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Based Dryer for Pepper-Drying (Agricultural Product Drying)

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Based Dryer for Pepper-Drying (Agricultural Product Drying) Analytical Study and Fabrication of a Solar- Based Dryer for Pepper-Drying (Agricultural Product Drying) Luk Tien Boh Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science (FECS) Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Malaysia Submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering 2013 ABSTRACT Sarawak has fertile slopes and an optimum environment for pepper cultivation. The state produces the majority of pepper products in Malaysia and contributes to multimillion agricultural export earnings every year. The pepper cultivation in Sarawak relies on smallholdings and there were no large-scale plantation nor estate recorded so far. The majority of farmers exercise natural sun drying to produce the peppercorn as this method is simple to implement at low cost. However, it does not guarantee stable output quality and quantity due to unpredictable weather conditions and massive labour effort. This report explores a workable passive solar dryer that will work well in tropical rainforest climate for local pepper smallholdings. It utilises existing technologies from different applications and optimise for small quantity peppercorn production. It also features low cost and sustainability. The dryer is simple to operate, mobile, requiring no artificial power assistance and is capable of drying peppercorns at targeted weather condition. The design of the solar dryer is based on pressure differential stack effect and fluid flow optimisation to ensure optimum condition in the drying chamber. The design was implemented and tested in open field for characteristics studies. Experiments done have shown the dryer will work satisfactorily in tropical climate from sunny days to mixed weather to rainy days and even on a cold wet night. Although some adjustments on the dryer (adjusting chimney height) are needed for different weather conditions, the dryer has, in general, given a satisfactory performance. It has proven to be able to boost the throughput with acceptable quality with the least possible human effort. The design has proven working for peppercorn production from this research; yet some modifications can be done to further enhance the achievement, it includes: weight reduction and heat flow optimisation at dryer inlet for more even drying. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my thankfulness and appreciation to my supervisor Professor Dr. Anatoli Vakhguelt for his supervision, encouragement, and patience throughout my Master study. His useful comments and guidance had led me from the mechatronics and robotics field to survive well in a new unfamiliar ground. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor Dr. Almon Chai for his effort in clarifying technical doubts and coordinating my research needs with Malaysia Pepper Board. In addition to that, I would like to thank Miss Chong Chee Jiun for sharing her research work with me for an insight to the drying characteristics of the black pepper berries. This had greatly helped me in determining the design direction of the subject matter in my research. Also, I would like to thank Swinburne University of Technology for my free studentship and the support facilities I had used during the research. Last but not least, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Malaysia Pepper Board who had kindly offered huge assistance in financial, test samples and support facilities, as well as their efforts and precious time to my studies. The research would not have gone so smoothly without the funding, dedicated staff and facilities. ii DECLARATION I declare that this thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma and to the best of my knowledge contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of this thesis. ____________________ LUK TIEN BOH June, 2013 iii PUBLICATIONS ARISING FROM THIS MASTER’S STUDY Vakhguelt, A, Chai, A, Luk, TB & Chong, CJ, 2010, “Extending the Drying Capability Utilising Nature Airflow Booster for Convective Solar Dryer”, Proceeding of 19th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering, 28th August – 1st September 2010, Prague, Czech Republic, Org. Number H6.6. Vakhguelt, A, Chong, CJ & Luk, TB, 2009, “Experimental Study of Drying Fresh Pepper Berries In a Solar Dryer”, Proceeding of the 7th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 28th June – 03rd July 2009, Krakow, Poland, pp. 1239-1245. Luk, TB & Vakhguelt, A, 2009 “Automating The Solar Dryer – Airflow Control Utilizing Pressure Difference Concept”, Proceeding of the Global Conference on Power Control and Optimization (PCO'2009), 1st - 3rd June 2009, Bali, Indonesia, Ref. Number E16. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. ii DECLARATION ............................................................................................................iii PUBLICATIONS ARISING FROM THIS MASTER’S STUDY ............................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2 The Pepper Variety and Cultivation in Sarawak ................................................... 3 1.2.1 The Variety of Sarawak Pepper ............................................................... 3 1.2.2 The Cultivation and Production of Sarawak Pepper ............................... 4 1.3 The Economic Influence of Sarawak Pepper ........................................................ 5 1.4 The Practicality of Solar Dryer in Tropical Rainforest Climate ........................... 7 1.4.1 The Solar Radiation and Cloud Cover – Source of Operating Temperature ............................................................................................ 8 1.4.2 The Relative Humidity – Barrier to Dryer’s Efficiency ........................ 10 1.4.3 The Rain Fall – Barrier to Optimum Drying Environment ................... 10 1.4.4 The Wind – The Supplement ................................................................. 12 1.4.5 General Discussion ................................................................................ 12 1.5 The Problem Statement and Research Objectives ............................................... 13 1.5.1 Post-Harvest Processing and Storage Practices ..................................... 14 1.5.2 The Scope of Research .......................................................................... 14 1.5.3 Research Significance and Objectives .................................................. 15 1.6 The Report Overviews ........................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 16 2.1 The Myths of Drying in Food Preservation ........................................................ 16 2.2 Classification and Features of Drying Technologies Available For Food Preservation ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1 The Conventional Process of Drying .................................................... 17 2.2.2 The Revolution of the Conventional Drying Practices – The Solar Dryers .................................................................................................... 18 v 2.2.3 The Revolution – Modern Technologies ............................................... 23 2.2.4 The Fusion Technologies ...................................................................... 25 2.3 Myths of Generic Pepper Processing in Malaysia .............................................. 28 2.3.1 Black Pepper .......................................................................................... 29 2.3.2 White Pepper ......................................................................................... 30 2.4 The Component of a Generic Solar Dryer .......................................................... 30 2.4.1 The Solar Collector................................................................................ 31 2.4.2 The Heat Storage ................................................................................... 34 2.4.3 The Drying Chamber ............................................................................. 34 2.4.4 The Inlet and Outlet ............................................................................... 34 2.5 Utilization of Solar Updraft in a Mixed-mode Solar Dryer ................................ 35 2.5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 35 2.5.2 The Possibility of Utilization A Long Chimney in Agriculture Dryer .. 35 2.6 Related Literatures .............................................................................................. 36 2.6.1 Afonso & Oliveira (2000) ....................................................................
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