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Polyol Conversion Specificity of Bacillus Pallidus

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Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72 (1), 231–235, 2008 Note Polyol Conversion Specificity of Bacillus pallidus y Wayoon POONPERM, Goro TAKATA, and Ken IZUMORI Rare Sugar Research Center, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 7610795, Japan Received July 27, 2007; Accepted October 2, 2007; Online Publication, January 7, 2008 [doi:10.1271/bbb.70475] The conversion specificity of Bacillus pallidus Y25 for and xylitol have been found to be the main substrates polyols, including elusive rare sugar alcohols, was of B. pallidus, followed by D-iditol, L-arabitol, ribitol, investigated. B. pallidus cells showed transformation D-arabitol, and galactitol.4,5) In this report, we describe potential for several rare polyols, including allitol, L- the structural dependency of sugar substrates in the mannitol, D/L-talitol, and D-iditol, and converted them cellular reaction of this bacterium due to -OH config- to their corresponding ketoses. This indicates that the urations at C2 and C3 positions of polyols, and its bacterium had two polyol dehydrogenases specific for potential application in the production of various rare polyols that have D-erythro and D-threo configurations. sugars. By combination with intrinsic isomerases, polyols were All sugars not commercially available were produced converted directly to various aldoses, including L-xylose, in our laboratory. Erythritol, D/L-threitol, ribitol, D/L- L-talose, D-altrose, and L-glucose. arabitol, xylitol, D-glucitol, and galactitol were pur- chased from Wako (Osaka, Japan) or Sigma-Aldrich (St Key words: Bacillus pallidus; polyol; ribitol dehydro- Louis, MO). D/L-Iditol (from D/L-sorbose), L-glucitol genase; xylitol dehydrogenase (from D-sorbose), D/L-talitol (from D/L-tagatose), allitol (from D-psicose), and L-mannitol (from L-fructose) are Rare sugars, monosaccharides and their derivatives elusive rare polyols, and they were prepared in our that are rarely found in nature, are one of the most laboratory. B. pallidus was grown in yeast extract worthy targets for various applications in the food medium (0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% polypepton, and industry, as well as in the pharmaceutical and nutrition 0.5% NaCl, pH 8.5) containing 1% D-mannitol as a industries, for various products such as non-calorie growth enhancer at 55 C for 36 h. Cells were harvested sweeteners, bulking agents, precursor substances, and by centrifugation at 14;000 Â g for 5 min. The collected nucleoside analogues. Although rare sugars originate cells were then washed twice with double-distilled mainly by chemical synthesis, the reactions require water, and resuspended in 50 mM sodium phosphate multiple steps, are costly, and sometimes lead to the buffer (pH 7.0), and the conversion reaction was production of unnecessary by-products that are not examined at 55 C with shaking (100 rpm) in a reaction conducive to the mass production of rare sugars. mixture containing the cell suspension (final cell Various biotransformation processes have been re- density, OD600 ¼ 30) and 1% substrate. The reaction ported for carbohydrates, mediated by oxidation, reduc- was terminated after 48 h, with occasional sampling, and tion, isomerization, and epimerization, using micro- cells were removed from the reaction mixture by organisms screened from the soil.1–5) In addition, centrifugation at 14;000 Â g for 10 min. The quantity bioconversion strategies for all rare sugars have been of ketoses was estimated by cystein-carbazole or schematized.6) Biotransformation is generally recog- Somogyi-Nelson method.7,8) Sugar components of the nized as environmentally friendly compared to other reaction mixture were analyzed by HPLC (Shimadzu, chemical processes, and it is economically competitive Kyoto) using a GL-C611 separation column (Hitachi, in terms of cost and productivity. Our aim is to develop Tokyo). The optical activity of the product was and introduce simple and effective biochemical methods determined using a polarimeter (Nihon Bunko, Tokyo). for the mass production of rare sugars. The substrate specificity of B. pallidus was inves- Thermophilic bacteria have been screened widely for tigated using all the polyols. In addition to seven thermostable enzymes, which have a lot of biotechno- previously known substrates (allitol, xylitol, D-iditol, logical potential. Recently, we isolated Bacillus pallidus L-arabitol, ribitol, D-arabitol, and galactitol), the reaction Y25, a novel, moderately thermophilic bacterium capa- development was also observed by colorimetric method ble of producing rare ketoses from polyols.4) This when further six polyols were used as substrates bacterium showed broad substrate specificity, oxidizing (L-mannitol, L-talitol, L-glucitol, erythritol, D-talitol, various polyols to their corresponding ketoses. Allitol and D-threitol) (Fig. 1). From the results of HPLC, we y To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +81-87-891-3021; E-mail: [email protected] 232 W. POONPERM et al. a bcd allitol D-psicose D-manmitol D-fructose D-glucitol D-fructose D-talitol D-psicose L-mannitol L-fructose allitol L-psicose L-talitol L-psicose L-glucitol L-fructose L-talitol L-tagatose D-glucitol L-sorbose L-iditol L-sorbose galactitol L-tagatose L-glucitol D-sorbose D-talitol D-tagatose galactitol D-tagatose D-iditol D-sorbose ribitol D-ribulose D-arabitol D-xylulose xylitol D-xylulose D-arabitol D-ribulose L-arabitol L-xylulose ribitol L-ribulose L-arabitol L-ribulose xylitol L-xylulose erythritolD-erythrulose erythritol L-erythrulose L-threitol L-erythrulose D-threitol D-erythrulose Fig. 1. Proposed Classification of the Reaction of Polyols and Ketoses According to the -OH Configurations at C2 and C3 Positions of the Polyols. The proposed reactions of ribitol 2-dehydrogenase (a), ribitol 4-dehydrogenase (b), xylitol 2-dehydrogenase (c), and xylitol 4-dehydrogenase (d) are indicated. The reactions of B. pallidus mediated by two polyol dehydrogenases are boxed around the sugar structures. The vertical line indicates the carbon backbone, single lines branches are hydroxyl groups, and double line branches are keto groups of the sugars. Polyol Conversion Specificity of B. pallidus 233 a b c L-fructose D-psicose L-tagatose L-galactose D-altrose L-mannose L-mannitol L-talitol L-glucose D-allose galactitol L-talose d e f ribitol L-glucitol L-arabitol L-xylulose D-gulose L-fructose D-ribulose D-sorbose xylitol D-arabitol L-ribulose L-xylose g h i D-iditol D-talitol galactitol D-sorbose L-galactose L-tagatose D-psicose j k l D-arabitol L-xylulose L-xylulose L-arabitol xylitol L-ribulose L-xylose m L-xylose L-arabitol L-ribulose xylitol L-arabitol L-xylulose D-arabinose D-ribulose xylitol L-ribulose Fig. 2. HPLC of the Reaction Mixture of B. pallidus. The initial substrates, allitol (a), L-mannitol (b), L-talitol (c), L-glucitol (d), ribitol (e), L-arabitol (f), D-talitol (g), galactitol (h), D-iditol (i), D-arabitol (j), xylitol (k), L-xylulose (l), and L-ribulose (m), were mixed with the cells and incubated at 55 C for 48 h with shaking. confirmed the transformation of allitol to D-psicose were the L- and D-formula respectively (D-threo config- (Fig. 2a), L-mannitol to L-fructose (Fig. 2b), L-talitol to uration). As for other reactions, the products were L-tagatose (Fig. 2c), L-glucitol to D-sorbose (Fig. 2d), not detectable by HPLC (data not shown). Reverse ribitol to D-ribulose (Fig. 2e), and L-arabitol to L- reactions from ketose to polyols were also achieved xylulose (Fig. 2f), in which the -OH configurations of using L-xylulose (Fig. 2l), L-ribulose (Fig. 2m), D-ribu- C2 and C3 positions of these polyols were D-formula lose, D-sorbose, L-tagatose, L-fructose, and D-psicose as (D-erythro configuration), and the transformation of substrates. Moreover, by HPLC, we observed various D-talitol to D-psicose (Fig. 2g), L-glucitol to L-fructose unexpected product peaks in the reaction mixture, with (Fig. 2d), galactitol to L-tagatose (Fig. 2h), D-iditol to a prolonged reaction period, i.e., L-xylose, L-xylulose, D-sorbose (Fig. 2i), D-arabitol to D-ribulose (Fig. 2j), L-ribulose, L-arabitol, and xylitol (Fig. 2e, f, l, and m); and xylitol to L-xylulose (Fig. 2k), in which the -OH D-ribulose, D-arabinose, and D-arabitol (Fig. 2j and k); configurations of C2 and C3 positions of these polyols L-tagatose, L-galactose, L-talose, galactitol, and L-talitol 234 W. POONPERM et al. a L-Xylose L-Lyxose L-Arabinose L-Ribose DAI L-Xylulose L-Arabitol L-Ribulose DH Xylitol Ribitol DH D-Xylulose D-Arabitol D-Ribulose DAI D-Xylose D-Lyxose D-Arabinose D-Ribose b L-Galactose L-Talose L-Altrose L-Allose DAI LRhI L-Tagatose L-Talitol L-Psicose DH Galactitol Allitol DH D-Tagatose D-Talitol D-Psicose DAI LRhI D-Galactose D-Talose D-Altrose D-Allose D-Idose D-Gulose L-Glucose L-Mannose LRhI DAI LRhI D-Sorbose L-Glucitol L-Fructose DH DH DH DH D-Iditol L-Mannitol Fig. 3. Summary of the Conversion Reactions of B. pallidus. The reactions of pentitols and pentoses (a) and hexitols and hexoses (b) are indicated. Black arrows indicate the route and gray arrows indicate the missing route of sugar conversion by B. pallidus. The black and boxed sugars are the starting materials for the production of various rare sugars. The black sugars indicate the products and the gray sugars are the missing products from the reactions with B. pallidus. DAI, LRhI and DH are the enzymes of DAI, D-arabinose isomerase; LRhI, L-rhamnose isomerase; and DH, polyol dehydrogenase of B. pallidus. (Fig. 2c and h); L-mannose, L-glucose, L-mannitol, and We suggest based on these results that the enzymes L-fructose (Fig.
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  • The Generation and Reactivity of Organozinc Carbenoids

    The Generation and Reactivity of Organozinc Carbenoids

    The Generation and Reactivity of Organozinc Carbenoids A Thesis Presented by Caroline Joy Nutley In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of the UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Christopher Ingold Laboratories Department of Chemistry University College London London WCIH OAJ September 1995 ProQuest Number: 10016731 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10016731 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Through doubting we come to questioning and through questioning we come to the truth. Peter Abelard, Paris, 1122 Abstract This thesis concerns an investigation into the generation and reactivity of organozinc carbenoids, from both a practical and mechanistic standpoint, using the reductive deoxygenation of carbonyl compounds with zinc and a silicon electrophile. The first introductory chapter is a review of organozinc carbenoids in synthesis. The second chapter opens with an overview of the development of the reductive deoxygenation of carbonyl compounds with zinc and a silicon electrophile since its inception in 1973. The factors influencing the generation of the zinc carbenoid are then investigated using a control reaction, and discussed.