DOCSLIB.ORG

Lowland Khon Muang Agriculture: Dynamics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lowland Khon Muang Agriculture: Dynamics LOWLAND KHON MUANG AGRICULTURE: DYNAMICS OF A SYSTEM IN CHANGE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Stephen Paul Zolvinski, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Chung-Min Chen, Adviser Dr. Robert Agunga _______________________ Dr. Richard Moore Adviser Dr. Amy Zaharlick Department of Anthropology Copyright by Stephen Paul Zolvinski 2004 ABSTRACT This study examines the causes and effects of agricultural change in a lowland Khon Muang hamlet in Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Lucien Hanks’ classic study of agricultural change in the Central Plain of Thailand drew upon agricultural economist Ester Boserup’s emphasis on population growth to explain farmers’ intensification of irrigated rice fields. This study applies Hanks’ model to a northern Thai multi-cropping hamlet in an intermontaine valley, which overcame annual rice deficits two decades ago due to the introduction of high-yielding rice varieties by a Royal Thai Government- U.S. Agency for International Development project. Rice yields have nearly tripled, providing food security for the hamlet. Meantime, farmers have expanded to cash-cropping in harvested rice paddies and to ecologically vulnerable hills where they grow seed maize under contract to the Thai multinational agroindustrial firm, Charoen Pokaphand Group. This study found that 76 percent of the hamlet’s agricultural land area was in hill crops, or five times the amount of ground in rice paddies. Continuous hill production can pose potential problems for watershed functioning and the ecological stability of the highland area. In addition to the development intervention, an extensive road system is an impetus for change by linking farmers to middlemen and outside markets. The study concludes that Boserup’s population thesis is too reductionistic because the ii changes in this hamlet occurred while population stabilized. Hanks’ overall model provides some insight because its holism takes into account state interventions in terms of infrastructure improvements and the effects of globalization. This study conforms that environmental deterioration is not necessarily the result of poverty or low-producing agricultural systems, but it can be due to a state-promoted “development dynamic,” as asserted by geographer Philip Hirsch. This study also contributes to our understanding of northern Thai agriculture by including homegardens in the analysis. Homegarden production is often slighted in Thai agricultural studies, but is important in terms of household subsistence, ritual life, and also provides economic benefits. iii Dedicated to my parents, Frank and Frances Zolvinski iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank the residents of my field site, Baan Lek Hamlet, and to all the people of Mae Chaem District for being great teachers on lowland Khon Muang culture and agriculture. They showed generous cooperation and hospitality to this farang researcher who spent seven months in their midst. Secondly, I am grateful to my dissertation committee for their steady guidance, patience, and academic training in my many years at Ohio State University. I am indebted to my adviser, Dr. Chung-Min Chen, and to committee members Dr. Robert Agunga, Dr. Richard Moore, and Dr. Amy Zaharlick. I also want to express my special thanks to Dr. Anthony Walker, now at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam, whose seminars at OSU provided an extensive background on Southeast Asian peoples and cultures. Dr. Walker suggested that I study the lowland Khon Muang, and aided me in arranging the necessary contacts in Chiang Mai. Also at OSU, I am grateful to the Office of International Studies who supported this research with an International Travel Grant. I also express great appreciation to my sponsors and fellow researchers in Thailand who fostered the collaborative atmosphere that brought this project to fruition. These include the National Research Council of Thailand whose approval was necessary for obtaining a research visa. I also thank Mr. Mongkol v Chantrabumrong of the Tribal Research Institute, Chiang Mai, the official sponsor of this project. Also I thank Dr. Pornchai Preechapanya, Royal Forestry Department, who introduced me to Mae Chaem District, and gave me practical advice in carrying out this project. Dr. David Thomas, Dr. Horst Weyerhauser, and the Chiang Mai staff of the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), provided the background information essential for the context of this study. I appreciate the lodging at the ICRAF field office in Mae Chaem, which allowed me to focus immediately and completely on my study. I am also grateful to my ICRAF field colleagues in Mae Chaem, Mr. Thanat Phromduang and Ms. Nonglak Kaewphoka, who helped me with the day-to-day minutia of living in a remote mountain district. I shall always treasure their friendship. I am also grateful to my research assistant, Mr. Songdej Kaewkiew, who served as interpreter, field adviser and confidant for the duration of this fieldwork, and who supplied data to me after I left for the United States. Mr. Kaewkiew helped me to maintain a harmonious relationship with the residents of my field site and often provided advice on how to address various issues during the research. I am also grateful to Mr. Sunya, who served as an interpreter during Mr. Kaewkiew’s absence during October 2001. I also express my appreciation to my friend, OSU graduate student Benjamas Promsopone, who acquainted me with Chiang Mai in my first days in country. I also appreciate the friendship of Ranida Chomsong, now a graduate student at the University of Louisville, who extended her hospitality in Chiang Mai when I took breaks from my fieldwork. In addition, I appreciate the help of vi Kanokwan Ukoskit, a retired faculty member of Chiang Mai University, who kindly translated important Thai materials for me. While I was in the field, I depended on support from friends in the United States. My special thanks goes to my friend, Dr. Bang-Chool Kim, who supplied important academic articles to me while I was in the field. My friend, Dr. Gang Chen, also consulted with me about fieldwork problems I encountered in carrying out this ethnographic research. During the write-up phase, I appreciate the tireless efforts of my friends Dr. Tzu-Chi Kuo and Hyunsook Yoon, and Thattawan Kaewsakhorn, who helped me prepare the manuscript for submission. Finally, and not least, I thank my family for continued support and encouragement during my graduate school career. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Frank and Frances Zolvinski, who greatly influenced me in seeking out this academic degree. My brother, Matthew and his wife Therese, were prime points of e-mail contact while I was in the field, and they provided supplies as needed. My brothers, Lyman, Frank J. and Michael; my sisters, Mary Ann Davenport and Jacqueline Lorzing, and their families, also kept in close contact, providing moral support during this project. To them all, I am grateful. vii VITA Dec. 29, 1952…………………………….. Born – Michigan City, Indiana 1978……………………………………….. B.A. English, Purdue University 1990 - 1993……………………………… Teaching Assistant, Department of Anthropology; Research Assistant, Technology and Social Change Program; Iowa State University 1993…………………………………….…. M.A., Anthropology; minor, Technology and Social Change; Iowa State University 1993 - 2001……………………………… Associate Editor, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University 2002 - 2003……………………………… Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University 2003 - 2004……………………………... Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University viii FIELDS OF STUDY Major field: Anthropology Studies in Human Ecology, Refugee Resettlement and Acculturation, International Development, Southeast Asia ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….. ii DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………….. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………….. v VITA……………………………………………………………………………….. viii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………… xiv LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………. xvi LIST OF MAPS…………………………………………………………………… xvii CHAPTER PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………. 1 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….…. 2 Purpose of This Study…………………………………………………… 3 Objectives of This Study………………………………………………… 4 Significance of This Study………………………………………………. 5 Limitations of This Study………………………………………………... 8 Structure of This Dissertation…………………………………………... 9 2. MAE CHAEM DISTRICT: GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND ETHNICITY……………………………………………………………….. 14 Geography………………………………………………………………… 16 Climate………………………………………………………………. 17 Climate Data Reliability……………………………………………. 18 Climate and Agriculture……………………………………. ………19 History……………………………………………………………………... 23 Legendary and Early Historical Roots…….……………………... 25 The 19th Century………………………………..…………............. 27 The 20th Century………………………..…………………............. 28 x The Recent Past……………………………………………………. 30 Non-Thai Ethnic Groups and Demography……………………………. 31 The Lua……………………………………………...……………… 32 The Karen………………………………..…………………………. 32 The Hmong………………………..……………………….............. 33 Demographic Effects…………………………………….………… 34 Ethnicity, Landscape and Farming………………………............ 36 3. LITERATURE REVIEW I: THEORETICAL ISSUES…………………. 39 Ecological Anthropology………………………………………….……... 40 Thai Farming Systems and Ecological
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Method of Classification for Tai Textiles
    A New Method of Classification for Tai Textiles Patricia Cheesman Textiles, as part of Southeast Asian traditional clothing and material culture, feature as ethnic identification markers in anthropological studies. Textile scholars struggle with the extremely complex variety of textiles of the Tai peoples and presume that each Tai ethnic group has its own unique dress and textile style. This method of classification assumes what Leach calls “an academic fiction … that in a normal ethnographic situation one ordinarily finds distinct tribes distributed about the map in an orderly fashion with clear-cut boundaries between them” (Leach 1964: 290). Instead, we find different ethnic Tai groups living in the same region wearing the same clothing and the same ethnic group in different regions wearing different clothing. For example: the textiles of the Tai Phuan peoples in Vientiane are different to those of the Tai Phuan in Xiang Khoang or Nam Nguem or Sukhothai. At the same time, the Lao and Tai Lue living in the same region in northern Vietnam weave and wear the same textiles. Some may try to explain the phenomena by calling it “stylistic influence”, but the reality is much more profound. The complete repertoire of a people’s style of dress can be exchanged for another and the common element is geography, not ethnicity. The subject of this paper is to bring to light forty years of in-depth research on Tai textiles and clothing in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), Thailand and Vietnam to demonstrate that clothing and the historical transformation of practices of social production of textiles are best classified not by ethnicity, but by geographical provenance.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Dispossession
    DRIVING DISPOSSESSION THE GLOBAL PUSH TO “UNLOCK THE ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF LAND” DRIVING DISPOSSESSION THE GLOBAL PUSH TO “UNLOCK THE ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF LAND” Acknowledgements Authors: Frédéric Mousseau, Andy Currier, Elizabeth Fraser, and Jessie Green, with research assistance by Naomi Maisel and Elena Teare. We are deeply grateful to the many individual and foundation donors who make our work possible. Thank you. Views and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the Oakland Institute alone and do not reflect opinions of the individuals and organizations that have sponsored and supported the work. Design: Amymade Graphic Design, [email protected], amymade.com Cover Photo: Maungdaw, Myanmar - Farm laborers and livestocks are seen in a paddy field in Warcha village April 2016 © FAO / Hkun La Photo page 7: Wheat fields © International Finance Corporation Photo page 10: USAID project mapping and titling land in Petauke, Zambia in July 2018 ©Sandra Coburn Photo page 13: Lettuce harvest © Carsten ten Brink Photo page 16: A bull dozer flattens the earth after forests have been cleared in West Pomio © Paul Hilton / Greenpeace Photo page 21: Paddy fields © The Oakland Institute Photo page 24: Forest Fires in Altamira, Pará, Amazon in August, 2019 © Victor Moriyama / Greenpeace Publisher: The Oakland Institute is an independent policy think tank bringing fresh ideas and bold action to the most pressing social, economic, and environmental issues. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). You are free to share, copy, distribute, and transmit this work under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work to the Oakland Institute and its authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Beaulieu Antoine 2017 Thesis.Pdf
    Farmers’ Responses to Drivers of Forest Cover Change The Case of Mae Chaem District, Thailand By Antoine Beaulieu Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for the Completion of Requirements to Obtain a Master of Arts in Geography Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Antoine Beaulieu, Ottawa, Canada, 2017 ABSTRACT Empirical forest transition (shift from deforestation to reforestation) literature has historically struggled to establish a single universally-accepted forest transition “theory” due to various knowledge gaps hindering any efforts to do so. One such gap is the fact that very few studies have focused on how and why smallholder farmers respond to commonly accepted forest transition drivers, as well as how these responses impact forest cover and agricultural trends. Also, there remain many parts of the world where forest cover evolution has been insufficiently researched, as is the case of Mae Chaem district (Chiang Mai province, Thailand). Even though there are studies which claim forest loss occurred in the district between the 1990s and mid-2000s, there are few available records of forest cover evolution since then. To address these research needs, this thesis used secondary literature and spatial data, as well as semi-structured interviews and personal observations gathered during fieldwork in Mae Chaem district. It was first determined that forest cover in the district decreased between the 1990s and mid-2010s due to agricultural expansion. However, it appears that forest cover is expected to increase from 2016 to 2021 due to more strictly- enforced conservation measures set in motion by the Mae Chaem Model (a state-sponsored sustainable development model).
    [Show full text]
  • Maejo University SDG Report 2020
    Maejo University SDG Report 2020 Sustainable Development Report 2020 I 1 Contents 03 05 17 22 25 President’s Message No Poverty Zero Hunger Good Health and Well- Quality Education Being 28 30 34 40 42 Gender Equality Clean Water and Affordable and Decent Work and Industrial Innovation Sanitation Clean Energy Economic Growth and Infrastructure 44 46 48 50 53 Reduced Sustainable Cities and Responsible Consumption Climate Action Life Below Water Inequalities Communities and Production 56 64 67 73 74 Life on Land Peace, Justice and Partnerships for the About the Report University Impact Strong Institutions Goals Rankings for the SDGs 2 President’s Message Key role of Maejo University during the crisis of COVID-19 pandemic in the previous two years up to the present is to cope up with various problems disrupting university development. Nevertheless, this dramatic crisis makes us unite to make a dream come true and overcome these obstacles. One achievement which we are proud of Maejo University is the result of the world university ranking by Times Higher Education Impact Ranking of the year 2021. This is on the basis of roles of the university under Sustainable Development Goals: SDGs, and Maejo University is ranked in the range 301- 400 in the world (Ranked fifth of the country). Notably, Maejo University ranks 39th in the world in terms of the contribution to push forward hunger-poverty alleviation, food security, and nutrition of people of all ages. On behalf of the President of Maejo University, I am genuinely grateful to all university executives, personnel, students, and alumni for the glorious success of the country's excellence in agriculture university.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Strategy for Utilizing Rice Forage Production Using a No-Tillage System to Enhance the Self-Sufficient Feed Ratio of Small Scale Dairy Farming in Japan
    Sustainability 2014, 6, 4975-4989; doi:10.3390/su6084975 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article A New Strategy for Utilizing Rice Forage Production Using a No-Tillage System to Enhance the Self-Sufficient Feed Ratio of Small Scale Dairy Farming in Japan Windi Al Zahra 1, Takeshi Yasue 2, Naomi Asagi 2, Yuji Miyaguchi 2, Bagus Priyo Purwanto 1 and Masakazu Komatsuzaki 3,* 1 Faculty of Animal Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Raya Darmaga Kampus IPB Darmaga Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia 2 College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan 3 Center for Field Science Research and Education, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +81-29-888-8707. Received: 19 March 2014; in revised form: 21 July 2014 / Accepted: 21 July 2014 / Published: 6 August 2014 Abstract: Rice forage systems can increase the land use efficiency in paddy fields, improve the self-sufficient feed ratio, and provide environmental benefits for agro-ecosystems. This system often decreased economic benefits compared with those through imported commercial forage feed, particularly in Japan. We observed the productivities of winter forage after rice harvest between conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) in a field experiment. An on-farm evaluation was performed to determine the self-sufficient ratio of feed and forage production costs based on farm evaluation of the dairy farmer and the rice grower, who adopted a rice forage system. The field experiment detected no significant difference in forage production and quality between CT and NT after rice harvest.
    [Show full text]
  • Map of Mae Hong Son & Khun Yuam District Directions
    1 ชุดฝึกทักษะการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อความเข้าใจ ส าหรับนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 4 เรื่อง Welcome to Khun Yuam เล่ม 1 How to Get to Khun Yuam ค าแ นะน าในการใช้ ช ุด ฝ ึ ก ทักษะส าหรั บ ค ร ู เมื่อครูผู้สอนได้น าชุดฝึกทักษะไปใช้ควรปฏิบัติ ดังนี้ 1. ทดสอบความรู้ก่อนเรียน เพอื่ วดั ความรู้พ้นื ฐานของนกั เรียนแตล่ ะคน 2. ดา เนินการจดั กิจกรรมการเรียนการสอน โดยใช้ชุดฝึกทกั ษะการอ่านภาษาองั กฤษเพื่อความ เข้าใจ ควบคูไ่ ปกบั แผนการจดั การเรียนรู้ ช้นั มธั ยมศึกษาปีที่ 4 3. หลงั จากไดศ้ ึกษาเน้ือหาแลว้ ใหน้ กั เรียน ตอบคา ถามเพอื่ ประเมินความรู้แตล่ ะเรื่อง 4. ควรใหน้ กั เรียนปฏิบตั ิกิจกรรมตามชุดฝึกทกั ษะการอ่านภาษาองั กฤษเพื่อความเข้าใจ โดยครูดูแลและใหค้ า แนะนา อยา่ งใกลช้ ิด 5. ใหน้ กั เรียนตรวจสอบคา เฉลยทา้ ยเล่ม เมื่อนกั เรียนทา กิจกรรมตามชุดฝึกทักษะจบแล้วเพื่อ ทราบผลการเรียนรู้ของตนเอง 6. ทดสอบความรู้หลังเรียน หลังจากที่นักเรียนทา ชุดฝึกทักษะจบแล้วด้วยการทาแบบทดสอบ หลังเรียน 7. ใช้เป็นสื่อการสอนสาหรับครู 8. ใช้เป็นแบบเรียนที่ให้นักเรียนได้เรียนรู้ และซ่อมเสริมความรู้ตนเองท้งั ในและนอกเวลาเรียน 2 ชุดฝึกทักษะการอ่านภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อความเข้าใจ ส าหรับนักเรียนชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 4 เรื่อง Welcome to Khun Yuam เล่ม 1 How to Get to Khun Yuam คาแ นะน าในการใช้ชุดฝึ กทักษะส าหรับนักเรียน ชุดฝึกทกั ษะการอ่านภาษาองั กฤษเพื่อความเข้าใจ สา หรับนกั เรียนช้นั มธั ยมศึกษาปีที่ 4 เรื่อง Welcome to Khun Yuam เล่ม 1 เรื่อง How to Get to Khun Yuam จานวน 3 ชว่ั โมง คาชี้แจง ใหน้ กั เรียนปฏิบตั ิตามข้นั ตอนดงั น้ี 1. ศึกษารายละเอียดลักษณะของชุดฝึกทกั ษะการอ่านภาษาองั กฤษเพอื่ ความเข้าใจ พร้อม ท้งั ปฏิบตั ิตามข้นั ตอนในแตล่ ะหนา้ 2. นักเรียนทา ชุดฝึกทกั ษะการอ่านภาษาองั
    [Show full text]
  • Opening up the South
    Hungry Corporations: CO EXUS E N Transnational Biotech Companies Colonise the Food Chain By Helena Paul and Ricarda Steinbrecher with Devlin Kuyek and Lucy Michaels www.econexus.info In association with Econexus and Pesticide Action Network, Asia-Pacific [email protected] Published by Zed Books, November 2003 Chapter 8: Opening Up the South The end is control. To properly understand the means one must first understand the end. A farmer who doesn’t borrow money and plants his own seed is difficult to control because he can feed himself and his neighbours. He doesn’t have to depend on a banker or a politician in a distant city. While farmers in America today are little more than tenants serving corporate and banking interests, the rural Third World farmer has remained relatively out of the loop – until now.1 As the tables that follow show clearly, most GM crops total commercial seed sales of $30 billion for 2001 (see to date have been planted in the North, primarily the Chapter 4), they are also the biggest seed players. US. Argentina is the only country in the South that In order to progress, the companies are looking for grows them on a large scale; GM soya has been grown allies and networks they can use, such as the CNFA there since 1996. China is growing Bt cotton (see pp. 126–9). It is also important to influence the commercially, and a comparatively small amount of governments and institutions (such as universities and tobacco. However, the push into the South is beginning extension services) of countries in the global South, so to accelerate.
    [Show full text]
  • Permaculture in Humid Landscapes
    II PERMACULTURE IN HUMID LANDSCAPES BY BILL MOLLISON Pamphlet II in the Permaculture Design Course Series PUBLISHED BY YANKEE PERMACULTURE Publisher and Distributor of Permaculture Publications Barking Frogs Permaculture Center P.O. Box 52, Sparr FL 32192-0052 USA Email: [email protected] http://www.permaculture.net/~EPTA/Hemenway.htm Edited from the Transcript of the Permaculture Design Course The Rural Education Center, Wilton, NH USA 1981 Reproduction of this Pamphlet Is Free and Encouraged Pamphlet II Permaculture in Humid Landscapes Page 1. The category we are in now is hu- mid landscapes, which means a rain- fall of more than 30 inches. Our thesis is the storage of this water on the landscape. The important part is that America is not doing it. The humid landscape is water con- trolled, and unless it is an extremely new landscape- volcanic or newly faulted--it has softly rounded out- lines. When you are walking up the valley, or walking on the ridge, ob- serve that there is a rounded 'S' shaped profile to the hills. Where the landscape turns from convex to concave occurs a critical Having found the keypoint, we can now treat the whole landscape as if it were a roof and point that we call a keypoint.* a tank. The main valley is the main flow, from the horizontal, we put in a nomically store water. It is a rather with many little creeks entering. At groove around the hill. This is the deep little dam, and we need a fair the valley head where these creeks highest point at which we can work amount of Earth to build it.
    [Show full text]
  • Khmuic Linguistic Bibliography with Selected Annotations
    Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society JSEALS Vol. 10.1 (2017): i-xlvi ISSN: 1836-6821, DOI: http://hdl.handle.net/10524/52401 University of Hawaiʼi Press eVols KHMUIC LINGUISTIC BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH SELECTED ANNOTATIONS Nathaniel CHEESEMAN Linguistics Institute, Payap University, Thailand Paul SIDWELL Australian National University R. Anne OSBORNE SIL International Abstract: The Khmuic languages represent a branch in the north-central region of the Austroasiatic family. While there are several existing Khmuic bibliographies, namely, Smalley (1973), Proschan (1987), Preisig and Simana (n.d.), Renard (2015), and Lund University (2015), this paper seeks to combine, update and organize these materials into a more readily accessible online resource. A brief overview of Khmuic languages and their linguistic features is given. References are organized according to linguistic domain, with some annotations. An updated language index of a dozen Khmuic languages is also included. Keywords: Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, Khmuic, bibliography ISO 639-3 codes: bgk, kjm, xao, kjg, khf, xnh, prb, mlf, mra, tyh, pnx, prt, pry, puo 1. Introduction The Ethnologue, (19th edition), lists thirteen Khmuic languages. Khmuic languages are spoken primarily in northern Laos, but also are found in Thailand and Vietnam. The Khmuic language family is a Sub-branch of the Austroasiatic linguistic family that is dispersed throughout Southeast Asia. Since the early 1970s, five major bibliographies on Khmuic languages have been produced. Most of these focus on Khmu, the largest Khmuic language group. Smalley (1973) wrote the first major Khmuic bibliography that gives readers a mid-twentieth century snapshot of Khmu. This work was an expansion of Smalley’s earlier listings of major Khmu works found in Outline of Khmuˀ structure (Smalley 1961a).
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Group Development Plan LAO: Northern Rural Infrastructure
    Ethnic Group Development Plan Project Number: 42203 May 2016 LAO: Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project - Additional Financing Prepared by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for the Asian Development Bank. This ethnic group development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Ethnic Group Development Plan Nam Beng Irrigation Subproject Tai Lue Village, Lao PDR TABLE OF CONTENTS Topics Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A10-1 A. Introduction A10-1 B. The Nam Beng Irrigation Subproject A10-1 C. Ethnic Groups in the Subproject Areas A10-2 D. Socio-Economic Status A10-2 a. Land Issues A10-3 b. Language Issues A10-3 c. Gender Issues A10-3 d. Social Health Issues A10-4 E. Potential Benefits and Negative Impacts of the Subproject A10-4 F. Consultation and Disclosure A10-5 G. Monitoring A10-5 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION A10-6 1.1 Objectives of the Ethnic Groups Development Plan A10-6 1.2 The Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Sector Project A10-6 (NRIDSP) 1.3 The Nam Beng Irrigation Subproject A10-6 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Spatial Patterns and Hotspots of Diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand Nakarin Chaikaew*1, Nitin K Tripathi1 and Marc Souris1,2,3
    International Journal of Health Geographics BioMed Central Research Open Access Exploring spatial patterns and hotspots of diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand Nakarin Chaikaew*1, Nitin K Tripathi1 and Marc Souris1,2,3 Address: 1Remote Sensing and GIS field of study, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand, 2Center for Vector and Vector Borne Diseases, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand and 3Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Marseille, France Email: Nakarin Chaikaew* - [email protected]; Nitin K Tripathi - [email protected]; Marc Souris - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 24 June 2009 Received: 4 March 2009 Accepted: 24 June 2009 International Journal of Health Geographics 2009, 8:36 doi:10.1186/1476-072X-8-36 This article is available from: http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/8/1/36 © 2009 Chaikaew et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Diarrhea is a major public health problem in Thailand. The Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, has been trying to monitor and control this disease for many years. The methodology and the results from this study could be useful for public health officers to develop a system to monitor and prevent diarrhea outbreaks. Methods: The objective of this study was to analyse the epidemic outbreak patterns of diarrhea in Chiang Mai province, Northern Thailand, in terms of their geographical distributions and hotspot identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials Anti-Infectious Plants of The
    Supplementary Materials Anti‐infectious plants of the Thai Karen: A meta‐analysis Methee Phumthum and Henrik Balslev List of data sources 1. Anderson EF. Plants and people of the Golden Triangle ethnobotany of the hill tribes of northern Thailand. Southwest Portland: Timber Press, Inc.,; 1993. 2. Junkhonkaen J. Ethnobotany of Ban Bowee, Amphoe Suan Phueng, Changwat Ratchaburi. Master thesis. Bangkok: Kasetsart University Library; 2012. 3. Junsongduang A. Roles and importance of sacred Forest in biodiversity conservation in Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province. PhD thesis. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University. 2014. 4. Kaewsangsai S. Ethnobotany of Karen in Khun Tuen Noi Village, Mae Tuen Sub‐district, Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province. Master thesis. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University; 2017. 5. Kamwong K. Ethnobotany of Karens at Ban Mai Sawan and Ban Huay Pu Ling, Ban Luang Sub‐District, Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai Province. Master thesis. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University; 2010. 6. Kantasrila, R. Ethnobotany fo Karen at Ban Wa Do Kro, Mae Song Sub‐district, Tha Song Yang District, Tak Province. Master thesis. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University Library. 2016. 7. Klibai, A. Self‐care with indigenous medicine of long‐eared Karen ethnic group: Case study Ban Mae Sin, Ban Kang Pinjai, Ban Slok, Wang Chin district, Phrae province. Master thesis. Surin: Surin Rajabhat University. 2013. 8. Mahawongsanan, A., Change of herbal plants utilization of the Pgn Kʹnyau : A case study of Ban Huay Som Poy, Mae Tia Watershed, Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai Province. Master thesis. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University Library. 2008. 9. Prachuabaree L. Medicinal plants of Karang hill tribe in Baan Pong‐lueg, Kaeng Krachan District, Phetchaburi Province.
    [Show full text]