Structures of Settler Colonial Domination in Israel and in the United States
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Colony and Empire, Colonialism and Imperialism: a Meaningful Distinction?
Comparative Studies in Society and History 2021;63(2):280–309. 0010-4175/21 © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History doi:10.1017/S0010417521000050 Colony and Empire, Colonialism and Imperialism: A Meaningful Distinction? KRISHAN KUMAR University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA It is a mistaken notion that planting of colonies and extending of Empire are necessarily one and the same thing. ———Major John Cartwright, Ten Letters to the Public Advertiser, 20 March–14 April 1774 (in Koebner 1961: 200). There are two ways to conquer a country; the first is to subordinate the inhabitants and govern them directly or indirectly.… The second is to replace the former inhabitants with the conquering race. ———Alexis de Tocqueville (2001[1841]: 61). One can instinctively think of neo-colonialism but there is no such thing as neo-settler colonialism. ———Lorenzo Veracini (2010: 100). WHAT’ S IN A NAME? It is rare in popular usage to distinguish between imperialism and colonialism. They are treated for most intents and purposes as synonyms. The same is true of many scholarly accounts, which move freely between imperialism and colonialism without apparently feeling any discomfort or need to explain themselves. So, for instance, Dane Kennedy defines colonialism as “the imposition by foreign power of direct rule over another people” (2016: 1), which for most people would do very well as a definition of empire, or imperialism. Moreover, he comments that “decolonization did not necessarily Acknowledgments: This paper is a much-revised version of a presentation given many years ago at a seminar on empires organized by Patricia Crone, at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. -
A Special Kind of Exile by Alice Rothchild, M.D
Published by Americans for The Link Middle East Understanding, Inc. Volume 48, Issue 4 Link Archives: www.ameu.org September-October 2015 A Special Kind of Exile By Alice Rothchild, M.D. I once heard a speaker refer to those Jews who engage in critical activ- ism on Israel/Palestine as entering a “special kind of exile.” I started my life in a very traditional American Jewish place, but faced with the activism of the 1960s, Israel’s increasingly belligerent occupation of the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem, multiple hard- to-defend wars, and a growing awareness of “cross sectional” issues around racism, police brutality, militarism, and U.S. for- eign policy, I was forced to re-examine much that my family once held dear and to face the consequences of my actions. As an increasingly secular person, I also began to scrutinize the meaning of my Jewishness, the uncomfortable consequences of Zionism, and my per- sonal responsibilities in a world rife with contradiction, fear, and conflict. So how did that all happen and where am I now? (Continued on Page 2) The Link Page 2 AMEU Board (Continued from Page 1) of Directors About This A Special Kind of Exile Jane Adas (Vice President) Issue By Alice Rothchild Elizabeth D. Barlow Edward Dillon I first heard Dr. Rothchild The Jewish Story Rod Driver speak earlier this year at a confer- I was once on track to be a nice Jew- ence in Washington D.C. co- John Goelet ish girl, growing up in the small New sponsored by the Washington Re- David Grimland port on Middle East Affairs England town of Sharon, Massachusetts, Richard Hobson (Treasurer) (WRMEA) and the Institute for with liberal minded parents who fled the Anne R. -
Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?
CYPRUS CENTRE 2/2007 REPORT 2/2007 Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking? Shrinking? Cypriot Population Turkish Is the The demography of north Cyprus is one of the most contested issues related to the island’s division. In particular, the number of indigenous Turkish Cypriots and Turkish immigrants living in the north has long been a source of dispute, not only among the island’s diplomats and politicians but also among researchers and activists. Until recently, the political use of demog- raphy has hindered comprehensive study of the ethno-demographic make-up of the north, while at the same time making a thorough demographic study all the more imperative. The present report addresses this situation by providing an analysis of the results of the 2006 census of north Cyprus, comparing these fi gures with the results of the previous census. The report focuses mainly on identifying the percentage of the population of north Cyprus who are of Turkish-mainland origin and also possess Turkish Cypriot citizenship – an important factor given claims that such citizens play an signifi cant role in elections in the north. In addi- tion, the report examines the arrival dates of Turkish nationals in order to analyze patterns of migration. This, in turn, is indicative of the numbers of naturalized Turkish Cypriot citizens who have arrived in Cyprus as part of an offi cial policy. The report also presents estimates for Turkish Cypriot emigration to third countries, based on immigration and census fi gures from the two main host countries: the United Kingdom and Australia. Following analysis of these latter fi gures and the results of the 2006 census, it is argued that claims of massive emigration by Turkish Cypriots to third countries are largely misleading. -
A Unified Concept of Population Transfer
Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 21 Number 1 Fall Article 4 May 2020 A Unified Concept of opulationP Transfer Christopher M. Goebel Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation Christopher M. Goebel, A Unified Concept of Population Transfer, 21 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 29 (1992). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. A Unified Concept of Population Transfer CHRISTOPHER M. GOEBEL* Population transfer is an issue arising often in areas of ethnic ten- sion, from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Western Sahara, Tibet, Cyprus, and beyond. There are two forms of human population transfer: removals and settlements. Generally, commentators in interna- tional law have yet to discuss the two together as a single category of population transfer. In discussing the prospects for such a broad treat- ment, this article is a first to compare and contrast international law's application to removals and settlements. I. INTRODUCTION International attention is focusing on uprooted people, especially where there are tensions of ethnic proportions. The Red Cross spent a significant proportion of its budget aiding what it called "displaced peo- ple," removed en masse from their abodes. Ethnic cleansing, a term used by the Serbs, was a process of population transfer aimed at removing the non-Serbian population from large areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina.2 The large-scale Jewish settlements into the Israeli-occupied Arab territories continue to receive publicity. -
Island Studies Journal, Vol.7, No. 1, 2012, Pp. 19-48 of Hubs And
Island Studies Journal , Vol.7, No. 1, 2012, pp. 19-48 Of Hubs and Hinterlands: Cyprus as an Insular Space of Overlapping Diasporas Janine Teerling Sussex Centre for Migration Research University of Sussex United Kingdom [email protected] and Russell King Sussex Centre for Migration Research University of Sussex United Kingdom [email protected] ABSTRACT : This paper uses the metaphor of diasporic hubs and hinterlands to document and analyse the various diasporic formations that overlap and encounter each other on the divided island of Cyprus. After a review of the various ways that islands interface with migration processes and some essential historical and statistical background on Cyprus and its population, the paper considers a number of migrations/diasporas that are based on or affect the island. They include the emigration from the diasporic hub of Cyprus during the 1950s-1970s; return migration, both of the original emigrants and their descendants; the British military/colonial settlement of Cyprus; retirees and ‘lifestyle migrants’; and various categories of recent immigrants, for whom Cyprus is a diasporic hinterland. We draw both similarities and differences between migratory dynamics in the northern, Turkish Cypriot part of the island and the southern, Greek Cypriot part. In the final part of the paper we describe recent fieldwork on various spaces of inter-diasporic encounter in Cyprus. Keywords: Cyprus; diaspora; inter-migrant encounter; migration; partition; return migration. © 2012 Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada Introduction Fifty years ago, Lowenthal and Comitas (1962) wrote an intriguing paper in the Geographical Review on ‘neglected aspects’ of emigration and depopulation within the field of population geography. -
Counterpunch20030506 Roadmap to Nowhere by Kathleen Christison
CounterPunch20030506 Roadmap to Nowhere by Kathleen Christison The "roadmap" to peace between Israel and the Palestinians, finally released with little fanfare or enthusiasm on May 1 after almost a year of aimless wandering , is surely doomed. Near fatal internal flaws and severe political constraints on its implementation render it a roadmap to nowhere, destined for the same junk yard where the Mitchell Plan, the Tenet Plan, and the Zinni Plan have rusted for the two years of the Bush-Sharon stewardship over the so-called "peace process." The roadmap, first drafted in the fall of 2002, is the joint product of the Quartet, the informal diplomatic combo made up of Colin Powell for the U.S., Kofi Annan for the UN, Javier Solana for the EU, and Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov for Russia. Further refined last December, the roadmap calls for a first phase, to last through May this year, in which Palestinians unconditionally cease all violence and institute political reforms, appoint a prime minister, draft a constitution, and hold elections, while Israel withdraws from areas occupied since the beginning of the intifada in September 2000, dismantles settlements built since March 2001 (since Ariel Sharon took office), and freezes all other settlement activity. Needless to say, even if the deadline for this phase were not now a mere three weeks away, there would be little hope of accomplishing these substantial goals in the near future. In the second phase, from June through December 2003, the Quartet is to call an international conference to launch a negotiating process leading to establishment of an "independent Palestinian state with provisional borders and attributes of sovereignty." The third and final phase, involving a second international conference, envisions an end to Israel’s occupation and establishment of an "independent, democratic and viable Palestine" at some undefined point in 2005. -
Farewell, Fig Leaf
Published by Americans for The Link Middle East Understanding, Inc. Volume 46, Issue 5 Link Archives: www.ameu.org November-December, 2013 BY PAMELA OLSON hat can one conclude when by the Palestinian leadership but also by a “peace process” goes on the entire Arab world, namely: Israeli Wfor two decades without withdrawal from the territories occupied any resolution? since 1967 and a fair, negotiated solution to the issue of Palestinian refugees driven Perhaps the conflict is so intractable from their homes in 1947-49. that even people of good will cannot bridge the divides. Or maybe the conflict As we’llsee, though, the “peace proc- can be resolved, but the interlocutors ess” was designed from the beginning aren’tgood at diplomacy. (Israeli spokes- not to bring about this resolution but to people are fond of complaining they have prevent it. The process works to prolong “no partner for peace”on the Palestinian a status quo that favors a more powerful side.) over a weaker side, with an utterly biased referee posing as an “honest broker.” In fact, the parameters of solving the Israeli/Palestinian conflict are fairly What does such a process look like, straightforward, based on international how did it come about, and what can be law, and generous to Israelis (who would done to change current disastrous trends? receive 78% of the land under discus- sion). And they are agreed upon not only (Continued on Page 2.) The Link Page 2 AMEU Board (Continued from Page 1.) of Directors About This Jane Adas (Vice President) Issue The Sad Truth Elizabeth D. -
The Presbyterian Church and Zionism Unsettled: Its Antecedents, and Its Antisemitic Legacy
religions Article The Presbyterian Church and Zionism Unsettled: Its Antecedents, and Its Antisemitic Legacy Cary Nelson English Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; [email protected] Received: 30 May 2019; Accepted: 20 June 2019; Published: 22 June 2019 Abstract: The new millennium has seen increased hostility to Israel among many progressive constituencies, including several mainline Protestant churches. The evangelical community in the US remains steadfastly Zionist, so overall support for financial aid to Israel remain secure. But the cultural impact of accusations that Israel is a settler colonialist or apartheid regime are nonetheless serious; they are proving sufficient to make support for the Jewish state a political issue for the first time in many decades. Despite a general movement in emphasis from theology to politics in church debate, there remain theological issues at the center of church discussion. The Protestant church with the longest running and most well-funded anti-Zionist constituency is the Presbyterian church in the US. In the last decade, its Israel/Palestine Mission Network (IPMN) has produced several increasingly anti-Zionist books designed to propel divestment resolutions in the church’s annual meeting. The most widely debated of these was 2014’s Zionism Unsettled: A Congregational Study Guide. This essay mounts a detailed analysis and critique of the book which documents the IPMN’s steady movement toward antisemitic positions. Among the theological issues underlying debate in Protestant denominations are the status of the divine covenant with the Jewish people, the role that the gift of land has as part of that covenant, and the nature of the characterization of the Jews as a “chosen people”. -
The 13Th Annual ISNA-CISNA Education Forum Welcomes You!
13th Annual ISNA Education Forum April 6th -8th, 2011 The 13th Annual ISNA-CISNA Education Forum Welcomes You! The ISNA-CISNA Education Forum, which has fostered professional growth and development and provided support to many Islamic schools, is celebrating its 13-year milestone this April. We have seen accredited schools sprout from grassroots efforts across North America; and we credit Allah, subhanna wa ta‘alla, for empowering the many men and women who have made the dreams for our schools a reality. Today the United States is home to over one thousand weekend Islamic schools and several hundred full-time Islamic schools. Having survived the initial challenge of galvanizing community support to form a school, Islamic schools are now attempting to find the most effective means to build curriculum and programs that will strengthen the Islamic faith and academic excellence of their students. These schools continue to build quality on every level to enable their students to succeed in a competitive and increasingly multicultural and interdependent world. The ISNA Education Forum has striven to be a major platform for this critical endeavor from its inception. The Annual Education Forum has been influential in supporting Islamic schools and Muslim communities to carry out various activities such as developing weekend schools; refining Qur‘anic/Arabic/Islamic Studies instruction; attaining accreditation; improving board structures and policies; and implementing training programs for principals, administrators, and teachers. Thus, the significance of the forum lies in uniting our community in working towards a common goal for our youth. Specific Goals 1. Provide sessions based on attendees‘ needs, determined by surveys. -
H-Diplo Review Essay
2015 H-Diplo H-Diplo Essay Editors: Thomas Maddux and Diane H-Diplo Essay No. 133 Labrosse An H-Diplo State of the Field Essay H-Diplo Web and Production Editor: George Fujii Published on 10 September 2015 Commissioned for H-Diplo by Diane Labrosse “Empire and the Early Republic.” URL: http://tiny.cc/E133 Essay by Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University art of the globalization of U.S. history has meant rethinking exceptionalist narratives of the American past, including those of the Revolution and the Early P Republic that focused on the rejection of empire and those that have set 1898 as the start date for the ‘imperial era’ of American history. Increasingly, historians of the Early Republic have questioned this characterization of their period of study and that chronology of American empire and imperialism. In fact, it almost seems that empire has become something of a trend in early nineteenth-century American history. Prize committees, dissertations, conference panels, books, and articles all reveal historians of the nineteenth century to be in an empire state of mind. Empire is more than just a buzzword, though. The historians working on the theme of empire in the early nineteenth century have helped to shift our understanding of early American history while contributing to important discussions of the shape, chronology, and form of American imperialism and empire. These are important questions, not least because the questions of whether the United States is or was an empire and, if so, of what sort continue to haunt not only our history but our present politics. -
The Ecological Impacts of Settler Colonialism in the American
Running Head: Co-Colonizing Co-Colonizing: The Ecological Impacts of Settler Colonialism in the American Supercontinent Nicolás Cruz Seattle University March 2018 Biology Senior Synthesis Advisor: Mark Jordan, Ph.D Co-Colonizing 2 Abstract Environmental historians and ecologists have long sought to document the changes to the natural ecosystems of the Americas since colonization by Europeans beginning in the 15th century. They have developed theories for understanding how ecosystems have been altered, through introduction of nonnative species or human intervention. This has led to the study of invasive species, the mechanics of invasion, and the impacts of biotic homogenization. This paper seeks to contextualize the ecological degradation within the coinciding structure and historical development of settler colonialism as well as investigate the ways that the colonization of the Americas has impacted its biomes and the Indigenous peoples that inhabit them as well as begin to theorize a decolonial ethic by which to guide ecological study. It draws from both the emerging fields of invasion ecology and conservation biology as well as on the transdisciplinary work of Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars of settler colonial studies, anthropology, and history to envision an ecology of invasion that considers the ecological and sociocultural aspects of colonization and Indigenous sovereignty. Co-Colonizing 3 Acknowledgements This paper has been a veritable synthesis of the many concepts and frameworks I have learned in my time as a student of both sociology and biology at Seattle University. My appreciation goes to my senior research advisor, Mark Jordan, for taking a big unwieldy idea and distilling it down to a more cohesive contribution to ecology, and for having the unique challenge of letting sociology into the field of biology. -
Against Our Better Judgment: the Hidden History of How the U.S. Was
Against Our Better Judgment The hidden history of how the U.S. was used to create Israel ALISON WEIR Copyright © 2014 Alison Weir All rights reserved. DEDICATION To Laila, Sarah, and Peter CONTENTS Aknowledgments Preface Chapter One: How the U.S. “Special Relationship” with Israel came about Chapter Two: The beginnings Chapter Three: Louis Brandeis, Zionism, and the “Parushim” Chapter Four: World War I & the Balfour Declaration Chapter Five: Paris Peace Conference 1919: Zionists defeat calls for self- determination Chapter Six: Forging an “ingathering” of all Jews Chapter Seven: The modern Israel Lobby is born Chapter Eight: Zionist Colonization Efforts in Palestine Chapter Nine: Truman Accedes to Pro-Israel Lobby Chapter Ten: Pro-Israel Pressure on General Assembly Members Chapter Eleven: Massacres and the Conquest of Palestine Chapter Twelve: U.S. front groups for Zionist militarism Chapter Thirteen: Infiltrating displaced person’s camps in Europe to funnel people to Palestine Chapter Fourteen: Palestinian refugees Chapter Fifteen: Zionist influence in the media Chapter Sixteen: Dorothy Thompson, played by Katharine Hepburn & Lauren Bacall Works Cited Further Reading Endnotes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am extremely grateful to Katy, who plowed through my piles of obscure books and beyond to check it; to Sarah, whose design so enhanced it; to Monica, whose splendid work kept things together; and to the special, encouraging friends (you know who you are) who have made this all possible. Above all, I am profoundly grateful to the authors and editors who have produced superb work on this issue for so many years, many receiving little personal gain despite the excellence and dedication of their labors.