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A Thesis Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE EDITOR ROBERT GOODELL: A CALIFORNIA INDEPENDENT A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Mass Communication by Gregory Robert Warnagieris January 1986 The Thesis of Gregory Robert Warnagieris is approved: California State University, Northridge ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank Tom Reilly for his overall support and his many contributions to this thesis, which came in the midst of preparing for his trip to China. A special thanks also to committee members Mike Emery and Sam Feldman for their encouragement and availability. This thesis was made possible through the cooperation of Bob Goodell's co-workers and friends who graciously agreed to be interviewed. I particularly want to acknowledge the representatives of the John P. Scripps Newspaper Group for their assistance and hospitality. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my grandmother, Myrtle Goodell, for providing numerous personal letters and materials, and such clear recollections of my grandfather. And thanks to my parents and Cheryl Howell for their support and advice during this project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES •. Vl ABSTRACT • • . vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION • . • . • • • • • • . • . • 4 Research Questions and Importance of the Study • . • • • • • • . • • . • 8 Hypotheses • • . • 11 Summary of Method 12 Definitions and Coding Procedures •.• 14 Background on San Luis Obispo 19 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 25 Community Journalism • • • . • . • . • • 36 San Luis Obispo • . • • • • • • • . • • 42 Methodologies . • • • . • • 48 California History . • • • . • • . 56 The Post-war Years . • • . • • . 60 Conclusions • . • • . • . 60 3. METHOD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 74 Key Sources of Data ••.•.• 74 Treatment of Goodell's Personal Papers . • . • . • . 76 Treatment of Interview Sources • 78 Content Analysis of Goodell's Editorials . • • . • . 81 lV Notetaking • . • . • . • • . • • • 88 Additional Justification of Research Design • • . • • 89 Methodological Difficulties 91 Procedures for Overcoming Bias . 92 4. BIOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND 99 Goodell's Early Years • . • • • . • • • 100 At the University of Uta,h: Achievement, Controversy and Dissa~bintment • • 105 Utah Journalist: "Meticulous" and "Independent Minded" • • . • . • • . 113 The 1940s at the Telegram-Tribune: Small-town Publisher • • . • • • 118 The 1950s: Community Activist and Liberal Independent • • • . • 130 The Early 1960s: Conflict with Julius Gius • • . • • • • • • • • 144 The Sacramento Years • . • . • . • 159 5. STATED EDITORIAL POLICY . 183 Stated Editorial Policy • • • • • • • • 185 A Sampling of Editorials Goodell Saved • 192 6. CONTENT ANALYSIS .••••••••.•.• 212 Treatment of 10 Selected Issues • . 215 Treatment of Political Party . • . • 223 Treatment of Richard Nixon and Edmund G. "Pat" Brown . • • • . • . • • • . 232 Treatment of Controversial Subjects 233 7. CONCLUSIONS . 267 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY . • • • • . • . • • . 285 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Treatment of 10 Selected Issues: 1944-1963 . 245 2. Treatment of 10 Selected Issues: 1944-1963 . 246 3. Treatment of Political Party: 1944-1963 . 247 4. Treatment of Political Party: 1944 . 248 5. Treatment of Political Party: 1949 . 249 6. Treatment of Political Party: 1954 . 250 7. Treatment of Political Party: 1959 . 251 B. Treatment of Political Party: 1963 . 252 9. Treatment of Richard Nixon and Edmund G. "Pat" Brown • . 253 10. Treatment of Controversial Subjects: 1944-1963 . 254 11. Treatment of Controversial Subjects: 1944 255 12. Treatment of Controversial Subjects: 1949 256 13. Treatment of Controversial Subjects: 1954 257 14. Treatment of Controversial Subjects: 1959 258 15. Treatment of Controversial Subjects: 1963 259 vi ABSTRACT EDITOR ROBERT GOODELL: A CALIFORNIA INDEPENDENT by Gregory Robert Warnagieris Master of Arts in Mass Communication This study investigates the editorship of Robert W. Goodell at the San Luis Obispo (Calif.) Telegram-Tribune from 1943-1963. It compares biographical findings on Goodell's editorial policy and role in the community with his editorials. It was hypothesized that as the community grew, editorials on controversial subjects would be more frequent; also that Goodell balanced community support and controversy, and adhered to Vll his stated liberal policies. Goodell's personal papers and other historical materials were examined. Forty interviews were conducted with co-workers, community leaders and representatives of the John P. Scripps Newspaper Group, which owned the paper. A content analysis of Goodell's 20 years of editorials was performed, sampling every fifth year, starting with 1944. In all, 1,710 editorials were read. They were coded for treatment of 10 specific growth-related topics, political party references and controversial subjects. It was found that Goodell's editorials were shaped by his close proximity to the local power structure, his perception of his audience, his editorial policy, his personality, and the size and make-up of the community. He sought to avoid controversy and alienating his small-town audience. He supported local growth and liberal causes. The number of controversial topics diminished somewhat, but Goodell took a number of strong stands. For example, he attacked Senator Joseph McCarthy and "Red baiting" tactics. He was a political independent, most often supporting Democrats and opposing Republicans. Vlll John P. Scripps and Robert Goodell (right) at the California Newspaper Publishers Association convention in San Francisco in 1962. (UPI) 1 The business managers of John P. Scripps Newspapers, Inc. at the Ventura (Calif.) Star-Free Press, following a three-day meeting at the Ojai Valley Inn, August 7-9, 1947. Left to right: Marion S. Walker, Larry McKeown, Alex Ottevaere, Ted Crumpacker, Roy Pinkerton, Robert Goodell, Harry Green, Harry Bostwick and John P. Scripps. 2 3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION When Jack Anderson, Washington columnist and muckraker, was just 18 he was hired as a reporter with the Salt Lake Tribune. The year was 1939 and Anderson's city editor was a man named Robert Withers Goodell. Anderson recalled working for Goodell: As an editor, he was cool, unflappable, helpful and humorous. He never shouted or put us down, but he got off some good cracks. I remember one time I used the adjective "very" in a terse news story. Well, the word "very" is a superfluous adjective in a terse news story. He left me a note, but instead of telling me it was a superfluous adjective, he wrote, "The next time you feel compelled to use 'very,' insert 'damn' instead."l Anderson credited Goodell with teaching him "one of the most important lessons of journalism--to check facts, check spelling ... be accurate." He described 4 5 Goodell as: ... precise and conservative in his journalistic habits. I remember him having a sense of decency, a sense of honor. He didn't want us to hype our stories or include anything false or even slanted.2 Anderson also said of Goodell: He was willing to let me work on the big stories, which I appreciated. Even though I was low man on the totem pole, he often gave me one of the major stories of the day, not just the obituaries and the back page stuff.3 Less than five years later, in 1943, Goodell became editor of the Telegram-Tribune in San Luis Obispo, 4 a small, rural community on the central California coast. He remained editor of the paper for almost 20 years, supporting a number of developmental issues, such as highway and water projects. He also backed several Democratic candidates and office holders over the years, particularly California Governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown. Recalled Brown: In San Luis he (Goodell} supported me in every campaign and on a number of water issues. No editor ever knew his community better than Bob Goodell; but he also had a very progressive view of the state of California and its growth. In politics you meet a lot of editors, but Bob Goodell stood out, partly because he was tall. He was just an outstanding human being. When Bob and I would get together, we had more than just a politician­ editor relationship, we had a personal, friendly relationship.5 6 Robert Goodell's editorship at the Telegram-Tribune {1943-1963) is the subject of this thesis. Its focus is how Goodell's editorials were shaped by his editorial policy, personality and role in the community. Although Goodell served as publisher of the paper for four years (1944-1948), it was the editorial rather than the business side of the paper that he preferred. As a paper in the John P. Scripps Newspaper Group, the Telegram-Tribune used a management team of an editor and business manager, both of equal standing. Goodell eventually had to choose between the two positions. He chose to be editor because of the freedom of expression it 6 allowed. As editor, one of Goodell's responsibilities was writing a daily editorial. These editorials are the central written record of his editorship and a focus of this thesis. Goodell saw himself as a community opinion leader, responsible for its progress and conscience, and a voice 7 for the underprivileged. For example, prior to the 1960 presidential race he wrote: Over the years, we have supported gubernatorial, congressional and other candidates of BOTH parties. 7 The Democrats have been far ahead numerically-­ probably because we favor the "trickle up" philosophy of the Democrats to the "trickle down" theory of the GOP. We think the big fellows have the advantage, and receive the lion's share of government benefits-­
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