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Dams Failure in Europe

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Dams Failure in Europe POLITECNICO DI MILANO SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND LAND MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING MASTER IN CIVIL ENGINEERING FOR RISK MITIGATION A.Y. 2013-2015 DAMS FAILURE IN EUROPE MSc. Graduate : TIANJI LI Student ID : 10445449/816414 Supervisor : Prof. BOLZON GABRIELLA OCTOBER, 2015 Page 1 of 41 ABSTRACT In the European continent, as everywhere in the world, dam building has been very common for centuries and millenniums. It used to be small dams built with basic means. With industrial revolution, development of fluvial transport and agricultural improvements, needs became more and more important. In this document, I have collected the available information about European dams and their main failures, depending on their typology, and I have introduced the present data-based models for the prediction of dam behaviour. Keywords: Dam; Europe; Typology; Failure Page 2 of 41 SOMMARIO Sul continente europeo, come ovunque nel mondo, la costruzione di dighe è stata un’attivit{ molto comune per secoli. Inizialmente, si trattava di piccoli sbarramenti costruiti con mezzi elementari. Con la rivoluzione industriale, lo sviluppo del trasporto fluviale e i miglioramenti agricoli, i bisogni divennero sempre più importanti. Questo documento raccoglie le informazioni disponibili sulle dighe principali presenti in Europa, e sul loro eventuale collasso in relazione alla loro tipologia. Infine si introducono i modelli correnti di previsione del comportamento delle dighe fondati su data-base. Parole chiave: Dighe; Europa; Tipologia; Collasso Page 3 of 41 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Bolzon Gabriella for the continuous support of my tesina study, for her patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time of my work and writing of this tesina. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my tesina study. Without her precious support it would not be possible to conduct this work well organised and timely. I thank my friends for the believing in me and supporting me throughout the tesina work. I am glad to have encouraging friends. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my family: my parents for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this tesina and my life in general. Page 4 of 41 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 History of the dams in Europe: .................................................................................................................................. 8 Roman engineering ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Middle Ages ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Industrial era .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 Large dams ............................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER: 1 – Functions of Dams ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Irrigation ................................................................................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Hydropower ........................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Water supply for domestic and industrial use ....................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Inland navigation ................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.5 Flood control .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.6 List of Functions with its purposes ......................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER: 2 – Type of Dams in Europe ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.1 List of Dams in Europe ........................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Height of Dams in Europe ...................................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Type of Dams in Europe ......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.4 Different types and number of Dams in Europe ..................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER: 3 – Major Dam Failures & Reasons (Europe) ............................................................................................ 23 3.1 List of Major Dam failures in Europe ..................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Reasons of Dam failures in Europe ........................................................................................................................ 23 3.3 TYPES OF DAMS FAILED IN EUROPE: ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.4 REASONS OF DAMS FAILURE IN EUROPE: .............................................................................................................. 29 3.5 Final Results comparison of type of dams with the reasons of Failure in Europe:................................................. 30 CHAPTER: 4 – Data-Based Models for the Prediction of Dam Behavior .................................................................. 31 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques Used In Dam Monitoring Analysis ................................................. 31 4.3 Hydrostatic-Seasonal-Time (HST) Model ............................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Models to Account for Delayed Effects .............................................................................................................. 33 4.5 Other ML Techniques ......................................................................................................................................... 34 4.6 Methodological Considerations for Building Behaviour Models ............................................................................ 35 4.6.1 Missing Values ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Page 5 of 41 4.6.2 Practical Application ....................................................................................................................................... 36 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................................. 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................................................ 39 PHOTOS REFERENCES: ................................................................................................................................................... 41 Page 6 of 41 FIGURES & TABLES S.No Description Page No Fig-1 Grande- Dixence Dam in Switzerland 9 Fig-2 Chile’s South Atacama Dam 9 Fig-3 The Roman at cornalvo in Spain 10 Fig-4 Masonry arch wall, Parramatta, new south wales 11 The kolnbrein dam in the hohle tauern range within Carinthia, Fig-5 12 autria Fig-6 Aldeadavila dam in spain 14 Fig-7 Irrigation plan 14 Fig-8 Lipno dam in Czech republic 14 Fig-9 Hydroelectric dam 15 Fig-10 Industry facilities 16 Fig-11 Large shipment of goods moves the locks and dams 17 Flood can cause major damage to human lives, property and Fig-12 17 livestock’s Fig-13 Gravity dams: lyln stwlan dam in wales 21 Fig-14 El Atazar dam in spain 22 Fig-15 Embankment dam 22 Fig-16 Number of incidents Vs age of all dams (curve) 25 Fig-17 Incident rates of dams (curve) 25 Fig-18 Gleno Dam in Italy 26 Fig-19 Malpasset Dam in France 27 Fig-20 Vajont Dam in Italy 28 Fig-21 Type of dam failure 30 Fig-22 Reasons of dam Failures 30 Table-1 List of functions of dams 18 Table-2 Number of dams in Europe 19 Table-3 Height of dams in Europe 20 Table-4 Type of dams in Europe 21 Table-5 Type and number of dams in Europe 23 Table-6 Major dam failure in Europe 24 Table-7 Number of dam failure in Europe 24 Table-8 Comparison of results 31 Page 7 of 41 INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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