SportSafe

Australian Sports Injury Data Dictionary

Guidelines for injury data collection and classification for the prevention and control of injury in sport and recreation.

Working Document

1

Acknowledgments

This working document of the Sports Injury Data Dictionary was prepared by the Australian Sports Injury Data Working Party, with support from the Australian Sports Injury Prevention Taskforce and Active Australia.

In 1996-98 the Australian Sports Injury Data Working Party comprised the following members:

Chair: Dr Caroline Finch (Deakin University) Members: Assoc Prof James Harrison (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Flinders University) Ms Donna Harvey (Australian Sports Commission) Mr Ron Burns (Confederation of Australian Sport) Ms Jenny Williams (Sports Medicine Australia - SA Branch)

About the Working Party

The ASID Working Party is a national group including representatives from the fields of epidemiology, statistics, database management/computing, injury surveillance, sports administration, both male and female sports participants, sports medicine professionals. It also has links with major national health and sport data collections, such as the National Injury Surveillance Unit, Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Active Australia Monitoring Group.

Wide consultation has taken place in the development of the data dictionary, which has included a one day workshop, a session at the Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport 1997, working meetings and valuable comments and input from Dr David Chalmers, Alex Donaldson, Dr John Orchard, Dr Willem van Mechelen, Dr David Janda, Qld, SA and WA Branches of Sports Medicine Australia.

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 2 TABLE 1: SUMMARY TABLE OF DATA ITEMS AND SOURCE ...... 4 INTRODUCTION...... 5 ADMINISTRATION ITEMS ...... 8 Person recording case information...... 8 Immediate source of injury record...... 8 Date of injury ...... 9 Time of injury ...... 9 Date of Injury Record...... 9 DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 10 Age ...... 10 Gender...... 10 Area of usual residence...... 10 PLACE OF INJURY OCCURRENCE...... 11 Name of injury place - text ...... 11 Place of Injury - Type...... 11 Sport and Recreation places- Specific ...... 12 Part of Specific Injury Place ...... 14 ACTIVITY WHEN INJURED ...... 15 Activity when injured: broad areas...... 15 Activity when injured - Name of sport or activity...... 16 Phase or aspect of involvement in activity or event ...... 18 Activity when injured: grade or level...... 18 INJURY FACTORS ...... 19 Equipment used with intent to protect against injury...... 21 MECHANISM OF INJURY ...... 22 Narrative of mechanism of injury...... 23 INJURY SITE...... 25 Body Region and Body Chart...... 25 Specific Structure Injured...... 26 NATURE OF INJURY - PATHOLOGY ...... 28 Provisional Diagnosis...... 30 Diagnosis Text...... 30 TREATMENT FACTORS...... 31 Date of presentation...... 31 Time of presentation for treatment...... 31 Reason for presentation ...... 32 Treatment ...... 33 Advice given to injured person...... 34 Referral ...... 34 Treating Person...... 35 REFERENCES ...... 36 APPENDICES...... 37 Appendix A: Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS)...... 37 Appendix B - Sports injury definitions ...... 44 Appendix C - Injury severity definitions...... 45 Appendix D - Major Injury Factors NDS-IS v2c...... 46 Appendix E - Examples of Sport Specific Data Collection Forms ...... 50

3 Table 1: Summary table of data items and source

Data Item Data Source/s Core or Recommended Item Administration Items Person recording case information ASIPWP Strongly recommended Immediate source of injury record ASIDWP Strongly recommended Date of injury NDSIS v2.1 Core Time of injury NDSIS v2.1 Recommended Date of injury record NDSIS v2.1 Demographics Age NDSIS v2.1 Core Gender NDSIS v2.1 Core Area of usual residence NDSIS v2.1 Strongly recommended Place of Injury Occurrence Name of injury place - text ASIDWP Strongly recommended Place of injury - type NDSIS v2.1 Strongly recommended Sport and recreation places - specific ASIDWP Strongly recommended Part of specific injury place ASIDWP Recommended Activity When Injured Activity when injured - broad areas ICECI Core Activity when injured -name of sport ASIDWP, ASC, Strongly recommended or activity NDSIS v2.1, CAS Phase or aspect of involvement in ASIDWP Recommended activity or event Major Injury Factors Injury Factors NDSIS v2.1, ASIDWP Strongly recommended Equipment used with intent to ASIDWP Strongly recommended protect against injury Mechanism of Injury Mechanism of injury NDSIS v2.1, ASIDWP Core Narrative of mechanism of injury NDSIS v2.1 Strongly recommended Body Region Injured Body region and body chart NDSIS v2.1 Core Specific structure injured ASIDWP Recommended Nature of Injury - Pathology Nature of injury NDSIS v2.1, ASIDWP Core Provisional diagnosis text Free text Optional Treatment Factors Date of presentation NDSIS v2.1 Strongly recommended Time of presentation NDSIS v2.1 Recommended Reason for presentation ASIDWP Recommended Treatment Treatment ASIDWP Strongly recommended Advice given to injured person ASIDWP Strongly recommended Referral ASIDWP Strongly recommended Treating person ASIDWP, SMA Strongly recommended

4 Introduction

Australian information on the incidence, severity and causes of sport and recreational injury is limited. There are several sources of sports injury data which include: • VISS - Victorian Injury Surveillance System, which analyses data from 25 Victorian hospitals • SMIS (Sports Medicine Injury Surveillance) project which is collecting data on new injuries presenting to 5 sports medicine centres in Melbourne • hospital discharge data (beginning with cases in 1996/97) • NSW Youth Sports Injury Report • sporting organisation or competition collections such as the AFL injury record • insurance records • individual sport, club or practitioner collections (Please refer to the SportSafe webpage for contact details for data collections on www.ausport.gov.au/partic/spsafe.html) With such a variety of sources of injury information, all collected with different methodology, it is difficult to provide comprehensive information on the incidence, costs and impact of sports injury in Australia. Injury surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data needed to plan, implement and evaluate public health programs (Graitcer et al,. 1987). Injury surveillance can provide the information necessary for determining priorities and targets for prevention activities by specific sports, organisations, or groups of participants (Finch, 1997). Surveillance data can sometimes be used to evaluate the effectiveness of current activities or be used to trial new policies on rules or protective equipment. Barriers towards collecting sports injury data by clubs and organisation include the lack of clear guidance about what information to collect and how it should be done. A standardised data collection methodology, including a simple to use data collection form, was identified as a key requirement by sporting clubs and organisations (Finch et al., 1995).

Australian Sports Injury Prevention Taskforce The feasibility of a national sports injury data and information system was identified as a priority in 1997 by the Australian Sports Injury Prevention Taskforce (ASIPT). A vital element of this system would be the sampling and collection of information across all levels of sport and recreation. To do this, a standardised approach to the collection of injury data in a variety of sport settings was recommended for investigation. The Australian Sports Injury Data (ASID) Working Party was established in October 1997 to undertake this project.

Australian Sports Injury Data Working Party The working party conducted a review of local and international data sources and current Australian sports injury data deficiencies. The main data sources included the National Data Standards for Injury Surveillance Version 2.1 (NDSIS v2.1), International Classification of Diseases Version 9 and 10 (ICD 9&10), Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) and a sample of national and international injury data collection forms. This review guided the development of a sports injury data dictionary for sports injuries in Australia. Sports injury information can be collected from a variety of settings which include hospital emergency and outpatient departments, sports medicine clinics, medical practices, sporting and recreational

5 venues and schools. The person recording the information can vary between settings, with a sports first aider recording information at a club, or a doctor recording information at a clinic or hospital. Therefore, the data dictionary and data collection forms need to be comprehensive, but also user friendly. The ASID working party has focused on the information requirements for non-professional formal sport, school sport, and data from clinical and insurance settings, as these areas are not well serviced by current data collection resources.

Australian Sports Injury Data Dictionary The Australian Sports Injury Data Dictionary has been developed to provide guidelines for injury data collection and classification for the prevention and control of injury in sport and recreation. The dictionary is written to assist sporting and recreation organisations, researchers, sports medicine professionals, first aiders and individual clubs collect information on sports injury. The sporting organisation or researcher may customise a data collection form to suit their needs, but a sporting club may choose to use the sport specific forms. The dictionary is prescriptive in the use of data categories and options within those categories. This is necessary if the advantages of comparability and consistency are to be gained. Users are, of course, free to design forms and data systems that meet their needs, and to extend the items and classification in the Dictionary. A definition of sports injury is essential for all data collections, and a formal definition that is workable for all settings has not been established. Several definitions of sports injury are included in Appendix B. Whatever definition of injury is used for a collection, it is important that it is documented, understood and applied in the data collection process. For instance, an injury sustained at the 1997 Australian Masters Games was defined as an injury incident in which a member of the sports medicine team attended and provided treatment. This included assessing a concussion, dressing a wound or taping an injured finger. If the team member was called to assess an injured player, but no injury was evident and the player returned immediately to play, then an injury report was not required. Injuries range from trivial to devastating. Sometimes injury severity forms part of the case definition for an injury surveillance system (eg one may wish to omit trivial injuries) and it is often useful to record information that indicates the severity of the cases. The best developed approach to measuring injury severity is in terms of “threat to life” (eg Osler 1997). Fortunately most sports injuries pose little or no threat to life, so other approaches to severity measurement are required (van Mechelen 1997). These can include: • the nature of injury eg fracture or bruise • the duration and nature of treatment of the injury eg surgery or rest • sports time lost eg 3-6 months for an ACL reconstruction, 3 weeks for a ligament sprain • working time lost (this can vary depending on the occupation of the person) • permanent damage eg permanent disability such as loss of an eye, head injury • costs of sports injury, includes the financial implications of the previous 5 dot points Further description on severity of injury is included in Appendix C.

Issues Addressed by the Data Dictionary Some of the identified problem areas from the review of current injury data collections have been addressed by the ASID working party in the working draft of the dictionary. The number of sports and activities listed in the dictionary has been expanded from 35 in the NDSIS v2.1 to over 120. Additional categories in the ‘activity when injured’ category allows for formal club sport to be differentiated from social sport, recreation, fitness activities and informal play. This information allows identification of the organisation or individual who is responsible for the safe conduct of the activity, which will help to target the most appropriate injury prevention strategy.

6 Place of injury has also been addressed to provide a further breakdown of ‘recreation/fitness area’ and ‘sports or athletic area’ area into practical classifications of where people are participating. The responsibility for the provision of a safe environment can lie with local, state and federal governments, and private facility owners. Policies directed at providing safe environments will need to be developed in conjunction with these facility providers. The additional classifications of sport and recreation places will also provide information on levels of participant supervision. A surfer at an unpatrolled beach will have minimal supervision, whereas, an indoor cricket game will be well supervised. It will be easier to implement prevention strategies in a well supervised place of activity. Injury factors are broken into types of objects, substances and environment factors involved in the occurrence of injury. A list of potential sports injury factors have been subjectively edited from the NDS-IS v2c list. This list will be modified so that the most relevant factors to sport are listed and the use of the ‘other’ category will be minimal. Factors that are shown to be not related to sports injury will be deleted. The complete NDS-IS v2c list is in Appendix D. The use and regulation of protective equipment can be quite a controversial issue in sport. Bicycle helmets are now mandatory in Australia, but even though there is data to support the use of helmets, cyclists still show resistance by carrying their helmets on the handle bars. Questions on the use of protective equipment on the injured body part have been included in the dictionary to establish relationships between equipment and injury. This information will assist sports, clubs or controlling bodies make decisions on the use of protective equipment. The options for ‘body site of injury’ have been fairly limited in the reviewed data collection forms. Comments received from the field included that it was difficult to select the most appropriate category for a groin strain and that the categories were not specific enough for a professional filling out the form. Dr John Orchard has developed a classification of injury system that address the specific body and is included in Appendix A. As well, the NDSIS v2.1 list of body regions has been expanded into specific structures such as muscle, ligament, blood vessel, cartilage and nerves. This will allow further identification for data entry and subsequent searching of specific injuries such as muscle tears, tendon injuries and bony fractures. ‘Nature of injury presented’ using the list from the NDSIS v2.1 with additions that account for the most common sports injury pathology. Recent data collections from masters, university and police and fire games revealed that sprain and strain were the most common injuries accounting for 48% of injuries at the Healthpact 6th Masters Games in Canberra in 1997. The categories of sprain and strain have been separated in the data dictionary, with other addition such as blisters, hyperthermia or heat stress, bruise/haematoma and inflammation/swelling. Treatment factors are included in the dictionary as injury reporting is often conducted at treatment settings. Adequate documentation of treatment is essential for ongoing treatment, medico-legal reasons and to provide the necessary information for injury analysis . Treatment information will also provide details to analyse the cost of injury, the severity of the injury and the services required to provide sports medicine coverage for events.

Working Draft of the Dictionary This dictionary is distributed as a working draft, recognising that it is yet to be applied in the settings of sporting and recreation clubs, sporting and recreation organisation, sporting districts, local councils or schools. The dictionary and associated data collection forms and an Access database will be available to a large cross section of sporting organisations and settings for feedback on the usefulness of the document and associated resources. Comments are sought and are most welcome. The dictionary, data forms and database are available without cost by downloading the files from the SportSafe web page (www.ausport.gov.au/partic/spsafe.html). Hard copies or disk copies are available from the ASC bookshop at a cost. Please address comments on the dictionary, date forms or database by email to [email protected] or by post to Sports Medicine Australia, PO Box 78, Mitchell ACT 2911.

7 Administration Items

Person recording case information Definition This data item characterises the person providing the injury details on the data collection form. It is not the setting of the data collection. Typically, but not always, this will be the person providing the initial management, treatment or assessment of the injury, eg. emergency department staff, sports trainer etc.

Guidelines Select the first appropriate category in the list or select other and specify if known.

Comment: The item is useful for identifying who is completing the forms in a particular setting also establishing expectations on the quality of the data.

Coding Options 1. self - injured person 2. health professional (includes, nurse, doctor, allied health professionals) 3. sports first aid/ sports trainer 4. parent or guardian 5. other (specify)______99. unknown

Immediate source of injury record Definition This item describes the immediate source of where the injury data is collected. Guidelines Select the most appropriate source of the injury record. Comment: Injury records will differ in the variety of settings. Insurance records are often compiled a significant time after the injury and be a compilation of medical and allied health records. The amount of information related to treatment will also differ between the sources. Coding Options 1. hospital - ambulatory (includes emergency department and outpatients) 2. hospital - in-patient record 3. sports medicine clinic record 4. other health clinic record (eg General Practitioner) 5. dental records 6. allied health service records 7. insurance company records 8. sports event medical coverage service records 9. school records 10. sporting club or organisation records (eg pony club, basketball club) 11. sporting and/or recreation facility records(eg indoor stadium, aquatic centre) 12. tertiary education setting records 13. other setting records (specify) ______99. unknown

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Date of injury This item provides the date on which the injury occurred. The date of injury should be a compulsory data item in all sports injury data collections. It should be recorded in the following format:

DD/MM/YYYY

Time of injury The time at which the injury occurred should be recorded by using a 24 hour clock. A 12 hour clock may be used on a data collection form but it is important to indicate whether the injury occurred during the morning or afternoon.

In some settings, where the time of treatment of the injury is also recorded, the difference between these two variables can be used to determine the time lag between injury and administration of treatment.

HrHr/MinMin am/pm

Date of Injury Record This item is the date on which the injury record is made. It is not necessarily the same as the date of injury. For example, a person may not attend a sports medicine clinic for treatment of their injury until days after the injury occurred. This date can be cross referenced to the source of record date of injury.

DD/MM/YYY

9 Demographics

Age The age at the time of injury of the injured person is one of the most important variables needed to characterise people and populations. It should be a compulsory data item for all sports injury data collections. Recording of the Date of Birth is the preferred measure of age , since it allows direct comparison with other variables such as the Date of Injury. Date of Birth DD/MM/YYYY

If age (in years) is used, this should be recorded as the “age last birthday”.

Age in years XXX years

Comment: if there is reluctance for the person to reveal their date of birth, the month and year is desirable.

Gender The gender of the injured person should be recorded in ALL sports injury data collections since injury risk appears to differ between males and females. The following coding is recommended.

Coding Options 1. male 2. female 3. not stated, inadequately described.

Area of usual residence The area of usual residence is an important demographic variable. It may not necessarily be the same as the area where the injury occurred. It is used to build a demographic profile of the injured population.

xxxx

In order to fully characterise the demographic profile of a group of people, additional information may be required. The suburb name should therefore also be given in words.

Suburb name

Comment: Postcodes vary greatly and this variable is often difficult to use.

10 Place of injury occurrence Definition Place where person is participating in activity and is injured

The place of injury is important in data collections to ascertain where the injury occurred with sufficient detail to describe the place/venue/facility. This information is useful for determining the patterns of injury as they relate to the types of places that people use for sport, recreation and leisure.

An activity that is undertaken in an indoor or outdoor environment can have a very different risk profile. Weather can impact greatly on the playing conditions in an outdoor environment and influence temperature, humidity, surface conditions of the playing area or water conditions. For indoor facilities, the environment can be better controlled and greater risk of injury may relate to factors such as placement of equipment and separation of players from spectators and officials.

Most often, the place of injury on an injury surveillance form will name the specific place of injury for example, a specific leisure centre, tennis centre or aquatic complex. This level of identification is suitable for analysis at a local level, but it will be important for large scale injury surveillance that the injury place is defined according to national data standards.

To improve the safety of the playing environment, it is important to ascertain who is responsible for providing the facility or outdoor area. The owner may be a local council, state or federal government, private owner or lessee. It may be the council’s responsibility to provide the facility and to maintain it, but it is also a club or organiser to ensure the area is safe before activity commences.

Name of injury place - text Guidelines write actual name of place in text (eg Melbourne Cricket Ground)

______

Place of Injury - Type (Data source NDSIS v 2.1, p 26)

Guidelines Choose the most appropriate category or for the injury place. If more than one is appropriate, choose the one first in the list.

1. Home (includes farm house) 2. Residential Institution (excludes hospital) 3. School, other institution or public administrative area (excludes hospital [4]; includes child day care centre) 4. Hospital or other health service 5. Recreation/fitness area (place mainly for informal recreational activity) 6. Sports or athletics area (place mainly for formal sports) 7. Street or highway (public road) 8. Trade or service area 9. Industrial or construction area 10. Mine or quarry 11. Farm (excludes farm house) 12. Other specified place (includes forest, beach, abandoned building) 13. Unspecified place

11 Sport and Recreation places- Specific Definition: The type of place for sport or recreation at which the injury was sustained.

Guidelines: “Specific Sport and Recreation Place” is intended to enable more specific coding of places coded to “5. Recreation/fitness area” or “6. Sports and Athletics area” in the previous item, “Place of injury – Type”.

First, select the most appropriate category from the “Specific Sport and Recreation Place” list. Second, indicate whether this Place is best described as an “indoor” or “outdoor” place. Third, select the most appropriate type of owner/manager for the place. This list includes the most common types of venues at which sporting activities occur, with special emphasis on places designed for this purpose. It is not exhaustive, and sport sometimes occurs at many other types of place. Use the “other” categories to record such places. In this item, outdoor and indoor refer to the venue. This may not always correspond to the location of the person when injured. For example, use outdoor for injuries at or around a swimming pool that is open to the sky, even injuries that occur in a changing room. Owned or managed: A venue may be owned by one party (eg a State government) and managed by another (eg a sports federation). Select the party with most direct operational control over the venue – usually the managing body.

Comment: For more detailed coding of types of place that are not specialised sport or recreation places, consider using the NSD-IS items “Place – sub-type” and “Place – part”.

A. Categories of specific sport and recreation place Places intended to be used solely or mainly for a particular sport Includes places used by more than one sport with very similar requirements, or for which the place is modified from time to time (eg a field used for one sport in summer and another in winter). Record according to the use of the venue when the injury occurred. Includes the whole of a venue – ie: playing area, spectator areas, changing and storage areas, etc.

1. Court 1. tennis 2. basketball 3. netball 4. squash 5. volleyball 6. court for other sport 2. Field Includes playing areas given special names such as pitch, oval, ground and diamond. 1. Australian football 2. soccer 3. rugby league 4. rugby union 5. cricket 6. hockey 7. baseball 8. softball 9. field for other sport

3. Track and field venue 1. Track and field venue

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4. Combat sport venue 1. boxing venue 2. other combat sport venue

5. Racing track 1. velodrome or other cycling track 2. motor-sport track 3. horse racing track 4. other racing track

6. Target range 1. shooting (all types of firearms) 2. archery 3. other target range 4. 7. Other specialised sports place 1. golf course 2. tenpin bowling venue 3. lawn bowls (?links) 4. climbing venue 5. other specialised sports place ______6. Places intended to be used for multiple sports, or sport and recreation Includes places normally used for two or more sports at the same time (eg sporting complexes) and multipurpose venues. Includes places used for sport and for recreation (eg many swimming pools)

8. Swimming facility 9. Fitness centre 10. Sports ground (multi-purpose or undefined) 11. Gymnasium 12. Ice rink 13. Snow sports area 14. Skate-boarding/in-line skating facility 15. Dance venue 16. Billiards, pool, snooker venue 17. Other multiple use sports facility ______

Other and unspecified places Includes: places not primarily intended for sport or recreation. 18. Other place ______(ie a place coded 1 to 4 or 7 to 12 in Place of injury – Type) 19. Unspecified place

B. Indoor or outdoor place 1. indoor 2. outdoor 3. other ______4. unknown

C. Owned by or managed by 1. local council 2. state government 3. federal government 4. private

13 5. other ______6. unknown

Part of Specific Injury Place

Definition part of specific injury place

Guidelines this category can include travelling to and from an activity. This item identifies the part of the venue where the injury occurred. A more specific explanation can be defined using the ‘other’ category, for example in a specific quarter or zone of play.

1. within the bounds of the participation area/field of play 2. surrounds, including spectator area, car park, officials area 3. warm up area 4. dressing rooms, showers 5. travelling to and from event/activity 6. other ______7. unspecified

14 Activity when injured

Activity when injured: broad areas (Source: International Classification for External Causes of Injuries [ICECI])

Definition The general type of activity being undertaken by the person when injured.

Context: This item categorises sport into ‘organised’ and ‘unorganised’ categories. The unorganised category was created to include informal and social sport, fitness activities, and recreational activity. These categories are important to differentiate injuries that occur in a formal club structure to those that occur ad hoc such as in back yard cricket and touch at lunchtime.

Guidelines Select the most appropriate item which best characterises the type of activity being undertaken by the person when injured. If two or more items are judged to be equally appropriate, select the one that comes first in the code list.

Comment: Organised Sport is limited to organised physical activities undertaken under the auspices of a sports club, federation or similar organisation.

Unorganised Sport includes all sport and recreation physical activities that are not included in organised sport. This category can be broken down further where more information is required.

Coding Options 1. paid work 2. unpaid work 3. travelling 4. organised sport 5. unorganised sport 6. leisure 7. education 8. health care 9. vital activity 10. being taken care of 11. nothing in particular 18. other specified activity 19. unspecified activity

5 Unorganised Sport 5.1 Fitness activity includes activities such as aerobics, weights, running/jogging, walking. 5.2 Recreational activity includes outdoor and adventure sports 5.3 Social and informal sport includes informal activities such as backyard cricket or lunch time volleyball which are not conducted under the auspices of a club, but are recognised as a form of sport. It is important to differentiate formal and informal sport so that factors such as having formal enforcement of rules by a referee, preparation of the playing area and training of the players etc are taken into account when recording injury.

15 Activity when injured - Name of sport or activity (expanded from ‘Activity when injured’ items 4 and 5)

Definition Type of sport, recreation or activity performed or participated in at the time of injury.

Guidelines It is possible to choose either the broad level of activity by using the whole numbers, or specify the particular activity with decimal numbers from the list of activities below. This coding will facilitate comparisons of sports across data collections. .07 underwater sports 1. Ball Team (scuba diving and .01 basketball snorkelling) .02 handball .08 wind surfing .03 netball .99 other .04 volleyball .05 Australian football 6. Ice and Snow .06 rugby league .01 bob sled .07 rugby union .02 cross country skiing .08 soccer .03 down hill skiing .09 touch .04 freestyle skiing .10 futsal (indoor soccer) .05 ice hockey .11 grid iron .06 speed skating .12 korfball .07 ice skating/dancing .99 other .08 luge .09 ski patrol 2. Bat and Ball Team .10 snowboarding .01 baseball .11 tobogganing .02 cricket .99 other .03 hockey .04 indoor cricket 7. Individual Land Based .05 lacrosse .01 athletics .06 softball .02 orienteering .07 vigoro .99 other .99 other 8. Racquet 3. Water Team .01 badminton .01 Rescue and .02 squash Resuscitation .03 table tennis .02 canoeing .04 tennis .03 rowing .99 other .04 water polo 9. Acrobatic and Aesthetic .05 yachting .01 acrobatics .99 other .02 aerobics 4. Boat .03 callisthenics .01 canoeing .04 gymnastics .02 rowing .05 marching .03 surf boating .06 synchronised .04 yachting swimming .99 other .07 trampolining .08 dancing 5. Individual Water Based .99 other .01 fishing .02 surfing 10. Target .03 surf life saving .01 archery .04 swimming .02 bocce .05 diving (platform/ .03 billiards and snooker springboard) .04 lawn bowls .06 water skiing .05 croquet

16 .06 darts .99 other .07 golf 15. Motor .08 ten pin bowling .01 motor cycling .09 shooting .02 motor racing - car .99 other .03 go-karting/karting 11. Combative .99 other .01 boxing 16. Wheeled .02 fencing .01 BMX .03 akido .02 cycling - road .04 judo .03 cycling - mountain .05 ju-jitsu .01 in-line skating (roller .06 karate blading) .07 kendo .02 roller hockey .08 kung fu .03 roller skating .09 taekwondo .04 skateboarding .10 wrestling .99 other .11 self defence .99 other 17. Multidiscipline and Related .01 biathlon 12. Power .02 modern pentathlon .01 powerlifting .03 triathlon .02 strength and .04 duathlon conditioning .99 other .03 weightlifting .99 other 18. Aero .01 aerobatics 13. Equestrian .02 gliding .01 dressage .03 hang gliding .02 endurance riding .04 parachuting .03 eventing .05 para-gliding .04 pony club .99 other .05 show jumping .06 polo/polocrosse 19. Disabled .07 rodeo .99 other .08 trotting/harness .09 racing 20. Other .10 mustering or stock .01 Aussie Sport work (modified sport) .11 trail or general riding .02 school sport .99 other .03 school PE 14. Adventure .04 school free play .01 abseiling 21. Unspecified .02 hiking .99 other .03 mountaineering .04 rafting .05 rock climbing

17 Phase or aspect of involvement in activity or event Definition the phase of the activity when the injury occurred.

Guidelines Select term most applicable to a particular sport or select ‘other’ category and explain

Comment: This item will help to identify the particular phase of sport when injury occurs. If trying to identify when during competition the injury occurred, to try and relate the injury to warm up or fatigue, it would be important to record the time of injury, the amount of time the person had been participating and the time into the game.

Coding Options 1. pre-event (eg journey, taping, dressing) 2. warm up 3. training 4. competition 5. cool down 6. post event (eg journey, showering) 7. during other activity ______8. unknown

Activity when injured: grade or level Definition: Grade or level of competition or type of activity at the time of injury. The elite level includes state or national representation, a national level competition such as the National Basketball League or National Soccer League, or athletes on an AIS/SIS scholarship. The grade of competition can be broken down into Masters/Veterans, Adult/Other and Junior. The grade of competition can be broken down into sport specific categories if required.

Guidelines: Using the matrix, identify if the competition is elite or non-elite and then the grade of activity.

Comment: This item can help to identify if injuries are more prevalent in elite or non-elite competition as well as if the injury rate is higher in lower grade competition. In some sports the level of sports medicine support is higher for first grade with doctors, physiotherapists and sports trainers, whereas in lower grades the players are not well supported. Skill levels and fitness may vary between levels of play and relate to injury prevalence.

Elite Non-elite/other Masters/Veterans Masters/Veterans • age groups etc • age groups etc Adult/Other Adult/Other Examples Examples • 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc grade • 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc grade • Pennant, A, B, C grade • Pennant, A, B, C grade • weight categories etc • weight categories etc Junior Junior • age or weight categories etc • age or weight categories etc

18 Injury Factors

Definition Types of objects, substances and environmental factors involved in the occurrence of injury.

Guidelines Select the code that best describes the main factor which led to the occurrence of the injury. Give preference to specific factors over general ones. If two or more categories are judged to be equally appropriate, select the one that comes first in the code list.

Alternatively, as sports injuries are often multi-factorial, a data collection system might record more than one factor. In a situation where there are two or more risk factors, list the item occurring first in the list as factor 1 and the next factor in the list as factor 2.

The following list has been subjectively abbreviated from NDS-IS - Level 2, item 6 Major Injury Factors to include factors most relevant to sport. Where the item maps to the NDSIS list, the code item is shown. Where there is an asterisk (*), the item has been added as a potential injury factor. As the item is used in sports injury surveillance and feedback is given, the factor list will be modified.

A complete list of injury factors from the NDS-IS v2c is included in Appendix D for reference.

Injury Factor Group Name Factor Title Number EXTERNAL FACTORS 06. Sporting Equipment 0601 ball 0609 other sporting projectile eg javelin, puck, discus 0629 bat, racquet, hockey stick etc * field equipment eg goal post, corner post, base, stumps * surrounding equipment eg fencing, signs, spectator seating, PA system * other object/structure on or near playing area 0699 other or unspecified sporting equipment 08. Natural object or animal 0801 tree (includes branch, stick, twig) 0802 plant (excludes tree [0801]) 0811 climatic factor (eg wind, rain, snow, sunshine) 0821 natural surface (includes irregularity such as pothole) 0832 dog 0833 horse 0899 other or unspecified natural object or animal 09. Food, drink, personal use item 0903 alcohol (beverage) 0921 footwear (includes sporting or industrial shoe or boot) 11. Structure or fitting 1124 floor

19 * floor - wooden * floor - concrete * floor - synthetic surface (grass, rubber matting) * floor - tennis etc hard court surfaces * Outdoor playing environment * surface - turf (uneven, long grass, pot holes) * surface - sand (compacted, wet, unraked) * bitumen, concrete (poor condition, holes, loose stones) * clay, crusher dust etc 13. Miscellaneous 1302 hypodermic needle, syringe * Other: environmental * heat: solar, humidity * cold: snow, blizzard, ice * wet and slippery ground conditions * hard and compacted ground conditions * windy, storm * lightning

20 Equipment used with intent to protect against injury Definition equipment used or designed to protect participant or spectators from injury.

Context this will generally be protective equipment such as padding, braces and guards, but may include vehicle safety devices, or barriers constructed to separate the activity from the spectator

Guidelines choose the item or items from the list that were used on the body part injured, or may relate to the cause of injury. For example, a mouthguard can protect the teeth and gums, but can also reduce the forces transmitted to the head and reduce concussion.

Specific questions may be phrased on the data collection form such as: • Was protective equipment worn on the body part injured, or related to the injury (eg mouthguard can lessen concussion from a blow to the jaw)? If yes, specify ______• Were the required protective devices, such as goal post padding or netting behind batter and catcher, in use and of required standards? Specify ______

Comment: Protective devices, personal or environmental, are important factors in creating a safer environment for sport. This question is designed to ascertain the use of protective equipment and the relationship to injury. This can be a valuable question for assessing the effectiveness of protective equipment of reducing or preventing injury.

Personal Protective Devices and Equipment 1. braces, guards, orthoses 2. rigid taping of joints 3. padding of joints and bony prominences 4. thermal devices (thermoskin, wetsuit) 5. splints 6. box (cricket, hockey etc) 7. gloves 8. mouthguard 9. eye goggles (squash, cycling, swimming 10. helmet 11. face mask 12. footwear (safety design eg hard toes, cleat design, high tops, orthotics) 13. flotation device 14. vehicle restraints

Environmental Protective Devices 1. goal post padding, corner markers etc 2. protective padding, (high jump pits, judo mats) 3. barriers between area of activity and spectators and surrounds 4. safety restraints (ropes, harnesses etc)

21 Mechanism of injury (Source: NDS-IS v2.1, additions to list are in italics)

Definition The way in which the injury was sustained ie what hurt the person. For example if a player is tackled and collides with the knee of another player with their head, it is the collision with the knee that is the injury mechanism, not the tackle.

Guidelines Select the category which best describes the main mechanism of injury, ie the last step in the chain of events which causes the injury. Where two or more categories are judged to be equally appropriate, select the one that comes first in the code list.

Comment: A new category of ‘non acute/overuse’ has been included to identify an injury that may not have a well defined injury initiating event but presents for treatment due to a gradual worsening of the condition. These types of injury are usually overuse injuries where several factors combine in effect to cause an injury event, for example, anterior shin pain in runners, shoulder tendinitis in swimmers and patella tendinitis in basketballers and volleyballers.

Fall 01 fall or stumble on same level 02 fall, slip or trip on same/uneven level 03 fall on or from stairs 04 fall/jump/awkward landing from lesser height (< 1m) 05 fall/jump/awkward landing from greater height (=> 1m) 08 other specified fall 09 unspecified

Struck, hit by contact with other object, person or animal 10 contact with moving object (bicycle, javelin, racquet, ball) 10.1 object is another participant’s equipment (racquet, bat, vehicle etc) 10.9 other moving object 11 contact with static object (fence, equipment, posts) 11.1 object is another participant’s equipment 11.9 other static object 12 contact with person (umpire, player, spectator) 12.1 moving person 12.2 stationary person 12.3 person, unknown whether moving 13 contact with animal (horse, cattle) 18 other specified contact 19 unspecified contact

Crushing, piercing, abrading 20 pinching, crushing 21 cutting, tearing 22 puncture 23 bite/sting by animal/human/insect 24 abrading, rubbing, friction (eg foot on boot, sliding across ground) 28 other specified crushing/piercing 29 unspecified crushing/piercing

Suffocation 40 strangulation 41 obstruction of airways

22 42 drowning and near drowning 43 compression of chest 44 asphyxia due to smoke, or oxygen depletion 48 other specified suffocation 49 unspecified suffocation

Chemical Effect 50 corrosion by solid substances 51 corrosion by liquid substances 52 corrosion by gaseous substances 53 corrosion unspecified 54 poisoning by solid substances 55 poisoning by liquid substances 56 poisoning by gaseous substances 57 poisoning unspecified 58 other chemical effect 59 unspecified chemical effect

Thermal effect 60 hot liquids of steam 61 hot objects 62 open fires, flames 63 whole body heating (eg hyperthermia) 64 part of body cooling (eg frostbite) 65 whole body cooling (eg hypothermia) 66 contact cooling 67 cold unspecified 68 other specified thermal effect 69 unspecified thermal effect

Electric, radiation effect 70 electric current 71 welding light 72 sun light 78 other specified electric/radiation effect 79 unspecified electric/radiation effect

Gradual or chronic over-exertion of body or part of body 82 repetitive trauma, overuse 85 unspecified gradual or chronic over-exertion

Acute over-exertion of body or part of body 86 sudden or rapid change of speed (includes accelerating, decelerating by own effort) 87 sudden or rapid change of direction (includes pivoting, twisting) 89 unspecified acute over-exertion of body part or part of body

Other and unspecified mechanism of injury 90 acoustic energy, loud noise 98 other specified mechanism of injury 99 other unspecified

Narrative of mechanism of injury (Source NDSIS v2.1)

23 Definition A text description of the injury event.

Context This information may be used to provide additional information to what is recorded from tick box options. It can also help to cross check accuracy of data in limited option categories.

Guide for use Write a brief description, 8 words minimum, of how the injury occurred. It should indicate what went wrong (the breakdown of the event), the mechanism by which this led to injury, and the object(s), substance(s) or other environmental factors most important in the event. The type of place at which the event occurred and the activity of the person when injured should also be indicated, as should use (or presence) or non-use (or absence) of relevant protective devices.

Comment: This item is very useful for club or facility injury records. The information is easily collated and able to used for injury prevention measures.

Examples 1. Playing soccer in an interschool competition match. The grass pitch was wet. Player slipped while trying to get possession of the ball, striking his mouth against that player’s shoulder. Player was not wearing a mouthguard (they were not required by the coach). Player was wearing ordinary soccer boots.

Main elements of information in the example Specific location soccer pitch Specific activity playing school competition soccer What went wrong? slipped on wet grass during difficult manoeuvre Mechanism of injury struck another person Specific object, product not specified Use of safety devices not wearing mouthguard, wearing soccer boots

2. Player jumped to block spike, landed on opposing players foot, rolled over ankle. No ankle brace or tape. 3. Player attempting to kick for goal, opposing player tackled from side at knee level, player collapsed. Penalty called. 4. Indoor rock climbing, person experienced pain which has been worsening over last 2 weeks in tendons of right hand fingers and wrist when using small grips.

Describe exactly how the injury occurred ______

24 Injury Site

Body Region and Body Chart (Source NDSIS v2.1) Definition body site of injury

Context depending on the detail required for the surveillance, the site of injury can be defined into joints or areas such as face or knee. If a specific structure is required, then further categories are given

Guidelines select the body region by circling or indicating on the body chart the site of injury. Alternatively, the text option can be used. Select the region first and then the specific structure.

If a patient should present complaining of pain in the posterior thigh which is diagnosed as lumbar spine in origin (sciatica), then this should be coded as body part of symptoms as thigh, but the diagnosis will reveal that it of lumbar origin. This will apply also for upper limb pain that is related to the cervical spine.

Body region list 17. Lower leg 18. Ankle 1. Head (excludes face[2]) 19. Foot (includes toes) 2. Face (excludes eye [22]) 20. Unspecified bodily 3. Neck location 4. Thorax 21. Multiple injuries 5. Abdomen (involving more than one 6. Lower back (includes loin) bodily location) 7. Pelvis (includes perineum, 22. Body location not required anogenital area, buttocks) 8. Shoulder 9. Upper Arm 10. Elbow 11. Forearm 12. Wrist 13. Hand (includes fingers) 14. Hip 15. Thigh 16. Knee

25 Specific Structure Injured

1. Head (excludes face) .4 other, not specified .1 ears .2 skull 7. Pelvis .3 hair/scalp .1 hip bones (iliac, pubic, sacrum) .4 other .2 buttock muscles .3 groin muscles 2. Face (excludes eye) .4 soft tissues - ligaments and tendons .1 nose .5 nerves .2 mouth .6 blood vessels .3 cheek .7 other, not specified .4 jaw .5 teeth 8. Shoulder .6 gums .1 gleno-humeral joint .7 face non-specified .2 AC joint .3 SC joint 3. Neck .4 anterior soft tissues (joint capsule, .1 cervical vertebrae tendons and ligaments) .2 soft tissue - muscles .5 posterior soft tissues (joint capsule, .3 soft tissue - joint capsule and tendons and ligaments) ligaments .6 superior soft tissues .4 skin .7 inferior soft tissues .5 trachea .8 skin .6 oesophagus .9 blood vessels .7 nerves .10 other, not specified .8 blood vessels .9 other, not specified 9. Upper Arm .1 anterior muscles and soft tissues 4. Thorax .2 posterior muscles and soft tissues .1 thoracic spine vertebrae .3 skin .2 soft tissues - posterior muscles .4 blood vessels .3 soft tissues - anterior and lateral .5 other, not specified muscles .4 soft tissues - ligaments and tendons 10. Elbow .5 ribs .1 radio-humeral joint .6 internal organs (lungs, heart) .2 ulnar-humeral joint .7 sternum .3 superior radio-ulnar joint .8 skin .4 nerves .9 other, not specified .5 medial soft tissues .6 lateral soft tissues 5. Abdomen .7 skin .1 internal organs .8 blood vessels .2 abdominal muscles .9 other, not specified .3 skin .4 blood vessels 11. Forearm .5 other, not specified .1 radius .2 ulna 6. Lower Back .3 medial soft tissues’ .1 lumbar spine vertebrae .4 lateral soft tissues .2 soft tissues - posterior muscles .5 skin .3 soft tissues - ligaments and tendons .6 blood vessels

26 .7 other, not specified .5 soft tissue - ligaments, tendon or joint capsule 12. Wrist .6 blood vessels .1 inferior radio-ulnar joint .7 skin .2 wrist joints .8 other, not specified .3 soft tissues (ligaments, tendons etc) .4 nerves 17. Lower Leg .5 blood vessels .1 tibia .6 skin .2 fibula .7 other, not specified .3 anterior compartment muscles .4 posterior compartment muscles 13. Hand and Fingers .5 calf muscles (gastrocnemius and .1 bones (metacarpals, phalanges) soleus) .2 CMC, MCP and IP joints .6 skin .3 soft tissues (ligaments, tendons etc) .7 blood vessels .4 skin .8 other, not specified .5 blood vessels .6 other, not specified 18. Ankle .1 talo-crural joint 14. Hip .2 inferior tib-fib joint .1 hip (ilio-femoral) joint .3 soft tissue - ligaments and joint .2 lateral hip muscles (TFL) capsule .3 anterior hip muscles (iliospoas etc) .4 soft tissue posterior tendons (achilles) .4 blood vessels .5 soft tissue anterior/lateral tendons .5 nerves (tibialis anterior, peroneii, extensor .6 other, not specified hallicis) .6 blood vessels 15. Thigh .7 nerves .1 femur .8 skin .2 anterior muscles (quads) .9 other, not specified .3 posterior muscles (hamstrings) .4 medial muscles (long adductors) 19. Foot and Toes .5 skin .1 tarsal bones .6 blood vessels .2 metatarsal bones and phalanges .7 other, not specified .3 soft tissue - plantar fascia and muscles .4 MTP joints (hallux valgus) 16. Knee .5 ligaments, tendons .1 tibio-femoral joint .6 skin .2 patello-femoral joint .7 blood vessels .3 superior tib-fib joint .8 other, not specified .4 soft tissue - cartilage (meniscus)

27 Nature of injury - pathology (Source NDSIS v2.1, additional items shown in italics) Definition: the type of injury pathology. Severity of injury is also related to this category as fractures and eye injuries will generally be more severe than blisters and abrasions.

Guidelines: choose the most appropriate type/s of pathology at the time of presentation. The body part and pathology of the injury are the first two elements of the Orchard Coding System. This information gives a general description of the injury type, but the specific injury diagnosis may be necessary for clinical and hospital injury surveillance. There is the potential for there to be more than one injury type, particularly of there are multiple injuries, or for one injury that includes a fracture and dislocation. It is important to allow the choice of more than one pathology in the reporting form as well as in the data base.

Coding Options 1. Superficial (includes bruise, blister, graze; excl. superficial eye injury [13]) 1.1 Blister 1.2 Superficial swelling, inflammation 2. Open wound (excludes eye injury [13]) 3. Fracture (excludes fractured tooth [21]) 3.1 Stress fracture 4. Dislocation (includes ruptured disc, cartilage.) 5. Sprain or strain 5.1 sprain 5.2 strain 6. Injury to nerve (includes spinal cord; excludes intracranial injury [20]) 7. Injury to blood vessel 8. Injury to muscle or tendon 8.1 overuse or stress injury to muscle or tendon 9. Crushing injury 10. Traumatic amputation (includes partial) 11. Injury to internal organ 12. Burn or corrosion (excl. eye [13]) 13. Eye injury (excl. foreign body in external eye [14.1]; includes burn) 14. Foreign body 14.1 Foreign body in external eye 14.2 Foreign body in ear canal 14.3 Foreign body in nose 14.4 Foreign body in respiratory tract (excludes foreign body in nose [14.3]) 14.5 Foreign body in alimentary tract 14.6 Foreign body in genito-urinary tract 14.7 Foreign body in soft tissue 14.9 Foreign body, other/unspecified 20. Intracranial injury (includes concussion) 21. Dental injury (includes fractured tooth) 22. Drowning or immersion 23. Asphyxia or other threat to breathing (excl. drowning [22]) 24. Electrical injury 25. Poisoning or toxic effect (excludes venomous bite [26]) 26. Effect of venom; any insect bite 27. Other specified nature of injury 27.1 Hyperthermia

28 28. Injury of unspecified nature 29. Multiple injuries of more than one ‘nature’ 30. No injury detected 31. Symptoms (not injury) 31.1 Cramp 31.2 Fatigue 31.3 Other symptoms

29 Provisional Diagnosis

Definition the diagnosis at the time of recording the injury. This diagnosis may change once further information is available on the injury from further diagnostic tests and response to treatment

Diagnosis Text Free text is used to describe or to give a specific diagnosis for an injury. This could be limited to a list of diagnoses in a selection box, so that several options of spelling eg tendonitis and tendinitis are not recorded as different diagnoses.

The use of diagnosis as text is useful as a back up when there may be a mistake in the recording of the body part or nature of the injury. The text description will help to verify the accuracy of the information.

Injury Diagnosis

______

30 Treatment Factors Definition of Treatment Treatment consists of any action that is taken by attending personnel, to address the needs of someone who is injured or is believed to be injured. This includes such things as initial assessment on the field or in a first aid area, RICER (rest, ice, compression, elevation and referral), dressings, manual therapy, splinting and bracing and massage. Information on the management and rehabilitation of the injury may be kept and this will include presentations at places such as a hospital, sports medicine clinic, physiotherapist, podiatrist or massage therapist. This information is important for medico-legal reasons as well.

The injury details need only be recorded once at the initial presentation for treatment. When ongoing treatment is provided, the reason for presentation is ‘ongoing treatment’ and the treatment modalities only are recorded for that presentation. Insurance records will generally be a compilation of treatment presentations. Complete injury and treatment records can provide valuable information on the severity of injury, cost of injury and injury outcomes.

Date of presentation This item records the date of treatment for the injury. In many cases, it will be the same as the date of injury (particularly for acute and severe injuries). This may not necessarily be so, however, if the injured person delays seeking treatment for their injury.

For data consistency, it should be checked that the Date of Presentation is not recorded as occurring before the Date of Injury.

DD/MM/YYYY

Time of presentation for treatment The time at which the injured person received treatment for, or assessment of, their injury should be recorded by using a 24 hour clock.

This variable is likely to be of most relevance to a medical coverage setting or sporting event setting. In some settings, where the Time of Injury is also recorded, the difference between these two variables can be used to determine the time lag between injury and administration of treatment.

For data consistency, it should be checked that the Time of Presentation is not recorded as occurring before the Time of Injury.

HrHr/MinMin am/pm

31 Reason for presentation

Definition defines the context for why the person is presenting with an injury. An injury case for the purpose of surveillance is defined to be one that arises out of a distinct injury event. The injury may then be classified into a new, recurrent or exacerbated injury.

• A new injury is the first ever episode of an injury of this type to this body part/structure. For example, a player’s first sprained ankles is recorded as a new injury. • A recurrent injury is a second or subsequent episode, with an ‘injury free’ period between episodes. ‘Injury free’ refers to a period where there are no residual signs or symptoms of the original injury and could be weeks, months or years. Recurrent injuries can include ankle sprains, back pain, and finger dislocations. • An exacerbated injury is a recent worsening of an unresolved injury. For example, a player can incur a grade 1 sprain of the medial ligament of the knee and return to play before complete rehabilitation and injure the ligament further and increase the injury to a grade 2 or 3 injury. • The ongoing treatment option should be used during medical coverage for multi-sport events or games over several days when ongoing treatment is provided for participants over the duration of the games. It should also be used to indicate ongoing management of an injury in a clinic setting.

Guidelines select the most appropriate classification of the injury as it relates to the reason for presentation

1. new injury 2. recurrent injury 3. exacerbated injury 4. ongoing treatment (clinic or games setting) 5. other ______6. unknown

32

Treatment Definition: the type of treatment provided at the initial injury event or as ongoing management of the injury.

Guidelines: choose from the list the treatment or treatments that best describe the immediate or ongoing management of the injured person. More than one treatment may be chosen and an injury surveillance form should allow multiple treatments to be recorded.

1. none needed 2. none given, referred elsewhere 3. crutches 4. medication 5. RICER (rest, ice, compression, elevation, referral) 6. ICE (ice, compression, elevation) 7. heat 8. massage 9. strapping/taping 10. manual therapy/manipulation 11. medical assessment 12. wound management (eg suturing, dressing) 13. joint treatment 14. bracing, splints, plaster 15. immobilisation - by other means than in 15 16. surgery 17. tooth replacement (at time of injury) 18. tooth retrieved, taken with patient to dentist 19. electrotherapy 20. other 99.unknown

33

Advice given to injured person Definition immediate advice given to injured person

Context the items in this category can also be used in determining the perceived severity of injury.

Guidelines select the most category of advice given to participant at the time of injury/injury recording

1. immediate return to unrestricted competition or activity 2. able to return to activity with restriction (eg runner for batsmen, NWB activity for athlete with stress fracture) 3. unable to return at present time 4. other ______

Referral Definition indicates if injured person is referred for further assessment, to whom and how urgently they are advised to seek further assessment or treatment

Context this item will also relate to the severity of injury. Suspected serious injuries will be referred for further evaluation or specialist treatment.

Guidelines Several questions can be phrased on the injury form with there being options for selection.

1. Did you or will you need to refer the injured person for further assessment or treatment? Yes No 2. How soon does the person require further assessment or treatment? 1. immediately 2. within the hour 3. within the next 1-4 hours 4. within the day 5. next day 6. within the next 1-4 days 7. within the week 8. within the month

3. Where or to whom is the injured person referred? 1. to other sports medicine professional (excluding doctor) 2. doctor (incl sports physician, surgeon) 3. diagnostic service (eg xray, ultrasound) 4. hospital emergency department 5. self (for further treatment or assessment) 6. other ______

34

Treating Person Definition: the person or persons providing treatment or ongoing management of the injured person Guidelines: choose from the list for the most appropriate title of the person that provided the treatment. If more than one person provides assistance, for example where a sports trainer initially assessed the injured person and then a doctor consults, the first treating person is recorded as the sports trainer, and the doctor as the second.

If the initial treating person has more than one qualification, choose the highest relevant qualification.

1. first aider 2. sports first aider/ sports trainer 3. nurse 4. physiotherapist 5. podiatrist 6. massage therapist 7. doctor/general practitioner (incl sports physician) 8. chiropractor 9. dentist/dental technician 10. optometrist/opthamologist 11. orthopaedic surgeon 12. other surgeon 13. coach/umpire 14. self 15. other player 16. parent 99. other ______

35 REFERENCES

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Research Centre for Injury Studies.1998. National Data Standards for Injury Surveillance. Version 2.1.(NDSIS Version 2.1c January 1998). Adelaide: AIHW National Injury Surveillance Unit. Australian Sports Injury Prevention Taskforce (ASIPT). 1997. SportSafe Australia: A national sports safety framework. Button M. 1997. Summary Statistical Report of Injuries Treated During the 1997 Healthpact 6th Australian Masters Games. Unpublished. Clark KS. 1970. The National Athletic/illness Reporting System (NAIRS) Recorders Handbook. University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State Universrity. Finch C, Ozanne-Smith J and Williams F. 1995. The feasibility of Improved Data Collections Methodologies for Sports Injuries. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Report 106. Finch C. 1997. An overview of some definitional issues for sports injury surveillance. Sports Medicine. Sep; 24(3): 157-163. Graitcer L. 1987. The development of state and local injury surveillance systems. Journal of Safety Research, 18(4): 191-198. WHO Working Group for Injury Surveillance Methodology Development. 1998. International Classification for External Causes of Injuries (ICECI) (Draft) Amsterdam: Consumer Safety Institute. Northern Sydney Area Health Service: New South Wales Youth Sports Injury Report, July 1997. Orchard J. 1993. The Orchard sports injury classification system (OSICS). Abstract presented 1993 Annual Scientific Conference in Sports Medicine, Melbourne, Australia. Osler T, Baker SP, et al. 1997. A modification of the injury severity score that both improves accuracy and simplifies scoring. Journal of Trauma 43(6): 922-925. Sandelin J, Santavirta S, Lättilä R et al. 1987. Sports injuries in a large urban population: occurrence and epidemiological aspects. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8: 61-66. Schlatmann HFPM, Hlobil H, van Mechelen W et al.. 1986. Naar een registratiesysteem van sportsblessures in Nederland: NISGZ. SISAC (Sports Insurance Safety Advisory Committee). 1995. Final Report. Brisbane: Sports Federation of Queensland. van Galen W and Diederiks J. 1990. Sportblessures breed uitgemetem. Uitg. Haarlem, The Netherlands: De Vrieseborch. van Mechelen W. 1997a. The severity of sports injuries. Sports Medicine, 24(3): 176-180. van Mechelen W. 1997b. Sports injury surveillance systems. One size fits all? Sports Medicine, 24(3): 164-168. World Health Organisation. 1992. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems - 10th revision. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO).

36 APPENDICES

Appendix A: Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) had been developed for the coding of injuries in football surveys. The range of diagnosis is broad enough for use in most sports, as long as coding is made by practitioners who are familiar with sporting injuries. Contained within the OSICS code of three alphanumeric characters are the relevant body area (first character) and type of pathology (second character). Please note that OSICS is only a list of common diagnoses and must be used in conjunction with a larger database structure for a complete injury survey. Copyright is owned by Dr John Orchard, but use of the system for research is free and encouraged by the author. Explanation of Codes

First Character - S - stress fracture (body area) - Q - old fracture mal or non-union

Head and neck Joint H - head - D - dislocation N - neck - U - recurrent instability/ subluxation - C - articular/ chondral damage Upper Limb - J - minor joint trauma +/-synovitis S - shoulder - P - atraumatic arthritis/ effusion/ joint pain/ chronic U - upper arm synovitis/ gout/ other E - elbow - A - chronic degenerative arthritis R - forearm - L - ligament tear or sprain W - wrist P - hand Soft Tissue - M - muscle tear or strain Trunk - Y - muscle spasm/ cramps/ soreness/ trigger points C - chest - T - tendonitis/ bursitis O - abdomen - R - complete rupture of tendon D - thoracic back - H - haematoma/bruising/cork L - lumbar back - K - laceration/skin condition

Lower Limb Other B - buttock - B - developmental anomaly G - groin - I - infection T - thigh - E - tumours K - knee - O - visceral damage/trauma/surgery Q - lower limb - N - neural condition/nerve damage A - ankle/heel - V - vascular condition F - foot - X - systemic disease process - Z - undiagnosed General X - multiple areas M - medical problem Third Character Z - area not specified -1 to -7 common diagoses -8 to be used when making a diagnosis not Second Character included in common dignosis (Type of Pathology) -9 to be used when specific diagnosis is not known Bone or supplied - F - fracture (not stress or avulsion) -A to -Z special diagnoses used for individual - G - avulsion or chip fracture centre research or expansion CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis

37 CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis HF1 # nose SG1 Avulsion # shoulder rupture HF2 # skull SS1 Stress # coracoid process UH1 Upper arm haematoma HF3 # mandible SD1 Dislocated shoulder UK1 Upper arm laceration/ HF4 # facial bone (s) SD2 Acromioclavicular joint abrasion HG1 Avulsed /# tooth dislocation (gr 3) EF1 Supracondylar # humerus HD1 Dislocated SU1 Shoulder subluxation / EF2 # humerus condyle (s) temporomandibular joint chronic instability EF3 # head of radius or HJ1 Sprained SC1 Shoulder chondral lesion olecranon temporomandibular joint (eg SLAP) EG1 Elbow avulsion # HY1 Facial muscle trigger SJ1 Shoulder joint sprain ED1 Dislocated elbow points SJ2 Acromioclavicular joint ED2 Dislocation head of radius HH1 Head/ Facial haematoma sprain (including pulled elbow) HK1 Scalp laceration/ abrasion SP1 Adhesive capsulitis or EU1 Elbow valgus instability HK2 Facial laceration/ abrasion frozen/ stiff shoulder EC1 Chondral lesion elbow (+/- HI1 Otitis external SA1 Shoulder joint loose bodies) HI2 Cellulitis/ skin infection, degenerative arthritis EJ1 Sprained/ jarred elbow face SA2 Acromioclavicular arthritis/ EP1 Elbow atraumatic synovitis HO1 Eye injury/ trauma distal clavicular EA1 Elbow joint degenerative HO2 Perforated eardrum osteolysis arthritis HN1 Concussion SL1 Shoulder ligament sprain/ EL1 Elbow medial collateral HN2 Intracranial bleed tear ligament strain or tear HN3 Chronic brain injury SM1 Muscle strain, shoulder ET1 Tennis elbow (lateral HN4 Cranial nerve injury region epicondylitis) HV1 Epistaxis (nosebleed) SY1 Shoulder trigger points/ ET2 Golfer's elbow (medial HZ1 Headache/ pain posterior muscle epicondylitis) undiagnosed soreness ET3 Olecranon bursitis/ NF1 Stable cervical # ST1 Rotator cuff tendinitis/ apophysitis/ triceps NF2 Unstable cervical # subacromial bursitis/ tendinitis NG1 Avulsion # cervical spine impingement ET4 Elbow joint impingement (eg spinous process) ST2 Biceps tendinitis EH1 Elbow haematoma NC1 Cervical disc prolapse SR1 Rotator cuff tendon EK1 Elbow laceration/ abrasion NC2 Cervical disc degeneration rupture/ large tear EI1 Elbow infection NU8 Recurrent vertebral SR2 Rupture long head of EN1 Ulnar nerve neuropathy, subluxation biceps tendon elbow NJ1 Whiplash/ Neck sprain SH1 Shoulder haematoma EN2 Other nerve entrapment, NP1 Cervical facet joint pain SK1 Shoulder laceration/ elbow NA1 Cervical facet joint abrasion EZ1 Elbow pain, undiagnosed degenerative arthritis SB1 Cervical rib RF1 # radius +/- # ulna NM1 Neck muscle strain SE1 Tumour, shoulder region RS1 Stress # radius or ulna NY1 Neck muscle trigger SN1 Brachial plexus traction RM1 Forearm muscle strain points/ spasm/ torticollis injury/ burner/ stinger RY1 Forearm muscle trigger NH1 Neck haematoma SN2 Axillary nerve palsy points NK1 Neck laceration/ abrasion SN3 Nontraumatic brachial RY2 Forearm compartment NB1 Cervical developmental plexus lesion (including syndrome anomaly throacic outlet syndrome) RT1 Extensor tenosynovitis/ NO1 Laryngeal trauma SV1 Axillary vessel thrombosis/ intersection syndrome NN1 Cervical nerve root insufficiency RH1 Forearm haematoma compression/ stretch SN4 Suprascapular nerve RK1 Forearm laceration/ NN2 Neck spinal injury entrapment or palsy abrasion NN3 Cervical spinal canal SZ1 Shoulder pain RK2 Forearm skin lesion stenosis undiagnosed RB1 Radio-ulnar variance NN4 Spinal cord concussion UF1 # shaft of humerus WF1 # scaphoid NZ1 Neck pain undiagnosed UM1 Upper arm muscle strain WF2 # other carpal bone SF1 # clavicle UY1 Upper arm muscle WF3 Intra-articular # radius SF2 # scapula soreness/ trigger points WG1 Wrist avulsion # SF3 # neck of humerus UR1 Pectoralis major tendon WS1 Radial epiphysis lesion or

38 CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis carpal stress # PR1 Ruptured finger tendon DH1 Thoracic back haematoma WQ1 Non-union # scaphoid (including mallet finger) DK2 Upper back skin lesions WD1 Dislocated carpus PH1 Hand haematoma DB1 Thoracic scoliosis WU1 Carpal instability PH2 Subungual haematoma/ DE1 Tumour thoracic spine WU2 Distal radioulnar joint fingernail problem DZ1 Thoracic pain instability PK1 Hand/ finger laceration/ undiagnosed WC1 Wrist fibrocartilage tear abrasion LF1 # lumbar vertebrae WJ1 Sprained/ jarred wrist joint PK2 Hand/ finger blisters/ LG1 # lumbar transverse or WJ2 Distal radioulnar joint contact dermatitis/ callus spinous process sprain PK3 Hand wart or other skin LS1 Stress # pars WP1 Wrist joint synovitis lesion interarticularis (including impingement PI1 Hand/ finger infection LQ1 Nonunion lumbar fracture syndrome) CF1 # rib (s) LC1 Disc prolapse/ disruption WA1 Wrist osteoarthritis CF2 # sternum LC2 Disc degeneration (including avascular CS1 Stress # rib (s) LJ1 Lumbar facet joint strain/ necrosis) CC1 Costal cartilage/ jar WL1 Carpal ligament tear costochondral joint injury LP1 Chronic lumbar facet joint WT1 Extensor tenosynovitis/ de CJ1 Sternoclavicular joint pain (including referred) Quervain's disease injury LA1 Lumbar facet joint WT2 Wrist ganglion CM1 Chest muscle strain degenerative arthritis WT3 Flexor tenosynovitis CY1 Chest muscle trigger LL1 Lumbar region ligament WR1 Tendon rupture, wrist points sprain WH1 Wrist haematoma CH1 Bruised ribs/ chest wall LM1 Lumbar muscle strain WK1 Wrist laceration/ abrasion (excl sternum) LY1 Lumbar trigger points or WN1 Wrist nerve compression CH2 Bruised sternum muscle spasm (including carpal tunnel CO1 Pneumo/ haemothorax LH1 Lumbar haematoma syndrome) CZ1 Chest pain undiagnosed LK1 Lumbar laceration/ WV1 Aneurysm of vessel near OM1 Abdominal muscle strain abrasion wrist OMR Proximal rectus LB1 Spondylolisis/ listhesis WZ1 Wrist pain undiagnosed abdominus strain LB2 Lumbar scoliosis PF1 Bennet's #/ dislocation OMO Abdominal oblique muscle LB3 Other lumbar anomaly (eg PF2 # metacarpal strain spina biffida occulta) PF3 # phalanx OY1 Abdominal muscle trigger LE1 Tumour, lumbar spine PG1 Avulsion # phalanx points or spasm or LN1 Lumbar spinal injury PQ1 Malunion finger # winding LN2 Lumbosacral nerve root PD1 Dislocation OT1 Rectus abdominus impingement metacarpophalangeal or tendinitis LN3 Lumbar spinal canal interphalangeal joint OH1 Abdominal haematoma stenosis PU1 Chronic instability of finger OO1 Abdominal trauma to LN4 Lumbosacral nerve or thumb internal organs stretch/ traction injury PJ1 sprain OZ1 Abdominal pain LZ1 Lumbar pain undiagnosed metacarpophalangeal or undiagnosed BF1 # sacrum/ coccyx interphalangeal joint DF1 # thoracic vertebrae BG1 Avulsion # ischial PP1 Finger joint chronic DG1 # thoracic transverse or tuberosity synovitis spinous process BP1 Sacroiliac joint pain PP2 Hand reflex sympathetic DC1 Thoracic disc prolapse (including dystrophy DJ1 Thoracic joint facet sprain spondyloarthropathies) PA1 Finger degenerative DP1 Chronic facet joint pain/ BP2 Sacrococcygeal joint pain arthritis stiffness BM1 Gluteal muscle strain/ tear PL1 Sprain ulnar collateral DA1 Thoracic facet joint BMM Adductor Magnus strain ligament thumb (skier's degenerative arthritis BMG Gluteal muscle strain thumb) DM1 Thoracic extensor muscle BY1 Gluteal muscle or PL2 Other hand or finger strain piriformis trigger points ligament tear DY1 Thoracic back trigger BYM Adductor magnus trigger PT1 Trigger finger points points PT2 Hand tendinitis DT1 Scheuermann's disease BYG Gluteal trigger points

39 CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis BYP Piriformis trigger points GK1 Groin laceration or KC4 Knee osteochondritis (+/- BT1 Ischial bursitis abrasion loose bodies) BT2 Gluteal tendinitis/ GB1 Congenital dislocation of KC8 Knee joint cartilage enthesiopathy hip damage (unspecified) BH1 Buttock haematoma GI1 Groin rash/ fungal KJ1 Knee joint sprain/ jar BK1 Buttock laceration/ infection KP1 Patellofemoral joint pain abrasion GI2 Hip joint infection KP2 Knee joint rheumatological BI1 Ischial abscess GO1 Damage to pelvic organ condition/ atraumatic BN1 Piriformis syndrome ( with GN1 Nerve entrapment, groin synovitis sciatic nerve region KP3 Knee synovial plica impingement) GZ1 Groin pain undiagnosed KA1 Knee joint degenerative BZ1 Buttock pain undiagnosed TF1 # shaft of femur arthritis GF1 # neck of femur TS1 Stress # shaft of femur KL1 Anterior cruciate ligament GF2 # pelvic ring TM1 Hamstring strain/ tear strain/ tear/ rupture GF3 # ilium TM2 Quadriceps strain/ tear KL2 Posterior cruciate GG1 Pelvic avulsion # (iliac TM3 Adductor muscle strain/ ligament strain/ tear/ spines and pubic rami) tear (including sartorius) rupture GS1 Osteitis pubis TMB Biceps femoris strain KL3 Knee medial collateral GS2 Stress # neck of femur TMT Distal medial hamstring ligament strain/ tear/ GS3 Pelvic bone stress # strain rupture (including GD1 Dislocated hip joint TMS Proximal (medial) pelligrini steida) GC1 Hip chondral lesion hamstring strain KL4 Knee lateral collateral GJ1 Hip joint sprain/ jar TMR Rectus femoris strain ligament strain/ tear/ GP1 Hip joint synovitis TMV Vastus muscle strain rupture GA1 Hip joint osteoarthritis/ TMA Distal adductor strain KL5 Knee arcuate ligament/ avascular necrosis TY1 Hamstring spasm/ posterolateral complex GA2 Slipped capital femoral cramps/ trigger points strain/ tear epiphysis TY2 Quadriceps spasm/ KT1 Iliotibial band syndrome GA3 Perthe's syndrome cramps/ trigger points/ KT2 Patellar tendinitis +/- GM1 Hip flexor (including wasting bursitis including SLJ psoas) muscle strain/ TY3 Posterior thigh syndrome tear compartment syndrome KT3 Hamstring tendinitis/ GMA Proximal adductor strain TYL Lateral hamstring trigger bursitis GMP Iliopsoas muscle strain points KT4 Osgood-Schlatter's GMR Distal rectus abdominus TYM Medial hamstring trigger syndrome/ tibial strain points tuberosity pathology GM8 Groin muscle strain TYR Rectus femoris trigger KT5 Popliteus tendinitis/ strain (unspecified) points KT6 Prepatellar bursitis GY1 Groin soreness/ trigger TYV Vastus trigger points KT7 Quadriceps tendinitis or points TH1 Haematoma of thigh/ suprapatellar bursitis GYA Proximal adductor trigger hamstrings +/- myositis KTB Lateral hamstring insertion points TK1 Thigh laceration/ abrasion tendinitis GYP Iliopsoas trigger points TE1 Tumour, thigh region KTS Medial hamstring insertion GYR Rectus abdominus trigger TZ1 Thigh pain undiagnosed tendinitis points KF1 # patella KTL Lateral gastrocnemius GT1 Adductor tendinitis/ tear KF2 Knee # intra-articular tendinitis GT2 Hernia/ inguinal canal/ KS1 Stress # patella KTM Medial gastrocnemius conjoint tendon tear KD1 Dislocated patella tendinitis GT3 Iliopsoas tendinitis/ KD2 Dislocated knee KR1 Ruptured patellar tendon bursitis KU1 Knee joint chronic KH1 Knee haematoma (extra- GT4 Trochanteric bursitis instability articular) GUH Posterior inguinal canal KU2 Patella instability KH2 Infrapatellar fat pad deficiency KC1 Knee articular cartilage haematoma/ bursitis GH1 Haematoma, hip region damage KK1 Lacerated knee GH2 Testicular/ scrotal KC2 Medial meniscus tear KB1 Bipartite patella haematoma KC3 Lateral meniscus tear KB2 Discoid meniscus

40 CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis KI1 Infected knee joint AS1 Stress # calcaneus or cuboid) KE1 Tumour, knee region Talus FS2 Stress # metatarsal KO1 Complication of knee AD1 Dislocated ankle FQ1 Non/ Mal - union foot # surgery AU1 Ankle instability FD1 Dislocated toe KZ1 Knee pain undiagnosed ACI Ankle osteochondral FD2 Dislocated joint (s) of foot KZ2 Knee joint haemarthrosis lesion (including talar (including Lisfranc injury) caused by internal dome) +/- loose body FC1 Fit osteochondrosis derangement AJ1 Ankle jarring or capsule (including Kohler's and QF1 # tibia +/- fibula sprain Frieberg's) QF2 # fibula AJ2 Inferior tibiofibular FJ1 Sprain foot joint QS1 stress # tibia syndesmosis sprain FJ2 Sprained toe/ turf toe QS2 stress # fibula AP1 Ankle joint synovitis FP1 Sesamoiditis/ 1st QD1 Dislocated superior (including meniscoid metatarsophalangeal tibiofibular joint lesion) joint pain QJ1 Sprained superior AP2 Ankle Reflex Sympathetic FP2 Tarsal joint pain/ synovitis tibiofibular joint Dystrophy FP3 Metatarsalgia QP1 Baker's cyst (+/- rupture) AP3 Sinus tarsi syndrome FP4 Gout (foot) QM1 Calf muscle strain (subtalar joint synovitis) FP5 Foot Reflex Sympathetic QMS Soleus muscle strain AA1 Ankle joint degenerative Dystrophy QML Lateral gastrocnemius arthritis FA1 1st Metatarsophalangeal strain AL1 Sprain lateral collateral joint degenerative QMM Medial gastrocnemius ligament ankle arthritis strain AL2 Sprain medial collateral FA2 Other foot degenerative QB1 Accessory soleus muscle (deltoid) ligament ankle arthritis QY1 Calf muscle cramps/ AT1 Achilles tendinitis/ FL1 Foot ligament sprain spasm/ trigger points retrocalcaneal bursitis (including spring QY2 Compartment syndrome AT2 Sever's disease ligament) QY3 Lower leg delayed onset AT3 Ankle posterior FM1 Foot muscle strain muscle soreness impingement (including FY1 Foot muscle spasm/ QYS Soleus trigger points Os trigonum) cramp/ trigger points QYL Lateral gastrocnemius AT4 Ankle anterior FT1 Plantar fasciitis/ strain/ trigger points impingement +/- calcaneal spur QYM Medial gastrocnemius osteophytes FT2 Foot extensor tendinitis trigger points AT5 Ankle extensor tendinitis FT6 Cuboid syndrome or foot QT1 Medial tibial stress (including Tibialis peroneal tendinitis syndrome Anterior) FT7 Tibialis posterior insertion QH1 Bruised shin AT6 Peroneal tenditinits or tendinitis QH2 Calf haematoma subluxation or dislocation FR1 Ruptured tibialis posterior QK1 Lacerated shin AT7 Tibialis posterior or flexor tendinitis QK2 Lacerated calf hallucis tendinitis (ankle) FH1 Foot haematoma QI1 Lower leg soft tissue AR1 Achilles tendon rupture FH2 Toenail problem/ infection AH1 Ankle haematoma haematoma QE1 Tumour, lower leg AK1 Ankle laceration FH3 Heel fat pad bruise QN1 Common peroneal nerve AI1 Ankle infection FK1 Foot laceration palsy (foot drop) AE1 Osteoid osteoma (ankle) FK2 Foot blistering/ callus/ QV1 Deep venous thrombosis AN1 Tarsal tunnel syndrome ulcer QV2 Calf/ ankle oedema AN2 Medial calcaneal nerve FK3 Plantar wart QV3 Varicose veins entrapment FB1 Tarsal coalition QV4 Popliteal artery AZ1 Ankle pain undiagnosed FB2 Symptomatic accessory entrapment or arterial FF1 # tarsal bone (other than bone of foot insufficiency calcaneus or talus) FB3 Foot deformity (including QZ1 Lower leg pain FF2 # metatarsal (s) claw, hammer toes, undiagnosed FF3 # phalanx (foot) bunions) AF1 Potts # FG1 Foot avulsion # FI1 Athlete's foot/ tinea AF2 # talus or calcaneus FS1 Stress # midtarsal bone FI2 Foot cellulitis/ infected AG1 Chip/ Avulsion # ankle (navicular, cuneiforms, ulcer

41 CODE Diagnosis CODE Diagnosis FE1 Osteoid osteoma (foot) MX8 Other medical diagnosis FN1 Morton's neuroma or MZ1 Tired athlete undiagnosed Joplin's neuritis MZ2 Other medical symptoms FZ1 Foot pain undiagnosed or signs, non-specific XU1 Generalised joint ZZ1 Paperwork (certificate, hypermobility referral, prescription etc.) XP1 Widespread ZZ2 Pre-participation rheumatological screening or condition precompetition or XY1 Fibromyalgia/ multiple insurance trigger points ZZ3 Immunisation or XY2 Generalised muscle preparation for overseas spasticity/ joint travel hypomobility ZZ4 Advice regarding XK1 Rash or other equipment (eg footwear) dermatological condition XB1 Congenital disease affecting musculoskeletal system XB2 Leg length discrepancy MI1 Otorespiratory infection (including tonsilitis, otitis media) MI2 Gastrointestinal infection (including food poisoning) MI4 Systemic non-specific virus MI5 Virus proven by serology (eg. Epstein, Hepatitis B) MI6 Genitourinary infection MI8 Infection, other ME1 Non-musculoskeletal tumour (eg lymphoma) MO1 Appendicitis MO2 Urological including haematuria, varicocoele MO3 Dental, eye, ear, nose or throat disease MO8 Other surgical diagnosis MN1 Neurological including epilepsy, migraine, coma MV1 Cardiovascular MX1 Environmental (including hypo/ hyper thermia, barotrauma) MX2 Condition due to drug use, overdose, poisoning MX3 Asthma/ allergy/ hay fever respiratory MX5 Gynaecological MX6 Psychological/ Psychiatric MX7 Nutritional or haematological or enterological or endocrine

42 43 Appendix B - Sports injury definitions What is a Sports Injury? Currently, there is no universally accepted or uniform definition of a sports injury (Finch, 1997). Existing definitions have evolved from the purpose or intent of data collection, whether it be for a statistical definition for a large sporting event or a technical definition for a research project.

The term ‘sports injury’ refers to all types of damage to the body that occurs as a result of competing, training and/or participating in a physical activity (SportSafe Australia: A National Sport Safety Framework, 1997.

In the context of this report, the terms ‘sport’ and ‘sport injury’ are taken to apply broadly across each all levels of participation. This definition includes sports related illnesses such as heat stress, sudden death and overtraining, as well as injuries related to occupational pursuits such as training activities for military and emergency services personnel (eg police, fire brigade, etc) and activities of coaches, officials and fitness trainers.

Examples of ‘Sports Injury’ Definitions a “a reportable injury is one that limits athletic performance for at least the day after the day of onset” (National Athletics Injury Recording System (NAIRS), Clark 1970) a “any injury as a result of participation in sport with one or more of the following consequences (van Vulpen 1989): - reduction in the amount or level of sports activity - need for (medical) advice or treatment -diverse social or economic effects.” a “Any injury which caused a player to miss playing time during a match or be unable to be selected in a match or participate in a training session.” (Orchard, 1993) a A sports injury is an incident that occurs as a result of increased physical activity that is not occupationally related for amateurs, but includes activities of professional athletes” (Harvey, 1997) a “The term “sports injury” refers to all types of damage to the body that occurs as a result of competing, training and/or participating in a physical activity which is largely within the sports arena. This definition encompasses injuries that are incurred during participation in sporting activities across a number of different levels (ASIPT, 1997): - formal professional sport - formal non-professional sport - informal sporting activity - school sport - general recreation activity - fitness activities - adventure sports and activities

44 Appendix C - Injury severity definitions Severity Definitions A number of other possible definitions of a sports injury, or an assessment of its severity, can be made (van Mechelen 1997).

Nature of Injury The nature of injury determines the type of assistance sought and the place of treatment. Abrasions or cuts may be treated by a sports trainer at the side of the field, whereas fractures would be referred to hospital and a medical officer.

Duration and Nature of Treatment The types and frequency of treatment are strongly related to the injury severity. Surgery and extensive rehabilitation indicates a more severe injury than one that is self treated or which requires only several visits to a physiotherapist.

Sports Time Lost Time lost from sport has more serious economic consequences for professional athletes, but there is the potential loss of health and psychosocial benefits from exercise for all participants. Examples of severity measures relating to time lost from sport include: 1. minor (1-7 days lost), moderately serious (8-21 days lost) and serious (over 21 days lost or permanent damage) (Schlatmann et al 1986) 2. minor (absence from sport < 1 week), moderate (absence from sport 1-3 weeks) and severe (absence from sport > 4 weeks) (Sandelin et al 1987) 3. Time lost from training (Van Galen and Diederiks 1990) 4. minor (no further treatment required), moderate (some further treatment required) and severe injury (referral to hospital) (Finch 1995)

Working Time Lost Working time lost gives an indication of the financial consequences of sports injury to society. This should also include time lost from study for full time students.

Permanent Damage The majority of sport participants recover from injury without permanent disability, but serious injuries such as fractures, and ligament, eye and spinal injuries can result in permanent damage. A participant may have to modify their level of activity, choose an alternative sport or cease activity entirely. The injury may also impact on the individuals capacity for work..

Costs of Sports Injury The cost of injury includes the financial implications of the previous 5 headings. These costs can be categorised into direct and indirect costs. Direct costs include the cost of medical treatment, rehabilitation, medications, splints and braces, xrays, hospital costs etc. Indirect costs relate to the expenditure incurred due to working time lost and expertise due to death and handicap.

45 Appendix D - Major Injury Factors NDS-IS v2c Definition: Types of objects and substances involved in the occurrence of injury.

Group Name Code Title 01. Infant or child’s product 0101 baby pram, pusher, etc 0102 baby walker 0103 high chair 0104 cot 0109 other product intended for infant/child care 0121 tree house, play house 0122 tricycle (child’s) or other ride on toy (excludes bicycle [0549]) 0129 other toy 0141 flying fox 0142 monkey bar or other playground climbing apparatus 0143 slide, sliding board 0144 swing, swing set 0149 other playground equipment 0199 other or unspecified infant or child’s product 02. Furnishing 0201 bed (excludes bunk bed [0202], cot [0104]) 0202 bunk bed 0219 cabinet, rack, room divider, shelf 0229 chair, stool (excludes step, stool [0711]) 0239 sofa, couch, lounge, divan etc 0249 table, desk, bench, etc 0259 rug, mat, loose carpet 0299 other or unspecified furnishing 03. Appliance 0301 electric kettle or jug 0302 cooking appliance 9includes stove, oven, cook top, BBQ) 0319 heating appliance (includes space heater, electric radiator, slow combustion heater) 0329 refrigerator, freezer 0339 iron, other heated clothes pressing appliance 0349 washing machine 0399 other or unspecified appliance 04. Utensil or container 0409 knife 0419 cutlery, food preparation utensil (excludes knife [0409]) 0421 drinking glass 0439 clothesline, clothes drying rack, clothes horse 0459 waste container, rubbish basket, refuse bin 0491 grocery or shopping trolley 0499 other or unspecified utensil or container 05. Transport (includes mobile machinery 0509 passenger car or station wagon, people mover 0511 ag-bike 0519 motorcycle or sidecar, other or unspecified 0521 truck or goods van (3 tonnes or more) 0522 light truck, utility, van (<3 tonnes)

46 0539 bus (10 seat or more) 0549 bicycle 0559 trailer or horse float 0569 train or tram 0571 tractor 0572 harvesting machine 0573 auger 0574 slasher 0575 fork lift or lift truck 0576 lawn mower (power or manual) 0579 mobile machinery other or unspecified 0589 vehicle part, fitting or accessary 0599 other or unspecified transport 06. Sporting equipment 0601 ball 0609 other sporting projectile (eg. javelin, discus, puck, shuttlecock) 0629 bat, racquet, hockey stick, etc 0649 object/structure on or near playing area (eg goal post, boundary fence) 0699 other or unspecified sporting equipment 07. Tool 0701 nail, screw, carpet tack, drawing pin, etc 0711 ladder, movable steps (incl. step stool) 0712 scaffolding 0721 hand tool: hammer (includes sledge, mallet, etc) 0722 hand tool: chopping (eg hatchet, axe) 0723 hand tool: cutting (eg saw, chisel, plane) 0724 hand tool: lifting (eg jack, hoist) 0731 power tool: nail gun or stud driver 0732 power tool: grinder, buffer, polisher 0741 power tool: chain saw 0742 power tool: circular saw 0749 power tool: other or unspecified 0751 shearing plant 0752 dairy/milking plant 0753 press (excludes printing press [0799]) 0759 fixed plant/machinery other or unspecified 0761 welding equipment 0799 other or unspecified tool 08. Natural object or animal 0801 tree (includes branch, stick, twig) 0802 plant (excludes tree [0801]) 0811 climatic factor (eg wind, rain, snow, sun) 0821 natural surface (includes irregularity, such as pothole, ditch) 0831 bee, wasp 0832 dog 0833 horse 0834 reptile 0835 spider 0836 cattle 0837 sheep 0899 other or unspecified natural object or animal

47 09. Food, drink, personal use item 0901 hot oil or fat 0902 food; cold non-alcoholic beverage 0903 alcohol (beverage) 0904 hot beverage (eg tea, coffee, soup) 0921 footwear (includes sporting or industrial shoe or boot) 0929 other clothing 0941 jewellery 0942 coin 0943 pen, pencil 0999 other or unspecified food, drink or personal use item 10. Chemical substance 1001 moth repellent (includes naphthalene, camphor) 1002 petrol, other petroleum distillate (eg kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, white spirit) 1003 dishwasher detergent 1004 soap, detergent, cleaning compounds (excludes dishwasher detergent) 1005 paint, paint thinner (includes turpentine), paint stripper 1006 bleach, caustic (includes ammonia) 1007 carbon monoxide 1008 pesticide, insecticide, herbicide 1049 other or unspecified chemical substance (excludes drug medication [1099]) 1050 antihistamine 1051 aspirin, aspirin compound 1052 paracetamol, paracetamol compound 1053 sedative, tranquilliser, psychotropic 1054 ointment, topical medicine, liniment 1055 preparation containing iron salt 1099 other or unspecified drug or medication 11. Structure or fitting 1101 toilet bowl, cistern, associated plumbing 1102 bathtub, shower 1121 door (includes sill, frame, etc, excludes glass door) 1122 glass door 1123 window (includes sill, frame etc) 1124 floor 1141 fence, gate 1161 handrail, railing, banister 1189 electrical fixture (includes wiring system) 1199 other or unspecified structure or fixture 12. Material (not part of structure or of uncertain o 1209 rock, stone, gravel, etc 1219 brick, concrete, concrete block 1229 wood: timber, board, splinter, etc 1239 metal: sheet, part, piece, etc 1249 glass: sheet, piece, shard etc 1299 other or unspecified material 13. Miscellaneous 1301 pin, needle (excludes hypodermic needle

48 [1302]) 1302 hypodermic needle, syringe 1321 hot water 1322 water (excludes hot water [1321]) 1331 rope or string 1399 other or unspecified factor

49 Appendix E - Examples of Sport Specific Data Collection Forms

50