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Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Interagency John Mark Mattox Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Interagency John Mark Mattox Cape Ray Diplomacy: How a U.S. Merchant Vessel Took Center Stage in Foreign Relations Special Edition: Chi K. Cheung Improving the Intelligence Weapons Community’s Contribution to Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction of Mass Timothy W. Fisher Closing the Barn Door: Destruction Interagency Approaches to Reduce Agroterrorism Threats David F. Grieco Securing the U.S. Food Supply: The Quintessential Interagency Task Cindy A. Landgren Cyber Attacks – The New WMD Challenge to the Interagency Quan Hai T. Lu The Interagency Challenge of Biosecurity in Dual-Use Research Matthew J. Moakler The Journal of The Simons Center Vol. 6, Issue 2, Spring 2015 Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas FEATURES | 1 InterAgency Journal The InterAgency Journal (IAJ) is published quarterly by the Command and General Staff College Foundation Press for the Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation. The InterAgency Journal is a national security studies journal providing a forum for professional discussion and the exchange of information and ideas on matters pertaining to operational and tactical issues of interagency cooperation, coordination, and collaboration. The articles published in the IAJ represent the opinions of the authors and do not reflect the official views of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, the United States government, the Simons Center, or the Command and General Staff College Foundation. Contributions: The Simons Center encourages the submission of original articles based on research from primary sources or which stem from lessons learned via personal experiences. For additional information see “Simons Center Writer’s Submission Guidelines” on the Simons Center website at www.TheSimonsCenter.org/publications. Publications released by the Simons Center are copyrighted. Please contact the Simons Center for use of its materials. InterAgency Journal should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted from or based on its content. About The Simons Center The Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation is a major program of the Command and General Staff College Foundation, Inc. The Simons Center is committed to the development of interagency leaders and an interagency body of knowledge that facilitates broader and more effective cooperation and policy implementation. About the CGSC Foundation The Command and General Staff College Foundation, Inc., was established on December 28, 2005 as a tax- exempt, non-profit educational foundation that provides resources and support to the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in the development of tomorrow’s military leaders. The CGSC Foundation helps to advance the profession of military art and science by promoting the welfare and enhancing the prestigious educational programs of the CGSC. The CGSC Foundation supports the College’s many areas of focus by providing financial and research support for major programs such as the Simons Center, symposia, conferences, and lectures, as well as funding and organizing community outreach activities that help connect the American public to their Army. All Simons Center works are published by the “CGSC Foundation Press.” The CGSC Foundation is an equal opportunity provider. InterAgency Journal FEATURES Vol. 6, Issue 2, Spring 2015 3 Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Special Edition Interagency John Mark Mattox Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation 8 Cape Ray Diplomacy: How a U.S. Merchant Vessel Took Center Stage in Foreign Relations P.O. Box 3429 Chi K. Cheung Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 Ph: 913-682-7244 Fax: 913-682-7247 Improving the Intelligence Community’s Email: [email protected] 17 Web site: www.TheSimonsCenter.org Contribution to Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Timothy W. Fisher Closing the Barn Door: Interagency PUBLISHER/EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 28 Approaches to Reduce Agroterrorism Threats Raymond D. Barrett, Jr. David F. Grieco 38 Securing the U.S. Food Supply: The MANANGING EDITOR Quintessential Interagency Task Elizabeth Hill Cindy A. Landgren 48 Cyber Attacks – The New WMD Challenge to COPY EDITOR the Interagency Valerie Tystad Quan Hai T. Lu 58 The Interagency Challenge of Biosecurity in DESIGN/PRODUCTION Dual-Use Research Mark H. Wiggins Matthew J. Moakler MHW Public Relations and Communications WORTH NOTING PRINTING 71 Sewell Provides Update on Atrocity Prevention Board Allen Press, Inc. Lawrence, Kansas 72 Cybersecurity Bill Passes Senate Intelligence Committee Air Force Restructures Nuclear Weapons Copyright 2015 72 CGSC Foundation, Inc. Center All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrial 72 Interagency Strategy Needed on Drones system, or transmitted by any means without the written 73 CSIS Report Provides Recommendations on permission of the CGSC Foundation, Inc. Cyber Threat Information Sharing WORTH NOTING (cont’d) 74 DHS Officials Push for Cyber Information Sharing 74 Cybersecurity, Consumer Protection Subject of White House Summit 75 Executive Order Calls for Information Sharing of Cyber Threat Data 75 New Agency to Investigate Cyber Threats 76 White House Discusses Strengthening U.S. Cybersecurity BOOK REVIEW 77 Right of Boom: The Aftermath of Nuclear Terrorism 79 Responding to Catastrophic Events: Consequence Management and Policies Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Interagency by John Mark Mattox n principle, the idea of “interagency” in U.S. governance extends back to February 25, 1793, when President George Washington held the first meeting with his full cabinet—Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War IHenry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph.1 Their interactions stemmed from the constitutional provision that the President “may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices.”2 George Washington desired that his most trusted circle represent divergent geographical and ideological perspectives so as to lend credibility and balance to executive deliberations.3 In that regard, his inclusion of Thomas Jefferson—a southerner from Virginia and an anti-federalist—and Alexander Hamilton—a northerner from New York and a federalist— provided both the divergence that Washington sought and probably much more. Referring to the oftentimes acrimonious exchanges between Jefferson and Hamilton, Jefferson would later write, “The pain was for Hamilton and myself, but the public experienced no inconvenience.”4 That is as it should be; the interagency is the place to sort out the many inconvenient details of governance that never could be sorted out via public referendum. This glimpse into Washington’s cabinet illustrates several points that collectively capture the essence of the interagency. First, the interagency is the practical means through which the President directs the executive activity of government. Second, the varied functions of government are not necessarily complementary. They involve competing priorities informed by the different emphases of each distinctive bureaucratic mission and the different ideologies that inform the world view of those called upon to deliberate upon and execute decisions and then interpret the specific meanings of those decisions in the ongoing course of implementation. Even in Washington’s world—with four cabinet members, a small interagency, a modest budget, a tiny set of laws to execute, and an operational context in which time moved at a comparatively slow pace—interagency work was hard work. Compare this setting to the world Dr. John Mark Mattox (Colonel, U.S. Army, Ret.) is a Senior Research Fellow at the National Defense University Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Director of the National Defense University Countering WMD Graduate Fellowship Program. Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas FEATURES | 3 of the twenty-first century—with 16 cabinet specific manner contextualized by a plethora of members; an enormous interagency; a budget mission criteria. Similarly, one can imagine an featuring numbers so large as to have no real intercontinental ballistic missile system that is meaning to most people; an ever-burgeoning not strictly classified as a “weapon” because set of law overlaid with a bewildering array of it is presently disengaged from its targeting rules, regulations, and executive orders; and computer or lacks some essential component. an operational context in which nanoseconds Once the issue of what constitutes a “weapon” cannot be dismissed as irrelevant—and is resolved, there remains the question of what the contrast speaks for itself. It is in this modalities of weapons should be included in the latter context, however, that the interagency universe of WMD. Over 50 definitions “with encounters the challenge of weapons of mass some official standing in the United States and destruction (WMD). elsewhere”5 fall into one of the following six categories: Once the issue of what • WMD as nuclear, biological, and chemical constitutes a “weapon” is weapons (NBC). resolved, there remains the question of what modalities of • WMD as chemical, biological, radiological, weapons should be included and nuclear weapons (CBRN). in the universe of WMD. • WMD as CBRN and high- explosive weapons (CBRNE). WMD and the Interagency • WMD as CBRN weapons
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