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Chapter 1 Introduction: the History of a Recalcitrant Disease

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Chapter 1 Introduction: the History of a Recalcitrant Disease Notes Chapter 1 Introduction: The History of a Recalcitrant Disease 1 ‘Henry Marshall Hughes’. 2 Hughes, ‘Cases of Malignant Disease of the Lung’. 3 Ibid., 333. Books and articles on physical examination were full of detailed descriptions of specific sounds. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid., 335. 6 Craig, The Last Freedom. More on this story in Timmermann, ‘Running Out of Options’. 7 Craig, The Last Freedom, 108. 8 On cancer clinical trials, see Keating and Cambrosio, Cancer on Trial. For an engaging account of the challenges and successes in the treatment of cancer see Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies. On childhood cancer, see Krueger, Hope and Suffering; Laszlo, The Cure of Childhood Leukemia; Barnes, ‘Between Remission and Cure’; Barnes, ‘Caring and Curing’. 9 On treatment outcomes, see Macmillan Cancer Support, ‘The Cancer Survival Lottery’. On the history of breast cancer: Lerner, The Breast Cancer Wars; Aronowitz, Unnatural History. 10 Lenfant, ‘Shattuck Lecture: Clinical Research to Clinical Practice – Lost in Translation?’. This resonates with the by now classic argument by Thomas McKeown, that medical advances in a narrow sense played only a very minor role in the increase of life expectancy in the developed world over the last two centuries: McKeown, The Role of Medicine. 11 Taylor, ‘Clinical Lecture’, 875, 877. 12 Cf. Pickstone, ‘Contested Cumulations’. 13 Thatcher et al., ‘Chemotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer’, 85. 14 This is the figure for 2008, the most recent year for which worldwide data is available: World Health Organization, ‘Fact Sheet No 297: Cancer’; for the UK and the US, see Cancer Research UK, ‘Lung Cancer and Smoking’; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘CDC – Lung Cancer Statistics’. 15 Cancer Research UK, ‘Pancreatic Cancer Statistics’; Cancer Research UK, ‘Liver Cancer Statistics – UK’. On pancreatic cancer, see also the patient memoir by Pausch, The Last Lecture. 16 Taylor, Smoke Ring. See also, for example, Brandt, The Cigarette Century; Berridge, Marketing Health; Berlivet, ‘Association or Causation?’; Lock et al., Ashes to Ashes; Burnham, ‘American Physicians and Tobacco Use’. 17 See also Brandt and Rozin, Morality and Health. 18 Holmes Sellors, ‘The Management of Cancer of the Lung’, 19. 19 Cancer Research UK, ‘Lung Cancer and Smoking’; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘CDC – Lung Cancer Statistics’. 177 178 Notes 20 Kmietowicz, ‘Research Spending on Cancer Doesn’t Match Their Death Rates’. See also Chapter 7. 21 Timmermann, ‘As Depressing as It Was Predictable’. 22 The idea that it was important to diagnose early and not to delay treatment had long been associated with breast cancer and increasingly with other female cancers: Aronowitz, ‘Do Not Delay’; Aronowitz, Unnatural History; Lerner, The Breast Cancer Wars; Löwy, Preventive Strikes. 23 Belcher, ‘Indications for Surgery and Choice of Operation’, 100. 24 Thatcher et al., ‘Chemotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer’. See also the discussion documented on pp. 94–95 – the paper was originally pre- sented during a symposium. 25 Cf. Aronowitz, ‘Do Not Delay’. 26 Nathoo, Hearts Exposed; Lederer, Flesh and Blood. 27 Cf. Donnelly, Cinderella Cancer. 28 See, for example, Keating, Smoking Kills. 29 Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies. 30 See Keating and Cambrosio, Cancer on Trial; Barnes, ‘Between Remission and Cure’. 31 Wishart, One in Three. 32 Szabo, Incurable and Intolerable. 33 Examples from sociology include Charmaz, Good Days, Bad Days; Frank, At the Will of the Body; Frank, The Wounded Storyteller; Kleinman, The Illness Narratives. 34 See, for example, Berridge, Marketing Health; Brandt, The Cigarette Century; Berridge, Making Health Policy; Keating, Smoking Kills; Abbey Smith, ‘Development of Lung Surgery’; Mueller, Evarts A. Graham. 35 Cf. Berridge, Making Health Policy; Berridge, Marketing Health. 36 Valier and Timmermann, ‘Clinical Trials’. Chapter 2 Lung Cancer and Consumption in the Nineteenth Century: Bodies, Tissues, Cells and the Making of a Rare Disease 1 Adler, Primary Malignant Growths. He had published on the subject earlier: Adler, ‘The Diagnosis of Malignant Tumors of the Lung’. For contemporary accounts of lung cancer, see also the useful article by Rosenblatt, ‘Lung Cancer in the 19th Century’. Less useful: Onuigbo, ‘Lung Cancer in the Nineteenth Century’. 2 Adler, Primary Malignant Growths, 3. 3 Pässler, ‘Ueber das primäre Carcinom der Lunge’. 4 Maulitz, Morbid Appearances. 5 On the history of this liaison, see Lawrence, Medical Theory, Surgical Practice. 6 See Maulitz, Morbid Appearances. 7 For an excellent study on Laennec, see Duffin, To See with a Better Eye. On medicine in revolutionary and post-revolutionary Paris, see Ackerknecht, Medicine at the Paris Hospital; Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic. On the recep- tion of the new pathological anatomy, see Maulitz, Morbid Appearances. 8 For other examples of disease histories, see Rosenberg and Golden, Framing Disease. Notes 179 9 On the history of auscultation and the impact of the new technique on the medical encounter, see also Lachmund, Der abgehorchte Körper. 10 René T. H. Laennec, ‘Encéphaloides’, in Dictionaire des Sciences Médicales, par une société de médecins et de chirurgiens (Paris: C. L. F. Panckoucke, 1815), 165–178. 11 See Laennec, A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest, 137–145. 12 Duffin, To See with a Better Eye, 61. 13 Ackerknecht, ‘Historical Notes on Cancer’. 14 Laennec, A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest. 15 On Forbes, see Agnew, The Life of Sir John Forbes (1787–1861). 16 Cf. Duffin, To See with a Better Eye, 211–213; Maulitz, Morbid Appearances, 168–170. 17 Maulitz, Morbid Appearances, 134. 18 See also Cunningham, The History of British Pathology. 19 ‘Middlesex Hospital: Case of a Wound Penetrating the Cavity of the Thorax’, 95. 20 ‘The Late Dr Warren’, 550. 21 Forbes, Original Cases. 22 See Cunningham, The History of British Pathology, 31–99. 23 Stokes, Treatise, chapter on ‘Cancer of the Lung’, 370–388. 24 Ibid., 370. 25 Ibid., 371. 26 Ibid., 373. 27 Ibid., 374. 28 Ibid., 375. 29 Ibid., 376. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid., 376–377. 32 Ibid., 380. 33 Carswell, a Scotsman, had studied in France (with Laennec among others) and had been appointed in 1828 as first Professor of Pathological Anatomy in England at the medical school of the University of London (later University College Medical School). See Maulitz, Morbid Appearances, 215–223. 34 Taylor, ‘Clinical Lecture’. 35 Ibid., 873. 36 Ibid., 877. 37 Ibid. 38 Ibid., 874. 39 Ibid., 875. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid., 876. 42 Walshe, The Nature and Treatment of Cancer. 43 Taylor, ‘Clinical Lecture’, 876. 44 A detailed discussion provides, for example, Rather, The Genesis of Cancer. 45 See Otis, Müller’s Lab. 46 The achromatic objective was introduced in 1826 and immediately improved by Lister and many others, turning compound microscopes into reliable and trusted instruments. See Wilson, ‘Virchow’s Contribution to the Cell Theory’. For the implications of the new microscopes for patho- logy, see also Foster, A Short History of Clinical Pathology. 180 Notes 47 Ackerknecht, ‘Historical Notes on Cancer’, 118. 48 Virchow, Die Cellularpathologie; Virchow, Die krankhaften Geschwülste. 49 Ackerknecht, ‘Historical Notes on Cancer’, 118. See also Plaut, ‘Rudolf Virchow and Today’s Physicians and Scientists’. 50 Gruhn, ‘A History of the Histopathology of Lung Cancer’, 28. 51 Adler, Primary Malignant Growths. 52 The history of nineteenth century ideas about cancer causation is too complex to be discussed here in great detail. For a comprehensive history of these ideas, see Wolff, Die Lehre von der Krebskrankheit. 53 See also Jacyna, ‘The Laboratory and the Clinic’. 54 Adler, Primary Malignant Growths, 14. 55 Ward, ‘Seamen’s Hospital, “Dreadnought”: Medullary Cancer of Mediastinal Glands and Left Lung’. 56 Ibid., 238. 57 Charteris and Williams, ‘Glasgow Royal Infirmary: Cancer of Lung and Pleuro-pneumonia’. 58 Pitt, ‘Malignant Disease of Bronchial Glands’. 59 Gruhn, ‘A History of the Histopathology of Lung Cancer’, 33. 60 Mackenzie, A Practical Treatise on the Sputum. See also Walloch, ‘Pulmonary Cytopathology in Historical Perspective’, 176. 61 Curran, ‘A Puzzling Case of Cancer of the Lung’. 62 Ibid., 259. 63 Ibid. 64 Ibid. 65 Ibid. 66 Smithers, ‘Facts and Fancies About Cancer of the Lung’. 67 See, for example, Stolley and Lasky, Investigating Disease Patterns, chap. 2; Lilienfeld and Stolley, Foundations of Epidemiology, chap. 2. 68 Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine. 69 Peitzman, Dropsy, Dialysis, Transplant. 70 King and Newsholme, ‘On the Alleged Increase in Cancer’. 71 On Newsholme, see Eyler, Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine. 72 King and Newsholme, ‘On the Alleged Increase in Cancer’, 209. 73 Ibid. 74 Newsholme, ‘The Statistics of Cancer’. 75 Eyler, Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine, 31. 76 Williams, The Natural History of Cancer, 52. 77 Ibid., 62. 78 Table XIII, King and Newsholme, ‘On the Alleged Increase in Cancer’, 239. 79 Adler, Primary Malignant Growths, 3. 80 Ibid. 81 Ibid. 82 Ibid., 10–11. 83 Ibid., 11–12. 84 Lerner, The Breast Cancer Wars, 42. Notes 181 Chapter 3 Lungs in the Operating Theatre, circa 1900 to 1950 1 Adler, Primary Malignant Growths, 11–12. 2 Cf. Lerner, The Breast Cancer Wars; Aronowitz, Unnatural History. 3 Lawrence, ‘Democratic, Divine and Heroic’, 32–33. For an enthusiastic account of early twentieth century developments in surgery, see Slaughter, The New Science of Surgery. There are some very good insider histories of thoracic surgery available. See, for example, Hurt, The History of Cardiothoracic Surgery; Naef, The Story of Thoracic Surgery; Naef, ‘The Mid-century Revolution in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Parts 1–6’; Abbey Smith, ‘Development of Lung Surgery’; Meade, A History of Thoracic Surgery. Especially on lung cancer, see: Mountain, ‘The Evolution of the Surgical Treatment of Lung Cancer’; Rubin, ‘Lung Cancer: Past, Present, and Future’; Brewer, ‘Historical Notes on Lung Cancer before and after Graham’s Successful Pneumonectomy in 1933’. 4 Bronchiectasis and empyema are diseases classified according to clinical observations and autopsy findings.
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