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7. Tribe SENECIONEAE 1. Subtribe TUSSILAGININAE

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7. Tribe SENECIONEAE 1. Subtribe TUSSILAGININAE Published online on 25 October 2011 (original) and 3 November 2011 (corrected). Chen, Y. L., Liu, S. W., Liu, Y., Yang, Q. E., Nordenstam, B., Illarionova, I. D., Jeffrey, C., Koyama, H. & Vincent, L. 2011. Senecioneae. Pp. 371–544 in: Wu, Z. Y., Raven, P. H. & Hong, D. Y., eds., Flora of China Volume 20–21 (Asteraceae). Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis). 7. Tribe SENECIONEAE 千里光族 qian li guang zu Chen Yilin (陈艺林 Chen Yi-ling), Liu Shangwu (刘尚武), Liu Ying (刘莹), Yang Qiner (杨亲二); Bertil Nordenstam, Irina D. Illarionova, Charles Jeffrey, Hiroshige Koyama, Leszek Vincent Herbs, annual or perennial, rarely subshrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, sometimes rosulate or opposite, sessile or petio- late, entire to lobed or deeply divided. Capitula arranged in corymbs or racemes, or solitary, heterogamous and radiate or disciform, or homogamous and discoid; plants sometimes dioecious. Phyllaries 1- or 2(or rarely pluri)-seriate, free or connate, outer row of bracts (calyculus) smaller, or absent. Receptacle flat or raised, rarely conical, naked or alveolate. Ray florets female, radiate or shortly tubular; styles 2-lobed. Disk florets bisexual or functionally male; corolla tubular, or with limb funnelform or campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed; stamens 4 or 5, anthers basally rounded, acute, or sagittate, sometimes caudate; style bifid, style branches flat with entire or divided stigmatic area inside, sometimes sterile or entire, apically truncate, obtuse, or rounded to conical, sometimes appendaged or with tufts of hair penicillate, glabrous or papillate to hirsute, with or without apical sweeping hairs; endothecial cell wall thick- enings radial or polarized or transitional, antheropodium straight and uniform or dilated toward base. Achene cylindric or terete- angular to ellipsoid-oblong or sometimes flattened, ribbed or smooth, glabrous, glandular, or pubescent. Pappus 1- to many seriate, bristles few or numerous or 0, rarely absent from all florets, white or colored, persistent or caducous. Pollen “senecioid” or some- times “helianthoid.” About 150–170 genera and ca. 3,500 species: worldwide; 23 genera (four endemic, three introduced), and 464 species (315 endemic, six intro- duced) in China. This is a major tribe in the Asteraceae. Nordenstam (in Kadereit & C. Jeffrey, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 8: 208–241. 2007) recognized 151 genera, and, more recently, Nordenstam et al. estimated the number to around 160 (in V. A. Funk et al., Syst. Evol. Biogeogr. Compositae, 503–525. 2009). Some new genera have recently been added and a few more will be published, so the number will probably increase to ca. 170. Subtribal classification is problematic. Sometimes only two or three subtribes are recognized, viz., Senecioninae, Tussilagininae, and Blennospermatinae Rydberg. The latter is better included in the Tussilagininae, except for Abrotanella Cassini, which should be treated as a monogeneric subtribe, Abrotanellinae (Robinson et al., Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 84: 893–906. 1997; Nordenstam et al., loc. cit.). A satisfactory subtribal classification would probably recognize ca. eight subtribes, but it has not yet been produced. The Chinese members of the tribe Senecioneae are here provisionally divided into three subtribes: Tussilagininae (Cassini) Dumortier, Tephroseridinae C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen, and Senecioninae (Cassini) Dumortier (Farfugium, Ligularia, and Cremanthodium were treated in Senecioninae in FRPS (77(2): 1–171. 1989) but are here referred to the Tussilagininae). Twenty-three genera with 463 species are recorded in the present treatment. Plants in some genera have economic value, such as Gynura, Ligularia, Parasenecio, Petasites, and Tussilago, which are used medicinally. Several genera are well known in horticulture (Doronicum, Euryops (Cassini) Cassini, Farfugium, Kleinia Mil- ler, Ligularia, Parasenecio, Pericallis, Senecio, Sinacalia, Steirodiscus Lessing, etc.). 1a. Antheropodia (filament collars) balusterform, i.e., slightly to distinctly broadened toward base (although sometimes long and narrow) and with at least some basal cells larger than rest ......................................... 3. Senecioninae (p. 489) 1b. Antheropodia (filament collars) cylindric, i.e., of uniform width throughout (although rarely gradually slightly broadened toward base) with all cells ± uniform in size, larger basal cells absent. 2a. Phyllaries in 2 rows, all similar, herbaceous ................................................................... 1. Tussilagininae (Doronicum; p. 371) 2b. Phyllaries at least initially in 1 row, although sometimes an outer series (calyculus) of bracts distinct in size and form (usually shorter) also present. 3a. Inner florets functionally male or plants subdioecious; flowering precocious ............................. 1. Tussilagininae (p. 371) 3b. Inner of all florets bisexual; flowering not precocious. 4a. Leaves basally sheathed .......................................................................................................... 1. Tussilagininae (p. 371) 4b. Leaves basally not sheathed. 5a. Capitula discoid. 6a. Phyllaries 18–22 ....................................... 2. Tephroseridinae (Tephroseris rufa and T. turczaninovii; p. 464) 6b. Phyllaries 3–12 ........................................................................................................... 1. Tussilagininae (p. 371) 5b. Capitula radiate. 7a. Ray florets white ..................................................................................... 3. Senecioninae (Hainanecio; p. 489) 7b. Ray florets yellow, orange, or reddish. 8a. Rhizomes dilatate, tuberiform ........................................................... 1. Tussilagininae (Sinacalia; p. 371) 8b. Rhizomes slender or absent .............................................................................. 2. Tephroseridinae (p. 464) 1. Subtribe TUSSILAGININAE 款冬亚族 kuan dong ya zu Liu Shangwu (刘尚武), Chen Yilin (陈艺林 Chen Yi-ling); Irina D. Illarionova, Bertil Nordenstam, Hiroshige Koyama, Charles Jeffrey Antheropodia cylindric or obconic, without enlarged marginal basal cells; endothecial tissue cell wall thickenings polarized, 371 372 SENECIONEAE cells short; stigmatic areas usually confluent or contiguous; chromosome number usually 30, sometimes 29, 28, 27, 26, or 25, rarely 20 or 19. About 60 genera and 900 species: worldwide; 11 genera (three endemic) and 269 species (193 endemic) in China. 1a. Phyllaries in 2 series, all alike, herbaceous .................................................................................................................. 92. Doronicum 1b. Phyllaries in 1 series, herbaceous, cartilaginous, or leathery, if an outer series (calyculus) also present then distinct in size and form from inner series. 2a. Inner florets functionally male; florets precocious. 3a. Plants monoecious; peduncles 1-headed ......................................................................................................... 101. Tussilago 3b. Plants subdioecious; capitula with polygamous florets; peduncles several headed ........................................ 102. Petasites 2b. Inner florets bisexual, florets not precocious. 4a. Leaves basally sheathed; achenes not beaked. 5a. Leaf margins involute; achenes hairy ....................................................................................................... 93. Farfugium 5b. Leaf margins revolute; achenes glabrous. 6a. Involucres cylindric or obconic ............................................................................................................ 94. Ligularia 6b. Involucres broadly campanulate or hemispheric ....................................................................... 95. Cremanthodium 4b. Leaves basally not sheathed; achenes beaked or not. 7a. Capitula radiate; rhizomes dilated, tuberiform ........................................................................................... 96. Sinacalia 7b. Capitula discoid, homogamous, florets bisexual; rhizomes not tuberiform. 8a. Style branches with papillae divided at apex into 2 brushlike lobes ........................................... 97. Dicercoclados 8b. Style branches with papillae undivided at apex. 9a. Cotyledons 1; radical leaves umbraculiform, pendulous when young ...................................... 100. Syneilesis 9b. Cotyledons 2; basal leaves not umbraculiform, not pendulous when young. 10a. Anthers caudate or sagittate; radical leaves withered by anthesis .................................. 98. Parasenecio 10b. Anthers obtuse, not caudate; radical leaves persistent at anthesis ................................. 99. Ligulariopsis 92. DORONICUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 885. 1753. 多榔菊属 duo lang ju shu Chen Yilin (陈艺林 Chen Yi-ling); Bertil Nordenstam Herbs, perennial. Leaves alternate; basal leaves long petiolate; stem leaves sessile and semiamplexicaul. Capitula large, usually solitary or 2–6(–8) laxly corymbose, radiate; involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate; phyllaries 2(or 3)-seriate, herbaceous, subequal; outer phyllaries lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate-linear; inner phyllaries linear or linear-lanceolate, laxly pubes- cent or glandular, apex long acuminate. Receptacle slightly raised, glabrous or hairy, heterogamous, all florets fertile. Ray florets uniseriate, female. Disk florets many seriate, bisexual, tubular, yellow; limb cylindric or campanulate, 5-lobed. Anther bases entire or ± auriculate, filamentous cells equal in size, appendages ovate, style 2-lobed, style branches shortly
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