jungfraujoch, it was decided to change the device with a spare analyzer, which was done in September 2015. Unfortunately, the short-term precision of the replacement unit is inferior compared with the old one, however the accuracy on hourly averages is equivalent. The old analyzer was sent to the manufacturer (Sick Maihak) for repair and will be reinstalled in February 2016.

Figure 2. A: Monthly mean CO2 seasonalities at Jungfraujoch for the period 2005 to 2015 for all samples (red diamonds), nighttime values only (red dashed line), and the 2-harmonic fit (black dashed line); B: Monthly mean δO2/N2 seasonalities at Jungfraujoch for the period 2005 to 2015 for all samples (blue diamonds), nighttime values only (blue dashed line), and the 2-harmonic fit (black dashed line).

In November 2013, a working gas cylinder change followed by a pump change led to some enhanced noise in the CO2 signal and a drop in the δO2/N2 of the ambient air, which is why these measurements of this period are presently excluded from the background values. As soon as it is possible to correct these effects properly, they will be included again. The seasonal amplitudes for CO2 and δO2/N2 are 10.5 ± 1.0 (10.1 ± 1.3) ppm and 80 ± 32 (81 ± 41) per meg for all and nighttime only (in paranthesis) in-situ data, respectively (Figure 2). Also the flask sampling at Jungfraujoch was continued and trends were updated for the period -1 2000 to 2015 which resulted in a CO2 increase rate of 1.94 ± 0.1 ppm y , a δO2/N2 decrease -1 13 -1 rate of -25.3 ± 1.5 per meg y , and a δ C of CO2 decrease rate of -0.023 ± 0.007 ‰ y , respectively (Figure 3). The trends of the flask measurements are in good agreement with the online measurements. The seasonalities based on the data of the flask measurements were 13 9.34 ± 2.4 ppm, 73 ± 75 per meg, and 0.51 ± 0.23 ‰ for CO2, δO2/N2, and δ C of CO2, respectively (Figure 4). These values are slightly lower than the seasonality calculated based on the measurements of the online system. In 1982, a flight campaign took place over the Swiss plateau where samples were taken in different heights. Their CO2 content was measured by a laser spectroscope as well as with CO2 extraction (Friedli et al, 1987). In 1988, air samples were taken at Jungfraujoch and again the air samples’ CO2 contents were measured by CO2 extraction. Adding the flight measurements from 3000-4000 m a.s.l. and the measurements of the Jungfraujoch samples from 1988 to the actual filtered flask dataset shows that the old measurements fit quite well with the 2-harmonic fit of the actual flask dataset. However, the slightly lower values of the linear slope of the flask measurements compared with the CO2 values from the 80’s indicate growing CO2 emissions over time (Figure 5).

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Figure 3. Flask measurements from Jungfraujoch for the period 2000 to 2015. A: CO2 for all samples (open red diamonds), background values (full red diamonds), 2-harmonic fit (black line) and linear slope (black dashed line); B: δO2/N2 for all samples (open blue diamonds), background values (full blue diamonds), 2-harmonic fit (black line) and linear slope (black 13 dashed line); C: δ C of CO2 for all samples (open black diamonds), background values (full black diamonds), 1-harmonic fit (black line,) and linear slope (black dashed line).

Figure 4. Seasonality based on flask measurements from Jungfraujoch for the period 2000 to 2015. A: Seasonality of CO2 (red diamonds) and 2-harmonic fit (black line); B: Seasonality 13 of δO2/N2 (blue diamonds) and 2-harmonic fit (black line); C: Seasonality of δ C of CO2 (black diamonds), and 1-harmonic fit (black line).

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Figure 5. CO2 extraction measurements of samples from a flight campaign in 1982 above the Swiss plateau at heights from 3000-4000 m a.s.l. (green dots); CO2 extraction measurements of samples from Jungfraujoch obtained in 1988 (blue triangles); CO2 background values of flask measurements sampled at Jungfraujoch from 2000 to 2015 (red diamonds), 2-harmonic fit of the flask samples (black line), linear slope of the flask samples (red dashed line), and linear slope of all data points (gradient dashed line).

References: Friedli, H., U. Siegenthaler, D. Rauber, and H. Oeschger, Measurements of concentration, 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios of tropospheric carbon dioxide over Switzerland, Tellus B, 39B (1-2), 80-88, 1987.

Key words: Greenhouse gas, climate change, CO2 emissions

Internet data bases: The Jungfraujoch data can be downloaded from our homepage (http://www.climate.unibe.ch/?L1=research&L2=atm_gases) or from the WMO GAW: World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/cgi- bin/wdcgg/accessdata.cgi?index=JFJ646N00-KUP&select=inventory)

Collaborating partners/networks: ICOS partners, Globalview, Obspack, Swiss GCOS office, EMPA, University of Groningen, the Netherlands, MPI BGC Jena, Germany

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Schibig, M. F., M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, I.T. van der Laan-Luijkx, S. van der Laan, S. Ranjan, and M.C. Leuenberger, Comparison of continuous in-situ CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch using two different measurement techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 57-68, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-57-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/57/2015/amt-8-57-2015.html Leuenberger, M. C., M.F. Schibig, and P. Nyfeler, Gas adsorption and desorption effects on cylinders and their importance for long-term gas records, Atmos. Meas. Tech, 8, 5289-5299, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-5289-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/5289/2015/amt-8-5289-2015-discussion.html Conference papers Leuenberger, M., M. Schibig, T. Berhanu, P. Nyfeler and H. Moret, APO variations in Central Europe obtained at the Jungfraujoch Research Station, Switzerland in comparison to a combined record of Scripps La Jolla and Alert values, in APO Workshop, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Abstracts, La Jolla, USA, September 18‐20, 2015.

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Leuenberger, M., M. Schibig, T. Berhanu, P. Nyfeler and H. Moret, APO variations in Central Europe obtained at the Jungfraujoch Research Station, Switzerland in comparison to a combined record of Scripps La Jolla and Alert values, in VAO Symposium 2015 Abstracts, p. 64, Salzburg, Austria, October 27-30, 2015. Theses Schibig, M., Carbon and oxygen cycle related atmospheric measurements at the terrestrial background station Jungfraujoch, PhD thesis, Bern, pp. 144, 2015. Data books and reports Leuenberger M., WMO World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, c/o Japan Meteorological Agency 1-3-4, Otemachi, Chiyoda-kuTokyo 100-8122, Japan, CO2 Data from Jungfraujoch (2015).

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Prof. Markus Leuenberger Tel.: +41 31 631 4470 Fax: +41 31 631 8742 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.climate.unibe.ch/?L1=people&L2=personal&L3=leuenberger

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Name of research institute or organization: Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena

Title of project: Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch

Part of this programme: ICOS

Project leader and team: Willi Brand, project leader (retired), Armin Jordan and Michael Rothe (Jena) Prof. M. Leuenberger, Michael Schibig, Tesfaye Berhanu, Peter Nyfeler (all UBern) Martin and Joan Fischer, Urs and Maria Otz (all HFSJG)

Project description: The flask sampling for the intercomparison between MPI Jena, CIO Groningen (RUG) and the University of Bern (UBern) was ongoing during the reporting period. For UBE flasks were taken every week, however, not all the flasks taken in 2015 have been analysed yet. For MPI Jena and RUG samples were taken on a biweekly basis, however due to a lack of flask supply the RUG samplings are very infrequent. In late summer of the years 2014 and 2015, we measured very anomalously high oxygen concentrations for the Bern samplings. This was much less seen in the MPI flasks which would point to a difficulty with the Bern-Groningen sampling system or the measurements at Bern. Since CO2 values do not show significant deviations, we will search for inconsistencies in the oxygen measurements at the Bern laboratory. Indeed, flask measurements showed despite good reproducibility within a day large jumps between different day measurements.

Figure 1. CO2 concentration as measured by each laboratory. The period from June 12 to August 2013 shaded in light blue corresponds to continuously leaky conditions for the combined UBern and RUG sampling device that progressively increased.

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Figure 2. O2 concentration as measured by each laboratory. The period from June 12 to August 2013 shaded in light blue corresponds to continuously leaky conditions for the combined UBE and RUG sampling device that progressively increased. UBern data unfiltered from 2012 onwards. The unexpectedly high oxygen values for the UBern flasks are not yet resolved but are most probably due to inconsistencies of the flask measurements at the Bern laboratory.

Key words: Flask measurements, inter-comparison, oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements, greenhouse gas

Collaborating partners/networks: University of Groningen, HFSJG, University of Bern, ICOS partners

Address: Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie Hans Knöll Str. 10 D-07745 Jena Germany

Contacts: Willi A. Brand (retired) Tel.: +49 3641 576400/ 6427 Lab Fax: +49 3641 577400 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.d

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Name of research institute or organization: Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Groningen

Title of project: Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch

Part of this programme: ICOS

Project leader and team: Prof. Harro Meijer, project leader, Huilin Chen, Bert Scheeren, Bert Kers (CIO, Groningen) Prof. Markus Leuenberger, Michael Schibig, Tesfaye Berhanu, Peter Nyfeler (all UBern) Martin and Joan Fischer, Urs and Maria Otz (HFSJG)

Project description: Since late 2007 a flask intercomparison programme is ongoing between CIO of the Reichsuniversität Groningen (RUG), MPI Jena and the University of Bern. Originally initiated within the EU project CarboEurope IP and continued within IMECC (the European project IMECC: Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle), it is now part of ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System, a EU Infrastructure programme). Measurements from CIO are available until early September 2014. As already mentioned in the last year’s report we had sampling problems during the period June 2012 to August 2013. This has been documented by the UBern measurements and is now backed up by the RUG oxygen determinations. The MPI-Jena flask though did not suffer from this sampling problem since their flasks are taken independently. The CO2 measurements are in rather good agreement between the three laboratories as documented in the accompanied report by the MPI-Jena.

Figure 1. O2 concentration as measured by each laboratory. The period from June 12 to August 2013 shaded in light blue corresponds to continuously leaky conditions for the combined UBE and RUG sampling device that progressively increased. UBern data unfiltered from 2012 onwards. The unexpectedly high oxygen values for the UBern flasks are not yet resolved but are most probably due to inconsistencies of the flask measurements at the Bern laboratory.

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Key words: Flask measurements, inter-comparison, oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements, greenhouse gas

Collaborating partners/networks: University of Bern, HFSJG, MPI BGC Jena, ICOS partners

Address: Isotope Research — Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands

Contacts: Prof. Dr. Harro Meijer Tel.: +31 50 363 4760 (Secretariat) Fax: +31 50 363 4738 email: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa

Title of project:

Isotopic composition of N2O at Jungfraujoch

Part of this programme:

SNF Project 200021_163075: Assessment of the global N2O budget based on seasonal and long-term isotope measurements at Jungfraujoch and the Cape Grim Air Archive. SNF Project 200021_150237: N2O from the Swiss midlands: regional sources and hot spots.

Project leader and team: Joachim Mohn, project leader Eliza Harris Kerstin Zeyer Christoph Zellweger

Project description:

N2O is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 298 times that of CO2, and in st addition it is the strongest ozone depleting substance emitted in the 21 century [1, 2]. N2O concentrations are rising at a rate of 0.2-0.3% per year globally due to anthropogenic emissions. Anthropogenic sources of N2O are dominated by disperse and highly variable agricultural soil emissions, which, combined with the long lifetime of N2O, make source apportionment – and thus mitigation – challenging. Although the total global source and sink strengths for N2O are relatively well-constrained, individual source contributions and the factors causing seasonality and interannual variability in N2O concentration and growth rate are poorly known [3, 4]. Isotope measurements combined with modelling show great potential to unravel sources and processes, however currently data is sparse and precision is often limiting for interpretation [5].

Figure 1. Comparison of N2O mole fractions measured in flask samples using QCLAS at the Empa GAW-WCC lab and in situ at Jungfraujoch using GC-ECD or OA-ICOS in 2014 and 2015, respectively (data courtesy of M. Steinbacher, Empa). The limited compatibility in 2014, was mainly due to the restricted performance of the in-situ analytical technique (GC- ECD).

This project aims to monitor the mixing ratios and isotopic composition of N2O at the Jungfraujoch high altitude research site using weekly sampling with high precision offline analysis at Empa. In 2015, this project was extended to include analogous measurements from the Cape Grim (Tasmania) air archive, to compare isotopic trends at Jungfraujoch to this important Southern hemisphere baseline site (SNF Project 200021_163075). Isotopic composition of the flask samples is measured at Empa using preconcentration coupled to

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS) [6], and mole fractions are measured directly using QCLAS in the Global Atmosphere Watch’s World Calibration Centre for Surface Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Empa. Figure 1 shows a comparison of the mole fractions measured in flask samples to the in-situ N2O measurements made as part of the National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) at Jungfraujoch, illustrating the integrity of the flask sampling procedure. 79 samples have been collected and measured since the project started in April 2014, with 41 samples collected and measured so far in 2015, making this the largest N2O isotopic dataset from a background measuring station in Europe. In-situ N2O mole fraction observations started in 2005 using gas chromatography and electron capture detection (GC-ECD); since late 2014, N2O mole fractions are also measured by Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) which became the master instrument in January 2015 due to its superior performance.

Figure 2. N2O mole fraction and isotope data from flask samples collected at Jungfraujoch. Individual weekly samples are shown in the left panel, with the 2σ uncertainty indicated as the shaded area (deviating from the mean). The right panel shows monthly mean data in red, as well as monthly mean values for repeated measurements of compressed air in blue. The compressed air tank was changed in late 2015, accounting for the shift in the last two points.

-1 The results in Figure 2 show a distinct trend in the N2O mole fraction of +1.2 ppb y , similar to the global average of 1.1 ppb between 2013 and 2014 [7]. δ15N bulk also shows a decreasing trend due to isotopically light anthropogenic sources. The rate of decrease is -0.068‰ y-1, which is higher than the range of previously reported values (-0.020 -1 15 α 15 β 18 to -0.041‰ y , see [8]). The N2O site preference (δ N – δ N ) and δ O appear to show seasonal variations, thus their long-term trend cannot be distinguished, yet. Continuing these measurements into 2016 and comparing with seasonal and long-term trends from Cape Grim will provide exciting new insights into the global N2O budget. In addition, the data are critical to provide an N2O background to interpret isotope data from other sites in Switzerland.

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References: 1. IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013 - The Physical Science Basis: 1-1535. 2. Ravishankara et al. (2009) Science, 326 (5949): 123-125 3. Ishijima et al. (2009) Tellus B, 61: 408–415. 4. Thompson et al. (2014) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14: 1801–1817. 5. Rigby et al. (2012) Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117: doi:10.1029/2011JD017384. 6. Mohn et al. (2012) Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5: 1601-1609. 7. World Meteorological Organization (2015) WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 11, Atmospheric Environment Research Division, Geneva (CH): p. 4. 8. Toyoda et al. (2013) Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118: doi:10.1002/jgrd.50221.

Key words: Nitrous oxide, greenhouse gas, flask sampling, isotopic composition, seasonal variability

Collaborating partners/networks: Paul Krummel, Ray Langenfelds and Paul Steele / CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Australia Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Address: Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Dr. Joachim Mohn / Dr. Eliza Harris Tel.: +41 58 765 4687 / +41 58 765 6197 e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology

Title of project: Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at Jungfraujoch

Part of this programme: AGAGE

Project leader and team: Martin K. Vollmer, Stefan Reimann (project leader), Matthias Hill, Simon A. Wyss, Lukas Emmenegger

Project description: Halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have been monitored at Jungfraujoch since 2000. These measurements are combined with atmospheric transport models for identifying and quantifying national and regional emissions (Switzerland and neighboring countries). The "top-down" (observation based) estimates are then used to verify "bottom-up" estimates of the national reporting authorities, which are based on industry information (import/export/manufacture). Furthermore, the measurements help to track global trends of ODSs and GHGs in the "background" air. Measurements at Jungfraujoch comprise a suite of over 50 compounds, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs and SF6), and hydrofluoro- carbons (HFCs), which are regulated under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols, and additional halogenated hydrocarbons. Most of these compounds are core-substances measured by the AGAGE program (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment), of which Empa is a partner. Measurements are conducted with 2 liters of air and using gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques. The above groups of compounds, loosely referred to as 1st generation (CFCs, halons), 2nd generation (HCFCs), both Montreal Protocol compounds, and 3rd generation (HFCs, PFCs, Kyoto Protocol compounds) are now extended to a new (4th) generation of compounds, the fluorinated alkenes (carbon double bonds), sometimes also referred to as HFOs (hydrofluoro- olefines). These new compounds are now also being used as refrigerants, foam-blowing substances, and solvents and are planned to replace some of the HFCs. These HFOs have much shorter lifetimes (days to months) compared to most HFCs and are removed from the atmosphere more quickly. Most prominently is HFC-1234yf (or HFO-1234yf, 2,3,3,3-tetra- fluoroprop-1-ene, CF3CF=CH2), which is now widely used as mobile air conditioner replacing HFC-134a. It is important to characterize the atmospheric abundances of these compounds to track the transition from the 3rd to the 4th generation halocarbons and to provide first top-down (observation-based) estimates of emissions. Also, some of these compounds (e.g. HFC-1234yf) react with the OH radical to create trifluoro-acetic acid (TFA), which is readily washed out from the atmosphere, and which has adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Empa has started to make the world-wide first atmospheric measurements of HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E) (E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, trans-CF3CH=CHF), and HCFC- 1233zd(E) (E-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene, trans-CF3CH=CHCl) in ambient air at Jungfraujoch and at urban Dübendorf. First results for the observational period 2011‒2014 were published (Vollmer et al., 2015a), and are here updated for 2015. The multi-year records show the onset of these compounds in the atmosphere and their growing abundances and frequencies of pollution events at Jungfraujoch.

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HFC-1234yf (lifetime 10‒16 days) has virtually been absent in the >7’000 samples analyzed in 2011/2012 at Jungfraujoch, but the number of detectable mole fractions and their magnitude has increased since, and this trend also holds for the update in the 2015 measurements (Figure 1). These results are suggestive of a growing use of HFC-1234yf in Europe, which is also supported by the increasing mole fractions detected at urban Dübendorf. HFC-1234ze(E) (lifetime 15‒23 days), a foam-blowing compound has been present in 27% of all Jungfraujoch measurements and is now detectable in most air samples, while the compound is measurable in all air samples at Dübendorf in 2015. Peculiar large pollution events were observed at Jungfraujoch in spring 2013 and 2014, and now also in 2015. The causes of these events are still not fully understood but they are believed to be real observations, and not an artefact. HCFC-1233zd(E) has the longest lifetime of the three HFCs discussed here (24‒46 days), and is present at very low mole fractions, maximally tens of ppq (parts-per quadrillion, fmol/mol, in dry air). The 2015 extension of the record shows a clear increase of the ‘background’ mole fraction of this compound. Still, HFC-1233zd(E) is not elevated at Dübendorf compared to Jungfraujoch. This indicates that this compound is likely not currently used within the footprint of the Dübendorf site. Longer-range transport of HFC-1233zd(E) from the US or Asia appears to be a more applicable explanation. This compound contains chlorine, and hence can be considered to some extent as a ‘Montreal Protocol’ compound. The European regulations for its use are currently not clear.

Figure 1. Atmospheric abundances of the 4th generation anthropogenic halocarbons HFC- 1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) at Jungfraujoch and urban Dübendorf. The absences of detectable mole fractions are separately shown as dark brown and dark blue symbols and are slightly shifted to negative for better illustration. Above-detection-limit mole fractions are shown in orange and light blue whereas some of the higher abundances, particularly for Dübendorf, are not shown. Figure adopted from Vollmer et al., 2015a and updated to 2015.

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These 4th generation halocarbons are continued to be monitored at Jungfraujoch and Dübendorf and some of the other AGAGE stations have begun some monitoring. These observations will help providing a better understanding of regional use around those parts of the world, where they are monitored. However, given their short lifetimes, quantitative modeling of their emissions will remain highly challenging in the near future.

Key words: Halogenated ozone-depletion substances (ODSs), greenhouse gases (GHGs), F-gases, Hydrofluoroolefines (HFOs)

Internet data bases: http://empa.ch/abt503 https://agage.mit.edu/

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) / Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) InGOS – Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse gas Observing System ACTRIS – Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace Gases Research Network Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) University of Bristol, UK

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Fortems-Cheiney, A., M. Saunois, I. Pison, F. Chevallier, P. Bousquet, C. Cressot, S.A. Montzka, P.J. Fraser, M.K. Vollmer, P.G. Simmonds, D. Young, S. O’Doherty, R.F. Weiss, F. Artuso, B. Barletta, D.R. Blake, S. Li, C. Lunder, B.R. Miller, S. Park, R. Prinn, T. Saito, L.P. Steele, Y. Yokouchi, Increase in HFC-134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 11’728‒11’742, doi: 10.1002/2015JD023741, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JD023741/full Hoerger, C.C., A. Claude, C. Plass-Duelmer, S. Reimann, E. Eckart, R. Steinbrecher, J. Aalto, J. Arduini, N. Bonnaire, J.N. Cape, A. Colomb, R. Connolly, J. Diskova, P. Dumitrean, C. Ehlers, V. Gros, H. Hakola, M. Hill, J.R. Hopkins, J. Jäger, R. Junek, M.K. Kajos, D. Klemp, M. Leuchner, A.C. Lewis, N. Locoge, M. Maione, D. Martin, K. Michl, E. Nemitz, S. O’Doherty, O. Pérez Ballesta, T.M. Ruuskanen, S. Sauvage, N. Schmidbauer, T.G. Spain, E. Straube, M. Vana, M.K. Vollmer, R. Wegener, A. Wenger, ACTRIS non-methane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment in Europe to support WMO GAW and EMEP observation networks, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2715‒2736, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-2715-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/2715/2015/amt-8-2715-2015.html Hossaini, R., M.P. Chipperfield, A. Saiz-Lopez, J.J. Harrison, R. von Glasow, R. Sommariva, E. Atlas, M. Navarro, S.A. Montzka, W. Feng, S. Dhomse, C. Harth, J. Mühle, C. Lunder, S. O’Doherty, D. Young, S. Reimann, M.K. Vollmer, P.B. Krummel, P.F. Bernath, Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4573‒4580, doi: 10.1002/2015GL063783, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063783/full Lunt, M.F., M. Rigby, A.L. Ganesan, A.J. Manning, R.G. Prinn, S. O’Doherty, J. Mühle, C.M. Harth, P.K. Salameh, T. Arnold, R.F. Weiss, T. Saito, Y. Yokouchi, P.B. Krummel, L.P. Steele, P.J. Fraser, S. Li, S. Park, S. Reimann, M.K. Vollmer, C. Lunder, O. Hermansen, N. Schmidbauer, M. Maione, D. Young, P.G. Simmonds, Reconciling reported and unreported HFC emissions with atmospheric observations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 5927‒5931, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1420247112, 2015. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/19/5927.abstract Schoenenberger, F., M.K. Vollmer, M. Rigby, M. Hill, P.J. Fraser, P.B. Krummel, R.L. Langenfelds, T.S. Rhee, T. Peter, S. Reimann, First observations, trends, and emissions of HCFC-31 (CH2ClF) in the global atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7817‒7824, doi: 10.1002/2015GL064709, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064709/full Vollmer, M.K., S. Reimann, M. Hill, D. Brunner, First observations of the fourth generation synthetic halocarbons HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) in the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 2703‒2708, doi: 10.1021/es505123x, 2015a. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021%2Fes505123x

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Vollmer, M.K., T.S. Rhee, M. Rigby, D. Hofstetter, M. Hill, F. Schoenenberger, S. Reimann, Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1606‒1611, doi: 10.1002/2014GL062785, 2015b. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL062785/full Vollmer, M.K., M. Rigby, J.C. Laube, S. Henne, T.S. Rhee, L.J. Gooch, A. Wenger, D. Young, L.P. Steele, R.L. Langenfelds, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, J.-L. Wang, C.-F. Ou-Yang, S.A. Wyss, M. Hill, D.E. Oram, P.B. Krummel, F. Schoenenberger, C. Zellweger, P.J. Fraser, W.T. Sturges, S. O’Doherty, S. Reimann, Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF3CH2Cl), Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8702‒8710, doi: 10.1002/2015GL065846, 2015c. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL065846/epdf Conference papers Reimann, S., Measurements of atmospheric trace gases and their relevance for climate change and air pollution, GAS 2015, Rotterdam, Netherlands, June 11, 2015. Reimann, S., M.K. Vollmer, F. Schoenenberger, S. Henne, D. Brunner and L. Emmenegger, New halogenated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: from anesthetics to mobile air conditioning, 13th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Basel, Switzerland, November 21, 2015. Data books and reports Reimann, S., M.K. Vollmer, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, S.A. Wyss, S. Henne, C. Hörger, and L. Emmenegger, Kontinuierliche Messung von Nicht-CO2-Treibhausgasen auf dem Jungfraujoch (HALCLIM-5), Schlussbericht, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, and FOEN, Federal Office for the Environment, 2015. http://www.bafu.admin.ch/luft/00612/00625/11899/index.html?lang=de Magazine and Newspapers articles Related to Vollmer 2015a: Wide-spread media response, Examples: „Klimaschonende Kühlmittel immer weiter verbreitet“, bauernzeitung.ch, March, 24, 2015; „Searching for traces in the atmosphere“, healthmedicinet.com, March 25, 2015; „La climatisation laisse des traces dans l’atmosphère“, letemps.ch, March 24, 2015; „Searching for coolant traces in the atmosphere“, phys.org, March 24, 2015, sciencedaily.com, March 24, 2015; „Klimaschonende Kühlmittel boomen“, Die Botschaft, March 25, 2015; „Spurensuche in der Atmosphäre“, analytik.de, March 25, 2015; „First Measurements of 4th generation coolants in air, reportingclimatescience.com, March, 26, 2015. Related to Vollmer 2015b: Numerous press releases and media responses in many countries. Examples are: „Anesthetic gases raise Earth’s temperature“, agu.org, April 7, 2015; „Anaesthetics is warming the planet“, dailymail.co.uk, April 8, 2015; „Studie: Anästhesiegase belasten das Klima, SDA/Schw. Depeschenagentur, April, 14, 2015; „Anaesthetic gases aiding change in climate too“, asianage.com, April 9, 2015; „Anesthetic gases raise earth’s temperature, natureworldnews.com, April 9, 2015; „Anaesthetic gases raising Earth’s temperature too“, nepalnational.com, April 9, 2015; „Anesthetic gases contribute to climate change“, sci-news.com, April 9, 2015, topnews.in, April 9, 2015, Related to Vollmer 2015c: Examples are: „Ozone destroyer drops mysteriously“, blogs.agu.org, October 6, 2015; „A sharp decline in concentration of ozone destroying HCFC-133a gas reported“, thewatchers.adorraeli.com, October 6, 2015; „Atmospheric concentration of an ozone destroying chemical drops mysteriously“, sott.net, October 7, 2015; „Ozone-destroyer: significant drop in harmful gas“, natureworldnews.com, October 14, 2015. Radio and television Television report on BBC newsnight. 100 world leaders have meet for the start of the Paris climate change conference (COP 21). Stefan Reimann and Rebecca Morelle from BBC Newsnight have a full primer on what to expect, November 24, 2015.

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Dr. Martin K. Vollmer Tel.: +41 58 765 4242 Fax: +41 58 765 1122 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.empa.ch/abt503

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Name of research institute or organization: Finnish Meteorological Institute

Title of project: System and performance audit for the Jungfraujoch ICOS atmospheric station

Part of this programme: ICOS

Project leader and team: Dr. Hermanni Aaltonen, project leader Dr. Karri Saarnio Dr. Martin Steinbacher Mr. Simon Wyss

Project description: The Finnish Meteorological Institute runs a mobile laboratory (MobileLab) under the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Center (ATC). The MobileLab performs system and performance audits for ICOS atmospheric stations, like the one operated by EMPA at Jungfraujoch (JFJ). During the JFJ audit, the MobileLab ensured that the station set-up from inlet to analysers met the requirements defined by the ICOS ATC. The audit included also a control of the station’s calibration gases and 6-weeks-lasting intercomparison measurements with the MobileLab instruments. After the audit, the MobileLab personnel, in collaboration with the JFJ station’s personnel, will write a report (Fig. 1) including possible comments and suggestions. The report will be published for the ICOS community and for the station’s use, and it is expected to be finalised during winter 2016.

Keywords: Greenhouse gases, atmosphere, audit

Internet data bases: Data from the JFJ ICOS station will be available via https://www.icos-cp.eu/. MobileLab data is not available for the public.

Collaborating partners/networks: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology EMPA, Switzerland Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement LSCE, France

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Conference papers Saarnio, K., H. Aaltonen, J. Hatakka, T. Mäkelä, J. Rainne, O. Laurent, O. Peltola, M. Steinbacher, and T. Laurila, Mobile laboratory as a part of internal quality control of ICOS atmospheric station network, Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT), Abstract B6, La Jolla, CA, USA, September 13-17, 2015. Data books and reports MobileLab audit report: System and performance audit of carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide at the ICOS class 1 Atmospheric station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, January–March 2015 (not published yet).

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Figure 1. An example figure from the audit report. Hourly mean ambient CO2 mole fraction measured with a local instrument (JFJ-G2401) and a MobileLab instrument (TI-G2401) (uppermost graph); the deviation of JFJ-G2401 compared to TI-G2401 on hourly mean CO2 mole fractions (dashed lines refer to the WMO/GAW component compatibility goal (±0.1 ppm)) (second graph); the mole fraction of water vapour measured with TI-G2401 (third graph); and the mole fraction of CO2 in the target gas cylinder measured with TI-G2401 (lowest graph).

Address: Finnish Meteorological Institute P.O. Box 503 00101 Helsinki Finland

Contacts: Dr. Hermanni Aaltonen Tel.: +35 850 408 4287 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich

Title of project: SwissQuick: Emissions and imissions of atmospheric mercury in Switzerland

Project leader and team: Dr. Christian Bogdal, project leader Basil Denzler

Project description: Mercury is a heavy metal of particular concern due to its ability to accumulate in ecosystems, and its significant negative effects on human health and the environment. Long-term human exposure to small amounts of mercury has been shown to result in serious neurological impairments [1]. The major anthropogenic releases of Hg to the environment result from atmospheric emissions by combustion processes, mainly coal burning and metallurgic processes and artisanal small scale gold mining. Due to its long residence time, gaseous elemental mercury, Hg(0), undergoes long-range atmospheric transport [2]. Thus, mercury can occur in regions far away from its initial emission sources. To improve the understanding of the atmospheric emissions and transport of Hg(0), a long- term monitoring project was started in December 2013 at the High-Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch. The goal of the ongoing study is to determine the source regions and to establish a top-down emission inventory for Europe on the basis of atmospheric mercury measurements at the Jungfraujoch. We use a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART to establish the source receptor relationship. By means of a Bayesian-Inversion we establish the spatial emission pattern of mercury for Europe as described by [3]. The measurement series was continued throughout the year 2015, prolonging the measurement series to currently two entire years. A Tekran 2537X gaseous elemental mercury analyzer is used to measure the concentration of Hg(0) by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (detection limit: 0.1 ng /m3). The instrument provides a high temporal resolution of 5 min and uses an internal permeation source for automated calibration.

Figure 1. Daily mean Hg(0) concentrations on the Jungfraujoch from December 2013 until 3 3 October 2015 with a median of 1.63 ng/m and Q0.1/Q0.9 of 1.45/1.82 ng/m .

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The Hg(0) concentrations measured at Jungfraujoch (Figure 1) are comparable to background levels measured worldwide [2]. The median over the sampling period from December 2013 until October 2015 is 1.63 ng/m3. The differences between the years 2014 1.60 ng/m3 and 2015 1.65 ng/m3 are small. No annual trends could yet be identified. The preliminary investigations of potential sources of Hg(0) point towards Eastern Europe as a major contributor to the Hg(0) detected at the Jungfraujoch. A measurement campaign is planned for 2016 to measure different mercury species in the atmosphere, such as oxidized and particulate mercury. Therefore, an upgrade to the measurement device is needed. The new data will provide further information on the processes regarding mercury in the atmosphere.

References: [1] Clarkson, T.W., Magos, L., The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds. Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 36, 609-662, doi: 10.1080/10408440600845619, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408440600845619 [2] Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., Dommergue, A., A review of worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8245-8265, doi : 10.5194/acp-10-8245-2010, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/8245/2010/acp-10-8245-2010.html [3] Keller C., Hill M., Vollmer M., Henne S., Brunner D., Reimann S., O'Doherty S., Arduini J., Maione M., Ferenczi Z., Haszpra L., Manning A., and Peter T., European emissions of halogenated greenhouse gases inferred from atmospheric measurements, Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 217, doi: 10.1021/es202453j, 2012. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es202453j

Key words: Mercury, gaseous elemental mercury, long-range transport, air monitoring, trajectory modeling, Lagrangian particle dispersion model

Collaborating partners/networks: Particle dispersion modeling: Dr. Stephan Henne, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland Funding: Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (Bundesamt für Umwelt, BAFU)

Address: Safety and Environmental Technology Group ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

Contacts: Basil Denzler Tel.: +41 44 633 44 14 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/people/current_members/denzleba

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Name of research institute or organization: Departement Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Basel

Title of project: Baseline characterisation of air masses using radon-222

Part of this programme: ICOS

Project leader and team: Dr. Franz Conen, project leader Mr. Lukas Zimmermann Dr. Alastair Williams Dr. Alan Griffiths Dr. Scott Chambers

Project description: The high-altitude research station Jungfraujoch hosts a large number of instruments continuously measuring atmospheric concentrations of gases and particles emitted (mainly) from land surfaces, as documented by numerous contributions in this report. As a continental station, Jungfraujoch is influenced to changing degrees by local and more remote emission sources on diurnal, synoptic, and seasonal time scales. For interpreting atmospheric concentration records of gases and particles measured on site it is important to distinguish air masses influenced by local sources from air masses with a composition representative of the larger region, or of the northern hemisphere. A range of methods is applied to this end, including the NOy/CO ratio, time of day filters, meteorological/synoptic filters, trajectory analyses, and others. With our project we aim to contribute to a reliable and straightforward identification of “near baseline” conditions at Jungfraujoch through continuous precise measurement of radon-222 concentrations. Although radon-222 has been used in this context for about a century, improvements are still being made. A novel approach to which this project has made a contribution is described and validated in detail in a forthcoming publication (Chambers et al., in press). It shows, for example, that monthly mean CO2 concentrations at Jungfraujoch are close to “true baseline” values at Mauna Loa when selected for concurrent radon-222 concentrations below 300 mBq m–3. Our radon-222 detector on Jungfraujoch, built by our research collaborators at ANSTO, provided reliable data from summer 2008 until the beginning of 2013. Then, intermittent contamination set in by air being pushed out of the tunnel system to near the air inlet of our instrument, probably caused by changes made to the ventilation system after the construction of a new tunnel section (see reports from previous years). We are grateful to the International Foundation HFSJG to have provided a new inlet and a new place for our detector in the course of replacing the protective roof on the research station (Fig. 1). Since we have moved the detector to the new place at the end of October 2015, the contamination problem has disappeared. To that occasion we refurbished the detector with a new external air blower, a new gas meter and, more importantly, a new measurement head with reduced background counts. As before, half-hourly raw data is sent every day at midnight to a server at the University of Basel, where it is automatically analysed. The data is freely available to anyone at the site radon.unibas.ch. Over the next years radon-222 measurements will also support our second project at Jungfraujoch, on ice nucleating particles. It will enable us to investigate the influence of recent land contact on the density and composition of populations of ice nucleating particles at tropospheric cloud height.

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Figure 1. The radon-222 detector at its new location under the new protective roof of the research station.

Key words: Baseline conditions, planetary boundary layer, free troposphere, radon-222, tracer

Internet data bases: http://radon.unibas.ch/ http://www.ansto.gov.au/ResearchHub/IER/Research/IsotopesinClimate/AtmosphericMixing/ index.htm http://www.gl.ethz.ch/research/bage/icos-ch/jungfraujoch.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney Australia Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Swiss Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, Switzerland

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Chambers, S.D., W.G. Alastair, F. Conen, A.D. Griffith, S. Reimann, M. Steinbacher, P.B. Krummel, L.P. Steele, M.V. van der Schoot, I.E. Galbally, S.B. Molloy and J.E. Barnes, Towards a universal “baseline” characterisation of air masses for high- and low-altitude observing stations using radon-222, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2015.06.0391 (in press). http://aaqr.org/ArticlesInPress/AAQR-15-06-SIMtS-0391_proof.pdf

Address: Departement Umweltwissenschaften Universität Basel Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel

Contacts: Dr. Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 0481 Fax: +41 61 267 0479 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://umweltgeo.unibas.ch/team/personen-ugw/profil/person/conen/

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg

Title of project: 14 Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch

Part of this programme: ICOS

Project leader and team: Dr. Ingeborg Levin, project leader Dr. Samuel Hammer

Project description: 14 Atmospheric CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch started in 1986 and were continued without interruption until today. This long-term record is used for studies of the dynamics of the regional and global carbon cycle. Currently, it is mainly used as background reference to estimate the regional fossil fuel CO2 component at polluted European stations. In the last 14 14 decade, the observed ∆ CO2 trend is mainly due to dilution of the C/C ratio in atmospheric 14 CO2 by ongoing input of C-free fossil fuel CO2 into the global atmosphere. This trend of about -4‰ per year up to 2010 has steepened significantly in the last years to about -5‰ per 14 year (Figure 1). The reason for this steepening may be changes of the natural CO2 fluxes to and from the atmosphere, but is most probably caused by an accellerating increase of 14C-free fossil fuel CO2 release into the global atmosphere. Long-term monitoring of atmospheric 14 CO2 may thus provide independent constraints on the global release rate of fossil fuel CO2. Currently, this application bears, however, still considerable uncertainty due to not well 14 defined CO2 disequilibrium fluxes from the global terrestrial biosphere and the oceans.

14 Figure 1: ∆ CO2 measurements at Jungfraujoch together with a harmonic fit curve through 14 the data, showing ∆ CO2 maxima in late summer and minima in late winter. The long term trend has changed around 2010 from about -4‰ to about -5‰ per year.

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Key words:

Carbon dioxide, carbon cycle modelling, radiocarbon, fossil fuel CO2

Internet data bases: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ Data have regularly been published in peer-reviewed journals, yet unpublished data are available on request at the authors

Collaborating partners/networks: ICOS (https://www.icos-ri.eu/)

Address: Institut für Umweltphysik Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg

Contacts: Dr. Ingeborg Levin Tel.: +49 6221 546330 Fax: +49 6221 546405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br. Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern

Title of project: 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air

Project leader and team: Clemens Schlosser, Martina Konrad, and Sabine Schmid, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Rosastr. 9, D-79098 Freiburg, Germany Roland Purtschert, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern

Project description:

4 La Hague Emissions 3

Jungfraujoch Bq/m La Hague Emissions Freiburg air 4.0 12 2 11 3.5 10

3.0 0 9 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 ) 8 3 air (

2.5 10 7 16 2.0 6 Bq/month

Kr(Bq/m 5

85 1.5 4 ) 1.0 3 2 0.5 1 Emissions La Hague 0.0 0 2013 2014 2015

Figure 1. Measured atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in weekly air samples, collected at Jungfraujoch (3500 m asl) and Freiburg i. Br. (280 m asl), during the last three years (October values for 2015 not yet measured). Inset: Values for Freiburg i. Br. over the last 40 years. The red columns represent the monthly emissions from La Hague (the value for December 2015 is missing). The dotted line represents a baseline activity of 1.4 Bq/m3 air.

Monitoring of tropospheric Kr-85 activity concentrations at Jungfraujoch (JFJ) was continued in 2015. Krypton is separated from about 10 m3 of air continuously collected during one week and sent to the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz in Freiburg i.Br. for measuring the Kr-85 activity concentration. Since 2014 the noble gas laboratory at BfS in Freiburg is accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025.

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The major sources of atmospheric Kr-85 are nuclear reprocessing plants which are characterized by pulsed releases. During the last few decades the most relevant emitter is the facility in La Hague in France. The released plumes can be detected at sampling stations located in downwind direction even at distances of a few hundred kilometres (spikes in Figure 1). Due to a half-life of 10.76 years Kr-85 accumulates in the atmosphere if the release rate exceeds the decay rate of the 85Kr inventory in the atmosphere. Between 2005 and 2010 the yearly emission from La Hague showed a decreasing trend (Figure 1, inset). This evolution reversed over the last 5 years what is reflected by a stable or even slightly increase of the baseline 85Kr activity over North West Europe. Amplitude and frequency of activity concentration peaks at Freiburg but also at JFJ are generally highest during periods of high reprocessing activities in La Hague (Figure 1). Although the yearly emissions in 2015 were very similar to previous years, the maximal weekly activity concentrations from the Freiburg station in 2015 were lower than in previous years. The reason for that is unclear. It may be attributed to the exceptionally hot summer with a stable anticyclone over mid Europe with less pronounced west wind situations and stronger vertical atmospheric mixing. The location of the JFJ sampling site is crucial because of its altitude. The data are representative for the northern tropospheric background level and are important for the assessment and quantification of environmental radioactivity and radiation exposure in Germany and Switzerland [1, 2]. Krypton-85 data are also used for studies about the dispersion of air masses, e.g. the inter-hemispheric exchange. The known temporal 85Kr activity evolution in the atmosphere is also the basis for dating groundwater on timescales of decades [3].

Key words: Krypton, 85Kr, radioactivity in air, reprocessing plants

Collaborating partners/networks: [email protected]

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access [3] Åkessona, M., A. Suckow, A. Visser, J. Sültenfuss, T. Laier, C. Sparrenbom, and R. Purtschert, Constraining age distributions of groundwater from public supply wells in diverse hydrogeological settings by means of environmental tracers and lumped-parameter modelling: a case study from Scania, southern Sweden, Journal of Hydrology, 528, 217-229, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.022, 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169415004357 Data books and reports [1] Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 (in preparation). [2] Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlenbelastung, Deutschland, Jahresberichte 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 (in preparation); Reihe Umweltpolitik; Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit.

Address: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Rosastrasse 9 D-79098 Freiburg

Contacts: Clemens Schlosser e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.bfs.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays

Project leader and team: Dr. Rolf Bütikofer

Project description: The Physikalisches Institut at the University of Bern, Switzerland, operates two standardized neutron monitors (NM) at Jungfraujoch: an 18-IGY NM (since 1958) and a 3-NM64 NM (since 1986). NMs provide key information about the interactions of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) with the plasma and the magnetic fields in the heliosphere and about the production of energetic CRs at or near the Sun (solar cosmic rays, SCR), as well as about geomagnetic, atmospheric, and environmental effects. They ideally complement space observations. The NMs at Jungfraujoch are part of a worldwide network of standardized CR detectors. By using the Earth's magnetic field as a giant spectrometer, this network determines the energy dependence of primary CR intensity variations in the GeV range. Furthermore, the high altitude of Jungfraujoch provides good response to solar protons ≥ 3.6 GeV and to solar neutrons with energies as low as ~250 MeV. Neutron monitors play also an important role in the space weather domain. In 2015, operation of the two NMs at Jungfraujoch was pursued without major problems. No significant technical modifications were necessary. The planned replacement of the data registration of both NMs from the late nineties of the last century by a new system that is developed by our Spanish colleagues from the University of Alcala could not yet be realized. The recordings of the NM measurements are published in near-real time in the neutron monitor database NMDB (www.nmdb.eu). Figure 1 shows the relative monthly count rates of the IGY neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch (lower panel) since it was put into operation in 1958. The GCR are always present, and their intensity shows an 11-year variation in anti- correlation with the solar activity characterized by the smoothed sunspot number plotted in the upper panel of Figure 1. Since July 2015, the original Sunspot number data are replaced by a new entirely revised data series. The most prominent change in the new Sunspot Number with the version number 2.0 is the choice of a new reference observer, A. Wolfer (pilot observer from 1876 to 1928) instead of R. Wolf. This means dropping the conventional 0.6 Zürich scale factor, thus raising the scale of the entire Sunspot Number time series to the level of modern sunspot counts. For more details see e.g. http://www.sidc.be/silso/datafiles. The dosimetric measurements with a GammaTracer and a Liulin device inside the detector housing of the NM64 neutron monitor were continued in 2015. When high-energy neutrons of the secondary cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere reach the ground and interact with nuclei, e.g. by exciting the nuclei of the ground material, the excited nuclei return to their ground state by emitting fast neutrons, so-called evaporation neutrons, with energies in the order of 1 MeV. The evaporation neutrons lose their energy in head-on collisions with atomic nuclei. The energy loss in these collisions is maximal when the masses of the two bodies are identical, i.e. hydrogen atoms. This effect has been used in recent years to develop a new method to determine the soil moisture. In this method a neutron detector measures the neutrons that are generated in the air, the soil and other materials and are moderated afterwards mainly by hydrogen nuclei that are present primarily in soil water. When the water concentration in the soil is high, the flux of albedo neutrons is low and vice versa. This method seems to be promising as it led to major investments in the research fields of environmental and hydrological science. More than 100 sensors, so-called Cosmic-Ray

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Neutron Sensors, are in operation worldwide since 2008, see http://cosmos.hwr.arizona.edu. 3 The small neutron detectors contain a tube with He or BF3 gas and are either bare or shielded with a thin polyethylene layer. For more information about the sensors see http://hydroinnova.com. Of course the measured neutron intensity by these devices is not only dependent on soil moisture but also on temporal variations of the atmosphere and of the primary cosmic ray flux at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. Much to the surprise of the author of this report the correction for variations in the primary cosmic ray flux near Earth is made by using the data of the Jungfraujoch IGY neutron monitor. It seems that a first group decided to use the Jungfraujoch neutron monitor data (Zreda et al., 2012, COSMOS: The COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System) and that other groups followed to use also the Jungfraujoch IGY neutron monitor data (Baatz et al., 2014 and 2015; Han et al., 2014; Hawdon et al., 2014; McJannet et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2015). As the measured count rates of the neutron monitors at Jungfraujoch are often influenced by snow accumulations on and around of the detector housing we think that the use of the Jungfraujoch neutron monitor data for this application is not suitable. We informed Marek Zreda, the author that first used Jungfraujoch neutron monitor data, about our assessment. He answered that the reasons for the selection of the IGY neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch are as follow: “Because at the time when we developed the COSMOS system there was no neutron monitor in the USA with real-time data. … COSMOS computes soil moisture every hour and we needed real-time data source. I looked at all stations in NMDB and Jungfraujoch IGY neutron monitor seemed to be best in terms of data continuity (few gaps) and quality (I cross-checked all stations for consistency).”

Figure 1. Smoothed sunspot numbers (Source: WDC-SILSO, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels (www.sidc.be/silso/datafiles), top panel), pressure corrected monthly average counting rates of the IGY neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch (bottom panel) for the years 1958- 2015. The neutron monitor count rate is expressed in relative units with respect to May 1965.

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Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons

Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: European FP7 Project Real-Time Database for High Resolution Neutron Monitor Measurements (NMDB): http://www.nmdb.eu

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Dr. Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Sektion Umweltradioaktivität, Bern

Title of project: Aerosol radioactivity monitoring RADAIR and DIGITEL

Project leader and team: Dr. Sybille Estier, project leader Philipp Steinmann, Pierre Beuret, Matthias Müller

Project description: Aerosol Radioactivity Monitoring at the Jungfraujoch: An automatic aerosol radioactivity monitor FHT59S (total alpha and total beta activity) is operated at Jungfraujoch research station by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. This monitor is part of the RADAIR Network and has the following particular features: • Real-time (30 min) detection of any increase in radioactivity in the air at the altitude of 3400 m above sea level. • A detection limit for artificial beta radioactivity as low as 0.1 Bq/m3. Such a high sensitivity is possible due to the very low Radon daughter concentration at this altitude. Additional aerosol samples are taken using a Digitel High-Volume-Sampler. These samples are sent to the laboratory in Berne and are analyzed for radioisotopes using HPGe-Gamma- spectrometry.

Comments on the alpha/beta (Radair) measurements performed in 2015: Figure 1 shows the natural alpha radioactivity, the calculated artificial beta radioactivity and the ratio between α and (natural) β activities for the period January 1 to December 31, 2015. This figure shows that: • Alpha radioactivity – i.e. Radon daughter products - is mainly transported up to the Jungfraujoch by air masses from the lowlands, since the highest values are usually observed in summer (from March to September) when thermal air convection is higher than in winter (see upper part of Figure 1 and Figure 2). • The highest α/β activity ratios are observed when the (natural) alpha radioactivity concentrations are the lowest. The α/β activity ratios lower than 0.5 and greater than 1.5 were removed, since these are not significant (see lower part of Figure 1). • Beginning of February, there is a jump from 0.5 to 0.6 in the moving average factor (Fm), because of the new calibration of the detector. • The highest values of beta mean concentration, about 0.6 Bq/m3, occur during fast increases of the alpha concentration (see also Figure 4).

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Figure 1. Results of RADAIR measurements in 2015. Note: For a better readability of the graph, not all values are represented.

Figure 2 shows the concentrations of total alpha at the two other Radair sites in the Rhône valley (Sion) and in the Canton of Ticino (Bellinzona) compared to Jungfraujoch. At the Jungfraujoch site, the total alpha concentrations are higher from March to September and lower from October to February. It is the inverse from what is observed at the lowland sites. During autumn and winter, the Radon daughter products are kept below the Jungfraujoch altitude due to the thermic inversion in the lowlands.

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Figure 2. Concentrations of natural total α at Jungfraujoch, Sion and Bellinzona in 2015.

Figure 3 shows the histogram of the calculated artificial beta radioactivity in aerosol for 2015 (and 2014). The calculation is done automatically by the monitor by applying an α/β- compensation technique (see below for more details). • No calculated artificial beta concentration above the detection limit (i.e. the background signal) was observed. • 95 percent of the beta concentrations recorded in 2015 were below 0.05 Bq/m3. • The histogram recorded for 2015 is rather symmetric; this shows that the automatic compensation technique was good. • Note that there are some values greater than 0.15 Bq/m3 (see Figures 1 and 4).

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Histogram of the artificial beta mean concentration Jungfraujoch : 2014 & 2015 25 110 Relative Frequency (2015) Relative Frequency (2014) 100 90 20 Cumul. Frequency 2015 80 Mean value 2015 : 2.0E-3 ± 3E-4 Bq/m3 Mean value 2014 : 3.0E-3 ± 2E-4 Bq/m3 70 15 60 50 [ % ] 10 40 30 20 5 10 0 Number ofNumber measures / total reading count [] % 0 -10 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 Mean calculated artificial β concentration [ Bq / m3 ]

Figure 3. Histogram of calculated artificial beta concentrations.

There are cases where the total alpha concentration increases very steeply, in such circumstances the ratio between the total alpha activity and the beta activity does not remain constant with the total beta activity increasing even stronger. Consequently, the calculated residual beta concentrations < 0.6 Bq/m3 are difficult to compensate and some false peaks of artificial beta may appear (see Figure 4).

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Figure 4. Rate of rise of (natural) total α concentration and “artificial” (residual) β mean concentration in July.

In most cases, when the alpha concentration increases slowly, the beta concentration may be compensated normally (see Figure 5).

Figure 5. Rate of rise of (natural) total α concentration and “artificial” (residual) β mean concentration in August.

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For normal situations, i.e. with no artificial radioactivity in the air, the net Beta radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch, calculated using the Alpha-Beta compensation technique, is less than 0.10 Bq/m3. At the top of Europe, a radiation incident causing an increase of the artificial beta radioactivity in the atmosphere of as low as 0.10 Bq/m3 could therefore be detected within 30 minutes.

Calculation of the artificial Beta activity: Automatic α/β-compensation: this technique applied by our aerosol monitoring stations is based on the simultaneous measurements of gross Alpha (Ag) and gross Beta (Bg) radioactivity of the aerosols collected on a filter. The net (artificial) Beta radioactivity (Bn) is then calculated by the following formula: Bn = Bg – (Ag / F). Figure 4 shows how the factor α/β (F) was determined.

The ratio (Ag/Bg) corresponds to the slope of the curve of the α-Activities as a function of β- Activities. We observe that it is relatively constant and yield approximately 0.77.

Figure 6. Correlations between the α-Activity and β-Activity.

With the current version of the software, the monitor calculates the average of the n (n>10) last ratios (Ag/Bg), as long as this latter is included between thresholds values (here 0.6 and 1.5). This mean ratio will give the factor Fm with which the net (artificial) Beta radioactivity (Bn) will be calculated.

This gives a new correction equation: Bn = Bg – (Ag / Fm)

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Comments on technical aspects (RADAIR): In July, the computer of the monitor FHT59S has been revised because of repeated network interruptions and spontaneous reboots of the computer. The installation of a new technology motherboard and a SSD hard disk resulted in a computer that heats less and is faster. At Jungfraujoch short power failure interruptions are frequent and therefore an uninterruptible power supply has been installed, too.

Digitel High-Volume-Sampler: Introduction The Digitel DHA-80 High Volume Sampler (HVS) is an automatic air sampler with a typical air flow rate of 0.6 m3/min. Aerosols are collected on glass fibre filters of 150 mm in diameter. The pump maintains a constant flow rate independent of dust load on the filter. Filter change intervals are programmed in advance and the sampler is controlled remotely by an internet connection. The filters are automatically changed once a week and are measured as a combined sample at the end of each month in the laboratory using a coaxial HPGe gamma-ray detector during 1-2 days. Thereafter activities of radioactive isotopes are corrected by considering the corresponding half-lives and time between sampling and measuring. 7Be and 210Pb are naturally occurring nuclides. 7Be has a cosmogenic origin. Around 70% of 7Be is produced in the stratosphere by spallation of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. 210Pb is a long-lived decay product of uranium series (238U) which gets into the air from radioactive noble gas 222Rn exhaled from the earth’s crust.

Results Figure 7 shows the concentration (µBq/m3) of 7Be, 210Pb, 131I and 137Cs between 2011 and 2015. The concentrations of 7Be and 210Pb vary around 8000 µBq/m3 and 500 µBq/m3, respectively. A slight increase of 210Pb during summer can be observed, which is due to convection of 210Pb-rich air masses from the Plateau. 7Be concentration seems to be slightly increased during summer, too. This is again related to increased convection mixing Be-7 from the upper troposphere down to mid-troposphere altitudes. As a consequence of the nuclear accident of Fukushima in March 2011, filters were measured directly after changing (once a week) in order to detect radioactive isotopes released by the nuclear power plant more quickly. Therefore time between sampling and measuring was smaller than before. The increased concentration of 131I and 137Cs in 2011 can be clearly related to the nuclear accident of Fukushima. First increased concentrations were measured by the end of March 2011 and reached a maximum at the beginning of April. 131I could never be detected at Jungfraujoch before the nuclear accident and has not been since the end of April 2011. 137Cs was occasionally detected also before March 2011. Between Mai and August 2013, the filters were measured once a week in order to better follow possible inputs of stratospheric air over this time period.

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10'000 Be-7 I-131 Cs-137 Pb-210

1'000

100 Concentration [µBq/m3] Concentration

10

1 Jul 2015 Jul 2014 Jul 2013 Jul 2012 Jul 2011 Mai 2015 Mai Mai 2014 Mai Mai 2013 Mai Mai 2012 Mai Mai 2011 Mai Jan 2016 Jan 2015 Jan 2014 Jan 2013 Jan 2012 Mrz 2015 Mrz 2014 Mrz 2013 Mrz 2012 Mrz 2011 Nov 2015 Nov 2014 Nov 2013 Nov 2012 Nov 2011 Sep 2015 Sep Sep 2014 Sep Sep 2013 Sep Sep 2012 Sep Sep 2011 Sep Date

Figure 7. Concentration (µBq/m3) of 7Be, 210Pb, 131I and 137Cs between 2011 and 2015, Station Jungfraujoch.

Key words: RADAIR, digitel, Radon, radioactivity, aerosols, radioisotope

Internet data bases: http://www.radair.ch http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00043/00065/02239/index.html?lang=de

Address: Bundesamt für Gesundheit Sektion Umweltradioaktivität Schwarzenburgstrasse 157 CH-3003 Bern

Contacts: Dr. Sybille Estier Tel.: +41 58 465 19 10 e-mail: [email protected]

Philipp Steinmann Tel.: +41 58 465 19 11 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy Department of Physics, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey Department of Physics, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA USA

Title of project: Test for a new concept of an EAS detector for UHE neutrinos

Project leader and team: Prof. Maurizio Iori, project leader Prof. Jim Russ, Prof. Haluk Denizli, Asist. Prof. Dr. Ali Yilmaz, Şeyma Atik Yilmaz, Kaan Yüksel Oyulmaz

Project description: The TAU - shoWER (TAUWER) experiment aims to detect particle showers originated from Ultra High Energetic (UHE) tau-neutrinos which get the short path through the inside of the Earth. A prototype detector is working on the terrace of the Sphinx Observatory at Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Switzerland. Traditional Photomultipliers (PMTs) are well-engineered photon detectors and stable in operation [1]. The recent developments made on solid state detectors, so called Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs), make the SiPM to an alternative to the conventional PMTs. The SiPMs are multi-pixel avalanche photodetectors working in the Geiger mode. This device has remarkable properties such as a very compact size, high quantum efficiency, good charge resolution, fast response time (< 100 ps), large gain (106) and very low power consumption with low bias voltages. The detector station, shown in Figure 1, consists of two pairs of scintillator counters (20 x 20 cm2, 1.4 cm thick) named ‘towers’, separated by 60 cm. The distance of the two counters in each tower is 160 cm corresponding to 5.3 ns of time of flight (TOF) of a horizontal track crossing the two scintillating tiles. The site where this station is located provides an opportunity to understand if the prototype detector works safely under hard environmental conditions (the air temperature changes between 20 0C and -25 0C). The detector prototype is using a SiPM produced by SensL and a DRS4 chip as read-out part. In this work we present preliminary results of the prototype detector station to detect horizontal cosmic rays on the distance from the mountain.

Figure 1. Prototype detector installed on the Sphinx terrace to measure the difference in the upward/downward particle flux separation and environmental effects.

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Test of the cosmic rays dependence as distance from the mountain The detector prototype depicted in Figure 1, is a part of a large array which observes the horizontal and upward Ultra High Cosmic rays (UHECRs) and high energy tau air-showers originated in neutrino interaction with Earth. In order to increase the detection probability of the air shower initiated by tau-neutrinos and reduce the background from the horizontal cosmic rays, we plan to set the final array on an inclined plane with in front far away a mountain that dumps the horizontal cosmic rays and improves the detection of the shower produced by neutrinos. To detect this range (the distance interaction point and detector), the prototype installed on the Sphinx terrace is pointing to the valley at 3.3° below the horizon and the distance of the detector from the mountain is around 14.5 km. The measured data are named phase 4. The setup is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The detector station located on the Sphinx terrace. The green arrow which is pointing to the valley is about 14.5 km away from the mountain.

In order to understand the capability to detect the large zenith cosmic rays with distance from the mountain the detector was rotated 56° from the previous setup (phase 4) pointing towards the foot of the Jungfrau mountain and on the other side to the Mönch mountain. The distance between the detector and the Jungfrau is 1.75 km and to the Mönch 0.76 km. The setup is depicted in Figure 3 and the data taken with this setup are labelled as phase 5.

a) b)

Figure 3. Detector pointing towards the foot of the Jungfrau and the Mönch.

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Figure 4 shows the TOF evaluated with tracks detected in phase 4 (red) and phase 5 (blue). The peaks around +5 ns are representing the downward going particles from counter 1 (valley or Jungfraujoch) to counter 2. The Gaussian peak (green) is the TOF distribution of the vertical cosmic rays as measured in Ref. [2]. In our case this distribution corresponds to the horizontal tracks. The discrepancy in TOF distribution above and below 5 ns is due to the contribution of two almost parallel tracks. To evaluate the effect of the distance from the mountain of the detector we have evaluated the ratio between the two TOF distributions shown in Figure 4a). The ratio, as shown in Figure 4b), is equal to 1 between -10 ns and 10 ns except at -4 ns where it reaches a value of 2. This excess is due to more tracks coming from the valley (phase 4) and less (dumped) from the Jungfrau mountain (phase 5).

b)

a)

Figure 4. TOF distribution. (a) Red data points represent the measurements when the detector is pointing to the valley (14.5 km from the detector seen in Figure 2), blue data points represent the detector aligned to the Jungfrau-Mönch direction (1.76 km from the Jungfrau seen in Figure 3). The green Gaussian fit shows the TOF distribution exactly for vertical cosmic rays [2].

The results show that the prototype detector has been working stably without any problem at these hard weather conditions and with a mountain in front of the detector, at distance of about 2 km, we can dump the horizontal background of a factor two. In 2014, we have done extensive tests with SiPMs. These test results were presented at the 31st International Physics Congress and in 2015 the presentation was awarded as “Özgen Berkol Doğan”, the best poster award in experimental physics [3].

References: [1] Iori, M., I. O. Atakisi, G. Chiodi, H. Denizli, F. Ferrarotto, M. Kaya, A. Yilmaz, L. Recchia and J. Russ, SiPM application for a detector for UHE neutrinos tested at Sphinx Station, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A, doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.11.076, 2013. [2] Iori, M., E. Arslan, H. Denizli, F. Ferrarotto, M. Kaya, A. Yilmaz, and J. Russ, Tests for a new concept of EAS detector for UHE neutrinos, Journal of Physics Conference Series, 409, 1, 012131, 2013. [3] Yilmaz, A., S. Atik, H. Denizli and M. Iori, Preliminary results of a prototype detector of TAUWER Experiment Working at Sphinx Observatory Center, Turkish Physical Society 31th International Physics Congress (Poster), Bodrum, Turkey, July 21-24, 2014.

Key words: Cosmic rays, neutrino, silicon photomultiplier, time of flight

Internet data bases: http://pciori13.roma1.infn.it/

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Theses Yilmaz, A., Study of Silicon Photomultipliers in The Application for Cosmic Rays Detection, PhD Thesis, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 2015.

Address: Department of Physics University of Rome La Sapienza Piazza A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy

Contacts: Prof. Maurizio Iori Tel.: +39 6 4991 4422 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pciori3.roma1.infn.it

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern

Title of project: Development and scientific application of nuclear emulsion particle detectors to geological problems in 3D

Project leader and team: Proffs. Fritz Schlunegger and Antonio Ereditato, project leaders Prof. Paola Scampoli Dr. Nishiyama Ryuichi Dr. Akitaka Ariga David Mair Alessandro Lechmann Thomas Siegenthaler Roger Hänni Jan Christen Simon Klingele

Project description: This is an interdisciplinary project between the fields of Earth Sciences (geology and geomorphology) and Physics (particle physics methodologies) where we aim at imaging the base of an Alpine glacier in 3D with nuclear emulsion particle detectors exposed to the cosmic muon flux. This methodology offers a powerful tool to map surfaces that separate media with strong density contrasts (bedrock and the overlying glacier). Modern nuclear emulsion detectors provide an unbeatable position and angular resolution in the measurement of the muon track (< 1μm and a few mrad, respectively). We apply this technique to map the base of the glacier located in the Central European Alps, where the railway tunnel of the Jungfrau railway provides a unique situation for measuring the base of this glacier in 3D. We have framed the tasks of our project in two distinct objectives, where the scopes are to (i) develop the theoretical background for merging the data from various observation points to derive the 3D density map of the object under investigation, and to (ii) apply the advanced method thereby imaging the bedrock topography underlying the Eiger glacier. The first objective represents the backbone of this project and includes: (1) the development of 3D inversion algorithms for the analysis of the retrieved images, (2) the optimization of emulsion scanning automated microscopes and the implementation of the software for image handling using state-of-the-art computing solutions, and (3) the design and construction of full scale advanced emulsion muon detectors. The second objective involves: (1) the reconstruction of a 3D geologic/morphologic model of the Eiger area by combining published geological maps with digital elevation models and measurements of the bedrock fabric along the Jungfrau tunnel, (2) installation of the detectors at two sites within the Jungfrau tunnel, where they will be oriented to view the base of the Eiger glacier on the opposite side of the mountain belt, and (3) the reading out of the data and the reconstruction of the bedrock surface beneath the Eiger glacier in 3D. The data will be used to reveal how glaciers, paired with frost cracking processes, have shaped one of the most spectacular mountain ranges in the European Alps. In addition, this will be the first time that this imaging technique is applied to a geological problem in 3D. We have started our project at the beginning of October 2015 and installed the first detector with emulsion films at the Eismeer station. A second detector will be installed in the middle of January 2016 between the Eismeer and Jungfraujoch terminal stations.

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Key words: Nuclear emulsion particle detectors, bedrock topography, image analysis, glacial

Collaborating partners/networks: To be established with colleagues from Nagoya University, Japan

Address: Institut für Geologie Universität Bern Baltzerstrasse 1+3 CH-3012 Bern

Laboratory for High Energy Physics Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Prof. Fritz Schlunegger Tel.: +41 31 631 8767 Fax: +41 31 631 4843 e-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Antonio Ereditato Tel.: +41 31 631 8566 Fax: +41 31 631 4487 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zürich

Title of project: Glaciological investigations on the Grosser Aletschgletscher

Part of this programme: Swiss Glacier Monitoring (GLAMOS)

Project leader and team: Dr. Andreas Bauder, project leader 2 field assistants, support of the custodians

Project description: Long-term glacier observations have been carried out in order to document glacier variations of Grosser Aletschgletscher and include annual length change measurements since 1880, accumulation and mass balance measurements starting in 1918, and repeated map or aerial photograph surveys, respectively. In an ongoing project the length, area, volume, and mass changes are continuously observed applying modern remote sensing techniques as well as direct field measurements. The research activities are focused on long term trends and seasonal fluctuations. Net volume changes of the entire glacier are calculated by comparison of digital elevation models representing the surface topography. Mass balance components with firn accumulation and ablation are measured in detail at Jungfraufirn. The last observation period was characterized by average amount of snow accumulation at the end of the winter period and an intense melt season in July and August (see Figure 1). In comparison, the summer 2015 showed the most intensive glacier melt at Jungfraujoch since the very hot summer 2003.

Figure 1. Evolution of the firn accumulation at site P3 on Jungfraufirn (3350 m asl) during the past observation period 2014/15.

As part of a periodical reevaluation, the different mass balance quantities of net volume change and all individual measurements of accumulation have been assimilated and homogenized to evaluate for a glacier wide mass balance. The time-series of mass balance of Grosser Aletschgletscher is one of the three longest series world-wide. The cumulative results of mean specific mass balance are shown in Figure 2. The largest glacier in the Alps experienced an almost steadily mass loss over the 20th century while the two glaciers Clariden and Silvretta in north-eastern Switzerland.

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Figure 2. Cumulative mean specific mass balance (in meter water equivalents) of Grosser Aletschgletscher (green) in comparison to the glaciers Clariden (blue) and Silvretta (red) with the worldwide longest continuous measurements.

Key words: Glacier measurements, mass balance, snow and firn accumulation, ice melt

Internet data bases: http://www.glamos.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network (GLAMOS)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Huss, M., L. Dhulst, and A. Bauder, New long-term mass balance series for the Swiss Alps, Journal of Glaciology, 61, 227, 551-562, doi: 10.3189/2015JoG15j015, 2015. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/igsoc/jog/2015/00000061/00000227/art00012 Data books and reports Bauder, A., eds., The Swiss Glaciers 2009/10 and 2010/11, Glaciological Report No. 131/132, Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences published by the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zürich, 119p., 2015. Paul, F., A. Bauder, Ch. Marty, and J. Nötzli, Schnee, Gletscher und Permafrost 2013/14 - Neige, glaciers et pergélisol en 2013/14 - Neve, ghiaccio e permafrost 2013/14, Die Alpen - Les Alpes - Le Alpi (Zeitschrift des Schweizer Alpen-Club), 9/2014, 46-52, 2015.

Address: ETH Zürich Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) Hönggerbergring 26 CH-8093 Zürich

Contacts: Dr. Andreas Bauder Tel.: +41 44 632 4112 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.glaciology.ethz.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Geography, University of Zurich

Title of project: Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network PERMOS

Part of this programme: PERMOS

Project leader and team: Dr. Jeannette Nötzli, project leader PERMOS Prof. Dr. Andreas Vieli, project collaborator, head 3G

Project description: The aim of the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS) is the systematic long-term documentation of state and changes of mountain permafrost in the Swiss Alps. PERMOS includes three types of observations which are taken at sites on different landforms in varying topographic settings in order to deliver a comprehensive picture of permafrost conditions: (1) Ground temperatures measured in boreholes complemented by near-surface temperature measurements at locations around the site (2) Changes in subsurface ice and unfrozen water content at the drill sites by geo- electrical surveys (3) Velocities of permafrost creep determined by geodetic surveys and photogrammetry Due to its high elevation, the steep topography as well as the accessibility, the Jungfraujoch site is a key site for rock temperature measurements in the monitoring network. Near-surface temperatures in near-vertical rock have been continuously measured at four (at five until 2012) locations with different aspects since 2001 (Table 1, Figure 1). The temperature loggers are maintained by the University of Zurich and typically served every second year. No maintenance mission was undertaken in 2015 and the next one is planned for 2016. The two boreholes in the Jungfrau-East-Ridge operated by the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF (M. Phillips) are also part of the PERMOS Network. An integration of the near-surface rock temperature measurement into the infrastructure of the PermaSense Project with ETH Zurich is envisaged for the near future (J. Beutel).

Table 1. Locations of near-surface temperature measurements on Jungfraujoch in the scope of PERMOS.

Code Name Coordinates Elevation Slope Aspect Year SwissGrid m asl. ° ° JFJ_R001 Eigerfenster* 643307/159034 2860 90 325 2001–2012 JFJ_R002 Eismeer 643830/158049 3150 87 100 since 2001 JFJ_R003 Moench West Ridge 642189/155603 3550 72 288 since 2001 JFJ_R004 Jungfrau East Ridge South 640816/155013 3750 70 145 since 2001 JFJ_R005 Jungfrau East Ridge North 640816/155025 3750 55 344 since 2001 * Logger lost due to smaller rock failure in 2012 and not replaced

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Figure 1. Running annual average of the near-surface rock temperature measurements in the scope of the PERMOS Network in the Jungfraujoch area. The rock temperatures very closely follow air temperatures in their temporal variability (air temperature measured at the MeteoSwiss station on Jungfraujoch are plin red). Data sources: rock temperatures from PERMOS; air temperatures from MeteoSwiss.

Key words: Permafrost monitoring, rock temperatures

Internet data bases: www.permos.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF ETH Zürich, PermaSense Project

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Data books and reports Schnee, Gletscher und Permafrost 2013/2014 (Snow, Glaciers and Permafrost 2013/2014), Die Alpen/Les Alpes, 9/2015.

Address: Glaciology and Geomorphodynamics Group (3G) Department of Geography, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH–8057 Zurich, Switzerland

Contacts: Dr. Jeannette Nötzli Tel.: +41 44 635 5224 e-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Dr. Andreas Vieli Tel.: +41 44 635 5120 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

Title of project: 1. Influences of the snowcover on thermal processes in steep permafrost rockwalls 2. Long-term permafrost monitoring

Part of this programme: PERMOS, Permasense

Project leader and team: Marcia Phillips Anna Haberkorn Hansueli Rhyner Robert Kenner Martin Hiller Marco Collet

Project description: 1. In the SNF-funded project entitled 'Influences of snow on permafrost rock walls' (project no. 200021E-135531, project duration 2012-2015) we investigated the role of snow on the thermal regime and mechanical stability of steep rock walls in collaboration with the Universities of Bonn, , Zurich and the ETH Zurich. The research sites include the Sphinx north and south rock walls, which were equipped with various temperature and deformation logging devices by ETH and the University of Zurich in the context of the PermaSense project (www.permasense.ch). The data obtained is available online and ideally complements our data on snowpack characteristics, which was obtained manually in snow pits. The properties and distribution of the snow cover in rock walls with contrasting orientations were investigated at Sphinx and compared with those in other permafrost rock walls in the Swiss Alps (e.g. Gemsstock, Andermatt). Snow cover characteristics were modeled in parallel using the 1D model SNOWPACK, which was adapted to allow simulation of very steep terrain conditions.

2. The sub-horizontal Jungfrau Ostgrat borehole is located at 3590 m in the north facing wall of the Jungfrau Ostgrat (E ridge). It is 20 m long and equipped with 9 thermistors and a data logger. Rock temperatures vary on a seasonal basis between -4 and -8°C. The dominant form of heat transfer is conduction. Due to the time lag with depth, the warmest temperatures are registered in December and the coldest ones in May. The high elevation of the borehole and the fact that it is located in a steep, exposed rocky ridge make the data particularly valuable for long-term monitoring. Borehole temperature data now clearly indicate a warming trend (Figure 1). The borehole is part of the Swiss PERMOS network (www.permos.ch) and current borehole temperature data can be obtained and visualized online using the PERMOS data browser http://shinypermos.geo.uzh.ch/app/BoreholeDataBrowser/.

Both projects are valuable sources of data for the investigation of the role of permafrost regarding rock slope stability in high mountain regions. A large number of rock slope failures were registered within the active layer in the Swiss Alps during the summer 2015 heat wave (www.slf.ch/ueber/organisation/schnee_permafrost/projekte/felsstuerze_2015/index_EN). Our measurements at Sphinx and Jungfrau Ostgrat allow to discern the evolution of rock temperatures and active layer thickness, as well as the role of the snow cover and of snowmelt on rock temperature and rock slope stability.

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Figure 1. Borehole temperatures in the Jungfrau Ostgrat N borehole (Legend: 0m is located 6m from the outer surface of the rockwall).

Key words: Mountain permafrost, frozen rockwalls, thermal regime, long-term monitoring, snow characteristics

Internet data bases: www.permos.ch www.permasense.ch http://shinypermos.geo.uzh.ch/app/BoreholeDataBrowser/

Collaborating partners/networks: Universities of Bonn, Munich, Fribourg and Zurich, ETH Zurich, PermaSense, PERMOS

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their DOI Haberkorn A., M. Phillips, R. Kenner, H. Rhyner, M. Bavay, S.P. Galos, M. Hoelzle, Thermal regime of rock and its relation to snow cover in steep Alpine rock walls: Gemsstock, central Swiss Alps, Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 97, 579-597, doi: 10.1111/geoa.12101, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geoa.12101/abstract Haberkorn A., M. Hoelzle, M. Phillips, R. Kenner, Snow as a driving factor of rock surface temperatures in steep rough rock walls, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 118, 64-75, doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.06.013, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281667651_Snow_as_a_driving_factor_of_rock_surface_temperatures_i n_steep_rough_rock_walls

Address: SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Contacts: Marcia Phillips Tel.: +41 81 417 02 18 Fax: +41 81 417 01 10 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.slf.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia

Title of project: Analysis of bacterial communities in fresh surface snow from Alpine regions

Part of this programme: Early Postdoc Mobility Fellowship, Swiss National Science Foundation

Project leader and team: Dr. Tina Wunderlin, project leader Dr. Michelle Power, Dr. Belinda Ferrari

Project description: Snow can be used to analyze the diversity of airborne organisms, as the classic dendritic form of the falling snow crystals efficiently scavenges any particles from the atmosphere (biotic and abiotic). A clear difference between aerially deposited bacterial assemblages at the snow surface and metabolically active bacteria in the snowpack has been shown in the Arctic. Here, we are interested in the comparison of bacterial diversity of high altitude mountain snow from the northern and southern hemisphere. Fresh surface snow samples (maximum 2 days old) from mountains in Switzerland (Jungfraujoch 3450 m.a.s.l. and Rosstock 1400 – 2360 m.a.s.l.) and the Australian Snowy Mountains (1500 – 2080 m.a.s.l.) were collected. All samples were carefully taken using sterile instruments as to avoid contamination. Snow samples were then left standing to melt, and filtered through membranes to collect the biomass. The latter was then subjected to DNA extraction and sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Diversity was detected and analyzed using Qiime and the R software. Selected snow samples were also subjected to cell enumerations using fluorescence microscopy as well as enrichment and isolations of strains on diverse low nutrient media. Cell numbers averaged at 6.9 x 105 cells/ml (±7.5x104). Over 59 isolated strains of fungi or bacteria from 12 different samples were obtained. Paired-end sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicon resulted in over 70‘000 sequences from 25 samples, ranging from 543 to 5173 sequences per sample. Based on isolated strains as well as high throughput sequencing, we detect a great diversity of bacteria in samples from high altitude snow of the Swiss Alps as well as the Snow Mountains in Australia. The sequence data allows the comparison of the bacterial snow populations of a mountain from the northern and southern hemisphere and shows overlap and differences in community compositions according to geographic location (Swiss snow communities similar to each other than to Australian snow communities). Also, the data provides insight into differences in bacterial populations across altitudinal gradients of the mountains. With the isolated strains, further studies on the survival mechanism and metabolisms of snow bacteria can be conducted. Knowledge on microbial diversity in snow from high altitude mountains is still very limited due to accessibility issues as well as only recent technological developments to analyze samples with extremely low biomass. To our knowledge, this is the first bacterial high-throughput sequencing dataset of snow from mountains of both hemispheres. Not only does this research provide an inventory of bacterial diversity in alpine snow but it provides answers to the geographic distribution and the origins of bacteria in snow.

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Figure 1. Principal coordinates analysis of bacterial sequencing data. The graph shows community similarity of bacteria in Swiss snow samples (black and yellow) as opposed to a larger variation in bacterial community assemblage in the snow from Australian mountains (blue, red and green).

Key words: Bacterial diversity, snow, alpine, 16S rRNA gene, community structure, altitude

Internet data bases: Bacterial sequences from snow can be accessed via Sequence Read Archive (SRA), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA304036/

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Wunderlin, T., B. Ferrari, and M. Power, Global and local-scale variation in bacterial community structure of snow from the Swiss and Australian Alps, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, in review.

Address: Building E8B-209, Eastern st Macquarie University 2109, Australia

Contacts: Dr. Tina Wunderlin Tel.: +41 79 579 42 50 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.tinaenviro.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: HASLERRail AG Bern

Title of project: Test for an improved speed sensor for railway ETCS application

Part of this programme: Test on SBB vehicles ICBT, RE460; Test on ÖBB vehicle in collaboration with Alstom Transportation; Test on IC1 DB in collaboration with Siemens

Project leader and team: Peter Stauffer Thorsten Schreiner Eduard Ribaux

Project description: The introduction of the new ETCS System by the railway companies in Europe requests an improved and more reliable speed measuring system on the trains. In winter time, train companies in Austria and Switzerland are often facing traffic delays due to insufficient availability in the train odometry systems. The root cause is often the unavailability of, with snow and ice packed, speed sensors. HASLERRail AG has developed a new speed sensor based on optical analyses of the rail head surface to overcome these troubles (CORRail 1000).

Figure 1. CORRail 1000 Sensor mounted on train Figure 2. CORRail 1000

One of the most critical factors for such a sensor is to prevent dirt and dust accumulation in the optical path. The most critical part is the front glass. It must be totally protected. A specially developed aerodynamic splash guard and a protection tube protect the sensor against such environmental effects. To test the reliability of the sensor under heavy winter conditions we conducted different practical experiments at Jungfraujoch. Weather Conditions May 26./27. 2015: Nice weather, wind about 45-60km/h, temperature - 8°C.

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Figure 3. Test set-up.

We mounted two sensors on a rack outside on a platform on the Sphinx terrace. One sensor was equipped with a splash guard and winter kit, the other without winter kit. The winter kit does include, among other things, an electrical heater inside the protection tube, controlled by a thermostat. We used different heater models with variable heating power. Procedure: Both sensors were stuffed with snow and the time until the sensors recovered was measured. Results: We could prove the positive impact of the winter kit, the time for recovering was much shorter. Within 1 to 4 Minutes the system recovered, depending on the quantity of snow we stuffed in the protection tube and how much it was compressed. In consideration of the practical application on a vehicle in service the recovery time is definitely too long. The tested solution is not applicable! Conclusion: The general design of the splash guard, the choice of material and the design of the heating have to be reconsidered!

Key words: Speed sensor, ERMTS, ETCS, HASLERRail, SBB

Collaborating partners/networks: SBB Alstom Transportation

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: International standards and literature: UIC: Compendium on ERTMS. Eurail Press, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7771-0396-9. ETCS performance requirement, subset 026; subset 041

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Address: HASLERRail AG Freiburgstrasse 251 CH-3018 Bern

Contacts: Peter Stauffer e-mail: [email protected] www.haslerrail.com

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Name of research institute or organization: Test Centre, armasuisse S+T, Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport DDPS

Title of project: Performance of Methanol Fuel Cells in Alpine Environments

Project leader and team: Dr. Ronny Lorenzo, project leader Markus Tanner Mario Clausen

Project description: The long-term use of scientific measurement or monitoring equipment on remote alpine sites is often confined to the vicinity of permanent installations or to available mobile energy sources. While combinations of solar panels and rechargeable batteries are readily available, their power output is limited by the surface area of the solar panels (larger battery packs provide more energy but need a large array of solar panels to be recharged within a reasonable amount of time). Additionally, during prolonged periods of unfavourable weather, the solar panels may not be able to compensate the energy needs of the equipment resulting in prematurely drained batteries. Methanol based fuel cells are not only small and safe to handle but also provide a fair amount of energy. Teaming fuel cells with solar panels and batteries, therefore, seems to be a sensible approach to a fail-safe power supply for unattended measuring campaigns in remote areas. However, available commercial fuel cells are not built for alpine environments where they have to cope with bad weather, temperatures below freezing, low atmospheric pressure and very dry air.

Figure 1. Methanol Fuel Cell in its weatherproof aluminium box with the attached auxiliary solar panel on the lower platform of the Sphinx observatory during the winter trials.

Two 5-day test runs with a military grade methanol-based fuel cell with a nominal power output of 130 W in a weatherproofed aluminium box were carried out on the High Alpine

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Research Station Jungfraujoch, in June and in December 2015. The fuel cell in its housing was placed on the lower platform of the Sphinx observatory. A 60 W light bulb was used as electrical load to drain the battery and force the fuel cell to recharge. Every 15 minutes a set of 36 operational parameters from the fuel cell was logged. During both campaigns the fuel cell performed according to specifications. The June campaign was the first to feature the complete setup with the auxiliary solar panel attached. Due to budget constraints a solar panel which was already in service with armasuisse S+T for the better part of the last 25 years was used. While the performance of solar panels is known to degrade with time, the panel used should still have been able to recharge the battery – just not as fast as 25 years ago. However, this one has seen a few airlifts too many. As a result, power output was reduced to about 5W (<10%), even on a clear day. For reasons unknown, the charge controller decided that this should be enough to charge the battery without the help of the fuel cell, although power consumption was constantly between 65 W and 70 W. This, of course, led to a premature end of the solar panel’s use as auxiliary power supply after the second day. Performance tests on moderate altitudes (500 m.a.s.l.) during summertime were used to optimise the operating parameters of the charge controller and to assess the damage on the solar panel. While the former led to minor tweaks of the operating parameters, the latter revealed that some of the cells of the solar panel were broken beyond repair, sealing the fate of the panel. For the December campaign on the Jungfraujoch we were given an old solar panel by one of our partners. Although this one was 20 years old as well, it still managed to deliver 90% (45 W) of its original nominal power output. With the setup now sorted and all components working as planned, the methanol consumption of the fuel cell for the five-day test run could be reduced from 9.5 (December 2014) to 5.3 , despite the short days and the bad weather.

The campaigns at theℓ High Alpine Research Stationℓ Jungfraujoch showed that commercially available fuel cells are capable of performing according to specifications even at high altitudes. The stand-alone solution, which was the centre point of this year’s tests, proved to be perfectly suited for continuous unattended operation in alpine environments. With the addition of a solar panel (even an old one) operating time on one tank of methanol (10 ) could almost be doubled. ℓ For the follow-up campaigns in 2016 the internal design of the weatherproofed box will be finalised and the interplay of the components optimised. Additionally, a new solar panel with a nominal power output of 70-100 W will be evaluated and integrated into the system.

Key words: Methanol Fuel Cell

Collaborating partners/networks: SFC Energy AG, Eugen-Sänger-Ring 7, D-85649 Brunnthal Esotec Energietechnik GmbH, Gewerbestrasse 8, CH-3862 Innertkirchen

Address: armasuisse S+T Test Centre Feuerwerkerstrasse 39 CH-3602 Thun

Contacts: Dr. Ronny Lorenzo Tel.: +41 58 468 2753 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Dept. of Engineering and In- formation Technology, Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV LAB)

Title of project: Long-term study on the efficiency of photovoltaic installations at high altitudes

Project leader and team: Prof. Urs Muntwyler, Director of PV LAB Dipl. El.-Ing. HTL Thomas Schott, Assistant PD Dr. Eva Schuepbach, Senior Research Consultant

Project description: 1. Introduction Since the 1980s, the PV LAB at BFH Burgdorf in Switzerland has continuously strengthened its research efforts on the performance measurements of alpine PV-installations. Currently, there is an enhanced interest in winter electricity production from alpine PV and its role for the implementation of the Swiss Energy Strategy 2050 [1]. In the frame of the Swiss Center for Competence in Energy Research on the Future Swiss Electrical Infrastructure, SCCER FURIES [2], a new project for an extension of the existing PV-installation at Jungfraujoch (capacity in 1993: 1152 Wp) is conducted. The new PV-modules have an area of 13m2. Although this is only slightly (30%) bigger than the existing PV-installation from 1993 with 10m2, the nominal power is higher by 140%. Figure 1 shows the position of the old and new PV modules on the façade of the Jungfraujoch Research Station building.

Figure 1. Position of the old (Joch1) and new (Joch2) PV-modules on the Jungfraujoch re- search building (Joch1: PV-installation of 1993; Joch2: PV-installation of 2014).

2. Activities in 2015 During the mounting of the Joch2 PV-installation in September and October 2014, the expen- sive measuring instruments were not fixed yet in order to protect them from being damaged by ongoing construction work. They were installed in July 2015, when the scaffolding was removed and the harsh winter was over.

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3. First Comparisons of Energy Yields (Technology 2014 vs Technology 1993) However, data from the new PV-installation (Joch2) already started in December 2014 and hence, first comparisons of the energy yield produced from the old (1993/Joch1) und new (2014/Joch2) PV-installation could be made between January 2015 and June 2015.

As the new PV-modules installed in Joch1 Joch2 2014 (Table on the right) have an Tilt: 90° 90° efficiency of about 21% as com- Module: Siemens M75 Sunpower X21 345 pared to the PV-modules installed in Inverter: ASP TopClass 2500 SolarMax 3000P 1993 (with an efficiency of ca. 12%), the energy yield produced PGen: 1’152 Wp (nominal) 2x1380Wp from the 2014 PV-modules is ex- Installation: October 1993 September 2014 pected to amount to 2760 Wp as compared to 1152 Wp from the PV installation in 1993. This is an expected increase by a factor of 2 [3]. But how is the normalised yield? Fig. 2 pro- vides evidence that the new PV-modules (i.e., the technology mounted in 2014), have an increased performance ratio (PR) by about 30%.

Figure 2. Performance ratio of energy yield produced at Jungfraujoch from new (2014) and old (1993) PV- modules in January 2015 (top) and June 2015 (bottom).

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4. Research on the Economic Benefit of High-Altitude PV-Installations Previous studies [4] revealed that the energy yield from high-elevation PV-sites (above 1500 m asl) in Switzerland can produce an energy output that is similar to PV-installations in southern Europe or Northern Africa. PV-installations like the one at Jungfraujoch can help to understand the economic benefit of high-alpine PV production in the context of economic winter electricity production in Switzerland. With the data gathered from the new PV tech- nology mounted at Jungfraujoch in 2014-15, some burning research questions can now be addressed. Among them is a cost-benefit analysis, e.g., can the additional costs of alpine PV constructions be justified and economically covered in the future, as compared to the invest- ment for hydroelectricity? Fig. 3 compares the 24h-averages of electrical power and insolation among PV-sites from typical topographic regions in Switzerland. The data of the PV-sites is taken from the Swiss monitoring network with more than 35 PV-installations operated by the PV LAB at BFH [1, 4]. The network not only includes the high-alpine PV site at Jungfraujoch, but also lower- elevation PV-installations in the other topographic regions in Switzerland. These are the Swiss Basin, the , and the Pre-Alps (Fig. 4).

Figure 3. Electrical power and insolation of selected sites in typical topographic regions in Switzerland.

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Figure 4. Topographic regions in Switzerland with location of PV-sites selected for compari- son in Fig. 3.

The selected PV-sites representing these topographic (lower-elevation) regions in Switzerland are “Gfeller Burgdorf” (Swiss Basin), “Mont Soleil” (Jura Mountains) and “Birg” (Pre- Alpes). Specifications of these sites are listed in the Table below.

3. Further Installation Work at Jungfraujoch After completing the installation work of the measurement equipment and all measuring instruments (of the new and the old PV-modules) in July 2015, the measuring installation needed to be adapted so that both PV-installations (1993 and 2014) can be measured with only one new measuring equipment. Parts of the electronics of the the old measuring cabinet hence needed to be transferred to the new measuring housing, data loggers needed to be

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Figure 5. Parts of the electronics are now moved from the old housing to the new cabinet.

This transfer is not only a requirement by BFH in view of the long-term study of energy yields produced at Jungfraujoch, but also important for the renovation of the public display board at the entrance of the Jungfraujoch railway station (Fig. 6). Figure 6 shows the Pointer Meters on this display board by a Panel PC that will show time-variation curves of the solar radiation and energy production. However, in order to show these curves, a complete change of the data sig- nal transfer from the measuring installation to the display board is needed.

Figure 6. The two Pointer Meters in the middle of the board shall be replaced by a panel PC.

References: [1] E. Schuepbach, U. Muntwyler, M. Jost, T. Schott, Proceed. 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 22-26 September 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2014), 2689-2691. [2] See activities on: http://sccer-furies.epfl.ch/ [3] U. Muntwyler, T. Schott, E. Schuepbach, Activity Report 2014, International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat HFSJG, University of Bern, Switzerland (2014), 145-149. [4] U. Muntwyler, 8th International Conference and Exhibitions on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies, Monaco (2013).

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Key words: Photovoltaic technology, power production, winter energy yield, economic benefits, high alpine sites, long-term stability, Swiss Energy Strategy 2050, SCCER-FURIES

Links: www.pvtest.ch http://www.bfe.admin.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: Studiengesellschaft Mont Soleil Les Brenet SUPSI Lugano University of Bern KWO

Address: Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Engineering and Information Technology Photovoltaic Laboratory (PV LAB) Jlcoweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf

Contact: Prof. Urs Muntwyler Tel.: +41 34 426 68 37 Fax: +41 34 426 68 13 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://pvtest.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria

Title of project: Effects of remote preconditioning on severity and incidence of acute mountain sickness at 3450 m

Project leader and team: Dr. Marc Moritz Berger, MD, DESA Dr. Franziska Macholz, MD Prof. Heimo Mairbäurl, PhD Lukas Lehmann Dr. Bernhard Bacher, MD Dr. Daniel Dankl, MD Prof. Peter Bärtsch, MD

Project description: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) attracted great interest because it seems to protect an organ remote from the preconditioned site such as arm or leg from damage induced by subsequently prolonged hypoxia or ischemia. Protective effects of RIPC have been found for various organs, including the heart, brain, and lung. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) represent the cerebral and the pulmonary form of high altitude diseases. We hypothesized that RIPC protects the brain from AMS and the lung from an exaggerated rise in pulmonary artery pressure at 3450 m. After approval by the institutional ethics committee, 40 healthy, non-acclimatized volunteers were randomized into 2 groups. At low altitude the RIPC group (n=20) underwent a standard preconditioning protocol of the extremities and the control group underwent a placebo manoeuvre. Thereafter, participants completed a passive ascent by railway over 2 h to the research station at Jungfraujoch (3450 m). Over the next 2 days at high altitude, AMS was evaluated by the Lake Louise score (LLS) and the AMS-C score, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. The data are currently under analyses and will be reported in future publications.

Key words: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), acute mountain sickness (AMS), hypoxia, high altitude, pulmonary hypertension

Collaborating partners/networks: Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Publications are in preparation

Address: Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital Salzburg Paracelsus Medical University Müllner Hauptstr. 48 5020 Salzburg Austria

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Contacts: PD Dr. med. Marc Moritz Berger DESA Tel.: +43 662 4482 57794 Fax: +43 662 4482 2780 e-mail: [email protected]

Dr. med. Franziska Macholz Tel.: +43 662 4482 58618 Fax: +43 662 4482 2780 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Pneumologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ludwigs-Maximilians- Universität München

Title of project: Correlation of blood gas analysis at 3454 m with symptoms of acute mountain sickness – ongoing study

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. med. Rainald Fischer, project leader

Project description: According to current knowledge, acute mountain sickness is induced by hypobaric hypoxia. In a number of studies, there is a correlation of oxygen saturation and acute mountain sickness, while in other studies the correlation is not convincing. As new small portable blood gas monitors are now available, not only oxygen saturation, but arterial blood gas samples can easily be drawn, even during the ascent to maybe remote areas. We therefore aim to find out whether we can detect correlations between parameters of arterialized blood gas samples with symptoms of acute mountain sickness during acute exposure to an altitude of 3454 m for at least 24 h. Methods: The ongoing study will sample blood gases from healthy young subjects with or without previous altitude exposure. The blood gas samples are drawn from the arterialized ear lobe and are measured with a portable point of care blood gas analyser (EPOC, Alere Inc., Ontario, Canada). The blood gas samples are taken at least at three time points during the stay at altitude: after 3 – 4 h (T1), 12 – 15 h (T2) and 22 – 25 h (T3) after arrival at 3454 m. In parallel, symptoms of acute mountain sickness were monitored with the Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness Score (AMSS). Results: Until now, 41 subjects have been studied (18 female, 23 males, mean age 24,3 years). The highest values of AMSS were recorded T2, with a mean of 2.5, median 2 (ordinal scale, minimum 0 – maximum 18). The overall mean AMSS was 2.23. AMS – values of 3 or higher (defining acute mountain sickness) were found in 24/41 subjects. However, if the cut- off point is set at 4 or higher, only 16/41 subjects experienced acute mountain sickness. The highest score with 18 was found in a child after the first night at altitude. In one subject, rescue oxygen had to be given due to a beginning high altitude pulmonary edema, although the AMS score was only 5 in this subject. For all other subjects, no rescue medication had to be given. Mean PaO2 at arrival was 51.2 mmHg, increased to 57.3 after the first night at altitude and decreased again to 54.2 mmHg on the second evening. Mean PaCO2 was 33.1-34.1 mmHg, mean SaO2 was between 87 and 84 percent, depending on the time of measurement. With the current measurement, we found no significant correlation of AMS-score and oxygenation, neither measured with PaO2 or with SaO2. Conclusion: With the current sample size we are not able to detect a significant correlation of AMS and oxygenation at an altitude of 3454 m. This may be due to the relatively low severity of AMS at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch, but we expect that increasing the sample sizes will help us to find out if arterialized blood gas sampling is superior to the measurement of SaO2 for predicting acute mountain sickness. However, our data challenge the theory that low PaO2 or SaO2 is directly related to AMS symptoms. As during two samplings in winter and summer 2015 the PaCO2 measurements were not reliable, we hope to increase our sample size further to expand our knowledge on the relationship between AMS and alveolar ventilation.

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Key words: Acute mountain sickness, oxygenation, blood gas sampling

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: As the study is ongoing, no publications have been written in 2015

Address: Lungenheilkunde München – Pasing Gleichmannstrasse 5 D-81241 München

Contacts: Prof. Dr. med. Rainald Fischer Tel.: +49 89 880 347 Fax: +49 89 887 626 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.lungenarzt-pasing.de

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Name of research institute or organization: MeteoSwiss - Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology

Title of project: Operation of an automatic weather station - infrastructure renewal

Project leader and team: Mr. Gilles Durieux, project leader Christian Felix, Alexandre Widmer, Bertrand Equey, Stéphane Vincent, Christian Thévoz, Laurent Moullet, Luca Modolo, Stéphane Purro, Jean-Marc Aellen

Project description: The Jungfraujoch station of MeteoSwiss enjoys a special climate situation. It is exposed to harsh weather conditions. It is therefore necessary that its construction is robust and that the station elements (interfaces, connections, instruments) are easy to access for our technicians. Also the wiring of instruments is no longer news. Cables hang out and are therefore subject to frost. The cabinet location is not suited to the weather conditions and does not allow carrying out work in bad conditions. An overloading of the bridge does not allow us to install additional sensors whether for a calibration or for a comparison. The instruments are tight against each other and they are not placed in optimal ways for a troubleshooting. We took the advantage of the new bridge relocation to remove the outer casing connections and now all cables are connected to the inside of the dome. With this we can troubleshoot the electrical level without specific disadvantages and even in bad weather conditions. Here are some pictures of the renewing…

Figure 1. Acquisition system Figure 2. New bridge arrival Figure 3: Solar tracker

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Figure 4: New acquisition for the instruments solar Figure 5: Jungfraujoch station - final state tracker

Scientific publications and public outreach 2015: Radio and television “La Suisse en train”, France 5, Echappées Belles, Interview with the technicians who made the renewal and Yves- Alain Roulet, November 23, 2015. https://youtu.be/CgAO5ADDR2I

Address: MeteoSwiss Aerological Station Ch. de l’Aérologie 1 CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts: Gilles Durieux Tel.: +41 58 460 9276 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: University of Denver / Mt. Evans High-altitude Observatory and Chamberlin Observatory

Title of project: Photographic site visitation to Jungfraujoch for educational outreach

Project leader and team: Mr. Adam R. Jones (present at Jungfraujoch) + friend Mr. Andreas Meister Dr. Robert E. Stencel (not present)

Project description: The purpose of this second visit of mine to Jungfraujoch was to explore, document, and photograph the site and accompanying lunar eclipse for educational outreach purposes. Here at the University of Denver (DU), we also maintain a high-altitude astronomical observatory and research station on 4320 m Mt. Evans in Colorado, USA. Mr. Adam R. Jones travelled to Switzerland and joined his friend Andreas Meister to perform the site visitation at Jungfraujoch. Mr. Jones’ background and/or degrees in meteorology and astronomy made the journeys especially meaningful. Like in 2014, Mr. Jones captured imagery of the Jungfraujoch and Sphinx facilities and their surroundings, with emphasis on research experiments/equipment, site location and geography, weather conditions, the staff, living quarters and tourist interaction. Mr. Jones also performed night sky photography and stereo (3D) photography on-site, including shots of the fully eclipsed moon. Some of Mr. Jones's photographs from 2014 were deemed unusable (due to accidentally setting camera to extremely low resolution near the end of the 2014 journey), so Mr. Jones re-photographed some of these images. Mr. Jones also met with Dr. Leuenberger and Frau Frieden for lunch in Bern. These photos, along with a fresh copy of the HFSJG White Paper from Dr. Leuenberger were brought back to Denver for use in sharing with students, teachers and other interested parties alike. Ultimately this will help generate more awareness here in the U.S. of European research programmes and will help facilitate potential collaboration between our high- altitude sites. The outreach material has also been shared with faculty of other universities, as well as staff of other unique research facilities such as the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah.

Key words: Site visitation, educational outreach, site photography, night sky photography, lunar eclipse

Collaborating partners/networks: Just HFSJG and DU, however the material and photographs brought back to Denver has reached (and will continue to reach) numerous other interested parties in a mostly informal manner.

Address: Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Denver Physics Building 2112 East Wesley Ave. Denver, CO 80208-6900 USA

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Contacts: Mr. Adam R. Jones Tel.: +1 307 840 1020 (mobile) e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.du.edu/

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Research statistics for 2015 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat

Solar Neutron Telescope SONTEL and Foundation HFSJG Institute Country Person-working days Physics Institute, University of Bern Switzerland 5

University of Bern / University of Geneva / Hochschule für Technik und Architektur Fribourg Institute Country Person-working days Centre for Space and Habitability, Switzerland 82 University of Bern

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Name of research institute or organization: Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern (UoB)

Title of project: Stellarium Gornergrat

Project leader and team: Dr. Timm-Emanuel Riesen, project manager Dr. Marco Longhitano, lead developer of pedagogical materials Prof. Dr. Kathrin Altwegg, steering committee Prof. Dr. Thomas Schildknecht, steering committee For a complete list of team and associates, please see related webpages

Project description: The Stellarium Gornergrat is a long-term project carried out by an on-going collaboration between the Center of Space and Habitability (CSH), the Astronomical Institute (AIUB) of the University of Bern, the University of Geneva (UoG), and the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG). Its major focus lies with public outreach and education. The project’s main goals are: • To build bridges between science and society. • To spark and foster the public’s interest in space, space sciences, and astronomy. • Attract young people to the field and illustrate potential careers in astronomy and space sciences. • Help people recognize and understand different observable phenomena in the day and night sky and let them appreciate the beauty and delicacy of nature. In order to achieve these goals, the partners installed and operate an observatory at the Kulmhotel Gornergrat with different instruments and hardware (see Figure 1). Improvements are still in progress and the infrastructure will be renovated in the years to come. At the end of 2015, 6 different instruments were installed and operable: 1. Allsky Camera, takes around the clock exposures of the complete day and night sky. 2. Rila 600mm telescope with a huge Field of View (FOV) ideal for deep sky objects. 3. Planet Camera (Takahashi Mewlon-250), ideal for planetary objects and small FOV. 4. Constellation Camera, ideal to depict complete constellations, asterisms, and group of constellations. 5. Look-through Telescope (Takahashi TAO-150) for guests at the location. 6. A modified Celestron 8 telescope with prism to measure the astronomical seeing. The main mode of using the Stellarium is designed to be by remote control and robotic observing which will be enabled through a pedagogical web portal, where teachers, students, and the broad public are allowed to browse and pick among different astronomical activities and schedule observations. The Stellarium robotically works through the different scheduled observations and allows a registered user to access the obtained data or status information upon completion of a task.

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The pedagogical activities are currently being developed in German and French in 4 different levels of difficulty ranging from 4th grade primary school to first year university students. Among the project’s personnel are scientists and teachers that ensure that the activities are in high quality with regard to astronomical content and feasibility for teachers and schools. All activities are scientifically and pedagogically peer reviewed and tested in class.

Figure 1. Available instruments at the Stellarium Gornergrat: The left panel shows the RILA main instrument (black), the Takahashi Mewlon-250 Planet Camera (blue-white), the Takahashi TAO-150 Look-Through Telescope (red-white), and the C8 Seeing Telescope. The upper right panel shows the Allsky camera and the lower right panel shows the Canon 60Da Constellation Camera.

Achievements in 2015: Hardware: No new instruments were added during this reporting period, but improvements and additional features were added to the existing instruments. The Mewlon 250 (Planet Camera) was augmented with a fully remotely operable focuser, which interfaces to the main control software. The Canon 60Da (Constellation Camera) will receive a highly customized housing that will allow setting the zoom factor of an installed lens remotely and unattended. Work is in progress and should be finished in Q1 2016. The Allsky Camera was removed and brought to Bern in fall 2015 for complete maintenance as condensation was starting to be an issue in early fall. The design has been considerably improved: The camera housing received a complete new bottom latch that amends the rather wanting design (by manufacturer) where screws were not applying pressure in direction of the sealing O-ring. This is no longer the case now. Also, proper UV resistant glass was used to seal the window in front of the light sensor. The original plastic part was eroded and punctured by the strong UV light. Other optimizations for easier maintenance have been made as well, and all silica gel pads were replaced. The manufacturer was very interested in our improvements: in turn for sharing our upgrades, we negotiated a software update with some new functionality as e.g. automated star counting, with counts being stored in the FITS header. Finally, a new professional inclinometer has been ordered and will be installed in Q1 2016. It will allow tracking the movements of the hotel and dome at very high accuracy and help improving our pointing and mount models.

Software and web-portal: Many new features have been added to the control software and for the first time, we tested completely autonomous observing. The main effort this year went into programming the web portal, where substantial milestones have been reached. In January 2016, we are now one last

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 development step away from reaching our first release version. Initial tests with booking activities from inside the portal and executing the corresponding observing tasks at the Gornergrat were completed successfully. Data transfer back to Bern has been problematic due to connection problems between our computers at the summit and Zermatt. They are currently being addressed.

Personnel and other: Prof. Stéphane Udry, University of Geneva joined the steering committee. Barbara Muntwyler can no longer support us in house due to higher teaching loads, but is still included in peer review processes via her school. A very substantial milestone has been reached on July 3rd 2015 in Zermatt: Our Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed by the Burgergemeinde and the HFSJG, finalizing the document with these last two signatures. We are very happy to have this great project on safe grounds now, with all main actors and partners on board.

Pedagogical Activities: In this reporting period we were working on various activities and did good progress. The first finalized documents (worksheets of the Galaxy-zoo activity) were used in class and we received positive feedback from the teachers and students. We finalized all documents of the German version of the Galaxy-zoo activity. The same activity was also used for implementation and testing of the web-portal and the teacher training that took place at the end of October (see below). An external translator has translated the activity to French. We are still in the process of reviewing the work, but it seems that the quality of the translation does not meet our requirements. After the technical review we will decide how to proceed with the current and future translations. Currently, the following activities are under review: • Rotation period of Jupiter • Earth’s rotation • Moon illusion • Galilean moons The review process is comprehensive, as content and layout need to be related and aligned to other activities and to our development guidelines. While such an elaborated approach obviously takes more time, it results in high quality documents. The feedback of various teachers confirms our view that well thought-out and carefully implemented activities make the difference. Stéphane Gschwind has been working in collaboration with Marco Longhitano in the review process. Both also worked in collaboration with Sylvia Ekström (Observatory of Geneva, Unige) for the presentation of our project at the Scope Days (national Scientix meeting on out of school learning, in Geneva 10 & 11 November, http://scopedays.ch). Gwschind continued to promote our project to physics teacher students with a presentation of our project at the IUFE (Institut Universitaire de Formation des Enseignants at the Unige). Matias Etter has completed his Master thesis at the PH Bern on Galilei’s observations. In the context of his thesis he developed an activity on the Galilean moons, which is currently under review as well. Eugenio Alba is a secondary school teacher and currently doing his sabbatical with the pedagogical team. He is developing a new activity that aims at the determination of the Age of the Crab Nebula.

Related projects involving schools: The high school thesis (Matura) of Flavia Heule at the Kantonsschule Heerbrugg (SG) on the distance determination of galaxies using Cepheids has been successfully completed. It can be

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015 seen as a proof of concept of the feasibility of an activity about this topic using the instrumentation of the Gornergrat observatory. In November we supported a one-week specialist course at the Kantonsschule. Three projects were offered: Determination of the rotation period of Jupiter, orbit determination of asteroids, and distance estimation of the Andromeda galaxy using Cepheids. For all projects, raw data from Gornergrat has been provided that has not been analysed before, while the task was formulated in an open way without giving detailed instructions. The students were very enthusiastic about the projects mastering most of the challenges by their own. Also the teachers were thrilled emphasizing two things: First, they would not have dared to choose astronomy as a topic for the specialist course without the offer from the Stellarium Gornergrat project. Second, it would not have been possible to realize the course without the on-site support of the Stellarium Gornergrat team.

Teacher training: An important milestone of the project was the teacher training that took place in Bern at the end of October. The training gave an overview of the project as a whole and then turned to a hands-on presentation of the Galaxy-zoo activity. The feedback of the teachers was very good. Several teachers were already participants at the first teacher training that took place in Bern in March 2014. This shows that our project generates a great interest among teachers and that those interests grow as do our activities. They particularly liked our application- oriented, hands-on approach. Several teachers emphasized that, unlike other trainings, they received very practical instructions and that they can use our elaborated teaching material in their classes right away. This encourages us in our approach to develop elaborated activities with detailed suggestions of how to put them into school practice based on modern, constructivist learning theories and experience from in-class tests.

Figure 2. Impression of the teacher’s training in October 2015. The workshop was very successful and well attended.

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Figure 3. Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target body of ROSINA-Rosetta, as seen with the Stellarium Gornergrat in September 2015. Comet coma and tail are clearly visible while the nucleus is hidden due to the increased activity (Perihelion was in August 2015). On the left side on the same frame is G-type asteroid (84) Klio, which was discovered quite early in 1865 by the German astronomer Karl Theodor Robert Luther.

Key words: Stellarium, Gornergrat, Astronomy, Outreach, Robotic Observing, Pedagogical Activity, Telescope, School, Education

Collaborating partners/networks: Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) Université de Genève (UoG) Burgergemeinde Zermatt International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG) Kulmhotel Gornergrat

Address: Center for Space and Habitability Universität Bern Parkterasse 14 CH-3012 Bern

Contact: Dr. Timm-Emanuel Riesen Tel.: +41 31 631 3318

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun

Project leader and team: Dr. Rolf Bütikofer

Project description: The solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, has been in continuous operation since 1998 as the European cornerstone of a worldwide network for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun. The network consists of seven solar neutron telescopes that are located at high altitudes and at low to mid latitudes (short path through atmosphere) as well as at different longitudes. SONTEL Gornergrat was in continuous operation during 2015, with only some very short data gaps caused by electrical power outages. No energetic solar cosmic ray event had the magnitude to be observed by ground level detectors in 2015. The radioactivity measurement with a GammaTracer device inside the detector housing of SONTEL was continued.

Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons

Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch http://www.stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste-www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Prof. Y. Matsubara, Prof. Y. Muraki, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. S. Masuda, Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Dr. Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch/

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The International Foundation HFSJG in the News

40 Print media 5 Radio 6 Television 5 Internet

“Jungfraujoch: Bin Hauswart, arbeite auf 3450 Metern”, Spiegel online, January 9, 2015. http://www.spiegel.de “Zermatt: Dem Sternenhimmel ganz nah”, interview with Fernando Clemenz, Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Radio Rottu Oberwallis, January 9, 2015. “Jungfraujoch”, interview with Martin Fischer, Hessischer Rundfunk, Leben ohne, January 16, 2015. “En direct du Jungfraujoch”, Radio Télévision Suisse, La Première, CQFD, January 22, 2015. http://www.rts.ch/la-1ere/programmes/cqfd/6439482-cqfd-du-22-01-2015.html “Der Körper arbeitet am Limit, die Nerven sind strapaziert”, Beobachter, January 23, 2015. “Laser warnt vor Vulkanasche”, 20 Minuten, January 30, 2015. “Kurs in Nachhaltigkeit”, Der Brienzer/Der Oberhasler/Echo von Grindelwald/Jungfrau- Zeitung, February 3, 2015. “Forskning pa hög höjd i Schweiz”, Sundsvalls Tidning, February 14, 2015. “Hoch oben. Jungfraujoch/BE”, Berghilf-Ziitig, March, 2015. “Suisse – Trésors des Alpes”, Alpes Magazine, March, 2015. “Reaching for the stars”, The Pearls of Switzerland (english edition), March 23, 2015. “Der Griff nach den Sternen”, The Pearls of Switzerland (deutsche Ausgabe), March 23, 2015. “Klimaschonende Kühlmittel immer weiter verbreitet”, SDA, March 24, 2015. “Les nouveaux fluides de refroidissement de plus en plus utilisés”, ATS, March 24, 2015. “Fluides réfrigérants dans l‘air”, Le Temps, March 25, 2015. “Klimaschonende Kühlmittel boomen”, Die Botschaft, March 25, 2015. “Studie: Anästhesiegase belasten das Klima”, SDA, April 14, 2015. “Unsere Region und wir – bereit für die Zukunft. Bereit für Forschung”, Valiant Bank – Magazin zum Geschäftsjahr, April, 2015. “Erste Messdaten von Kühlmitteln der 4. Generation”, Umwelttechnik, April 15, 2015. “Spurensuche in der Atmosphäre”, Swiss Engineering, May, 2015. “Der Staubsauger der Sphinx”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, May 16, 2015. “Forschung auf höchster Ebene”, Les Ambassadeurs Magazin, June, 2015. “Spurensuche in der Atmosphäre”, Umwelttechnik Schweiz, June 13, 2015. “Spurensuche in der Atmosphäre”, ChemieXtra, June 16, 2015. “L’effet papillon du gaz de schiste” – “The butterly effect of shale gas”, W. Bader, B. Franco & E. Mahieu, Reflexions, June 29, 2015. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/en/Ethane “Interlaken gehört zu den alpinen Perlen”, Berner Oberländer, July 3, 2015. “Alpentour macht Halt im Ländle”, Liechtensteiner Vaterland, July 4, 2015.

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“Gewitternacht”, interview with Urs Otz, Radio Central Brunnen, July 23, 2015. “Infrastruktur stetig anpassen”, Walliser Bote, July 31, 2015. “Umweltforschung auf dem Jungfraujoch benötigt Investitionen”, SDA, July 30, 2015. “Fluides frigorigènes: à la recherche de traces dans l‘atmosphère”, Swiss Engineering/RTS, July 31, 2015. “Die Forscher brauchen mehr Platz”, Thuner Tagblatt / Berner Oberländer, August 7, 2015. “Jungfraujoch: Forscher wollen Ostgrat erobern”, Thuner Tagblatt, August 7, 2015. “Forscher peilen jetzt den Ostgrat an”, Blick am Abend, August 7, 2015. “Die Forscher peilen den Ostgrat an”, Berner Zeitung / Langenthaler Tagblatt, August 7, 2015. “Die Forscher brauchen mehr Platz, um weiterhin Weltspitze zu bleiben”, Berner Oberländer, August 7, 2015. “Die Forscher brauchen mehr Platz”, Bieler Tagblatt, August 8, 2015. “When heatwaves hurt”, SWI / swissinfo.ch, Podcast, August 10, 2015. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/podcast_when-heatwaves-hurt/41590898 “Top of Europe - Axetris MFCs enable CO2 isotope tracking”, Axetris news, September 11, 2015. https://www.axetris.com/de-ch/axetris-news/1509_axag_mfd-ss-top-of-europe-climate- change-research/ “Die Schweiz ist im Weltall ganz vorne mit dabei in der Forschung”, SRF 1, Schweiz aktuell, September 23, 2015. http://www.srf.ch/sendungen/schweiz-aktuell/neue-spur-gueselberg- suche-nach-planeten “L’exploitation des gaz de schiste aux Etats-Unis pollue l’air des européens”, notre- planete.info, September 23, 2015. http://www.notre-planete.info/actualites/4339-gaz-de- schiste-pollution-air-Europe “20 Jahre Exo-Planeten: ‚Einstein‘ und die Planeten”, SRF 1, Einstein, September 24, 2015. http://www.srf.ch/sendungen/einstein “A la recherche de traces dans l‘atmosphère”, La Revue Polytechnique, September 23, 2015. “Erste ‚Fussabdrücke‘ der künftigen Kältemittel”, KlimaQuick, October 3, 2015. “Du gaz de schiste américain dans l’atmosphère européenne!”, Sciences et Avenir, October 6, 2015. http://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/pollution/20151006.OBS7165/du-gaz- de-schiste-americain-dans-l-atmosphere-europeenne.html “Du gaz de schiste américain détecté… en Europe”, Europe 1, October 6, 2015, http://www.europe1.fr/sciences/du-gaz-de-schiste-americain-detecte-en-europe-2525433 “Cosmic Front”, Japanese TV, Telesearch, October 8, 2015. “Erfolgreiche Spurensuche in der Atmosphäre”, Spektrum Gebäudetechnik, October 20, 2015. “Hat Nebel eigentlich auch positive Eigenschaften?”, SRF 1, Einstein, November 12, 2015. “Au Jungfraujoch, on étudie le climat dans un centre de point hors du temps”, 24 Heures Lausanne / Régions, November 23, 2015. “Au Jungfraujoch, on étudie le climat dans un centre de point hors du temps”, Tribune de Genève, November 23, 2015. “A primer on the Paris climate change conference”, BBC, Newsnight, November 23, 2015.

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“La Suisse en train”, France 5, Echappées Belles, November 23, 2015. https://youtu.be/CgAO5ADDR2I

“Uni Bern beteiligt sich an europäischem Netzwerk für CO2-Forschung”, uniaktuell 2015, Online-Magazine of the University of Bern, November 27, 2015. http://www.unibe.ch/aktuell/uniaktuell/das_online_magazin_der_universitaet_bern/uniaktuell _2015/rubriken/forschung/uni_bern_beteiligt_sich_an_europaeischem_netzwerk_fuer_cosub 2_sub_forschung/index_ger.html “Atmospheric circulation changes identified thanks to ground-based FTIR monitoring of hydrogen chloride (HCl)”, Mahieu, E., M.P. Chipperfield, J. Notholt and T. Reddmann, NDACC Newsletter, 6, 30–33, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/184988 “Sternenbeobachtung auf dem Gornergrat”, Zermatt inside, December, 2015.

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Publication list

47 Refereed publications 10 Bachelor (0), Master (2) and PhD (8) theses 49 Conference presentations / posters 0 Books / edited books 6 Popular publications and presentations 9 Data books and reports

Refereed publications Barthlott, S., M. Schneider, F. Hase, A. Wiegele, E. Christner, Y. González, T. Blumenstock, S. Dohe, O.E. García, E. Sepúlveda, K. Strong, J. Mendonca, D. Weaver, M. Palm, N.M. Deutscher, T. Warneke, J. Notholt, B. Lejeune, E. Mahieu, N. Jones, D.W.T. Griffith, V.A. Velazco, D. Smale, J. Robinson, R. Kivi, P. Heikkinen, and U. Raffalski, Using XCO2 retrievals for assessing the long-term consistency of NDACC/FTIR data sets, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 3, 1555–1573, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1555-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/173087 Baudis, L., A. Kish, F. Piastra, M. Schumann, Cosmogenic activation of xenon and copper, European Physical Journal C, 75, 10, doi: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3711-3, 2015. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3711-3 Bergamaschi P., M. Corazza, U. Karstens, M. Athanassiadou, R. L. Thompson, I. Pison, A. J. Manning, P. Bousquet, A. Segers, A. T. Vermeulen, G. Janssens-Maenhout, M. Schmidt, M. Ramonet, F. Meinhardt, T. Aalto, L. Haszpra, J. Moncrieff, M. E. Popa, D. Lowry, M. Steinbacher, A. Jordan, S. O'Doherty, S. Piacentino, E. J. Dlugokencky, Top-down estimates of European CH4 and N2O emissions based on four different inverse models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 715-736, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-715-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/715/2015/acp-15-715-2015.html Chambers, S.D., W.G. Alastair, F. Conen, A.D. Griffith, S. Reimann, M. Steinbacher, P.B. Krummel, L.P. Steele, M.V. van der Schoot, I.E. Galbally, S.B. Molloy and J.E. Barnes, Towards a universal “baseline” characterisation of air masses for high- and low-altitude observing stations using radon-222, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2015.06.0391 (in press). http://aaqr.org/ArticlesInPress/AAQR-15-06-SIMtS-0391_proof.pdf Conen, F., S. Rodriguez, C. Hueglin, S. Henne, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, C. Alewell, Atmospheric ice nuclei at the high-altitude observatory Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 67, 25014, doi: 10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v67.25014 Crawford, I., G. Lloyd, K.N. Bower, P.J. Connolly, M.J. Flynn, P.H. Kaye, T.W. Choularton, and M.W. Gallagher, Observations of fluorescent aerosol–cloud interactions in the free troposphere at the Sphinx high Alpine research station, Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 26067-26088, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15- 26067-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-26067-2015 Cristofanelli, P., H.E. Scheel, M. Steinbacher, M. Saliba, F. Azzopardi, R. Ellul, M. Fröhlich, L. Tositti, E. Brattich, M. Maione, F. Calzolari, R. Duchi, T.C. Landi, A. Marinoni, P. Bonasoni, Long-term surface ozone variability at Mt. Cimone WMO/GAW global station (2165 m a.s.l., Italy), Atmospheric Environment, 101, 23-33, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.012, 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014008711 Dammers, E., C. Vigouroux, M. Palm, E. Mahieu, T. Warneke, D. Smale, B. Langerock, B. Franco, M. Van Damme, M. Schaap, J. Notholt, and J.W. Erisman, Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR solar spectra, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 22, 12789–12803, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-12789-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185337 Duflot, V., C. Wespes, L. Clarisse, D. Hurtmans, Y. Ngadi, N. Jones, C. Paton-Walsh, J. Hadji-Lazaro, C. Vigouroux, M. De Mazière, J.-M. Metzger, E. Mahieu, C. Servais, F. Hase, M. Schneider, C. Clerbaux, and P.-F. Coheur, Acetylene (C2H2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from IASI satellite observations: global distributions, validation, and comparison with model, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 18, 10509–10527, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-10509-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/181787 Fernandez, S., A. Murk, N. Kämpfer, GROMOS-C, a novel ground-based microwave radiometer for ozone measurement campaigns, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 7, 2649-2662, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-2649-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/2649/2015/amt-8-2649-2015.html Flentje, H., B. Briel, C. Beck, M.C. Coen, M. Fricke, J. Cyrys, J. Gu, M. Pitz, W. Thomas, Identification and monitoring of Saharan dust: An inventory representative for south Germany since 1997, Atmospheric Environment, 109, 87-96, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.023, 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231015001429

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Fortems-Cheiney, A., M. Saunois, I. Pison, F. Chevallier, P. Bousquet, C. Cressot, S.A. Montzka, P.J. Fraser, M.K. Vollmer, P.G. Simmonds, D. Young, S. O’Doherty, R.F. Weiss, F. Artuso, B. Barletta, D.R. Blake, S. Li, C. Lunder, B.R. Miller, S. Park, R. Prinn, T. Saito, L.P. Steele, Y. Yokouchi, Increase in HFC-134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 11’728‒11’742, doi: 10.1002/2015JD023741, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JD023741/full Franco, B., E.A. Marais, B. Bovy, W. Bader, B. Lejeune, G. Roland, C. Servais and E. Mahieu, Diurnal cycle and multi-decadal trend of formaldehyde in the remote atmosphere near 46° N, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 21, 31287–31333, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-31287-2015, 2015a. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/187850 Franco, B., F. Hendrick, M. van Roozendael, J.F. Muller, T. Stavrakou, E.A. Marais, B. Bovy, W. Bader, C. Fayt, C. Hermans, B. Lejeune, G. Pinardi, C. Servais, E. Mahieu, Retrievals of formaldehyde from ground-based FTIR and MAX-DOAS observations at the Jungfraujoch station and comparisons with GEOS-Chem and IMAGES model simulations, Atmos, Meas. Tech., 8, 4, 1733-1756, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1733-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/1733/2015/amt-8-1733-2015.html Franco, B., W. Bader, G.C. Toon, C. Bray, A. Perrin, E.V. Fischer, K. Sudo, C.D. Boone, B. Bovy, B. Lejeune, C. Servais, E. Mahieu, Retrieval of ethane from ground-based FTIR solar spectra using improved spectroscopy: Recent burden increase above Jungfraujoch, J. Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 160, 36-49, doi: 10.1016/j.qsrt.2015.03.017, 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022407315001090 Fröhlich, R., M.J. Cubison, J.G. Slowik, N. Bukowiecki, F. Canonaco, P.L. Croteau, M. Gysel, S. Henne, E. Herrmann, J.T. Jayne, M. Steinbacher, D.R. Worsnop, U. Baltensperger, A.S.H. Prevot, Fourteen months of on- line measurements oft he non-refractory submicron aerosol at the Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) – chemical composition, origins and organic aerosol sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 19, 11373-11398, doi: 10.5194/acp- 15-11373-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/11373/2015/acp-15-11373-2015.html Grazioli, J., G. Lloyd, L. Panziera, C.R. Hoyle, P.J. Connolly, J. Henneberger, A. Berne, Polarimetric radar and in situ observations of riming and snowfall microphysics during CLACE 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13787- 13802, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-13787-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/13787/2015/ Haberkorn A., M. Hoelzle, M. Phillips, R. Kenner, Snow as a driving factor of rock surface temperatures in steep rough rock walls, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 118, 64-75, doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.06.013, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281667651_Snow_as_a_driving_factor_of_rock_surface_temperatures_i n_steep_rough_rock_walls Hammer, E., N. Bukowiecki, B.P. Luo, U. Lohmann, C. Marcolli, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, C.R. Hoyle, Sensitivity estimations for cloud droplet formation in the vicinity of the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 18, 10309-10323, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-10309-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/10309/2015/acp-15-10309-2015.html Henne S., D. Brunner, B. Oney, M. Leuenberger, W. Eugster, I. Bamberger, F. Meinhardt, M. Steinbacher, L. Emmenegger, Validation of the Swiss methane emission inventory by atmospheric observations and inverse modelling, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 35417-35484, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-35417-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2015-894 Herrmann, E., E. Weingartner, S. Henne, L. Vuilleumier, N. Bukowiecki, M. Steinbacher, F. Conen, M. Collaud Coen, E. Hammer, Z. Juranyi, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, Analysis of long-term aerosol size distribution data from Jungfraujoch with emphasis on free tropospheric conditions, cloud influence, and air mass transport, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 120, 18, 9459-9480, doi: 10.1002/2015jd023660, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JD023660/epdf Hoerger, C.C., A. Claude, C. Plass-Duelmer, S. Reimann, E. Eckart, R. Steinbrecher, J. Aalto, J. Arduini, N. Bonnaire, J.N. Cape, A. Colomb, R. Connolly, J. Diskova, P. Dumitrean, C. Ehlers, V. Gros, H. Hakola, M. Hill, J.R. Hopkins, J. Jäger, R. Junek, M.K. Kajos, D. Klemp, M. Leuchner, A.C. Lewis, N. Locoge, M. Maione, D. Martin, K. Michl, E. Nemitz, S. O’Doherty, O. Pérez Ballesta, T.M. Ruuskanen, S. Sauvage, N. Schmidbauer, T.G. Spain, E. Straube, M. Vana, M.K. Vollmer, R. Wegener, A. Wenger, ACTRIS non-methane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment in Europe to support WMO GAW and EMEP observation networks, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 2715‒2736, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-2715-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/2715/2015/amt-8-2715-2015.html Hoyle C. R., C. S. Webster, H. E. Rieder, E. Hammer, M. Gysel, N. Bukowiecki, E. Weingartner, M. Steinbacher, U. Baltensperger, Chemical and physical influences on aerosol activation in liquid clouds: an empirical study based on observations from the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 15469–15510, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-15469-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/acp-2015-337/ Huss, M., L. Dhulst, and A. Bauder, New long-term mass balance series for the Swiss Alps, Journal of Glaciology, 61, 227, 551-562, doi: 10.3189/2015JoG15j015, 2015. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/igsoc/jog/2015/00000061/00000227/art00012

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Inness, A., A.-M. Blechschmidt, I. Bouarar, S. Chabrillat, M. Crepulja, R.J. Engelen, H. Eskes, J. Flemming, A. Gaudel, F. Hendrick, V. Huijnen, L. Jones, J. Kapsomenakis, E. Katragkou, A. Keppens, B. Langerock, M. De Mazière, D. Melas, M. Parrington, V.H. Peuch, M. Razinger, A. Richter, M.G. Schultz, M. Suttie, V. Thouret, M. Vrekoussis, A. Wagner, and C. Zerefos, Data assimilation of satellite retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5275-5303, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-5275-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/5275/2015/ Kienast-Sjögren, E., A.K. Miltenberger, B.P. Luo, T. Peter, Sensitivities of Lagrangian modelling of mid-latitude cirrus clouds to trajectory data quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13, 7429-7447, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-7429-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/7429/2015/acp-15-7429-2015.html Kupiszewski, P., E. Weingartner, P. Vochezer, M. Schnaiter, A. Bigi, M. Gysel, B. Rosati, E. Toprak, S. Mertes, U. Baltensperger, The Ice Selective Inlet : a novel technique for exclusive extraction of pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 8, 3087-3106, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-3087-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/3087/2015/amt-8-3087-2015.html Langerock, B., M. De Mazière, F. Hendrick, C. Vigouroux, F. Desmet, B. Dils, and S. Niemeijer, Description of algorithms for co-locating and comparing gridded model data with remote-sensing observations, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 911-921, doi: 10.5194/gmd-8-911-2015, 2015. http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/8/911/2015/ Lloyd, G., T.W. Choularton, K.N. Bower, M.W. Gallagher, P.J. Connolly, M. Flynn, R. Farrington, J. Crosier, O. Schlenczek, J. Fugal, J. Henneberger, The origins of ice crystals measured in mixed-phase clouds at the high- alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 22, 12953-12969, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-12953-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12953/2015/acp-15-12953-2015.html Lunt, M.F., M. Rigby, A.L. Ganesan, A.J. Manning, R.G. Prinn, S. O’Doherty, J. Mühle, C.M. Harth, P.K. Salameh, T. Arnold, R.F. Weiss, T. Saito, Y. Yokouchi, P.B. Krummel, L.P. Steele, P.J. Fraser, S. Li, S. Park, S. Reimann, M.K. Vollmer, C. Lunder, O. Hermansen, N. Schmidbauer, M. Maione, D. Young, P.G. Simmonds, Reconciling reported and unreported HFC emissions with atmospheric observations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 5927‒5931, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1420247112, 2015. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/19/5927.abstract Meola, M., A. Lazzaro, J. Zeyer, Bacterial Composition and Survival on Sahara Dust Particles Transported to the European Alps, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01454, 2015. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01454/abstract Paramonov, M., V.M. Kerminen, M. Gysel, P.P. Aalto, M.O. Andreae, E. Asmi, U. Baltensperger, A. Bougiatioti, D. Brus, G.P. Frank, N. Good, S.S. Gunthe, L. Hao, M. Irwin, A. Jaatinen, Z. Juranyi, S.M. King, A. Kortelainen, A. Kristensson, H. Lihavainen, M. Kulmala, U. Lohmann, S.T. Martin, G. McFiggans, N. Mihalopoulos, A. Nenes, C.D. O’Dowd, J. Ovadnevaite, T. Petaja, U. Poschl, G.C. Roberts, D. Rose, B. Svenningsson, E. Swietlicki, E. Weingartner, J. Whitehead, A. Wiedensohler, C. Wittbom, B. Sierau, A synthesis of cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements within EUCAARI network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 21, 12211-12229, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-12211-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12211/2015/acp-15-12211-2015.html Povinec, P.P., A. Sivo, M. Jeskovsky, I. Svetlik, M. Richtarikova, J. Kaizer, Radiocarbon in the atmosphere of the Zlkovce monitoring station of the Bohunice NPP: 25 years of continuous monthly measurements, Radiocarbon, 57, 3, 355-363, doi: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18364, 2015. https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/18364 Scheepmaker, R.A., C. Frankenberg, N.M. Deutscher, M. Schneider, S. Barthlott, T. Blumenstock, O.E. Garcia, F. Hase, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, V. Velazco, J. Landgraf and I. Aben, Validation of SCIAMACHY HDO/H2O measurements using the TCCON and NDACC-MUSICA networks, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1799–1818, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1799-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/174484 Schibig, M.F., M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, I.T. van der Laan-Luijkx, S. van der Laan, S. Ranjan, M.C. Leuenberger, Comparison of continuous in situ CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch using two different measurement techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1, 57-68, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-57-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/8/57/2015/amt-8-57-2015.html Schmidt, S., J. Schneider, T. Klimach, S. Mertes, L.P. Schenk, J. Curtius, P. Kupiszewski, E. Hammer, P. Vochezer, G. Lloyd, M. Ebert, K. Kandler, S. Weinbruch, and S. Borrmann, In-situ single submicron particle composition analysis of ice residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds in Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 4677-4724, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-4677-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-4677-2015 Schultz M. G., H. Akimoto, J. Bottenheim, B. Buchmann, I. E. Galbally, S. Gilge, D. Helmig, H. Koide, A. C. Lewis, P. C. Novelli, C. Plass-Dülmer, T. B. Ryerson, M. Steinbacher, R. Steinbrecher, O. Tarasova, K. Torseth, V. Thouret, C. Zellweger, The Global Atmosphere Watch reactive gases measurement network, Elementa, 3, 1-23, doi: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000067, 2015. https://www.elementascience.org/articles/67 Stopelli, E., F. Conen, C.E. Morris, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, C. Alewell, Ice nucleation active particles are efficiently removed by precipitating clouds, Scientific Report, 5, 16433, doi: 10.1038/srep16433, 2015. http://www.nature.com/articles/srep16433

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Van Geffen, J.H.G.M., K.F. Boersma, M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick, E. Mahieu, I. De Smedt, M. Sneep, and J.P. Veefkind, Improved spectral fitting of nitrogen dioxide from OMI in the 405–465 nm window, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 4, 1685–1699, doi: 10.5194/amt-8-1685-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/173258 Vigouroux, C., T. Blumenstock, M. Coffey, Q. Errera, O. Garcia, N.B. Jones, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, B. Liley, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, J. Notholt, M. Palm, G. Persson, M. Schneider, C. Servais, D. Smale, L. Tholix, M. de Maziere, Trends of ozone total columns and vertical distribution from FTIR observations at eight NDACC stations around the globe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6, 2915-2933, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-2915-2015, 2015. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/2915/2015/acp-15-2915-2015.html Vochezer, P., E. Järvinen, R. Wagner, P. Kupiszewski, T. Leisner, and M. Schnaiter, In situ characterization of mixed phase clouds using the Small Ice Detector and the Particle Phase Discriminator, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 8, 6511–6558, doi: 10.5194/amtd-8-6511-2015, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-6511-2015 Vollmer, M.K., S. Reimann, M. Hill, D. Brunner, First observations of the fourth generation synthetic halocarbons HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234e(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) in the atmosphere, Environmental Science & Technology, 49, 5, 2703-2708, doi: 10.1021/es505123x, 2015. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es505123x Vollmer, M.K., T.S. Rhee, M. Rigby, D. Hofstetter, M. Hill, F. Schoenenberger, S. Reimann, Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1606‒1611, doi: 10.1002/2014GL062785, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL062785/full Vollmer, M.K., M. Rigby, J.C. Laube, S. Henne, T.S. Rhee, L.J. Gooch, A. Wenger, D. Young, L.P. Steele, R.L. Langenfelds, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, J.-L. Wang, C.-F. Ou-Yang, S.A. Wyss, M. Hill, D.E. Oram, P.B. Krummel, F. Schoenenberger, C. Zellweger, P.J. Fraser, W.T. Sturges, S. O’Doherty, S. Reimann, Abrupt reversal in emissions and atmospheric abundance of HCFC-133a (CF3CH2Cl), Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8702‒8710, doi: 10.1002/2015GL065846, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL065846/epdf Wacker, S., J. Groebner, C. Zysset, L. Diener, P. Tzoumanikas, A. Kazantzidis, L. Vuilleumier, R. Stoeckli, S. Nyeki, N. Kämpfer, Cloud observations in Switzerland using hemispherical sky cameras, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 695-707, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022643, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022643 Wang, Y., N.M. Deutscher, M. Palm, T. Warneke, J. Notholt, I. Baker, J. Berry, P. Suntharalingam, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, B. Lejeune, J.E. Campbell, A. Wolf and S. Kremser, Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 15, 18, 26025–26065, doi: 10.5194/acpd-15-26025-2015, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/186285 Worringen, A., K. Kandler, N. Benker, T. Dirsch, S. Mertes, L. Schenk, U. Kastner, F. Frank, B. Nilius, U. Bundke, D. Rose, J. Curtius, P. Kupiszewski, E. Weingartner, P. Vochezer, J. Schneider, S. Schmidt, S. Weinbruch, M. Ebert, Single-particle characterization of ice-nucleating particles and ice particle residuals sampled by three different techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8, 4161-4178, doi: 10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015, 2015. http://www.atmospheric-chemistry-and-physics.net/index.html

Theses Bader, W., Long-term study of methane and two of its derivatives from solar observations recorded at the Jungfraujoch station, PhD Thesis, Université de Liège, 19 Allée du 6 Août, 4000-Liège, Belgium, pp.1-148, 2015. Baudinot, C., Die Charakterisierung von biologischen Eiskeimen auf der Hochalpinen Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch, MSc Thesis, University of Basel, 2015. Bianchi, F., Influence of ammonia, amines, and oxidized organics on new particle formation, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Fröhlich, R., A new aerosol mass spectrometer for long-term environmental applications: performance assessment and first deployment at the Jungfraujoch, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Kienast-Sjögren, E., Mid-latitude cirrus properties derived from lidar measurements, PhD thesis ETH 22492, ETH Zürich, 2015. Kube, A., Messungen von Eisnuklei am Jungfraujoch mit FRIDGE, Diplomarbeit, Universität Frankfurt/M., 2015. Kupiszewski, P., Design and application of a novel ice selective inlet and physical and chemical characterization of ice residuals in mixed-phase clouds, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Schibig, M., Carbon and oxygen cycle related atmospheric measurements at the terrestrial background station Jungfraujoch, PhD thesis, Bern, pp. 144, 2015. Tröstl, J., Investigation of new aerosol particle formation and growth at the CERN CLOUD chamber at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2015. Yilmaz, A., Study of Silicon Photomultipliers in The Application for Cosmic Rays Detection, PhD Thesis, Abant Izzet Baysal University, 2015.

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Conference presentations / Posters Aebi Ch., J. Gröbner, N. Kämpfer and L. Vuilleumier, Cloud radiative effect in dependence on cloud type, poster presentation at EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 12 – 17, 2015. Bader, W., B. Bovy, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, E. Mahieu, S. Conway, K. Strong, I. Murata, D. Smale, A. Turner, P. Bernath, and E. Buzan, Recent changes of CH4 since 2005 from FTIR observations and GEOS-CHEM simulation, oral presentation at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/184393 Bianchi, F., H. Junninen, J. Tröstl1, C. Frege, A. Adamov, N. Bukowiecki, J. Dommen, J. Duplissy, M. Gysel, E. Herrmann, C.R. Hoyle, J. Kangasluoma, J. Kontkanen, A. Kürten, R. Linda, H. Manninen, U. Molteni, S. Münch, O. Peräkylä, T. Petäjä, C. Williamson, X. Chen, J. Curtius, E. Weingartner, D.R. Worsnop, M. Kulmala, and U. Baltensperger, New particle formation events observed in the lower free troposphere, European Aerosol Conference, Milan, Italy, September 6-11, 2015. Boose Y., F. Mahrt, M. I. Garcia, S. Rodriguez, C. Linke, M. Schnaiter, S. Nickovic, U. Lohmann, Z. A. Kanji and B. Sierau, Ice nucleating particle properties in the Saharan air layer close to the dust source, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 14-18, 2015 (Oral). Bütikofer, R., E. Flückiger, D. Galsdorf, B. Heber, and C. Steigies, Rapid determination of cutoff rigidities and asymptotic directions using predetermined parameters in a database, 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), The Hague, The Netherlands, July 30 – August 6, 2015. Bütikofer, R., E. Flückiger, D. Galsdorf, B. Heber, K. Herbst, and C. Steigies, Rapid determination of cutoff rigidities and asymptotic directions for near real-time space weather applications based on neutron monitor measurements, 12th European Space Weather Week ESWW12, Oostende, Belgium, November 23-27, 2015. Bütikofer, R., N. Agueda, R. Vainio, B. Heber, A. Afanasiev, O.E. Malandraki, Inversion of Source and Transport Parameters of Relativistic SEPs from Neutron Monitor Data, 12th European Space Weather Week ESWW12, Oostende, Belgium, November 23-27, 2015. Dammers, E., M. Palm, T. Warneke, M. Van Damme, D. Smale, C. Vigouroux, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, and J.W. Erisman, Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR measurements and its use for validation of satellite observations by IASI, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. Emmenegger, L., MIR Spectroscopy for environmental applications, Swiss Photonics Workshop, Dübendorf, Switzerland, January 15, 2015. Emmenegger, L., B. Tuzson, J. Jágerská, H. Looser, M. Mangold, and J. Mohn, MIR Spectroscopy beyond trace levels - environmental and industrial applications, CLEO, San Jose, USA, May 10-15, 2015. Franco, B., W. Bader, B. Bovy, E. Mahieu, E.V. Fischer, K. Strong, S. Conway, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Recent increase of ethane detected in the remote atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180485 Franco, B., W. Bader, E. Mahieu, B. Bovy, E.V. Fischer, Z.A. Tzompa-Sosa, K. Strong, S. Conway, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, K. Sudo, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Recent ethane increase above North America: comparison between FTIR measurements and model simulations, oral presentation at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/182788 Frege, C., F. Bianchi, H. Junninen, J. Tröstl, U. Molteni, E. Herrmann, M. Sipilä, J. Dommen, M. Kulmala, and U. Baltensperger, Characterization of Atmospheric Ions at the High Altitude Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), European Aerosol Conference, Milan, Italy, September 6-11, 2015. Hannigan, J.W., M. Palm, S. Conway, E. Mahieu, D. Smale, E. Nussbaumer, K. Strong, and J. Notholt, Current trend in carbon tetrachloride from several NDACC FTIR stations, oral presentation at the “Solving the mystery of carbon tetrachloride” workshop, Empa Akademie, Duebendorf, Switzerland, October 4-6, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185223 Henne, S., B. Oney, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, M. Steinbacher, F. Meinhardt, D. Brunner, Estimation of Swiss Methane Emissions by Near Surface Observations and Inverse Modelling, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. Henne, S., B. Oney, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, M. Steinbacher, F. Meinhardt, D. Brunner, Estimation of Swiss Methane Emissions by Near Surface Observations and Inverse Modelling, ICOS-Model-Data- Fusion Workshop, Paris, France, April 21-21, 2015. Henne, S., Validation of GHG Fluxes Using In-situ Observations and Inverse Modelling, GAW CH Landesausschuss, Zurich, Switzerland, November 4, 2015. Henneberger, J., O. Henneberg, G. Lloyd, J. P. Fugal and U. Lohmann, In-situ measurements of orographic mixed-phase clouds in a High Alpine Environment using Digital in-line Holography, European Geophysical Union, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015 (Oral).

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Herrmann, E., N. Bukowiecki, M. Gysel, E., Hammer, G. Wehrle, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, Z. Jurányi, M. Collaud Coen, L. Vuilleumier, F. Conen, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, What shapes the aerosol size distribution at the Jungfraujoch?, BACCHUS Annual Meeting, Zürich, Switzerland, January 13-15, 2015. Herrmann, E., E. Weingartner, S. Henne, L. Vuilleumier, N. Bukowiecki, M. Steinbacher, F. Conen, M. Collaud Coen, E. Hammer, Z. Jurányi, F. Bianchi, J. Tröstl, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, What shapes the aerosol size distribution at Jungfraujoch? - Insights from long-term observations, AAAR 34th Annual Conference, Minneapolis, USA, October 12-16, 2015. Herrmann, E., E. Weingartner, S. Henne, L. Vuilleumier, N. Bukowiecki, M. Steinbacher, F. Conen, M. Collaud Coen, E. Hammer, Z. Jurányi, F. Bianchi, J. Tröstl, P. Kupiszewski, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, Aerosol Research at Jungfraujoch - Recent Activities, Virtual Alpine Observatory (VAO) Symposium, Salzburg, Austria, October 27-30, 2015. Hill, M., S. Reimann, ACTRIS-2: WP3: Near-surface observations of aerosols, clouds and trace gases, ACTRIS-2 Kick-off Meeting, Rome, Italy, June 3-5, 2015. Kanji Z.A., J. Henneberger, Y. Boose, L. Lacher and U. Lohmann, Field Measurements of Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles and Ice Crystal Numbers, Gordon Research Conferences, Atmospheric Chemistry, Waterville, NH, USA, August 2-7, 2015 (Poster). Kanji, Z.A., Y. Boose, L. Lacher and U. Lohmann, Climatology of Ice Nucleating Particles at the High Altitude Station Jungfraujoch, PACIFICHEM, Chemistry of Atmospheric Aerosols, Honolulu, HI, USA, December 15-20, 2015 (Oral). Klein, K.L., N. Agueda, and R. Bütikofer, On the origin of relativistic solar particle events: neutron monitor observations, radio emission, and interplanetary transport modeling, 12th European Space Weather Week ESWW12, Oostende, Belgium, November 23-27, 2015. Lacher L., U. Lohmann and Z. A. Kanji, Field measurements of ice nucleating particles on the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, August 16-21, 2015 (Oral). Latocha, M., H. Thommesen, R. Bütikofer, and P. Beck, AVIDOS 2.0 – a software tool for Nowcasting Radiation Exposure at Flight Altitudes Caused by Cosmic Radiation during Solar Storms, 12th European Space Weather Week ESWW12, Oostende, Belgium, November 23-27, 2015. Leuenberger, M., M. Schibig, T. Berhanu, P. Nyfeler and H. Moret, APO variations in Central Europe obtained at the Jungfraujoch Research Station, Switzerland in comparison to a combined record of Scripps La Jolla and Alert values, in APO Workshop, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Abstracts, La Jolla, USA, September 18‐20, 2015. Leuenberger, M., M. Schibig, T. Berhanu, P. Nyfeler and H. Moret, APO variations in Central Europe obtained at the Jungfraujoch Research Station, Switzerland in comparison to a combined record of Scripps La Jolla and Alert values, in VAO Symposium 2015 Abstracts, p. 64, Salzburg, Austria, October 27-30, 2015. Mahieu, E., W. Bader, B. Bovy, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, C. Servais, J. Notholt, M. Palm, and G.C. Toon, Halogenated source gases measured by FTIR at the Jungfraujoch station: updated trends and new target species, oral and PICO presentations at the “EGU 2015 General Assembly”, Vienna, Austria, April 12-17, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180469 Mahieu, E., W. Bader, B. Franco, B. Bovy, B. Lejeune, C. Servais, G. Roland, and R. Zander, Overview of the recent results derived from the Jungfraujoch observational database, poster presented at the 2015 NDACC-IRWG meeting, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 8-12, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/182107

Mahieu, E., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Decrease of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) over 2004-2013 as inferred from global occultation measurements with ACE-FTS, poster presentation at the “Solving the mystery of carbon tetrachloride” workshop, Empa Akademie, Duebendorf, Switzerland, October 4-6, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185221 Mahieu, E., B. Bovy, W. Bader, B. Franco, B. Lejeune, E.V. Fischer, E.A. Marais, A.J. Turner, J.W. Hannigan, E. Nussbaumer, K. Strong, and S. Conway, Use of GEOS-Chem for the interpretation of long-term FTIR measurements at the Jungfraujoch and other NDACC sites, poster presented at the 7th International GEOS-Chem Meeting, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 4-7, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/180927 Malandraki, O., R. Bütikofer, et al., High Energy Solar Particle Events foRecastIng and Analysis: The HESPERIA Project, 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), The Hague, The Netherlands, July 30 – August 6, 2015. Niemand, M., C. Hoose, I. Reichardt, M. Gysel, E. Herrmann, J. Schneider, S. Schmidt, P. Vochezer, and M. Zanatta, “Real case study” simulations of aerosol-cloud interactions for the INUIT campaign at Jungfraujoch research station using different ice nucleation parameterizations, IUGG General Assembly, Prague, Czech Republic, June 22 – July 2, 2015. Notholt, J., E. Mahieu, F. Pfloeger, M. Riese, G. Stiller, M. Chipperfield, and T. Reddmann, Stratospheric HCl increasing again, caused by dynamic variability, driven by increased tropospheric wave activity, oral presentation at the 10. Deutsche Klimatagung, Hamburg, Germany, September 21-24, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/185461

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Pommier, M., C. Clerbaux, C. Clarisse, P.-F. Coheur, E. Mahieu, J.-F. Müller, C. Paton-Walsh, T. Stavrakou, and C. Vigouroux, HCOOH distributions from IASI with updated retrieval parameters: comparison with ground-based FTIR measurements and IMAGESv2 model, oral presentation at the ATMOS 2015 conference, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece, June 8-12, 2015. Reimann, S., Measurements of atmospheric trace gases and their relevance for climate change and air pollution, GAS 2015, Rotterdam, Netherlands, June 11, 2015. Reimann, S., M.K. Vollmer, F. Schoenenberger, S. Henne, D. Brunner and L. Emmenegger, New halogenated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: from anesthetics to mobile air conditioning, 13th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Basel, Switzerland, November 21, 2015. Saarnio, K., H. Aaltonen, J. Hatakka, T. Mäkelä, J. Rainne, O. Laurent, O. Peltola, M. Steinbacher, and T. Laurila, Mobile laboratory as a part of internal quality control of ICOS atmospheric station network, Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT), Abstract B6, La Jolla, CA, USA, September 13-17, 2015. Schmale, J., G. Motos, J.S. Henzing, G.P.A. Kos, P. Schlag, R. Holzinger, P.P. Aalto, M. Äijälä, L. Heikkinen, M. Paramonov, F. Stratmann, S. Henning, L. Poulain, K. Sellegri, J. Ovadnevaite, R. Fröhlich, E. Herrmann, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, M. Gysel, U. Baltensperger, and the ACTRIS Team, Overview on ACTRIS cloud condensation nuclei measurements results, European Aerosol Conference, Milan, Italy, September 6-11, 2015. Schmale, J., S. Henning, F. Stratmann, J.S. Henzing, G.P.A. Kos, P. Schlag, R. Holzinger, P.P. Aalto, H. Keskinen, M. Paramonov, L. Poulain, K. Sellegri, J. Ovadnevaite, M. Krüger, S. Carbone, J. Brito, A. Jefferson, J. Whitehead, K. Carslaw, S.S. Yum, M. Park, A. Kristensson, R. Fröhlich, E. Herrmann, E. Hammer, G. Motos, N. Bukowiecki, A. Wiedensohler, A. Sonntag, W. Birmili, K.F.A. Frumau, A. Kiendler-Scharr, M. Äijälä, L. Heikkinen, T. Petäjä, M. Kulmala, D. Picard, C. O’Dowd, J. Bialek, C. Pöhlker, H. Su, U. Pöschl, M. Andreae, P. Artaxo, H. Barbosa, J. Ogren, G. McFiggans, E. Swietlicki, G. Frank, B. Svenningsson, C. Wittborn, A. Bougiatioti, U. Baltensperger, M. Gysel, Synthesis of the ACTRIS Network Cloud Condensation Nuclei Measurements, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 14-18, 2015. Schneider Gasser, E.M., H. Bengoetxea, D. Kosenkov, M. Alvarez Sánchez, M. Thiersch, B. Canto Matorrel and E.G. Argandoña, Environmental enrichment including physical exercise revert high-altitude induced impairment of spatial and visual memory in rats, Annual Meeting of the Swiss Society of Neuroscience, Fribourg, Switzerland, January 24, 2015. Steigies, C., NMDB: the database for real-time and historical Neutron Monitor measurements, 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC), The Hague, The Netherlands, July 30 – August 6, 2015. Steinbacher, M., B. Tuzson, Y. Poltera, G. Martucci, A. Haefele, F. Conen, M. Leuenberger, and L. Emmenegger, Swiss Contribution to Atmospheric Observations in ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System), Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, Switzerland, April 1, 2015. Steinbacher, M., Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) - status report, GAW CH Landesausschuss, Zurich, Switzerland, November 4, 2015. Steinbacher. M, Observations of air pollution and atmospheric composition from local to global scale, seminar at Universidad Mayor de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia, October 13, 2015. Steinbacher, M., I. Suter, S. Henne, J. Keller, J. Staehelin, C. Huegelin, L. Emmenegger, Meteorologically adjusted long-term trends (1990-2009) of surface ozone and its precursors in Switzerland, TOAR Workshop 1.02, Madrid, Spain, April 28-30, 2015. Thommesen, H., M. Latocha, R. Bütikofer, and P. Beck, Development of a Nowcasting Model for Radiation Exposure at Flight Altitudes Caused by Cosmic Radiation during Solar Storms, 12th European Space Weather Week ESWW12, Oostende, Belgium, November 23-27, 2015.

Popular publications and presentations Flückiger, E., “The International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat (HFSJG)”, Vortrag anlässlich des Besuchs der Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch durch die Botschafter und Vertreter des Arktischen Rates im Rahmen der vom Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA/RDA) organisierten Kampagne „Beobachterstatus der Schweiz beim Arktischen Rat“, Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, February 2, 2015. Flückiger, E., “The International Foundation HFSJG”, Vortrag anlässlich des Besuchs der Teilnehmenden von „We are Alps 2015 “ und des Sekretariats der „Alpenkonvention“, Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, July 2, 2015. Flückiger, E., „Energiereiche solare Teilchen – GLEs und Weltraum-wetter“, eingeladener Hauptvortrag an der Frühjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft DPG, Wuppertal, Germany, March 10, 2015. Flückiger, E., , “Gornergrat and Jungfraujoch - two exciting destinations for tourism and research”, eingeladener Vortrag am 6th Zermatt ISM Symposium, Zermatt, Switzerland, September 7-11, 2015. Flückiger, E., “The International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch und Gornergrat (HFSJG)”, Vortrag anlässlich des Besuchs der Mitglieder der „All European Academies“ (Workshop der SCNAT unter der Leitung des Generalsekretärs SCNAT, Dr. J. Pfister), Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, September 12, 2015. Flückiger, E., „Neutron Monitors to study Space Weather in the Earth’s Atmosphere & near Earth”, eingeladene Keynote Lecture, 12th European Space Weather Week ESWW12, Oostende, Belgium, November 23-27, 2015.

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Data books and reports BAFU 2015: NABEL – Luftbelastung 2014. Messresultate des Nationalen Beobachtungsnetzes für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL). Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern. Umwelt-Zustand Nr. 1515: 132 S., 2015. http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/01822/index.html?lang=de Bauder, A., M. Fischer, M. Funk, M. Huss, G. Kappenberger, The Swiss Glaciers 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, Glaciological Report No. 131/132, Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, ETH Zürich, 113 p., 2015. http://www.glaciology.ethz.ch/swiss-glaciers/ Buchmann, B., U. Baltensperger, B. Calpini, M. Leuenberger, E. Flückiger, and M.C.E. Huber, White Paper “Research at Jungfraujoch – Vision and Mission Statement 2015-2050”, Swiss Academy of Sciences, Bern, 2015. Leuenberger M., WMO World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases, c/o Japan Meteorological Agency 1-3-4, Otemachi, Chiyoda-kuTokyo 100-8122, Japan, CO2 Data from Jungfraujoch (2015). Paul, F., A. Bauder, Ch. Marty, and J. Nötzli, Schnee, Gletscher und Permafrost 2013/14 - Neige, glaciers et pergélisol en 2013/14 - Neve, ghiaccio e permafrost 2013/14, Die Alpen - Les Alpes - Le Alpi (Zeitschrift des Schweizer Alpen-Club), 9/2014, 46-52, 2015. Reimann, S., M.K. Vollmer, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, S.A. Wyss, S. Henne, C. Hörger, and L. Emmenegger, Kontinuierliche Messung von Nicht-CO2-Treibhausgasen auf dem Jungfraujoch (HALCLIM-5), Schlussbericht, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, and FOEN, Federal Office for the Environment, 2015. http://www.bafu.admin.ch/luft/00612/00625/11899/index.html?lang=de Schnee, Gletscher und Permafrost 2013/2014 (Snow, Glaciers and Permafrost 2013/2014), Die Alpen/Les Alpes, 9/2015, 2015. Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz 2014, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2015 . Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlenbelastung, Deutschland, Jahresbericht 2014, Reihe Umweltpolitik, Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, 2015.

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Index of research groups / institutes Research group / institute Project title Page Armasuisse S+T Performance of Methanol fuel cells in alpine 118 Test Centre environments Feuerwerkerstrasse 39 http://www.armasuisse.ch CH-3602 Thun Contact: Ronny Lorenzo Tel.: +41 58 468 27 53 Belgian Institute for Space Atmospheric physics and chemistry 20 Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB) http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ Ringlaan 3 http://agacc.aeronomie.be B-1180 Brussels http://infrared.aeronomie.be Belgium http://uv-vis.aeronomie.be/ Contact: Michel Van Roozendael http://nors.aeronomie.be/ Tel.: +32 2 373 04 16 Bern University of Applied Sciences Long-term study on the efficiency of 120 BFH, Engineering and Information photovoltaic installations at high altitudes Technology, Photovoltaic Laboratory http://pvtest.ch Jlcoweg 1 http://www.bfe.admin.ch CH-3400 Burgdorf Contact: Urs Muntwyler Tel.: +41 34 426 68 37 Bundesamt für Gesundheit Aerosol radioactivity monitoring RADAIR 93 Sektion Umweltradioaktivität and DIGITEL Schwarzenburgstrasse 157 http://www.radair.ch CH-3003 Bern http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/0 Contact: Sybille Estier 0043/00065/02239/index.html?lang=de Tel.: +41 58 465 19 10 Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric 88 Rosastrasse 9 Air D-79098 Freiburg / Germany http://www.bfs.de Contact: Clemens Schlosser Tel.: +49 3018 333 6772 and Climate and Environmental Physics University of Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Contact: Roland Purtschert Tel.: +41 31 631 89 66 Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) – Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch 71 Energy and Sustainability Research http://www.rug.nl/research/isotope-research/ Institute Groningen (ESRIG) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands Contact: Harro Meijer Tel.: +31 50 363 4760

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Research group / institute Project title Page Centre for Space and Habitability Stellarium Gornergrat 135 University of Bern http://stellarium-gornergrat.ch Parkterrasse 14 CH-3012 Bern Contact: Timm Riesen Tel.: +41 31 631 33 18 Department of Biological Sciences Analysis of bacterial communities in fresh 113 Building E8B-209 surface snow from Alpine regions Eastern st http://tinaenviro.ch Macquarie University 2109 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJN Australia A304036/ Contact: Tina Wunderlin Tel.: +41 79 579 42 50 Department of Anesthesiology Effects of remote preconditioning on severity 126 University Hospital Salzburg and incidence of acute mountain sickness at Paracelsus Medical University 3450 m Müllner Hauptstrasse 48 A-5020 Salzburg Contact: Marc Moritz Berger Tel.: +43 6624 4825 7794 Department of Environmental Biological ice nucleators at tropospheric cloud 44 Sciences height University of Basel https://umweltgeo.unibas.ch/forschung/aktuell Bernoullistrasse 30 e-projekte/biological-nucleators/ CH-4056 Basel Contact: Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 04 81 Department of Environmental Baseline characterisation of air masses using 84 Sciences radon-222 University of Basel http://radon.unibas.ch/ Bernoullistrasse 30 http://www.ansto.gov.au/ResearchHub/IER/R CH-4056 Basel esearch/IsotopesinClimate/AtmosphericMixin Contact: Franz Conen g/index.htm Tel.: +41 61 267 04 81 http://www.gl.ethz.ch/research/bage/icos- ch/jungfraujoch.html Department of Environmental Stable isotopes in plant wax aerosols 46 Sciences - Botany http://www.botanik.unibas.ch/slu University of Basel Schönbeinstrasse 6 CH-4056 Basel Contact: Ansgar Kahmen Tel.: +41 61 267 35 71 Department of Geography Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network 109 University of Zurich PERMOS Winterthurerstr. 190 http://www.permos.ch CH-8057 Zürich Contact: Jeannette Nötzli Tel.: +41 44 635 52 24

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Research group / institute Project title Page Department of Physics Test for a new concept of an EAS detector for 101 University of Rome La Sapienza UHE neutrinos Piazza A. Moro 5 http://pciori13.roma1.infn.it/ 00185 Rome / Italy Contact: Maurizio Iori Tel.: +39 6 4991 4422 The Institute of Earth Science Interactions between aerosols and rain clouds 38 Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a function of aerosol type and source Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904, Israel Contact: Assaf Zipori Tel.: +972 52 616 5018 Empa Continous measurement of stable CO2 62 Laboratory for Air Pollution and isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Environmental Technology http://empa.ch/abt134 Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Contact: Lukas Emmenegger Tel.: +41 58 765 46 99 Empa Isotopic composition of N2O at Jungfraujoch 73 Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Contact: Joachim Mohn Tel.: +41 58 765 46 87 Empa National Air Pollution Monitoring Network 55 Swiss Federal Laboratories for (NABEL)) Materials Science and Technology http://empa.ch/web/s503/nabel Überlandstrasse 129 http://umwelt- CH-8600 Dübendorf schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftb Contact: Martin Steinbacher elastung/index.html Tel.: +41 58 765 40 48 Empa Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at 76 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Jungfraujoch Materials Science and Technology http://empa.ch/abt503 Überlandstrasse 129 http://agage.mit.edu/ CH-8600 Dübendorf Contact: Martin K. Vollmer Tel.: +41 58 765 42 42 ETH Zürich Assessment of high altitude aerosol and cloud 53 Institute for Atmospheric and characteristics, cirrus climatology Climate Science http://www.iac.ethz.ch Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Ulrich Krieger Tel.: +41 44 633 40 07

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Research group / institute Project title Page ETH Zürich SwissQuick: Emissions and imissions of 82 Institut für Chemie- und atmospheric mercury in Switzerland Bioingenieurwissenschaften http://www.sust-chem.ethz.ch Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zürich Contact: Basil Denzler Tel.: +41 44 633 44 14 ETH Zürich Glaciological investigations on the Grosser 107 Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Aletschgletscher Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) http://www.glaciology.ethz.ch Hönggerbergring 26 http://www.glamos.ch CH-8093 Zürich Contact: Andreas Bauder Tel.: +41 44 632 4112 Federal Office of Meteorology and Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation 51 Climatology MeteoSwiss Measurements Station Aérologique http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/home/meas Ch. de l’Aérologie 1 urement-and-forecasting- CH-1530 Payerne systems/atmosphere/strahlungsmessnetz.html Contact: Laurent Vuilleumier http://wrdc-mgo.nrel.gov/ Tel.: +41 58 460 95 41 Federal Office of Meteorology and Operation of an automatic weather station – 130 Climatology MeteoSwiss infrastructure renewal Station Aérologique Ch. de l’Aérologie 1 CH-1530 Payerne Contact: Gilles Durieux Tel.: +41 58 460 92 76 Finnish Meteorological Institute System and performance audit for the 80 P.O. Box 503 Jungfraujoch ICOS atmospheric station F-00101 Helsinki https://www.icos-cp.eu/ Contact: Hermanni Aaltonen Tel.: +35 850 408 4287 HASLERRail AG Test for an improved speed sensor for railway 115 Freiburgstrasse 251 ETCS application CH-3018 Bern http://www.haslerrail.com Contact: Peter Stauffer e-mail: [email protected] Institut für Umweltphysik Long-term observations of 14CO2 at 86 Universität Heidelberg Jungfraujoch Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/ D-69120 Heidelberg forschung/groups/kk/ Contact: Ingeborg Levin Tel.: +49 6221 546330 Institute for Atmospheric and Field measurements of aerosols acting as ice 31 Climate Science nucleating particles and their influence on ETH Zurich mixed-phase clouds Universitätsstrasse 16 http://www.iac.ethz.ch CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Zamin Kanji Tel.: +41 44 633 6161

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Research group / institute Project title Page Institute of Geological Sciences Development and scientific application of 105 University of Bern nuclear emulsion particle detectors to Baltzerstrasse 1+3 geological problems in 3D CH-3012 Bern Contact: Fritz Schlunegger Tel.: +41 31 631 8767 and Laboratory for High Energy Physics University of Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Contact: Antonio Ereditato Tel.: +41 31 631 8566 Laboratory of Atmospheric Ice residual characterization during the Cloud 41 Chemistry and Aerosol Characterization Experiment Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) (CLACE) CH-5232 Villigen http://www.psi.ch/lac Switzerland http://www.psi.ch/lac/gaw-monitoring-nrt- Contact: Nicolas Bukowiecki data Tel.: +41 56 310 2465 http://sites.google.com/site/jfjnrt/ http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/m eteoswiss/international_affairs/GAW.html http://ebas.nilu.no/ http://www.actris.net/ Laboratory of Atmospheric The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol 24 Chemistry Program at Jungfraujoch Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) http://www.psi.ch/lac CH-5232 Villigen http://www.psi.ch/lac/gaw-monitoring-nrt- Switzerland data Contact: Nicolas Bukowiecki http://sites.google.com/site/jfjnrt/ Tel.: +41 56 310 2465 http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/m eteoswiss/international_affairs/GAW.html http://ebas.nilu.no/ http://www.actris.net/ Max Planck Institut für Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch 69 Biogeochemie http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de Hans Knöll Str. 10 D-07745 Jena / Germany Contact: Willi A. Brand Tel.: +49 3641 576 400 MeteoSchweiz The weather in 2015: report for the 6 Krähbühlstrasse 58 International Foundation HFSJG CH-8044 Zürich http://www.meteoschweiz.ch Contact : Stephan Bader Tel. : +41 44 256 91 11 Physikalisches Institut High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen 64 Abteilung Klima- und Umweltphysik measurements at Jungfraujoch Universität Bern http://www.climate.unibe.ch/?L1=research&L Sidlerstrasse 5 2=atm_gases CH-3012 Bern http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/cgi- Contact: Markus Leuenberger bin/wdcgg/accessdata.cgi?index=JFJ646N00- Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70 KUP&select=inventory

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Research group / institute Project title Page Physikalisches Institut Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays 90 Universität Bern http://cosray.unibe.ch/ Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Contact: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Physikalisches Institut SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the 140 Universität Bern identification and the study of high-energy Sidlerstrasse 5 neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at CH-3012 Bern the Sun Contact: Rolf Bütikofer http://cosray.unibe.ch/ Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste- www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html PMOD/WRC Comprehensive Radiation Flux Assessment 48 Dorfstrasse 33 (CRUX) CH-7260 Davos Dorf ftp://ftp.pmodwrc.ch/stealth/002_payerne/liras Contact: Julian Gröbner /cloudcam/jf/ Tel.: +41 58 467 5157 Lungenheilkunde München - Pasing Correlation of blood gas analysis at 3454 m 128 Gleichmannstrasse 5 with symptoms of acute mountain sickness – D-81241 München ongoing study Contact: Rainald Fischer http://www.lungenarzt-pasing.de Tel.: +49 89 880 347 University of Denver Photographic site visitation to Jungfraujoch 132 Department of Physics and for educational outreach Astronomy http://www.du.edu/ Physics Building 2112 East Wesley Ave. Denver, CO 80208-6900 USA Contact: Adam R. Jones Tel.: +1 307 840 1020 Université de Liège High resolution, solar infrared Fourier 12 Institut d’Astrophysique et de Transform spectrometry. Application to the Géophysique study of the Earth atmosphere Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/station/jung Belgium) frau Contact: Christian Servais Tel.: +32 4 366 97 84 WSL Institute for Snow and Influences of the snowcover on thermal 111 Avalanche Research SLF processes in steep permafrost rockwalls Flüelastrasse 11 Long-term permafrost monitoring CH-7260 Davos Dorf http://www.slf.ch Switzerland http://www.permos.ch Contact: Marcia Phillips http://permasense.ch Tel.: +41 81 417 02 18 http://shinypermos.geo.uzh.ch/app/BoreholeD ataBrowser/

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Collaborations and networks Institutions collaborating with research projects at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2015:

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Australian Nuclear Science and Australia Baseline characterization of air masses Technology Organisation (ANSTO) using radon-222 Sydney Australia Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel Ecotech Pty Ltd Australia The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol G. Kassell and Dr. M. Laborde Program at Jungfraujoch

Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Australia Isotopic composition of N2O at Research Jungfraujoch Paul Krummel, Ray Langenfelds, Paul Steele Empa Aspendale Laboratory for Air Pollution and Australia Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Belgian Institute for Space Belgium National Air Pollution Monitoring Aeronomy Network (NABEL) Atmospheric physics and chemistry Dr. Michel Van Roozendael Empa Ringlaan 3 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials B-1180 Brussels Science and Technology Belgium Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf IASB (Institut d'Aéronomie Belgium High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Spatiale de Belgique) Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) Université Libre de Bruxelles for Belgium Atmospheric physics and chemistry IASI FORLI data validation Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Université de Liège Belgium Atmospheric physics and chemistry Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique and Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy NDACC Partners Ringlaan 3 Allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B-1180 Brussels B5a Belgium B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique) Université de Liège Belgium National Air Pollution Monitoring Institut d’Astrophysique et de Network (NABEL) Géophysique Allée du VI août, 17 Empa B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège) Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf ACTRIS (Aerosol, Clouds and European Halogenated greenhouse gases at Trace Gases Research Network) network Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution / Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf ACTRIS (Aerosol, Clouds and European National Air Pollution Monitoring Trace Gases Research Network) network Network (NABEL)

Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Collaboration with S&T for the European Atmospheric physics and chemistry NORS and QA4ECV Validation network Server Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium Collaboration with European FTIR European Atmospheric physics and chemistry and UV-Vis teams and modelling network teams in the frame of the EU Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy project NORS Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium EMEP (European Monitoring and European National Air Pollution Monitoring Evaluation Programme) network Network (NABEL)

Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

159

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: European FP7 Project Real-Time European Neutron monitors - Study of solar and Database for High Resolution network galactic cosmic rays Neutron Monitor Measurements (NMDB) Universität Bern http://www.nmdb.eu/ Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern GAW-CH European High resolution, solar infrared Fourier network Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) 14 ICOS Integrated Carbon European Long-term observations of CO2 at Observation System network Jungfraujoch http://www.icos-ri.eu Universität Heidelberg Institut für Umweltphysik Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg ICOS Integrated Carbon European National Air Pollution Monitoring Observation System network Network (NABEL) http://www.icos-ri.eu Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf ICOS Integrated Carbon European Continuous measurement of stable CO2 Observation System network isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland https://www.icos-ri.eu/ Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf ICOS Integrated Carbon European Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch Observation System partners network https://www.icos-ri.eu/ Centre for Isotope Research — Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen / The Netherlands ICOS Integrated Carbon European Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch Observation System partners network https://www.icos-ri.eu/ Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie Hans Knöll Str. 10 D-007745 Jena

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: ICOS Integrated Carbon European High precision carbon dioxide and Observation System partners network oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch https://www.icos-ri.eu/ Universität Bern Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern InGOS (Integrated non-CO2 European Halogenated greenhouse gases at Greenhouse gas Observing System) network Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/ Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf InGOS (Integrated non-CO2 European National Air Pollution Monitoring Greenhouse gas Observation network Network (NABEL) System) Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf University of Helsinki Finland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Department of Physics Program at Jungfraujoch Prof. M. Kulmala Helsinki, Finland Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Alstom Transportation France Test for an improved speed sensor for railway ETCS application

HASLERRail AG Freiburgstrasse 251 CH-3018 Bern INRA (Institut national de la France Biological ice nucleators at tropospheric recherche agronomique) cloud height Pathologie vegetale Montfavet University of Basel France Department of Environmental Sciences Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat France System and performance audit for the et de l’Environnement LSCE Jungfraujoch ICOS atmospheric station

Finnish Meteorological Institute P.O. Box 503 F-00101 Helsinki Finland

161

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: LATMOS France Atmospheric physics and chemistry France (SAOZ) F. Goutail, J.-P. Pommerau, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy A. Pazmino Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium National Meteorological Research France The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Center CNRM-GAME Program at the Jungfraujoch Dr. G. Roberts Dr. T. Bourrianne Paul Scherrer Institute Toulouse, France Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland ECAC and TROPOS Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Dr. A. Wiedensohler Program at the Jungfraujoch Leipzig, Germany Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Department of Sports Medicine Germany Effects of remote preconditioning on University Hospital Heidelberg severity and incidence of acute mountain sickness at 3450 m

Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital Salzburg Paracelsus Medical University Müllner Hauptstrasse 48 A-5020 Salzburg Austria IMK (Forschungszentrum Germany High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Karlsruhe) Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol DLR Program at Jungfraujoch Dr. A. Petzold Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Johann Wolfgang Goethe Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Universität Frankfurt am Main Program at Jungfraujoch Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt Paul Scherrer Institute Prof. J. Curtius Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland

162

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol (KIT) Program at Jungfraujoch Institute of Meteorology and Ice residual characterization during the Climate Research Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Dr. Martin Schnaiter Experiment (CLACE) Dr. Corinna Hoose Karlsruhe, Germany Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Leibniz Institut für Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Troposphärenforschung Program at Jungfraujoch Dr. S. Mertes Ice residual characterization during the Prof. A. Wiedensohler Cloud and Aerosol Characterization D-04318 Leipzig Experiment (CLACE) Deutschland Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Max-Planck Institute for Germany Continuous measurement of stable CO2 Biogeochemistry isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Hans Knöll Str. 10 D-007745 Jena Empa Germany Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Biogeochemistry Department Program at Jungfraujoch Dr. U. Pöschl Mainz Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Max-Planck-Institut für Germany High precision carbon dioxide and Biogeochemie oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch Jena Universität Bern Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Particle Chemistry Department Program at Jungfraujoch Dr. J. Schneider Ice residual characterization during the Prof. S. Borrmann Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Mainz Experiment (CLACE)

Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Max-Planck-Institute Germany Field measurements of aerosols acting as Mainz, Germany ice nucleating particles and their Dr. Jacob Fugal influence on mixed-phase clouds

Swiss Federal Office of Technology, ETH Zürich Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Universitätsstr. 16 CH-8092 Zürich Switzerland Max-Planck-Institut für Germany Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch Biogeochemie Jena Centre for Isotope Research — Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands Max-Planck-Institut für Germany High precision carbon dioxide and Biogeochemie oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch Jena Universität Bern Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern SFC Energy AG Germany Performance of Methanol fuel cells in Eugen-Sänger-Ring 7 alpine environments D-85649 Brunnthal armasuisse S+T Test Centre Feuerwerkerstrasse 39 CH-3602 Thun Switzerland University of Bonn Germany Influences of the snowcover on thermal Germany processes in steep permafrost rockwalls Long-term permafrost monitoring

WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf Switzerland Universität Darmstadt Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Institut für Mineralogie Program at Jungfraujoch Prof. S. Weinbruch Darmstadt, Germany Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

164

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: University of Munich Germany Influences of the snowcover on thermal Germany processes in steep permafrost rockwalls Long-term permafrost monitoring

WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland ACE-FTS science team International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier http://www.ace.uwaterloo.ca/partici network Transform spectrometry. Application to pants.html / the study of the Earth atmosphere

University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) AGAGE (Advanced Global International Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Both the UV-Vis and FTIR International Atmospheric physics and chemistry observations contribute to the network international Network for the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Detection of Atmospheric Ringlaan 3 Composition Changes (NDACC) B-1180 Brussels, Belgium Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) International National Air Pollution Monitoring network Network (NABEL)

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) International Halogenated greenhouse gases at network Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Globalview International High precision carbon dioxide and networks oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch

Universität Bern, Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

165

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Collaboration with the OMI, International Atmospheric physics and chemistry TROPOMI, ACE and MetOp networks GOME-2 and IASI satellite Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy communities Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels, Belgium NDACC (Network for the International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Detection of Atmospheric network Transform spectrometry. Application to Composition Change, the study of the Earth atmosphere http://www.ndacc.org/) / University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) Obspack International High precision carbon dioxide and network oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch

Universität Bern Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Radiation data submitted to the International Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation World Radiation Data Centre network Measurements (WRDC, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the framework Federal Office of Meteorology and of the Global Atmosphere Watch climatology MeteoSwiss Station Aérologique Ch. de l'Aérologie 1 CH-1530 Payerne Satellite experiments: IASI International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier ((Infrared Atmospheric Sounding network Transform spectrometry. Application to Interferometer)), AURA, OMI, the study of the Earth atmosphere ENVISAT University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) World Meteorological Organization International Halogenated greenhouse gases at (WMO) network Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

166

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel Field measurements of aerosols acting Assaf Zipori as ice nucleating particles and their influence on mixed-phase clouds

Swiss Federal Office of Technology, ETH Zürich Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland Nagoya University Japan SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for Solar Terrestrial Environment the identification and the study of high- Laboratory energy neutrons produced in energetic Prof. Y. Matsubara eruptions at the Sun Prof. Y. Muraki Dr. T. Sako Universität Bern Dr. S. Masuda Physikalisches Institut Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Nagoya University Japan Development and scientific application of nuclear emulsion particle detectors to geological problems in 3D

Institute of Geological Sciences University of Bern Baltzerstrasse 1+3 CH-3012 Bern and Laboratory for High Energy Physics University of Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Korea Polar Research Institute Korea Halogenated greenhouse gases at KOPRI Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Aerosol d.o.o. Slovenia The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Grisa Mocnik Program at Jungfraujoch and Int. Postgraduate School Paul Scherrer Institute Jozef Stefan Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Ljubljana, Slovenia CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland Aerosol Consulting ML Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Ennetbaden, Switzerland Program at Jungfraujoch

Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland

167

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Alpes Lasers SA Switzerland Continuous measurement of stable CO2 1-3 Max.-de-Meuron isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland C.P. 1766 CH-2001 Neuchâtel Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Astronomical Institute of the Switzerland Stellarium Gornergrat University of Bern (AIUB) Sidlerstrasse 5 Center for Space and Habitability CH-3012 Bern University of Bern Parkterrasse 14 CH-3012 Bern Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Federal Office for the Environment Network (NABEL) (FOEN) Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Switzerland Halogenated greenhouse gases at Federal Office for the Environment Jungfraujoch (FOEN) Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Burgergemeinde Zermatt Switzerland Stellarium Gornergrat Bahnhofstrasse 53 CH-3920 Zermatt Center for Space and Habitability Universität Bern Parkterrasse 14 CH-3012 Bern Empa Switzerland Atmospheric physics and chemistry B. Buchmann, D. Brunner, S. Henne, S. Reimann, M. Steinbacher Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ueberlandstrasse 129 Ringlaan 3 CH-8600 Dübendorf B-1180 Brussels Belgium Empa Switzerland High precision carbon dioxide and Laboratory for Air oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch Pollution/Environmental Technology Universität Bern Ueberlandstrasse 129 Physikalisches Institut CH-8600 Dübendorf Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

168

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Empa Switzerland High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Laboratory for Air Transform spectrometry. Application to Pollution/Environmental the study of the Earth atmosphere Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 University of Liège CH-8600 Dübendorf Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) Empa Switzerland Biological ice nucleators at tropospheric NABEL cloud height Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental University of Basel Technology Department of Environmental Sciences CH-8600 Dübendorf Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel Empa Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Laboratory for Air Program at Jungfraujoch Pollution/Environmental Technology Paul Scherrer Institute Dr. C. Hüglin, Dr. S. Henne, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Dr. S. Reimann, Dr. M. Steinbacher CH-5232 Villigen Ueberlandstrasse 129 Switzerland CH-8600 Dübendorf Empa Switzerland SwissQuick: Emissions and imissions of Laboratory for Air atmospheric mercury in Switzerland Pollution/Environmental Technology Institute for Chemical and Dr. Stephan Henne Bioengineering Überlandstrasse 129 ETH Zürich CH-8600 Dübendorf Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zürich Empa Switzerland Baseline characterization of air masses Laboratory for Air using radon-222 Pollution/Environmental Technology University of Basel CH-8600 Dübendorf Department of Environmental Sciences Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel Empa Switzerland System and performance audit for the Laboratory for Air Jungfraujoch ICOS atmospheric station Pollution/Environmental Technology Finnish Meteorological Institute CH-8600 Dübendorf P.O. Box 503 F-00101 Helsinki Finland

169

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Empa Switzerland Field measurements of aerosols acting as Laboratory for Air ice nucleating particles and their Pollution/Environmental influence on mixed-phase clouds Technology Dr. Martin Steinbacher Swiss Federal Office of Technology, Dr. Stephan Henne ETH Zürich CH-8600 Dübendorf Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland Esotec Energietechnik GmbH Switzerland Performance of Methanol fuel cells in Gewerbestrasse 8 alpine environments CH-3862 Innertkirchen armasuisse S+T Test Centre Feuerwerkerstrasse 39 CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland ETH Zürich Switzerland Influences of the snowcover on thermal Swiss Federal Institute of processes in steep permafrost rockwalls Technology Long-term permafrost monitoring Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Dr. Jan Beutel Research SLF Gloriastrasse 35 Flüelastrasse 11 CH-8092 Zurich CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland ETH Zürich Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Swiss Federal Institute of Program at Jungfraujoch Technology Ice residual characterization during the Institute for Atmospheric and Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Climate Science Experiment (CLACE) Prof. U. Lohmann Prof. T. Peter Paul Scherrer Institute Universitätstrasse 16 Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-8092 Zürich CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland ETH Zürich Switzerland Interactions between aerosols and rain Swiss Federal Institute of clouds as a function of aerosol type and Technology source Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science The Institute of Earth Science Yvonne Boose Hebrew University of Jerusalem Larissa Lacher Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat-Ram Universitätstrasse 16 Jerusalem, 91904 CH-8092 Zürich Israel

170

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Institut für Aerosol- und Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Sensortechnik, Fachhochschule Program at Jungfraujoch Nordwestschweiz, Windisch Ice residual characterization during the Prof. H. Burtscher Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Dr. E. Weingartner Experiment (CLACE) Dr. M. Fierz Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland 3100 Kulmhotel Gornergrat Switzerland Stellarium Gornergrat Gornergrat 3100m CH-3920 Zermatt Center for Space and Habitability University of Bern Parkterrasse 14 CH-3012 Bern KWO Switzerland Long-term study on the efficiency of Kraftwerke AG photovoltaic installations at high CH-3862 Innertkirchen altitudes

Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Engineering and Information Technology, Photovoltaic Laboratory Jlcoweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf MeteoSwiss Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf MeteoSwiss Switzerland Comprehensive Radiation Flux Assessment (CRUX)

Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos PMOD World Radiation Center WRC Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf MeteoSwiss, Payerne Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Office fédéral de météorologie et de Program at Jungfraujoch climatologie MétéoSuisse Ice residual characterization during the Dr. D. Ruffieux Cloud and Aerosol Characterization ch. de l’Aérologie Experiment (CLACE) CH-1530 Payerne Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland

171

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland Biological ice nucleators at tropospheric Laboratory of Atmospheric cloud height Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen University of Basel Switzerland Department of Environmental Sciences Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland Baseline characterization of air masses Laboratory of Atmospheric using radon-222 Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen University of Basel Switzerland Department of Environmental Sciences Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland Assessment of high altitude aerosol and Laboratory of Atmospheric cloud characteristics, cirrus climatology Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Swiss Federal Office of Technology, Switzerland ETH Zürich Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland Field measurements of aerosols acting Laboratory of Atmospheric as ice nucleating particles and their Chemistry influence on mixed-phase clouds Prof. Urs Baltensperger Dr. Erik Herrmann Swiss Federal Office of Technology, Dr. Nicolas Bukowiecki ETH Zürich CH-5232 Villigen Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Switzerland Science Universitätsstr. 16 CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Laboratory of Atmospheric Network (NABEL) Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Empa Switzerland Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf PermaSense Network Switzerland Influences of the snowcover on thermal www.permasense.ch processes in steep permafrost rockwalls Long-term permafrost monitoring

WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland

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International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: PermaSense Network Switzerland Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network ETH Zürich PERMOS Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK) University of Zürich Gloriastrasse 35 Department of Geography CH-8092 Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich PERMOS (Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland Influences of the snowcover on thermal Switzerland) processes in steep permafrost rockwalls http://www.permos.ch/ Long-term permafrost monitoring

WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland SBB – Schweizerische Switzerland Test for an improved speed sensor for Bundesbahnen railway ETCS application

HASLERRail AG Freibrugstrasse 251 CH-3018 Bern Studiengesellschaft Mont Soleil Switzerland Long-term study on the efficiency of Les Brenet photovoltaic installations at high altitudes

Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Engineering and Information Technology, Photovoltaic Laboratory Jlcoweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf Study of solar photometry (aerosol Switzerland Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation optical depth) and long-wave Measurements infrared radiative forcing in collaboration with the Federal Office of Meteorology and Physikalisch Meteorologisches climatology MeteoSwiss Observatorium Davos (PMOD), Station Aérologique 1 World Radiation Center (WRC) Ch. de l'Aérologie Dorfstrasse 33 CH-1530 Payerne CH-7260 Davos Dorf SUPSI Switzerland Long-term study on the efficiency of Lugano photovoltaic installations at high altitudes

Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Engineering and Information Technology, Photovoltaic Laboratory Jlcoweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf

173

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Swiss Federal Office for the Switzerland SwissQuick: Emissions and imissions of Environment (FOEN) atmospheric mercury in Switzerland

Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 CH-8093 Zürich Swiss GCOS office Switzerland High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch

Universität Bern Physikalisches Institut Klima- und Umweltphysik Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network Switzerland Glaciological investigations on the (GLAMOS) Grosser Aletschgletscher http://www.glamos.ch ETH Zürich Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) Hönggerbergring 26 CH-8093 Zürich Swiss National Air Pollution Switzerland Isotopic composition of N2O at Monitoring Network (NABEL) Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Tofwerk AG Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Dr. M. Hutterli Program at Jungfraujoch Thun, Switzerland Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Universität Basel Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Institut für Program at Jungfraujoch Umweltgeowissenschaften Dr. Franz Conen Paul Scherrer Institute Bernoullistrasse 30 Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-4056 Basel CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

174

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: University of Bern Switzerland Long-term study on the efficiency of photovoltaic installations at high altitudes

Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH, Engineering and Information Technology, Photovoltaic Laboratory Jlcoweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf University of Bern Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Physics Institute Network (NABEL) Climate and Environmental Physics Sidlerstrasse 5 Empa CH-3012 Bern Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Duebendorf University of Bern Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Physics Institute Program at Jungfraujoch Climate and Environmental Physics Prof. M. Leuenberger Paul Scherrer Institute Sidlerstrasse 5 Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-3012 Bern CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland University of Bern Switzerland Continuous measurement of stable CO2 Physics Institute isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Climate and Environmental Physics Sidlerstrasse 5 Empa CH-3012 Bern Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf University of Bern Switzerland Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch Physics Institute Climate and Environmental Physics Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie Sidlerstrasse 5 Hans Knöll Str. 10 CH-3012 Bern D-007745 Jena University of Bern Switzerland Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch Physics Institute Climate and Environmental Physics Centre for Isotope Research — Energy Sidlerstrasse 5 and Sustainability Research Institute CH-3012 Bern Groningen, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands Universität Bern Switzerland 85Kr Activity Determination in Physikalisches Institut Tropospheric Air Klima- und Umweltphysik Dr. Roland Purtschert Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Sidlerstrasse 5 Rosastrasse 9 CH-3012 Bern D-79098 Freiburg

175

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Universität Fribourg Switzerland Influences of the snowcover on thermal Department of Geosciences processes in steep permafrost rockwalls Prof. Martin Hoelzle Long-term permafrost monitoring Chemin du Musée 6 CH-1700 Fribourg WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland University of Geneva Switzerland Stellarium Gornergrat Geneva Observatory Astronomy Department Center for Space and Habitability 51, Chemin des Maillettes University of Bern CH-1290 Sauverny Parkterrasse 14 CH-3012 Bern University of Zurich Switzerland Influences of the snowcover on thermal Department of Geography processes in steep permafrost rockwalls Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics Long-term permafrost monitoring & Geochronology Winterthurerstr. 190 WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland WSL Institute for Snow and Switzerland Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network Avalanche Research SLF PERMOS Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf University of Zürich Dr. Marcia Phillips Department of Geography Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zürich Centre for Isotope Research CIO The High precision carbon dioxide and Groningen, The Netherlands Netherlands oxygen measurements at Jungfraujoch

Universität Bern Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Centre for Isotope Research CIO The Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch Groningen, The Netherlands Netherlands Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie Hans Knöll Str. 10 D-007745 Jena Abant Izzet Baysal University Turkey Test for a new concept of an EAS Department of Physics detector for UHE neutrinos Experimental Nuclear and High Energy Group University of Rome La Sapienza Prof. Dr. Haluk Denizli Departement of Physics Bolu / Turkey Piazza A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome

176

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2015

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: University of Bristol UK Halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/ Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf University of Leeds UK Atmospheric physics and chemistry School of Earth and Environment Collaboration with Martin Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Chipperfield Ringlaan 3 Leeds, LS2 9JT B-1180 Brussels United Kingdom Belgium University of Leeds UK High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium) University of Manchester UK The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol School of Earth, Atmospheric and Program at Jungfraujoch Environmental Sciences (SEAES) Ice residual characterization during the Prof. H. Coe Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Prof. T. Choularton Experiment (CLACE) Manchester, UK Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland University of Manchester UK Field measurements of aerosols acting Centre for Atmospheric Science as ice nucleating particles and their SEAES influence on mixed-phase clouds Paul Connolly, Gary Lloyd and Tom Choularton Swiss Federal Office of Technology, Manchester, UK ETH Zürich Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Universitätsstr. 16 CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland Aerodyne Research USA The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Dr. D.Worsnop Program at Jungfraujoch

Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Carnegie Mellon University USA Test for a new concept of an EAS Dept. of Physics detector for UHE neutrinos Prof. James Russ 5000 Forbes Ave. University of Rome La Sapienza Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Departement of Physics USA Piazza A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome NASA JPL USA High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

University of Liège Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique Allée du six Août, 19 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgium)

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Picture Gallery 2015 from http://www.hfsjg.ch

January: A terrific red sky at Jungfraujoch. The picture was taken by Dr. Ronny Lorenzo on a December morning.

February: The Radio Télévision Suisse (RTS) did a one hour live broadcast for their programme 'CQFD' - directly from the research station at Jungfraujoch. Researchers from different institutions were interviewed (in the photo: M. Collaud Coen, MeteoSwiss and G. Motos, PSI). http://www.rts.ch/la-1ere/programmes/cqfd/6439482-cqfd-du-22-01-2015.html

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March: View from the Swisscom Station/Jungfrau East Ridge.

April: The audit of the ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) station at Jungfraujoch took place in January-February 2015. Intercomparison measurements of CO2, CH4, CO and N2O with the ICOS MobileLab were run by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (in the picture: Karri Saarnio (left) and Hermanni Aaltonen).

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May: View from the Jungfraujoch Sphinx observatory over Interlaken/Thun/Bern, February 2015.

June: Prof. Ansgar Kahmen (left) and Dr. Daniel Nelson from the Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel recently installed a high volume air sampler at the Sphinx Observatory at Jungfraujoch. It will be used to collect airborne plant leaf waxes in order to evaluate how these compounds are transported by winds.

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July: Watching the stars at Gornergrat with the look-through telescope (Takahashi TOA 150) of the Stellarium project. Photo/copyright: Jürgen Michelberger/WR Presse Medien Studio

August: The transport by helicopter of the new meteo bridge of MeteoSwiss (picture on the left). The picture on the right shows the new bridge fully installed with all sensors on the Sphinx terrace at Jungfraujoch.

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September: The liquid nitrogen machine at the research station Jungfraujoch after its yearly revision. The machine produces 5 l liquid nitrogen per hour and is used by researchers to e.g. cool their samples.

October: A study team from the University Hospital Salzburg/Austria (Drs. Berger, Macholz, Dankl, Bacher) and Heidelberg/Germany (Dr. Mairbäurl, Lehmann) performed a study investigating the pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and measures for its prevention. AMS was assessed with questionnaires and clinical examination, pulmonary artery pressure was assessed by echocardiography, and blood drawings were performed to characterize altitude-induced changes in inflammatory parameters, nitric oxide metabolism, and reactive oxygen species. The picture shows part of the study team during an examination (assessment of vital parameters in the front, processing blood samples on the right, and echocardiography in the back).

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November: The new protection roof of the research station at Jungfraujoch. Due to its steepness and the slippery protective panels, the snow is now sliding down by itself.

December: Each year, Dr. Andreas Bauder of the Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, organizes an excursion to Jungfraujoch for the current students of his 'Applied Glaciology' lecture. In the picture the students are on the terrace of the Sphinx observatory, receiving information about the Grosser Aletschgletscher from Dr. Bauder.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financial support and support in kind from

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), Bern Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS, Bruxelles Max-Planck Gesellschaft, München The Royal Society, London Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien University of Bern Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (SCNAT), Bern Jungfraubahnen AG, Interlaken Gornergrat Bahn AG, Zermatt Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Zermatt

We would like to thank the Swisscom Broadcast AG and armasuisse Immobilien for the cooperation and support at the Jungfrau East Ridge.

The exceptional dedication of the scientists working at the Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat research stations and the preeminent quality of the research they carry out motivates the administration of the Foundation HFSJG and its members and sponsors in their own daily work. We thank you all heartily!

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