Holocene Environmental Change in Mainland Southeast Asia: Pollen and Charcoal Records from Cambodia
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1999 Holocene Environmental Change in Mainland Southeast Asia: Pollen and Charcoal Records From Cambodia. Andrew Lee Maxwell Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Maxwell, Andrew Lee, "Holocene Environmental Change in Mainland Southeast Asia: Pollen and Charcoal Records From Cambodia." (1999). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7109. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7109 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA: POLLEN AND CHARCOAL RECORDS FROM CAMBODIA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Andrew Lee Maxwell B.A., San Francisco State University, 1988 M.A., San Francisco State University, 1992 December, 1999 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9960080 UMI UMI Microform 9960080 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Kam-biu Liu, for his constant support throughout this project, and for his guidance in securing funding for both field and laboratory work. I also thank the other Committee members, Bruce Williamson, William V. Davidson, Robert Rohli, Kent Matthewson, and Lawrence Rouse, for providing helpful insights for improvement of the dissertation. Fieldwork at the sites in Cambodia, and travel for study in Northern Ireland were funded by the National Science Foundation (grant no. SBR-9506344), and further support for both field and laboratory research came from the Geological Society of America, the LSU Department of Geography and Anthropology’s R.C. West Field Research Fund, Association of American Geographers (Dissertation Research Fund, Biogeography Specialty Group and, with Sara Colm, the Anne U. White Fund), and Sigma Xi. The LSU Graduate School and the Department of Geography and Anthropology also provided partial funding for travel to the 1996 Monash conference, described below. Professor William V. Davidson has been particularly helpful in advising on the departmental funding. Attendance at LSU was made possible by a Board of Regents Fellowship, and a Graduate School Dissertation Fellowship. The project would not have been possible without the very generous support of the Royal Government of Cambodia’s Ministry of Environment, and in particular from the Minister of Environment, H.E. Dr. Mok Mareth. Also from the ministry, I want to express my appreciation to Yem Sokhan for his perseverance in all aspects of the fieldwork, from translation to coring to vegetation analysis, often under difficult circumstances. 1 am especially grateful for generous help and hard work over the three ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. years of fieldwork from Ratanakiri Provincial Environment Department Deputy Director Koy Sokha and staff Kham Su Lot. Hor Hong, Director of the Provincial Environment Department, provided advice and facilitated contacts with the Governor’s office. Others whose contributions to the fieldwork were indispensable include Gerbe Spoorenberg and David Ashwell of IUCN, Xavier Riblet, Seng Kunming, Connell Foley, Dom Taylor- Hunt, and Joki VanBrink. Gordon Paterson also contributed helpful information concerning indigenous land use in other parts of Ratanakiri. For the period of fieldwork at the Lumphat District lakes, I am profoundly grateful for the help and hospitality given this project by Seda Commune Chief Khaem Kham, Chrey Village Chief Luaay, Nan and Kham in helping with transportation, and the people of Samut Kraom and Chrey villages. At Yeak Laom Lake, the people of Leun Village were equally hospitable and informative, and for that I thank them and Commune Chief Hin Teo. Prof. Bernard Maloney, Queens University, Belfast, gave generously of his time, interest and assistance in sorting out pollen types and making his own reference material available, and for that I am very grateful. People and institutions who facilitated access to their herbarium specimens, to be sampled for pollen reference material, include Jim Solomon at the Missouri Botanical Garden, J.F. Maxwell at Chiang Mai University, George Russell at the US National Herbarium, and Kevin Nixon at the Bailey Hortorium of Cornell University. I thank Professor Peter Kershaw for extending an invitation and providing support to attend the December 1996 conference on Environmental and Cultural History in the Australian and Southeast Asian Region, at Monash University in Melbourne. I am iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. grateful for the opportunity to discuss regional environmental history at that conference with Professor Kershaw, Sun Xiangjun, Dan Penny, Lisa Kealhofer and Robert Wasson, and I thank Professors Kershaw and Wasson for reviews of Chapter 2 of this dissertation. I am very grateful for beneficial discussions of Qinghai-Tibetan paleoclimate data with Tang Lingyu, Caiming Shen, and Zuju Yao. For help in sorting out ideas on landscape evolution in Cambodia, and for encouragement during the writing, I thank David Ashwell, Scott and Eleonor Brady, Tom Marron, and my family. Scott Brady’s careful review of two of the chapters is much appreciated. Above all, I would like to acknowledge the unwavering encouragement, support and assistance from my wife, Sara Colm, without whom this work would not have been so fruitful and enjoyable, and with whom I hope to carry on our common inquiry. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix ABSTRACT .................................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 2. LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE ASIAN MONSOON R E G I O N ...........................................................................4 2.1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................4 2.2. MODELS AND MARINE DATA .... 10 2.2.1. Atmospheric circulation models 10 2.2.2. Indian Ocean cores 11 2.2.3. Higher resolution studies .... 12 2.3. TERRESTRIAL DATA..........................................................................16 2.3.1. South India ...... 16 2.3.2. Central India 19 2.3.3. Northwestern India ..... 22 2.3.4. Northern India. ..... 23 2.3.5. Western and central Tibet .... 26 2.3 .6. Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Loess Plateau 28 2.3.7. H u b e i .....................................................................................33 2.3.8. Western Sichuan ..... 35 2.3.9. Yunnan ...... 38 2.3.10. South China ...... 42 2.3.11. Indochina peninsula .... 44 2.3.12. Sunda ...... 46 2.4. DISCUSSION.....................................................................................51