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Deliverable 1.2 Catalogue of European Seabed Biotopes

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Deliverable 1.2 Catalogue of European Seabed Biotopes Deliverable 1.2 Catalogue of European seabed biotopes Due date of deliverable: month 8 (June 2010) Actual submission data: month 10 (August 2010) Coordinator: Maria Salomidi Hellenic Center for Marine Research (Partner 5, HCMR, Greece) Grant Agreement number: 226661 Project acronym: MESMA Project title: Monitoring and Evaluation of Spatially Managed Areas Funding Scheme: Collaborative project Project coordination: IMARES, IJmuiden, the Netherlands Project website: www.mesma.org MESMA Deliverable 1.2 Catalogue of European seabed biotopes Contributors: Maria Salomidi, Stelios Katsanevakis, Dimitrios Damalas Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Greece (Partner 5, HCMR) Roberta Mifsud Ministry for Resources and Rural Affairs, Malta (Partner 11, MRRA-MCFS) Valentina Todorova Institute of Oceanology – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria (Partner 6, IO-BAS) Carlo Pipitone, Tomas Vega Fernandez, Simone Mirto Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy (Partner 9, CNR-IAMC) Ibon Galparsoro, Marta Pascual, Ángel Borja Fundacion AZTI/AZTI Fundazioa, Spain (Partner 10, Tecnalia AZTI) Marijn Rabaut, Ulrike Braeckman University of Gent, Belgium (Partner 4, UGent) The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 226661 1 MESMA Monitoring and Evaluation of Spatially Managed Areas Introduction - Overview MESMA focuses on marine spatial management and aims to supply a general framework and strategic tools for the sustainable development of European seas and coastal areas by combining an optimized use with a sustained ecosystem of high quality. As competition for marine resources increases and human activities have caused the degradation of the quality status of the marine environment, there is an urgent need for holistic, planned approaches to managing our seas. The seas around Europe are home to an exceptionally wide range of marine habitats and their associated biodiversity. To achieve sustainable management and to conserve marine biodiversity, access to information about seabed biotic and abiotic characteristics is a prerequisite. Such information includes the distribution of seabed habitats and their associated bioocommunities, their current state and future trends, goods and services provided, and their vulnerability and impacts as a result of human activities. The relative value of the various aspects of the benthic marine environment is an important basis for the spatial management of marine areas and such assessments will thus play a key role in MESMA as a means of identifying priority biotopes of high value that are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic effects and therefore in need of protection. In this catalogue, existing information was compiled and analysed for the majority of European seabed biotopes as proposed and classified by the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) (http://eunis.eea.europa.eu). The EUNIS database provides a comprehensive pan-European approach that covers all types of habitats (from natural to artificial, from terrestrial to freshwater and marine) and their associated flora and fauna, with a view to facilitate the harmonised description and collection of data across Europe (EUNIS, 2002). However, for many of these sub-categories either no information or very limited data has so far been provided. Hence, building upon EUNIS, we greatly extended the available information in order to fulfil the needs of MESMA. Within the MESMA perspective, this report focuses specifically on sublittoral, fully marine EUNIS habitat types at level-4 and beyond (EUNIS, 2002). Habitat types at EUNIS level-4 are hereby defined as biotopes, a term which accounts for a particular habitat (i.e. the environment's physical and chemical characteristics encompassing the substratum and the particular conditions of wave exposure, salinity, tidal streams and other environmental factors) together with its recurring associated community of species (Jones et al., 2000). Special emphasis was given on the Mediterranean, Black Sea (Pontic), and deep-sea biotopes, for which little or no information was included in the original EUNIS database. In total, 66 biotopes at EUNIS level-4 were compiled, 6 of which are newly inserted for the Black Sea. Furthermore, 26 new sub-biotopes were inserted and described, 16 of which at EUNIS level-5, and 11 more at EUNIS level-6 (EUNIS, 2002). Biotope factsheets were formatted according to a standard layout, compiling all existing and/or readily available information on the following fields: • Biotope Name: The names used to describe each biotope are the currently accepted EUNIS titles, as they appear in the official (online) database. For newly inserted biotopes and sub- biotopes,optional names and numberings - indicated in the catalogue by an asterisk*- were proposed. • Classification: Names (Titles) and Code Numbers according to the current EUNIS and NATURA 2000 typology are given for each biotope. • Biotope Pictures: One or more pictures showing aspects of the biotope are given where available. • Biotope Distribution: A map illustrating the existing geospatial information and /or potential distribution (as predicted by each biotope’s basic ecological requirements) is given for each biotope. • Links to available maps: Web links to other regional/national official distribution maps are given where available. 2 MESMA Deliverable 1.2 Catalogue of European seabed biotopes • Biotope Requirements: The main environmental requirements (eg. substratum type, depth, hydrodynamism / water movement, temperature / salinity levels, light availability) are given for each biotope, as retrieved from the EUNIS database and/or other sources available. • Biotope Description: A general description of the biotope and its characterizing / structuring / key / associated species, along with a list and description of all associated sub-biotopes (at EUNIS level-5 and, where appropriate, level-6) is given, based on the EUNIS database descriptions and/or other sources available. • Biotope Evaluation: Goods and Services: A description and assessment of goods and services provided by the biotope, as further analysed below. • Sensitivity to human activities: A compilation of reported and/or anticipated threats jeopardizing the existence and / or ecological status of the biotope. • Conservation and Protection Status: A compilation of current protection/management tools which apply for the biotope at international and/or national level, as well as any critical issues and/or general recommendations to address management purposes. • List of References: A list of all bibliographic sources used, additionally to the official EUNIS database. More specifically, goods and services provided by each biotope were reviewed based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003 and Beaumont et al. (2007), and rated intothree major evaluation classes “High”, “Low”, “Negligible/Irrelevant/Unknown”. Namely, the following parameters were assessed: Food provision [provisional service] Definition: The extraction of marine organisms for human consumption. Plants and animals derived directly from marine biodiversity provide a significant part of the human diet. Fisheries in particular, and the accompanying employment, provide a significant example of the importance of this function. Raw materials [provisional service] Definition: The extraction of marine organisms for all purposes, except human consumption. A wide variety of raw materials are provided by marine biodiversity for a variety of different uses, for example, seaweed for industry and fertilizer, fishmeal for aquaculture and farming, pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, natural medicines, and ornamental goods such as shells. The provision of raw materials results in significant employment opportunities. This category does not include dredge materials, oil or aggregates as these are not supported by living marine organisms. Air quality and climate regulation [regulating service] Definition: The balance and maintenance of the chemical composition of the atmosphere and climate regulation by sequestering green house gases by marine living organisms. The chemical composition of the atmosphere is maintained through a series of biogeochemical processes. The maintenance of a healthy, habitable planet is dependent on processes such as the regulation of the volatile organic halides, ozone, oxygen and dimethyl sulphide, and the exchange and regulation of carbon, by marine living organisms. For example, organisms in the marine environment play a significant role in climate control through their regulation of carbon fluxes, by acting as a reserve or sink for CO2 in living tissue and by facilitating burial of carbon in sea bed sediments. The capacity of the marine environment to act as a carbon sink will be affected by changes in marine biodiversity. Disturbance and natural hazard prevention [regulating service] Definition: The dampening of environmental disturbances by biogenic structures. Living marine flora and fauna can play a valuable role in the defense of coastal regions. The presence of organisms in the front line of sea defense can dampen and prevent the impact of tidal surges, storms and floods. This disturbance alleviation service is provided mainly by a diverse range of species which bind and stabilize sediments and create natural sea defenses, for example salt marshes, mangrove forests and sea grass beds (Huxley, 1992; Davison and Hughes, 1998). Specific biotopes play an important role in sediment
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