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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo Puc-Sp PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Ermeli Damazo Viviani Pós-modernidade, Ambientalismo e Partido Verde: dilemas políticos na contemporaneidade. MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS SÃO PAULO 2009 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Ermeli Damazo Viviani Pós-modernidade, Ambientalismo e Partido Verde: dilemas políticos na contemporaneidade. MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de MESTRE em Ciências Sociais pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Cláudio Gonçalves Couto. SÃO PAULO 2009 Banca Examinadora _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Dedicatória Para minha amada família Agradecimentos Agradeço, especialmente, ao meu orientador Cláudio Gonçalves Couto, ao Programa de Ciências Sociais da PUC-SP e a CAPES. Sinto-me extremamente grata à professora Marijane Lisboa e ao professor Rinaldo, cujas observações feitas durante a qualificação foram essenciais para a condução da pesquisa. Agradeço a todas as pessoas que conheci na PUC (professores e colegas), que só me acrescentaram com coisas boas, e a minha família, que não se cansa de me ajudar. Resumo Pós-modernidade, ambientalismo e partido verde: dilemas políticos da contemporaneidade O presente trabalho tem como objetivo maior apontar para as conexões existentes entre o advento da condição pós-moderna, o desenvolvimento das questões ambientais em âmbito internacional e a conseqüente institucionalização das questões ecológicas. Esta última, por sua vez, pode ser visualizada através de alguns processos, tais como: a realização de conferências internacionais, a criação de organismos dispostos a tratar especialmente sobre o tema, o comprometimento de governos nacionais, assim como o processo de partidarização do ecologismo. A pós-modernidade representa, em última instância, a crise da modernidade, pautada pelos ideais iluministas. O desejo pela busca da emancipação humana, baseado na concepção universal, porém restrita, de progresso e de ciência acabou por agravar incomensuravelmente a situação do meio ambiente. A consolidação do conceito de pós- modernidade passou a ser encarada como resultado da rearticulação sistêmica do capitalismo (assentada na implantação do sistema de acumulação flexível, a partir da década de 1970 - com sucessivas repercussões culturais), em conjugação com o desmantelamento do socialismo soviético e a intitulada fragmentação social. Esta última representada pela multiplicação dos atores sociais como interventores legítimos dos processos políticos. Portanto, nossa hipótese geral baseia-se na afirmação da condição pós-moderna como patrocinadora das questões ambientais, e fundamental para o processo de internacionalização e institucionalização do ambientalismo, na medida em que condicionou o agravamento dos problemas ecológicos e incentivou novas formas de mobilização sociopolítica, assim como a articulação da comunidade internacional em torno do assunto. Palavras chaves: pós-modernidade, movimentos sociais, ambientalismo, partido verde. Abstract Post-modernity, environment and Green Party: today´s political dilemmas The present work aims to point at the existing relations between the rise of the post-modern condition, the development of a worldwide agenda for the environment, and hence the institutionalization of the environment issues. For the latter, we can point some processes such as: the realization of international summits, the creation of international organizations with the sole purpose of dealing with the environment, the commitment of national governments, and also the environment issue party-building process. Post-modernity represents, in its sense, the crisis of modernity, based on the Enlightenment values. The search for human emancipation, in accordance with the universal – albeit restrained – notion of progress and science resulted in extremely harmful consequence to the environment. The strengthening of the concept of post- modernity came as a result from the capitalistic systemic re-positioning (which took place during the flexible accumulation system, during the 1970s and forth – that has resulted in many cultural changes), together with the crumbling of the soviet socialism and the so-called social fragmentation. The latter is represented by the multiplicity of social actors as legitimate vectors of political processes. Therefore, our main general hypothesis relates the condition of post-modernity as sponsor to environmental themes and crucial for the process of institutionalization and internationalization of the environmental agenda. Furthermore, the post-modernity condition has also rendered the worsening of the ecological problem, the fostering of new kinds of socio-political mobilization that brought the attention of the international community to the matter. Key-words: post-modernity, social movements, environment, Green Party. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO CAPÍTULO I - VISÕES SOBRE A PÓS-MODERNIDADE 8 1.1 Explorando a Pós- Modernidade 12 1.2 Uma Arqueologia da Pós-Modernidade 14 1.3 Jean-François Lyotard; Um Arauto da Pós-Modernidade 21 1.4 O Pós-Moderno e suas Configurações 29 1.5 O Panorama Pós-Moderno na Esfera Política 41 1.6 O Ambientalismo e à Crítica a Modernidade 48 CAPÍTULO II AMBIENTALISMO E IDEOLOGIAS VERDES 53 2.1 Desenvolvimento do Ambientalismo no Contexto Mundial: princípios da institucionalização do ecologismo 53 2.2 A Ideologia Verde: Multiplicidade teórica 74 2.2.1 O ambientalismo na esfera política 76 2.2.2 O ambientalismo na esfera filosófica 84 CAPÍTULO III - O AMBIENTALISMO NO BRASIL E PARTIDOS VERDES: BREVE RETROSPECTO 90 3.1 Aspectos do desenvolvimento do ambientalismo brasileiro 91 3.2 Os Partidos Verdes como mais um dos símbolos da institucionalização da temática ambiental. 98 3.3 Aspectos da partidarização do ecologismo no Brasil 102 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 109 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 111 ANEXOS 117 INTRODUÇÃO A degradação ambiental relativa ao uso dos recursos naturais pela humanidade retrocede na história humana nos remetendo a tempos imemoriais. Mas os problemas que incidem sobre o ambiente natural, alavancados pelo processo de modernização, redimensionaram a discussão sobre o tema, trazendo apontamentos e críticas que passaram a ser sistematizadas desde meados do século XIX. O mau trato ao ambiente natural até o século passado era considerado por seu caráter local, embora já tivesse um impacto global. Este fato se transformou substancialmente com o processo de aceleração da globalização econômica e com a simultânea elevação da pressão sobre os recursos naturais. Nesta perspectiva, com o agravamento e expansão territorial da degradação ecológica, podemos apontar que o século XX, desde seu alvorecer, inaugura uma etapa importante de ampliação dos debates sobre o meio ambiente. Esta ampliação do debate se deve ao paralelismo com que se deram os processos de crescimento econômico e a degradação ecológica. A deterioração humana e do ambiente natural resultantes do desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, da noção de progresso, do liberalismo econômico e do individualismo acabaram por implicar na falência de um modelo e concepção de mundo próprios da modernidade ocidental. Os ideais iluministas de libertação, fomentadores das potencialidades da razão humana, levaram as sociedades ao purgatório terreno, trazendo para o debate a chamada crise da modernidade . Na segunda metade do século XX, as elaborações sobre a crise da modernidade começam a chamar a atenção das várias áreas do conhecimento através de teorizações que apontavam para a emergência de uma nova temporalidade histórica e/ou inédita condição humana, a qual recebeu o nome de pós-modernidade. Vários processos e fatos que deram corpo à crítica da modernidade foram elaborados por partidários da pós-modernidade. Esta pode, em um primeiro momento, ser encarada como uma vingança devido à decepção das promessas feitas pela modernidade, desafiando-a e propondo a sua superação. No entanto, não existe um consenso que unifique a caracterização de uma etapa inédita da história humana, embora haja a possibilidade de detectar a consolidação conceitual da pós-modernidade através da confluência de alguns processos e fenômenos que lhes são próprios. Embora a crise ambiental, assim como seu resultado mais nobre, o ambientalismo, sejam frutos da modernidade e dos processos de modernização, eles 8 estão visceralmente ligados ao estabelecimento de uma condição pós-moderna. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa visa esclarecer os elos existentes entre esta nova condição, o agravamento dos problemas ambientais, a internacionalização da questão ecológica, a multiplicação de formas assumidas pelo ambientalismo (com uma expansão das vertentes de cunho político e filosófico), e a institucionalização da temática ecológica. A antiga díade política (esquerda e direita), baseada nos conflitos existentes nos processos produtivos, passou a não responder mais à multiplicidade dos anseios e características sociais, tendo como resultado a emergência de novas demandas sociais que se aglutinaram em movimentos sociais específicos. Acreditamos, portanto, que esta fragmentação social tornou-se uma das responsáveis não apenas pela proliferação dos movimentos e tendências do ambientalismo atual, mas pelo surgimento da ecopolítica, e pelo a constituição de partidos políticos de ideologia verde. Paralelamente
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