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Optical Wireless Communication Channel Measurements and Models Ahmed Al-Kinani, Cheng-Xiang Wang , Fellow, IEEE,Lizhou , and Wensheng Zhang , Member, IEEE

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Optical Wireless Communication Channel Measurements and Models Ahmed Al-Kinani, Cheng-Xiang Wang , Fellow, IEEE,Lizhou , and Wensheng Zhang , Member, IEEE IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 20, NO. 3, THIRD QUARTER 2018 1939 Optical Wireless Communication Channel Measurements and Models Ahmed Al-Kinani, Cheng-Xiang Wang , Fellow, IEEE,LiZhou , and Wensheng Zhang , Member, IEEE Abstract—Optical wireless communications (OWCs) refer to high capacity and high data rates required by new wire- wireless communication technologies which utilize optical car- less applications. Therefore, researchers have been focusing riers in infrared, visible light, or ultraviolet bands of electro- on the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems magnetic spectrum. For the sake of an OWC link design and performance evaluation, a comprehensive understanding and an that are expected to be deployed around 2020 [1]. Various accurate prediction of link behavior are indispensable. Therefore, potential promising technologies for 5G systems have been accurate and efficient channel models are crucial for the OWC suggested, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output link design. This paper first provides a brief history of OWCs. (MIMO) [2], cell densification, cognitive radio networks, and It also considers OWC channel scenarios and their utilization millimeter wave (mmWave) communications [3], [4]. Further trade-off in terms of optical carrier, range, mobility, and power efficiency. Furthermore, the main optical channel characteris- shifting beyond mmWave frequencies, there is about 0.3 – tics that affect the OWC link performance are investigated. A 30000 THz of bandwidth that does not fall under the federal comprehensive overview of the most important OWCs channel communications commission (FCC) regulations called optical measurement campaigns and channel models, primarily for wire- spectrum [5]. Wireless communications in optical window is less infrared communications and visible light communications, called optical wireless communications (OWCs). OWCs uti- are presented. OWCs channel models are further compared in terms of computation speed, complexity, and accuracy. The sur- lize three different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum vey considers indoor, outdoor, underground, and underwater (EM), i.e., infrared (IR), visible light, and ultraviolet (UV). communication environments. Finally, future research directions The optical spectrum window is illustrated in Fig. 1. Wireless in OWCs channel measurements and models are addressed. infrared communication (WIRC) systems utilize the near- Index Terms—Wireless infrared communications, visible light infrared (NIR) portion (IR-A) which occupies wavelengths communications, optical wireless channel characteristics, optical from 780 nm to 1400 nm of the entire IR wavelength range wireless channel measurements, optical wireless channel models. (780 –106 nm). IR-A extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum. Originally, IR-A was targeted for short-range I. INTRODUCTION wireless communications. IR-B (1400 – 3000 nm) is used ADIO frequency (RF) wireless systems designers have mainly for long distance communications either guided (opti- been facing the continuously increasing demand for cal fibre) or free space optical communications. While, IR-C R portion (3000 – 106 nm), which is also called thermal imag- Manuscript received June 6, 2017; revised January 19, 2018; accepted ing region, has been extensively used for military applications April 15, 2018. Date of publication May 18, 2018; date of current ver- such as missiles homing and civilian purposes such as remote sion August 21, 2018. This work was supported in part by the EU H2020 RISE TESTBED under Project 734325, in part by the EU H2020 ITN temperature sensing. Visible light communications (VLCs) use 5G Wireless under Project 641985, in part by the EU FP7 QUICK under the entire visible light wavelength region (380 – 780 nm). Project PIRSES-GA-2013-612652, in part by the Science and Technology Wireless ultraviolet communications (WUVCs) employ UV-C Project of Guangzhou under Grant 201704030105, in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province under Grant (200 – 280 nm, the deep UV) segment of the entire UV wave- 2016GGX101014, in part by the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong length range (10 – 380 nm) [6], [7]. Furthermore, UV-A and University under Grant 2017JC029, and in part by the Ministry of Higher UV-B are suitable for a wide range of applications including Education and Scientific Research of Iraq under Grant 790. (Corresponding author: Cheng-Xiang Wang.) commercial, military, medicine, and dentistry applications [8]. A. Al-Kinani was with the Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, The last part of the UV spectrum called extreme ultraviolet School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, (EUV). This range of wavelengths is absorbed almost com- Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K. He is now with the Technical Affairs Department, Iraqi Ministry of Communications, Baghdad 10013, Iraq (e-mail: pletely by the earth’s atmosphere [9]. Therefore EUV requiring [email protected]). high vacuum for transmission. C.-X. Wang is with the Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Looking back into history, OWCs predate RF techniques Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China, and also with the Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical by many centuries. Each nation had its own way of using Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K. (e-mail: fire signals to warn possible invasion or announce victory. [email protected]). About 800 BC, ancient Greeks and Romans used fire bea- L. Zhou is with the School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China (e-mail: [email protected]). cons in order to guide ships toward the mainland. In 1880, W. Zhang is with the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of a light based telephone called photophone was innovated by Wireless Communication Technologies, School of Information Science Alexander Graham Bell to send and receive sound clearly and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China (e-mail: [email protected]). over sunlight via unguided channel for a distance of some Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/COMST.2018.2838096 213 m, and shorter ranges were covered using various lamps 1553-877X c 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. 1940 IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 20, NO. 3, THIRD QUARTER 2018 The very latest UV LEDs-based communication test-bed was reported in [18]. The setup can reliably deliver a data rate of 2.4 kbps for a vertically pointing transmitter and receiver of 11 m separation. Rapid development in compound semicon- ductor design and fabrication of LEDs, photodiodes (PDs), and filters, has inspired recent research and development in the OWC technology. Since IR, visible light, and UV bands exhibit differ- ent optical properties, the propagation characteristics of the optical channel between the optical transmitter or source (OTx) and the optical receiver (ORx), are therefore differ- Fig. 1. The optical spectrum. ent. Consequently, an accurate propagation channel model is indispensable to design an accurate and an efficient OWC system. In the literature, many survey papers have been pub- as a light source. Photophone was considered as the first VLC lished in terms of channel measurements and models in IR device [10]. For military purposes, German Army introduced and UV bands, while very few in the visible light band. IR photophones in 1935. The light source was a tungsten The previous work considered each band individually such filament lamp combined with an IR transmitting filter. IR as [7], [11], [19], and [20]–[22] or in a specific environment photophones succeeded in communicating over a range of as in [23]–[25]. This motivates the need to present a compre- 3 km at daylight and a clear weather [11]. In 1955, Rubin hensive survey of optical wireless channel measurements and Braunstein, from the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), models that conducted in IR and visible light bands consid- reported IR emission from a simple diode structured from ering different environments, i.e., indoor, outdoor, underwater gallium arsenide (GaAs). Two years later, in 1957, Braunstein and underground. further demonstrated that such a diode can be used for WIRCs The rest of the survey is organized as follows. Section II through sending an audio signal to be detected by a lead sul- providing an overview of WIRCs, VLCs, and WUVCs tech- fide (PbS) diode some distance away [12]. In 1962, Texas nologies in terms of evolution and growth. In Section III, instruments (TI) manufactured the first commercial infrared various scenarios of OWCs links are presented and the trade- light-emitting diode (IRED) product, which was structured off between their features is thoroughly explained. OWCs from GaAs compound with emission in the 900 nm wave- channels’ characteristics have been detailed in Section IV.An length range [13]. By the fall of 1962, groups at IBM research overview of measurement campaigns and the state-of-the-art laboratory, MIT Lincoln laboratory, and general electric (GE) of indoor OWCs channel models are presented in Section V. succeeded in demonstrating IR laser diode (LD) [14]. During Outdoor OWCs channel models and measurement efforts the same year, unlike others in RCA, Nick Holonyak chose are introduced in Section VI. In Section VII, Underwater gallium arsenide
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