DOCSLIB.ORG

Restoring Western Ranges and Wildlands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Restoring Western Ranges and Wildlands Stephen B. Monsen Richard Stevens Chapter Nancy Shaw 18 Grasses Grasses are adapted to a wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions and are found in nearly all plant communities. In the Western United States, grasses are seeded on disturbances to provide forage (Hull and Holmgren 1964; Vallentine 1989), wild- life habitat (Plummer and others 1968), and watershed stability (Cornelius 1946; Hafenrichter and others 1949; Piper 1934; Stewart and Young 1939). A number of introduced grass species proved well-suited to Western rangelands and received extensive use in early reseeding efforts (Barnes and others 1995; Hafenrichter and others 1968; Moser and others 1996). Use of these and other introductions continued over time, but by the late 1900s, greater emphasis was being placed on the use of native grasses (Roundy and others 1997). Selection of introduced and native grasses for Western range- lands began in the late nineteenth century. Excessive livestock grazing across the West followed early European settlement, resulting in widespread disturbances, weed invasions, and a need for revegetation species to stabilize watersheds and produce forage. A few species and accessions were introduced in the West before 1900 (Hanson 1959). Some arrived by chance (Weintraub USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136. 2004 295 Chapter 18 Grasses Chapter Contents by Species Agropyron cristatum (Fairway Crested Wheatgrass) ....................................................................... 297 Agropyron dasystachyum (Thickspike Wheatgrass) ......................................................................... 318 Agropyron desertorum (Standard Crested Wheatgrass or Desert Crested Wheatgrass) ............... 320 Agropyron elongatum (Tall Wheatgrass) .......................................................................................... 325 Agropyron intermedium (Intermediate Wheatgrass) ....................................................................... 327 Agropyron sibiricum (Siberian Wheatgrass) ..................................................................................... 332 Agropyron smithii (Western Wheatgrass or Bluestem Wheatgrass) ............................................... 334 Agropyron spicatum (Bluebunch Wheatgrass).................................................................................. 337 Agropyron trachycaulum (Slender Wheatgrass) ............................................................................... 342 Agrostis stolonifera (Redtop or Carpet Bentgrass) ........................................................................... 345 Alopecurus arundinaceus (Creeping Foxtail or Reed Foxtail) ......................................................... 346 Alopecurus pratensis (Meadow Foxtail) ............................................................................................ 346 Aristida purpurea (Red Threeawn, Purple Threeawn) .................................................................... 349 Arrhenatherum elatius (Tall Oatgrass) ............................................................................................. 351 Bouteloua curtipendula (Sideoats Grama) ........................................................................................ 353 Bouteloua eriopoda (Black Grama) .................................................................................................... 355 Bouteloua gracilis (Blue Grama) ....................................................................................................... 356 Bromus anomalus (Nodding Brome) ................................................................................................. 358 Bromus ciliatus (Fringed Brome) ...................................................................................................... 358 Bromus carinatus (Mountain Brome, California Brome) ................................................................. 360 Bromus inermis (Smooth Brome, Hungarian Brome) ...................................................................... 363 Bromus riparius (Meadow Brome) .................................................................................................... 365 Dactylis glomerata (Orchardgrass) .................................................................................................... 367 Deschampsia caespitosa (Tufted Hairgrass) ..................................................................................... 369 Distichlis spicata (Inland Saltgrass) ................................................................................................. 371 Elymus canadensis (Canada Wildrye) ............................................................................................... 373 Elymus cinereus (Great Basin Wildrye) ............................................................................................ 374 Elymus glaucus (Blue Wildrye) ......................................................................................................... 377 Elymus junceus (Russian Wildrye) .................................................................................................... 379 Elymus salinus (Salina Wildrye) ....................................................................................................... 381 Elymus simplex (Alkali Wildrye or Low-Creeping Wildrye) ............................................................ 382 Elymus triticoides (Creeping Wildrye or Beardless Wildrye) .......................................................... 383 Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescue, Reed Fescue, or Alta Fescue) ................................................... 384 Festuca idahoensis (Idaho Fescue or Bluebunch Fescue)................................................................. 386 Festuca ovina (Sheep Fescue or Alpine Fescue)................................................................................ 388 Hilaria jamesii (Galleta or Curly Grass)........................................................................................... 390 Koeleria macrantha (Prairie Junegrass) ........................................................................................... 392 Oryzopsis hymenoides (Indian Ricegrass) ......................................................................................... 393 Phalaris arundinacea (Reed Canarygrass) ....................................................................................... 396 Phleum alpinum (Alpine Timothy or Mountain Timothy) ............................................................... 398 Phleum pratense (Timothy) ................................................................................................................ 399 Poa ampla (Big Bluegrass)................................................................................................................. 401 Poa compressa (Canada Bluegrass) ................................................................................................... 402 Poa fendleriana (Mutton Bluegrass) ................................................................................................. 404 Poa pratensis (Kentucky Bluegrass) .................................................................................................. 406 Poa secunda (Sandberg Bluegrass).................................................................................................... 408 Sitanion hystrix (Squirreltail, bottlebrush) ...................................................................................... 410 Sporobolus airoides (Alkali Sacaton) ................................................................................................. 413 Sporobolus cryptandrus (Gray Sand Dropseed) ................................................................................ 414 Stipa columbiana (Subalpine Needlegrass or Columbia Needlegrass) ........................................... 416 Stipa comata (Needle-and-thread) .................................................................................................... 418 Stipa lettermanii (Letterman Needlegrass) ...................................................................................... 419 Stipa thurberiana (Thurber Needlegrass)......................................................................................... 421 Stipa viridula (Green Needlegrass) ................................................................................................... 422 296 USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-136. 2004 Chapter 18 Grasses 1953); others were selected for specific uses and areas productive species and accessions that might, none- (Dillman 1946). Field testing and seeding trials for theless, be adapted to specific situations. With in- high-elevation disturbances were initiated at this time. creased efforts to reestablish native plant communi- Based on results of these trials, Williams (1898) de- ties, it became essential to more fully utilize the array scribed the values and uses of introduced forage grasses of species and populations adapted to the wide array of for the Eastern Rocky Mountains. environments encountered on Western rangelands. Seeding trials conducted by the Bureau of Plant Many native species have not been brought into seed Industry were initiated in 1902 (Cotton 1908). Forest production, but should be seeded in appropriate areas Service reseeding research utilizing forage species and maintained through proper management. Re- began in 1907 in cooperation with this agency (Sampson search is being conducted to develop seed transfer 1913). Ecological
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Types of American Grasses
    z LIBRARY OF Si AS-HITCHCOCK AND AGNES'CHASE 4: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM oL TiiC. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE United States National Herbarium Volume XII, Part 3 TXE&3 OF AMERICAN GRASSES . / A STUDY OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF GRASSES DESCRIBED BY LINNAEUS, GRONOVIUS, SLOANE, SWARTZ, AND MICHAUX By A. S. HITCHCOCK z rit erV ^-C?^ 1 " WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Issued June 18, 1908 ii PREFACE The accompanying paper, by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, Systematic Agrostologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, u entitled Types of American grasses: a study of the American species of grasses described by Linnaeus, Gronovius, Sloane, Swartz, and Michaux," is an important contribution to our knowledge of American grasses. It is regarded as of fundamental importance in the critical sys- tematic investigation of any group of plants that the identity of the species described by earlier authors be determined with certainty. Often this identification can be made only by examining the type specimen, the original description being inconclusive. Under the American code of botanical nomenclature, which has been followed by the author of this paper, "the nomenclatorial t}rpe of a species or subspecies is the specimen to which the describer originally applied the name in publication." The procedure indicated by the American code, namely, to appeal to the type specimen when the original description is insufficient to identify the species, has been much misunderstood by European botanists. It has been taken to mean, in the case of the Linnsean herbarium, for example, that a specimen in that herbarium bearing the same name as a species described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum must be taken as the type of that species regardless of all other considerations.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Fact Sheet for Annual Hairgrass (Deschampsia Danthonioides)
    Plant Fact Sheet ANNUAL HAIRGRASS Status Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Deschampsia danthonioides Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current (Trin.) Munro status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state Plant Symbol = DEDA noxious status, and wetland indicator values). Contributed by: USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Description and Adaptation Annual hairgrass is a fine textured, native, cool season Corvallis, Oregon grass with smooth, slender stems (culms) that are 10 to 60 cm tall. The form is upright to spreading, short, and somewhat tufted. The narrow leaf blades are hairless, rough on the edges, slightly in-rolled, 0.5 to 1.5 (2) mm wide, and 1 to 10 cm long. Flower heads (panicles) are open, 7 to 25 cm long, with ascending lower branches. Annual hairgrass occurs from near sea level at the coast to 8,000 feet in the Rocky Mountains. It is primarily found from Alaska south to Baja California and east to Montana and New Mexico; also the Northeast US and Chile. Key to identification: Annual hairgrass can be distinguished from slender hairgrass (Deschampsia elongata) and tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa) by its weaker root development, fewer leaves, and smaller stature. Without close inspection it may be confused with other annual grasses, such as annual fescues (Vulpia spp.). Both may occur in waste areas. Consult botanical keys for proper identification. Relative abundance in wild: While most common in the Photo by Dale Darris, USDA NRCS Corvallis PMC. Pacific Coast states, the species can still be hard to locate. However, it can occur in large stands, especially in vernal Alternative Names pools dominated by annuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Grasses Plant List
    Grasses Plant List California Botanical Name Common Name Water Use Native Aristida purpurea purple three-awn Very Low X Arundinaria gigantea cane reed Low Bothriochloa barbinodis cane bluestem Low X Bouteloua curtipendula sideoats grama Low X Bouteloua gracilis, cvs. blue grama Low X Briza media quaking grass Low Calamagrostis x acutiflora cvs., e.g. Karl feather reed grass Low Foerster Cortaderia selloana cvs. pampas grass Low Deschampsia cespitosa, cvs. tufted hairgrass Low X Distichlis spicata (marsh, reveg.) salt grass Very Low X Elymus condensatus, cvs. (Leymus giant wild rye Low X condensatus) Elymus triticoides (Leymus triticoides) creeping wild rye Low X Eragrostis elliottii 'Tallahassee Sunset' Elliott's lovegrass Low Eragrostis spectabilis purple love grass Low Festuca glauca blue fescue Low Festuca idahoensis, cvs. Idaho fescue Low X Festuca mairei Maire's fescue Low Helictotrichon sempervirens, cvs. blue oat grass Low Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow barley Very Low X Koeleria macrantha (cristata) June grass Low X Melica californica oniongrass Very Low X Melica imperfecta coast range onion grass Very Low X Melica torreyana Torrey's melic Very Low X Muhlenbergia capillaris, cvs. hairy awn muhly Low Muhlenbergia dubia pine muhly Low Muhlenbergia filipes purply muhly Low Muhlenbergia lindheimeri Lindheimer muhly Low Muhlenbergia pubescens soft muhly Low Muhlenbergia rigens deer grass Low X Nassella gigantea giant needle grass Low Panicum spp. panic grass Low Panicum virgatum, cvs. switch grass Low Pennisetum alopecuroides, cvs.
    [Show full text]
  • Elytrigia and Elymus (Agropyron)
    Plant Crib ELYTRIGIA AND ELYMUS (AGROPYRON) 1. General There are number of problems which can cause confusion in these genera, though the species are themselves usually quite distinct. i) Changes in nomenclature. The current names and recent synonymy are as follows: Elymus caninus (L.) L. (Agropyron caninum) Elytrigia atherica (Link) Kerguélen ex Carreras Mart. (Elymus pycnanthus; Agropyron pungens) Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski (Elymus farctus; Agropyron junciforme) Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski (Elymus repens; Agropyron repens) Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. (Elymus arenarius) ii) Plants with awns. Plants of Elytrigia repens with awns are quite common and tend to be recorded as Elymus caninus by the unwary (when the florets of the latter drop or are pulled off, the two glumes stay attached to the stem, but come off with the floret in Elytrigia repens). Elytrigia atherica may also have awns. iii) Both Elytrigia repens and E. atherica may grow on saltmarshes and adjacent banks, especially in the north, and are frequently confused by the unwary if it is assumed only the latter occurs on saltmarshes. iv) Hybrids may be locally frequent near the coast (e.g. E. ´ drucei seems to be much more common in Cumbria than E. atherica, which may not occur at all; Halliday 1997). When the jizz of the parents is known, hybrids can be picked out as intermediate from a few metres away. v) The hairs on the margins of the leaf sheaths may rub off late in the season. In the following rather unsatisfactory key (updated from Wigginton & Graham 1981) an attempt has been made to key out the hybrids, which as a rule have empty anthers.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Europe's Threatened Plants
    Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Suzanne Sharrock and Meirion Jones May 2009 Recommended citation: Sharrock, S. and Jones, M., 2009. Conserving Europe’s threatened plants: Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK ISBN 978-1-905164-30-1 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Acknowledgements The work of establishing a consolidated list of threatened Photo credits European plants was first initiated by Hugh Synge who developed the original database on which this report is based. All images are credited to BGCI with the exceptions of: We are most grateful to Hugh for providing this database to page 5, Nikos Krigas; page 8. Christophe Libert; page 10, BGCI and advising on further development of the list. The Pawel Kos; page 12 (upper), Nikos Krigas; page 14: James exacting task of inputting data from national Red Lists was Hitchmough; page 16 (lower), Jože Bavcon; page 17 (upper), carried out by Chris Cockel and without his dedicated work, the Nkos Krigas; page 20 (upper), Anca Sarbu; page 21, Nikos list would not have been completed. Thank you for your efforts Krigas; page 22 (upper) Simon Williams; page 22 (lower), RBG Chris. We are grateful to all the members of the European Kew; page 23 (upper), Jo Packet; page 23 (lower), Sandrine Botanic Gardens Consortium and other colleagues from Europe Godefroid; page 24 (upper) Jože Bavcon; page 24 (lower), Frank who provided essential advice, guidance and supplementary Scumacher; page 25 (upper) Michael Burkart; page 25, (lower) information on the species included in the database.
    [Show full text]
  • A Vegetation Map of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New
    ______________________________________________________________________________ A Vegetation Map of the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico ______________________________________________________________________________ A Vegetation Map of Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico 1 Esteban Muldavin, Paul Neville, Charlie Jackson, and Teri Neville2 2006 ______________________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY To support the management and sustainability of the ecosystems of the Valles Caldera National Preserve (VCNP), a map of current vegetation was developed. The map was based on aerial photography from 2000 and Landsat satellite imagery from 1999 and 2001, and was designed to serve natural resources management planning activities at an operational scale of 1:24,000. There are 20 map units distributed among forest, shrubland, grassland, and wetland ecosystems. Each map unit is defined in terms of a vegetation classification that was developed for the preserve based on 348 ground plots. An annotated legend is provided with details of vegetation composition, environment, and distribution of each unit in the preserve. Map sheets at 1:32,000 scale were produced, and a stand-alone geographic information system was constructed to house the digital version of the map. In addition, all supporting field data was compiled into a relational database for use by preserve managers. Cerro La Jarra in Valle Grande of the Valles Caldera National Preserve (Photo: E. Muldavin) 1 Final report submitted in April 4, 2006 in partial fulfillment of National Prak Service Award No. 1443-CA-1248- 01-001 and Valles Caldrea Trust Contract No. VCT-TO 0401. 2 Esteban Muldavin (Senior Ecologist), Charlie Jackson (Mapping Specialist), and Teri Neville (GIS Specialist) are with Natural Heritage New Mexico of the Museum of Southwestern Biology at the University of New Mexico (UNM); Paul Neville is with the Earth Data Analysis Center (EDAC) at UNM.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Maternal Genome Donor to Kengyilia Species Inferred from Chloroplast Trnl-F Sequences
    BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 53 (4): 759-763, 2009 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Different maternal genome donor to Kengyilia species inferred from chloroplast trnL-F sequences C. ZHANG1,2, X. FAN1, H.Q. YU1, L. ZHANG3, X.L. WANG3 and Y.H. ZHOU1,2* Triticeae Research Institute1, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement2, and College of Biology and Science3, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, P.R. China Abstract To reveal the maternal donor of species in genus Kengyilia, the chloroplast trnL-F sequences of 14 Kengyilia species and several related diploid species were analyzed by using Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods. The species in Kengyilia were clustered in different clades, which indicated that Agropyron (P) is the likely maternal genome donor to Kengyilia melanthera, K. mutica and K. thoroldiana, while the maternal donor to Kengyilia batalinii, K. nana, K. kokonorica, K. kaschgarica, K. hirsuta, K. alatavica, K. gobicola, K. zhaosuensis, K. rigidula, K. longiglumis and K. grandiglumis was St or Y Roegneria genome. Additional key words: Agropyron, cluster analysis, phylogeny, Roegneria, StYP genomes, Triticeae. ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Kengyilia Yen et J.L. Yang is a perennial genus in Triticeae reported that Pseudoroegneria is the maternal genome (Poaceae), with about thirty species worldwide. Morpho- donor to Elymus species based on trnL-F sequences. logically, species in Kengyilia are intermediate between The chloroplast genome is maternally inherited in species of Roegneria C. Koch and Agropyron Gaertn. grasses and provides a mechanism to determine the (Yen and Yang 1990, Cai and Zhi 1999) Cytologically, direction of hybridization in polyploid evolution (Jones these species are allohexaploid grasses with StYP et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Assessment Report on Agropyron Repens (L.) P. Beauv., Rhizoma
    07 July 2021 EMA/HMPC/113793/2021 Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) Assessment report on Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv., rhizoma Draft Based on Article 16d(1), Article 16f and Article 16h of Directive 2001/83/EC (traditional use) Herbal substance(s) (binomial scientific name of Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv., rhizoma the plant, including plant part) Herbal preparation(s) a) Comminuted herbal substance b) Liquid extract (DER 1:1), extraction solvent ethanol 20-25% V/V c) Tincture (ratio of herbal substance to extraction solvent 1:5), extraction solvent ethanol 40% V/V Pharmaceutical form(s) Comminuted herbal substance as herbal tea for oral use. Herbal preparations in liquid dosage forms for oral use. First assessment Rapporteur E Widy-Tyszkiewicz Revision Rapporteur W Dymowski Assessor A Parzonko Peer-reviewer H Pinto-Ferreira Note: This draft assessment report is published to support the public consultation of the draft European Union herbal monograph on Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv, rhizoma. It is a working document, not yet edited, and shall be further developed after the release for consultation of the monograph. Interested parties are welcome to submit comments to the HMPC secretariat, which will be taken into consideration but no ‘overview of comments received during the public consultation’ will be prepared on comments that will be received on this assessment report. The publication of this draft assessment report has been agreed to facilitate the understanding by Interested Parties of the assessment that has been carried out so far and led to the preparation of the draft monograph public statement. Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • Limiting Medusahead Invasion and Impacts in the Great Basin
    Number 2 • 2015 #850 Limiting Medusahead Invasion and Impacts in the Great Basin Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) is an exotic winter annual grass from Eurasia, and was first reported in Purpose: To provide managers with strategies to North America in the 1880s. It occurs across a broad range of reduce the spread and impact of medusahead. climatic and soil conditions. Medusahead can occur on sites receiving from 250 to 1000 mm (10-40 in) of precipitation. Medusahead is most problematic on fine-textured soils below In Brief: 1524 m (5000 ft), but can occur at higher elevations and on more coarse-textured, well-drained soils. • Medusahead invasions decrease biodiversity, degrade wildlife habitat, reduce livestock forage, It is critical to limit the spread and impact of medusahead increase the risk of frequent wildfires, and change invasion because it decreases biodiversity, degrades wild- how ecosystems function. life habitat, reduces livestock forage, increases the risk of frequent wildfires, and changes how ecosystems function • Seed dispersal occurs primarily via vehicles and (Young 1992; Davies and Svejcar 2008; Davies 2011). There animals. are three primary tactics to limiting medusahead invasion • Short-distance dispersal can be reduced by and subsequent negative impacts: 1) reduce seed dispersal, 2) applying selective herbicides, and planting maintain or increase plant community resistance to invasion, competitive vegetation (such as perennial and 3) use early detection and eradication of new infestations grasses) around infestations. in non-invaded areas. • Long-distance dispersal requires limiting contact Reducing Seed Dispersal with vectors, maintaining “weed-free” zones, and Most medusahead seeds only disperse a few meters (Davies controlling livestock rotations in infested areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Fe National Forest
    Chapter 1: Introduction In Ecological and Biological Diversity of National Forests in Region 3 Bruce Vander Lee, Ruth Smith, and Joanna Bate The Nature Conservancy EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We summarized existing regional-scale biological and ecological assessment information from Arizona and New Mexico for use in the development of Forest Plans for the eleven National Forests in USDA Forest Service Region 3 (Region 3). Under the current Planning Rule, Forest Plans are to be strategic documents focusing on ecological, economic, and social sustainability. In addition, Region 3 has identified restoration of the functionality of fire-adapted systems as a central priority to address forest health issues. Assessments were selected for inclusion in this report based on (1) relevance to Forest Planning needs with emphasis on the need to address ecosystem diversity and ecological sustainability, (2) suitability to address restoration of Region 3’s major vegetation systems, and (3) suitability to address ecological conditions at regional scales. We identified five assessments that addressed the distribution and current condition of ecological and biological diversity within Region 3. We summarized each of these assessments to highlight important ecological resources that exist on National Forests in Arizona and New Mexico: • Extent and distribution of potential natural vegetation types in Arizona and New Mexico • Distribution and condition of low-elevation grasslands in Arizona • Distribution of stream reaches with native fish occurrences in Arizona • Species richness and conservation status attributes for all species on National Forests in Arizona and New Mexico • Identification of priority areas for biodiversity conservation from Ecoregional Assessments from Arizona and New Mexico Analyses of available assessments were completed across all management jurisdictions for Arizona and New Mexico, providing a regional context to illustrate the biological and ecological importance of National Forests in Region 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017
    Broadleaf Woodoats (Chasmanthium latifolia) Introductory Grass Identification Workshop University of Houston Coastal Center 23 September 2017 1 Introduction This 5 hour workshop is an introduction to the identification of grasses using hands- on dissection of diverse species found within the Texas middle Gulf Coast region (although most have a distribution well into the state and beyond). By the allotted time period the student should have acquired enough knowledge to identify most grass species in Texas to at least the genus level. For the sake of brevity grass physiology and reproduction will not be discussed. Materials provided: Dried specimens of grass species for each student to dissect Jewelry loupe 30x pocket glass magnifier Battery-powered, flexible USB light Dissecting tweezer and needle Rigid white paper background Handout: - Grass Plant Morphology - Types of Grass Inflorescences - Taxonomic description and habitat of each dissected species. - Key to all grass species of Texas - References - Glossary Itinerary (subject to change) 0900: Introduction and house keeping 0905: Structure of the course 0910: Identification and use of grass dissection tools 0915- 1145: Basic structure of the grass Identification terms Dissection of grass samples 1145 – 1230: Lunch 1230 - 1345: Field trip of area and collection by each student of one fresh grass species to identify back in the classroom. 1345 - 1400: Conclusion and discussion 2 Grass Structure spikelet pedicel inflorescence rachis culm collar internode ------ leaf blade leaf sheath node crown fibrous roots 3 Grass shoot. The above ground structure of the grass. Root. The below ground portion of the main axis of the grass, without leaves, nodes or internodes, and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Analyses of the Genera Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub
    Pak. J. Bot., 46(3): 769-774, 2014. MOLECULAR ANALYSES OF THE GENERA EREMOPYRUM (LEDEB.) JAUB. & SPACH AND AGROPYRON GAERTNER (POACEAE) BY PCR METHODS REMZİYE YILMAZ1, EVREN CABİ2* AND MUSA DOGAN3 1Middle East Technical University, Central Laboratory, Molecular Biology & Biotechnology R&D Center, 06530, Ankara, Turkey 2Namık Kemal University, Department of Biology, 59030 Tekirdağ, Turkey, 3Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, 06530, Ankara-Turkey *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Ph: +90-282-2502670 Abstract RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Post PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Melting Curve Analysis (MCA) have been used to investigate the pattern of genetic variation among some species in the genera Eremopyrum (Ledeb.) Jaub. & Spach and Agropyron Gaertner (Poaceae). Thirteen primers have been used in the study based on the RAPD-PCR and MCA analyses. Each species produced a distinct pattern of DNA fragments which have been used as a measure of the degree of relationship between species by means of using the RAPD-PCR results with three primers selected for identifying the genetic similarities. Polymorphic melting profiles have been obtained with Post PCR MCA method using three primers. Genetic similarities are calculated for all the species studied with RAPD-PCR and MCA methods, the dendrograms are obtained with the MVSP (Multi Variate Statistical Package) software using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) and Jaccard’s Coefficient. Polymorphism between 18 populations of Eremopyrum and 6 Agropyron populations and within the species are determined by using RAPD-PCR and Post PCR melting curve analysis (MCA) respectively.
    [Show full text]