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Les Représentations De Cypripedium Calceolus L. 1753 Dans La Littérature Botanique

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Les Représentations De Cypripedium Calceolus L. 1753 Dans La Littérature Botanique UNE CENTURIE (ET PLUS) DE SABOT DE VÉNUS OU LES REPRÉSENTATIONS DE CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS L. 1753 DANS LA LITTÉRATURE BOTANIQUE HENRI MATHÉ 0 https://sfola.fr/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Les_repr%C3%A9sentations_de_- Cypripedium_calceolus_L._1753_dans_la_litt%C3%A9rature_botanique.pdf 0 UNE CENTURIE (ET PLUS) DE SABOT DE VÉNUS OU LES REPRÉSENTATIONS DE CYPRIPEDIUM CALCEOLUS L. 1753 DANS LA LITTÉRATURE BOTANIQUE Résumé : Ce travail tente de répertorier les dessins et gravures de l'orchidée européenne Cypripedium calceolus L. 1753 qui ont été publiées dans des ouvrages de botanique entre 1540 et 1940. La plupart des 160 images de cette plante que j'ai découvertes, et qui sont présentées ici, ont été réalisées au XIXème siècle mais certaines, conservées dans très peu de bibliothèques de par le monde, ont été particulièrement difficiles à obtenir. Toutes ces images reflètent l'évolution de l'étude des plantes et des techniques de reproduction qui se sont succédé au fil des siècles, jusqu'à l'invention de la photographie qui est exclue de l’étude. Abstract : This work is an attempt to list the drawings and plates of the European orchid Cypripedium calceolus L. 1753 that were published in botanical works between 1540 and 1940. Most of the 160 pictures that I have discovered on this plant and that I present here were drawn in the 19th century but some of them are only kept in very few libraries throughout the world and have been particularly difficult to obtain. All these pictures reflect the evolution of the study of plants and the techniques of reproduction which followed one another over the centuries, up to the invention of photography, which is excluded from this study. Zusammenfassung : Diese Arbeit versucht Aufzeichnungen und Buchmalereien der europäischen Orchidee Cypripedium calceolus L 1753 zu erfassen, die in veschiedenen Büchern über Botanik zwischen 1540 und 1940 herausgegeben worden sind. Ich habe 160 Abbildungen herausfinden können, die meisten davon wurden im 19. Jahhundert verfertigt; jedoch waren einige davon sehr schwer zu finden da sie nur in wenigen Bibliotheken aufbewahrt waren. All diese Abbildungen sind ein Beweis der Evolution der Forschung, sei es im Bereich der Botanik oder der Technik des Nachdrucks, bis zur Erfindung der Fotografie, die in dieser Arbeit nicht einbegriffen ist. 1 Y. Fuchs – Dessin original Image de couverture : F. von Schrank 1811 Flora monacensis seu plantæ sponte circa Monachium nascentes Vol. 1 pl. 81 © The Harvard University Herbaria 2 Préambule De toutes les orchidées indigènes d’Europe, le sabot de Vénus (Cypripedium calceolus), possède les fleurs les plus grandes, ce qui rend cette espèce si attractive aux yeux du public et à ceux des botanistes, depuis fort longtemps. Cela a d’ailleurs sans doute causé la perte, en maints endroits, de cette espèce emblématique dont tant de stations ont été pillées au cours des siècles. La fleur de Cypripedium calceolus figure sur le logo de plusieurs associations naturalistes (dont la SFO) et, de par sa beauté et sa rareté, apparaît comme le meilleur symbole des orchidées européennes. L’espèce est, à juste titre, protégée dans tous les pays d’Europe et sa vulnérabilité a mené à l’élaboration d’un plan d’action en sa faveur, au niveau européen, depuis 19991. Je suis parti à la recherche des représentations de l’espèce, dans un domaine bien précis qui est l’iconographie des anciens ouvrages de botanique. Impossible, bien évidemment, d’avoir connaissance et, en encore plus, de reproduire toutes les gravures existantes de l’espèce depuis qu’elle a été reconnue par les botanistes ! Cependant, celles-ci sont en nombre limité pendant les premiers temps où elles ont existé et je me suis efforcé d’être aussi exhaustif que possible sur la période 1550-1800. Par la suite, ces images sont devenues de plus en plus nombreuses, rendant leur localisation difficile ainsi que leur disponibilité en termes de droits, au moins pour ce qui est de la période récente. C’est pourquoi mon catalogue se termine en 1940. Dénicher les ouvrages contenant une image de Cypripedium calceolus demande de la patience, de la persévérance et…un peu d’astuce. N’étant pas le premier à avoir mené cette enquête, j’ai trouvé une aide précieuse, comme base de départ, dans les travaux de botanistes qui m’ont précédé parmi lesquels : 1771 : Schmidel C. C. - Conradi Gesneri Opera Botanica pars 2 Ce livre est consacré aux observations botaniques faites par Conrad Gesner au XVIème siècle. Il contient une liste des synonymes attribués autrefois à la plante et les ouvrages dans lesquels il en a été fait mention au cours des siècles précédents. Certains contiennent des images de l’espèce. L’ouvrage reproduit par ailleurs la plus ancien dessin connu de Cypripedium calceolus. 1797 : Roemer J. J. - Flora europaea inchoata Le texte consacré à Cypripedium calceolus complète la liste précédente en répertoriant tous les ouvrages européens où l’espèce apparaît. 1855 : Pritzel G. A. – Iconum botanicarum index locupletissimus Cet ouvrage répertorie plus de 80 000 planches botaniques conservées dans les bibliothèques de Berlin, Vienne, Paris, Londres… 1997 : Jacquet P. - Les premières représentations du Sabot de Vénus à la Renaissance. Ce numéro de L’Orchidophile (126) s’intéresse aux toutes premières images connues de la plante. L’examen attentif des références citées dans divers ouvrages, qui ne contiennent pas forcément eux mêmes une image de la plante, permet parfois de se reporter à un nouveau livre insoupçonné où la plante est représentée. Une base de données fort utile, qui recense les ouvrages contenant des illustrations botaniques (Picture Reference Database Sources) a été élaborée par The London Orchid Society (London, Ontario, Canada !) et se trouve sur le site : http://londonorchidsociety.com/picref.asp 1 TERSCHUREN J., 1999. Plan d’action en faveur de Cypripedium calceolus en Europe. Ed. du Conseil de l’Europe, coll. Sauvegarde de la Nature n°10, 60 p. 1 Les sources ayant été identifiées, il s’agit ensuite de les visualiser en ligne afin d’en récupérer les images. A cet égard, quelques sites sont privilégiés et j’y ai trouvé 80 % des ouvrages que je recherchais : archive.org bibdigital.rjb.csic.es biodiversitylibrary.org gallica.bnf.fr Les autres images proviennent d’une quinzaine d’autres sites. On trouvera en p. 58 la liste des images reproduites avec, pour chaque image disponible en ligne, l’URL permettant d’y accéder (consultés le 9/03/2020). Presque toutes sont disponibles en ligne mais quelques unes ont nécessité des demandes spécifiques à des bibliothèques ou des musées. Ainsi, une dizaine des 170 images reproduites dans ce document ne sont pas disponibles sur Internet et sont des photographies faites spécialement pour ce travail. Pour chacune de toutes ces images, j’ai voulu respecter au mieux les conditions de leur utilisation. Pour localiser les ouvrages intéressants, on peut s’aider du colossal travail de compilation effectué par Frans A. Stafleu & Richard S. Cowan dans Taxonomic literature - A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types dont 7 volumes ont été publiés (1976-1988) suivis de 8 suppléments (1992-2009). Mon travail s’est limité à la recherche des images de Cypripedium calceolus qui apparaissent dans des ouvrages ayant fait l’objet d’une publication. En sont donc exclues celles que l’on trouve sur d’autres supports que le papier ainsi que les dessins, lithographies, peintures à caractère unique et les exemplaires d’herbier. Cependant, il me semble intéressant de faire quelques exceptions. C’est pourquoi je propose en annexe les représentations suivantes : - la première représentation de l’espèce sur une tapisserie suisse du XVIème siècle (voir Annexe II) - le premier exemplaire d’herbier de l’espèce (voir Annexe III) - les aquarelles réalisées entre 1872 et 1899 par un botaniste amateur lorrain, Alexandre Besch, pour illustrer une Flore de Lorraine manuscrite qui sont conservées à la bibliothèque du Jardin Botanique de Nancy et les aquarelles peintes dans les années 1880 par Mme Delessert qui sont conservées au MNHN de Paris (voir Annexe IV). Cette étude, dont le titre est un clin d’œil aux pratiques, heureusement révolues, des botanistes d’antan pour enrichir leurs herbiers, s’articule en trois parties. Sommaire I.1) Le XVIème siècle (1501-1600) – 7 images : p. 5 I.2) Le XVIIème siècle (1601 – 1700) – 12 images : p. 8 II.1) Le XVIIIème siècle (1701-1800) – 32 images : p. 13 II.2) Le XIXème siècle (1801 – 1900) – 79 images : p. 26 III) Le XXème siècle (1901 – 1940) – 29 images : p. 47 Annexe I : les Cypripedium nord-américains – 5 images : p. 55 Annexe II : la tapisserie de Bischoftzell : p. 56 Annexe III : herbier Rauwolf : p. 57 Annexe IV : aquarelles d’A. Besch et de Mme Delessert : p. 59 Liste des images reproduites : p. 60 Du fait des contraintes de la mise en pages, les images ne suivent pas toujours un ordre chronologique strict au sein des différentes parties. Mon travail ne prétend pas être exhaustif et il reste probablement un bon nombre de publications, spécialisées ou non dans les orchidées, qui présentent, à l’échelle continentale, nationale ou régionale, des images « inédites » de Cypripedium calceolus. Cela doit être particulièrement le cas au cours du XIXème siècle qui a été si florissant dans le domaine des publications botaniques. Tout ajout ou correction s’inscrivant dans le cadre de mes recherches seront les bienvenus pour compléter ce travail. 2 Références bibliographiques du préambule HIGGINS W. & ALRICH P., 2015 - Early illustrators of Cypripedium. Orchids : 660-671 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290816677_Early_Illustrators_of_Cypripedium JACQUET P., 1997 - Les premières représentations du Sabot de Vénus, à la Renaissance. L’Orchidophile 126 : 74-79. SFO , Paris. JACQUET P., 2002 – Une histoire de l’orchidologie française.
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