Making Fire with Flint and Steel
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Rifle Hunting
TABLE OF CONTENTS Hunting and Outdoor Skills Member Manual ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A. Introduction to Hunting 1. History of Hunting 5 2. Why We Hunt 10 3. Hunting Ethics 12 4. Hunting Laws and Regulations 20 5. Hunter and Landowner Relations 22 6. Wildlife Management and the Hunter 28 7. Careers in Hunting, Shooting Sports and Wildlife Management 35 B. Types of Hunting 1. Hunting with a Rifle 40 2. Hunting with a Shotgun 44 3. Hunting with a Handgun 48 4. Hunting with a Muzzleloading 51 5. Bowhunting 59 6. Hunting with a Camera 67 C. Outdoor and Hunting Equipment 1. Use of Map and Compass 78 2. Using a GPS 83 3. Choosing and Using Binoculars 88 4. Hunting Clothing 92 5. Cutting Tools 99 D. Getting Ready for the Hunt 1. Planning the Hunt 107 2. The Hunting Camp 109 3. Firearm Safety for the Hunter 118 4. Survival in the Outdoors 124 E. Hunting Skills and Techniques 1. Recovering Game 131 2. Field Care and Processing of Game 138 3. Hunting from Stands and Blinds 144 4. Stalking Game Animals 150 5. Hunting with Dogs 154 F. Popular Game Species 1. Hunting Rabbits and Hares 158 2. Hunting Squirrels 164 3. Hunting White-tailed Deer 171 4. Hunting Ring-necked Pheasants 179 5. Hunting Waterfowl 187 6. Hunting Wild Turkeys 193 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The 4-H Shooting Sports Hunting Materials were first put together about 25 years ago. Since that time there have been periodic updates and additions. Some of the authors are known, some are unknown. Some did a great deal of work; some just shared morsels of their expertise. -
Fundamentals of Applied Smouldering Combustion
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-20-2018 10:00 AM Fundamentals of Applied Smouldering Combustion Marco Zanoni The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Gerhard, Jason I. The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor Torero, Jose L. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Civil and Environmental Engineering A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Marco Zanoni 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Heat Transfer, Combustion Commons Recommended Citation Zanoni, Marco, "Fundamentals of Applied Smouldering Combustion" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5410. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5410 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Smouldering combustion is defined as a flameless oxidation reaction occurring on the surface of the condensed phase (i.e., solid or liquid). Traditional research on smouldering was related to economic damages, fire risk, and death, due to the release of toxic gases and slow propagation rates. Recently, smouldering has been applied as an intentional, engineering technology (e.g., waste and contaminant destruction). Smouldering involves the transport of heat, mass, and momentum in the solid and fluid phases along with different chemical reactions. Therefore, numerical models are essential for the fundamental understanding of the process. Smouldering models either neglected heat transfer between phases (i.e., assumed local thermal equilibrium) or employed heat transfer correlations (i.e., under local thermal non- equilibrium conditions) not appropriate for smouldering. -
In the Autumn 2011 Edition of the Quiver I Wrote an Article Touching on the Topic of Survival As It Applies to the Bowhunter
In the Autumn 2011 edition of The Quiver I wrote an article touching on the topic of survival as it applies to the bowhunter. In this article I want to talk about fire specifically and the different types of firestarters and techniques available. Fire is an important element in a survival situation as it provides heat for warmth, drying clothes or cooking as well as a psychological boost and if you’re hunting in a spot where you are one of the prey species it can keep predators away as well. There are many ways to start a fire; some ways relatively easy and some that would only be used as a last resort. There are pros and cons to most of these techniques. The most obvious tool for starting a fire is a match. While this is a great way to start a fire in your fireplace or fire pit I personally don’t like to carry matches in my pack or on my person. They are hard to keep dry and you are limited to one fire per match IF you can light a one match fire every time. It would be easy to run out of matches in a hurry as you are limited in how many you could reasonably carry. A Bic lighter or one of the more expensive windproof lighters is a slightly better choice for the bowhunter to carry. They are easy to use, easy to carry, fairly compact, and last for a reasonable amount of “lights”. They don’t work well when wet but can be dried out fairly easily. -
Example Rubric: Fire Benchmark 1 2 3 4 5 Introductory Emergent Novice
Example Rubric: Fire Benchmark 1 2 3 4 5 Introductory Emergent Novice Sustainable Instructor One Match Demonstrate sustainable Demonstrate sustainable Demonstrate Demonstrate Demonstrate Fire fire in less than 30 min, 3 fire in less than 30 min, 1 sustainable fire in sustainable fire with sustainable fire and matches, natural match, natural materials. less than 15min, one match, in the bring water to a boil in materials. one match, no rain, no birch bark, less than 30 min, one birch bark, no no tools. cedar log, knife tools permitted Ferro Rod Gather and ignite five Ignite and produce a Ignite and produce Ignite and produce a Share proper ferro rod natural tinder bundles in sustainable fire in less a sustainable fire council (upside form and technique less than one hour than 30 minutes in less than 30 down) fire in the rain with a group with 80% min without birch to be untended and success rate bark, char cloth, or last for 4 hours tinder fungus Bow Drill Produce a coal from a Carve a set from Harvest and craft Harvest and craft With just a knife, craft Progression manufactured set provided material, craft wild bow drill kit wild bow drill kit bow drill set and demonstrating proper wild tinder bundle, make and tinder bundle including cord and produce sustainable form fire using manufactured to produce 3hr tinder bundle to fire as your source of cord sustainable fire. make fire. heat/light for Cord permitted 3days/2nights. Adv. Demonstrate proper Produce a coal with a Demonstrate Produce three coals Study and Friction Fire hand drill technique hand drill proper strap drill in 30 min from three demonstrate effective form and produce differant friction fire us and form of a 4th coal devices friction fire method. -
SSAA Guidelines for the Use of Black Powder
SSAA GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF BLACK POWDER 2012 No. 1 2 GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF BLACK POWDER ON SSAA RANGES 1. BLACK POWDER 1.1. Only commercially made Black Powder or Black Powder substitute is to be used. 1.2. When Black Powder events are being held smoking or naked flames are not permitted within 10 metres of the firing line or the designated safe area for open bulk container and to comply with legislation. 1.3. A designated safe area will be allocated at each match for measuring out powder charges and loading cartridges, such an area shall be a minimum of 10 metres from the firing line and to comply with legislation. 1.4. Supplies of bulk powder are to be kept in designated areas at least 20m from any open flame. 1.5. Powder should be stored in its original container. 1.6. Powder in bulk is not allowed on the firing line. 1.7. All Black Powder on the firing line must be held as pre-measured loads in separate containers. 1.8. Only enough black powder for immediate reasonable use may be brought to the firing point. 1.9. No firearms may be loaded directly from a bulk Black Powder container. This includes the use of powder flasks or powder horns. 1.10. Powder may not be measured into loads from bulk containers on the firing line. 1.11. All spilt black powder must be immediately, safely and properly disposed of. 1.12. Powder shall not be placed in direct sunlight. 1.13. -
Making Fire with Flint and Steel
Making Fire with Flint and Steel. Early Failures Many survival or scouting books give different instructions on how one can start a fire with flint and steel. These books suggest various materials that are supposed to catch the spark (punk – the powdery dry rot from the insides of fallen logs, cottonwood fluff, fine dry grass, fine wood shavings, dry moss, and various lichens. The people who wrote those books had obviously never tried it. None of these materials work well, although they all make excellent small kindling once you have a fire started. Problem Solved The Oxford Universal Dictionary defines tinder as "a flammable substance used to kindle a fire, especially charred linen". When a spark hits charred cloth, it creates a tiny red spot, which slowly grows like a glowing fairy ring. It is impossible to blow out; in fact, the more wind there is the better, as the spark simply gets hotter and hotter. The only way to put it out is by suffocation (which preserves the rest of the charred cloth for future use), or by dousing it with water (which ruins the char cloth). The amazing thing is that charred cloth in windy weather makes it easier to start a fire with flint and steel than a match. Well, almost! Making Charred Cloth Here is how to put together your own tinder box, so that you can make a fire the same way that people did two hundred years ago. First, you will need some cloth. Linen is the traditional fabric, but 100% cotton works just fine, and it is a lot cheaper! Do not use synthetic or synthetic blend fabrics. -
Low-Impact Living Initiative
firecraft what is it? It's starting and managing fire, which requires fuel, oxygen and ignition. The more natural methods usually progress from a spark to an ember to a flame in fine, dry material (tinder), to small, thin pieces of wood (kindling) and then to firewood. Early humans collected embers from forest fires, lightning strikes and even volcanic activity. Archaeological evidence puts the first use of fire between 200-400,000 years ago – a time that corresponds to a change in human physique consistent with food being cooked - e.g. smaller stomachs and jaws. The first evidence of people starting fires is from around 10,000 years ago. Here are some ways to start a fire. Friction: rubbing things together to create friction Sitting around a fire has been a relaxing, that generates heat and produces embers. An comforting and community-building activity for example is a bow-drill, but any kind of friction will many millennia. work – e.g. a fire-plough, involving a hardwood stick moving in a groove in a piece of softwood. what are the benefits? Percussion: striking things together to make From an environmental perspective, the more sparks – e.g. flint and steel. The sharpness of the natural the method the better. For example, flint creates sparks - tiny shards of hot steel. strikers, fire pistons or lenses don’t need fossil Compression: fire pistons are little cylinders fuels or phosphorus, which require the highly- containing a small amount of tinder, with a piston destructive oil and chemical industries, and that is pushed hard into the cylinder to compress friction methods don’t require the mining, factories the air in it, which raises pressure and and roads required to manufacture anything at all. -
Bowdrill Block of the Drill Can Spin In
The Bearing The Bearing Block is made of a hard material that has a depression in it that the top end Bowdrill Block of the drill can spin in. It must be very comfortable in the hand Rubbing two sticks together to because we will be pushing down on it quite make fire is one of the mostMaking Our hard. quintessential bushcraft skills. Bowdrill Set The Bow In a Spruce/ The Coal Pine forest Catcher the best bearing block is a The Bearing piece of a dead sapling where the Block The Drill knots grow in a ring around the trunk. The Base Board The knots are very hard and we carve our depression into These are the parts of the bowdrill, we will look at them in detail but one of the knots. as an introduction: The Drill will be spun against The Base Board using The Bow. We lubricate the depression with Spruce/Pine resin. The friction between The Drill and The Base Board will grind them into A stone or wood dust and also heat the dust up to the point where it smoulders. shells work The smouldering dust is called a ‘coal’. as bearing blocks too. We will push The Drill into The Base Board using The Bearing Block. Finally The Coal Catcher holds the ground up wood so that doesn’t fall We look for on the cold earth. a stone with The Bow a depression Our Bow should be ridge in it and use (not springy) and be slightly the point curved. of another Shorter bows are much stone to easier to use but an arms grind the depression smooth. -
Test Report No
4417 Test Report No. AJFS2011010056FF Date: NOV.27, 2020 Page 1 of 4 ZHEJIANG ANJI RONGYI FURNITURE CO., LTD TANGPU INDUSTRY ZONE ANJI COUNTY ZHEJIANG The following sample(s) information was / were submitted and identified on behalf of the client. SGS is not responsible for the authenticity, integrity and results of the data and information and / or the validity of the conclusion arising therefrom. Results apply to the sample as received. Sample Description: MESH SGS Ref No.: AJHL2011500981OT Style/Item No.: / Test Requested: The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988 S.I. No.1324 (amended 1989,1993 and 2010), Schedule 4, Part I, Cigarette test for cover fabrics and Schedule 5, Part I, Match test for cover fabrics. As specified in above standard(s) and incorporated with using ignition source 0 and 1 of BS 5852: Part 1:1979. Test Results: -- See attached sheet – Conclusion: The tested sample Meets the Requirements of Schedule 4 Part I and Schedule 5 Part I In Statutory Instrument 1988 No.1324 (Amended 1989, 1993 and 2010) the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations. Test Period: Sample Receiving Date : NOV.23, 2020 Test Performing Date : NOV.23, 2020 TO NOV.27, 2020 Signed for and on behalf of SGS-CSTC Co., Ltd. Anji Branch Allen Zou Lab Manager Test Report No. AJFS2011010056FF Date: NOV.27, 2020 Page 2 of 4 Test Conducted The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988 S.I. No. 1324 (amended 1989, 1993 and 2010), Schedule 4 Part I and Schedule 5 Part I, Cigarette test and Match test for cover fabric. -
Fire Growth and Smoke Spread Model for Fire Safety System Design: Experimental Verification
Fire Growth and Smoke Spread Model for Fire Safety System Design: Experimental Verification M LUQ* and Y HE Center for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering Victoria University of Technology 14428 MCMC, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia ABSTRACT A one-zone model (NRC C) and a two-zone model (CFAST) have been tested against experiments and used in the fire research community. However, the selection of either ofthem as a sub-model for a fire safety system model needs further verification against the experimental results under a variety of fire scenarios. In the present study, the performance of the above two models is evaluated with respect to accuracy, efficiency and simplicity. This study indicates that significant discrepancies exist between the experimental results and the results from both the CFAST model and the NRCC model. The CFAST model generally over-predicts the upper layer temperatures in the burn room but provides reasonable predictions in the adjacent enclosures. The CFAST model over-predicts CO concentrations when the air-handling system is turned on; the model under-predicts CO when the system is off. The NRCC model correlates the burning characteristics of the fuel with the burn room conditions. The results give a good agreement with the experimental results in the burn room for some fire scenarios but discrepancies exist for others. However, the NRCC fire model is applicable to the bum room only. It was found that the room-averaged temperatures for the bum room obtained from the CFAST model were in a good agreement with the experimental results and the NRCC model results. -
View Article
I THE LIBRARY r!f:~~·~~~·~~~ (I"'"',)) ...~. ,I!'!n .. - FIRE RESE.l\RGI STATION ~~.~~ ~~ ~~ I " 'I'1 . BOREHAM WOOD .11:: b \0 \; vf~~ . HERlS, .,.' CONFIDll'TIAL F.R. Note No. 48/1952., This report has not been published. and December, 1952. should be considered as confidential advance, information. No reference should be made to it in any publioation without, the written oonsent of the Direotor, Fire Research Station, Bareham Wood, Herts.' (Telephone: ELStree 1341 an~1797). ' DEI?.ARn!l!NT OF SCImTIFIC .AND nmUSTRIAL RF.SEARCH .AND FIRE OFFIClS' COMMITTEE JOINT FIRE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION SMOULDERING IN DUSTS AND FIBROUS MATERIALS PART V BEECH SAWDUST WITH AN INCIDliNT AIR IlRAUGHT by K.N. Palmer and M.D. Perry SUMMARY The effeot of an inoident airflow upon the smouldering of beech sawdust has been investigated in detail. The sawdust was fonned into small t:t~ains, as in earlier experiments tinder still-air oonditions, aild.placed in a small wind tunnel; smouldering was then' initiated by a small gas flame '~d the time of' travel over unit distance (smouldering time) was detennined. A'log'arithmio relationship was found betweeathe ~oulderingti.me arid, incident air velooity; the eff'edts of" variations in train size, sawdust particle size, and moisture content upon this relationship were comparatively slight. The' reduotion in the minimum depth of sawdust neoessary for suabadned smouldering was also invest~gated and it was shown that this depth could be reduced easily to .Leaa than 3 IIlIIlo by an inoident draught. ' , Some f'urther experdmenbs , desoribed in an AppenCi.ix, showed that flaming, could be produced in wood shavings or newspaper in contact with the smouldering sawdust and that only gentle airflows are neceasary, From these ,results it is concluded that an outbreak of fire could be a direot consequence, . -
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Planetarium Science Center newsletterth st 6 year | 1 edition Science For All! 1st SCHOOL SEMESTER 2012/13 In this edition... The Origins of the Four Elements 2 Four Elements: The Powers of the Four Elements 4 The Fifth Element on the Big Screen 5 By: Maissa Azab Journey to the Moon 6 Roots of Life Plasma: The Uncharted Element 7 The Four Elements; the Epitome of Life 8 The Elements’ Wrath 11 Here we start a new year for the PSC and how they can devastate life just as much as The Four Elements that Make Your Body 14 Newsletter; the fourth for the Newsletter as a they sustain it. Nano-Elements of Nature 16 popular science publication. In what has become In this new cycle, we re-introduce sections Lessons from the Lorax 17 a tradition, in the first issue of every new cycle, such as “ZoomTech”, where we discuss how Antimatter: Mirror of the Universe 18 we go back to the roots. Last year, we started by nanotechnology can change the four elements as we know them. In this issue, we also introduce The Marvels of the Elements 20 discussing Planet Earth; this year, we focus in this new sections and columns. In the newly-introduced Fire Breathing Dragons 22 issue on the classical Four Elements of Nature, which were the core of all humanities and sciences “Science in Sci-Fi” section, we have a column on for centuries, if not millennia of human history. the fantastical action motion picture “The Fifth Element”, and a fascinating film review on the Earth, Water, Air, and Fire are indeed the four surprisingly insightful animation movie “The Lorax”.