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ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA Vol. 26, 2017 Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera) records from Southwestern Turkey Demir Emine Düzce University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Field Crops http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.16516 Copyright © 2018 Emine Demir To cite this article: Demir, E. (2018). Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera) records from Southwestern Turkey. ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA, 26(2), 17-28. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.16516 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 12/12/2018 13:31:19 | ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 26 (2017): 17-28 Received 7 April 2017 Accepted 05 December 2017 Available online 31 January 2018 Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera) records from Southwestern Turkey EΜΙΝΕ DEMIR Düzce University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Field Crops, 81620 Konuralp/Düzce, Turkey ABSTRACT In the present study Fulgoromorph species collected from Gevne Valley and the surroundings located in southwest of Turkey were evaluated faunistically, ecologically and zoogeographically. In the surveys 43 species were identified to belong to 27 genera and 9 families. Herein, new records for the Mediterranean (4 species) and Central Anatolia (5 species) regions are reported. The species identified in the study area belong to 14 different zoogeographical elements of endemism and the endemism ratio of the area is 23.3%. Issidae is the most dominant family in the area since 74.0% of the specimens collected belong to this family. KEY WORDS: ecological assessment, endemism, faunistic assessment, zoogeographical assessment. Introduction studies and identified species new to science. Faunistic records from Turkey belonging to According to the current literature, Fulguromorpha were previously given by Turkey Fulgoromorpha fauna is represented Stål (1861), Bergevin (1918), Horvath by 219 species belonging to 12 families. (1905), Melichar (1914), Gnezdilov (2002, The surveyed area is located in the 2004), Gnezdilov and Mazzoni (2004), southwest part of Turkey including Gevne Gnezdilov and Drosopoulos (2005), Valley and its surrounding area (including Gnezdilov et al. (2004), Gnezdilov and Geyik Mountain, Ak Mountain, Yıldız Wilson (2007) and Demir (2008). In the Mountain and Seytan Mountain). It is in following years, Gnezdilov (2008, 2010, Antalya of the Mediterranean Region 2011, 2016), Demir (2009), Demir and (Antalya part: Burdur, Isparta, Antalya Demirsoy (2009), Kartal and Dursun (2009), Province) and Konya part of the Central Kartal and Miroğlu (2009), Kartal and Anatolian Region (Konya part: Konya, Karavin (2010), Yılmaz et al. (2009), Önder Aksaray, Karaman provinces) and located in et al. (2011), Koçak and Kemal (2012), the northeastern part of Antalya province Tezcan et al. (2013), Gnezdilov et al. and on the southwestern part of Konya (2014), Demirel and Hasbenli (2015), Asche province. It lies between 31º 30'- 32º 45' east (2015), Dursun and Fent (2016) gave latitudes and 37º 30'- 36º 30'. Fulgoromorpha records from Turkey in their In the study area, a total of 86 species are known, 69 from Antalya and 18 from Konya *Corresponding author: [email protected] http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 12/12/2018 13:31:19 | 18 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 26 (2017): 17-28 (Demir 2008). Although the Fulgoromorpha Fulgoromorpha Lists on the Web (Bourgoin suborder has a large number of species, the 2017). number of species in Turkey has not yet Results and Discussion been sufficiently explored. The aim of the current study was to Order: HEMIPTERA increase our awareness of the Turkish Suborder: FULGOROMORPHA Fulgoromorpha fauna. To achieve this, a Family: CIXIIDAE detailed work has been carried out in a large Subfamily: CIXIINAE area in the southwest part of Turkey. Tribe: CIXIINI Cixius (Ceratocixius) simplex (Herrich- Materials and Methods Schaeffer, 1835) Material examined: Antalya: Alanya, A field expedition was carried out in the Çayrası-Sarımut, 36.38 N, 32.23 E, 1110 m, study area from April to August of 2006, 11.06.2008, 1♂, on Tamarix. Chorotype: 2007 and 2008. Planthopper specimens were European or W-Palaearctic. collected by swept net from plants of the study area in daytime and then, were Tachycixius creticus Dlabola, 1974 Material examined: Konya: Bozkır, sampled with an aspirator. Additionally, Yalnızca, 37.08 N, 32.15 E, 1460 m, sampling was conducted with an aspirator 13.06.2007, 1♂ on herbaceous plants. through the plants while specimens had been Chorotype: E-Mediterranean (Aegean). also collected on plants by hand capture. During the night, light trapping was used. Tribe: PENTASTIRINI The specimens from the trap were collected Subtribe: PENTASTIRINA with an aspirator. Eumecurus gyaurus (Dlabola, 1957) All the collected specimens were Material examined: Antalya: Akseki- transferred into ethyl acetate jars and Gündoğmuş, 36.46 N, 39.46 E, 460 m, numbered on standard insect envelopes. The 11.07.2007, 1♀, on maquis. Chorotype: specimens were classified in the laboratory Anatolian. and prepared according to standard museum practice for identification. The location from Pentastira superans Logvinenko, 1976 which specimens were collected and the Material examined: Konya: Hadim-Bozkır, altitude from sea level as well as collection Korualan, 36.59 N, 32.21 E, 1489 m, date were recorded together with the GPS 19.07.2006, 2♂, on Quercus. Chorotype: coordinates. SW-Asiatic (Caucaso-Anatolian). The species identification was based on Reptalus (Reptalus) melanochaetus the keys of Zachvatkin (1946), Dlabola (Fieber, 1876) Material examined: (1957, 1981), Linnavuori (1965), Asche Antalya: Akseki-Gündoğmuş, 36.46 N, (1982), Kartal (1986, 1987), Kalkandelen 39.46 E, 460 m, 11.07.2007, 1♂, on maquis. (1987-2000) and Gnezdilov et al. (2014). Chorotype: European. The chorotype of the identified species was defined by using the following studies: Reptalus oleae Dlabola, 1987 Palearctic region lists by Nast (Nast 1972, Material examined: Antalya: İbradı, 37.07 1982, 1987), Fulgoromorpha section in the N, 31.34 E, 1190 m, 10.06.2008, 1♂1♀, on European fauna website (Hoch 2013) and Verbascum; Konya: Beyreli-Taşkent, 36.53 www.entsoc.gr © 2017 Hellenic Entomological Society http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 12/12/2018 13:31:19 | DEMIR: Fulgoromorpha records from Turkey 19 N, 32.22 E, 1961 m, 17.07.2006, 1♂, on Chorotype: Palaearctic + Afro-tropical + herbaceous plants. Chorotype: Anatolian. Oriental. Reptalus (Reptalus) horridus (Linnavuori, 1962) Muirodelphax aubei (Perris, 1857) Material examined: Konya: Taşkent- Material examined: Konya: Seydişehir, Alanya, Gevne, 1298 m, 09.07.2007, 1♂, on Fasıllar, 37.38 N, 31.56 E, 1215 m, Quercus; Taşkent, 36.57 N, 32.28 E, 1610 13.05.2006, 1♀ on herbaceous Chorotype: m, 19.07.2006, 1♂1♀ on Quercus; Palaearctic. Seydişehir, Tepearası, 37.29 N, 31.408 E, Toya propinqua (Fieber, 1866) 1522 m, 20.07.2006, 3♀ on Quercus. Material examined: Antalya: Alanya, Chorotype: E-Mediterranean. Sarımut, 36.38 N, 32.23 E, 1114 m, 24.08.2006, 2♂4♀ on light trap. Hyalesthes hani Hoch, 1985 Chorotype: Holarctic + Ethiopian + Material examined: Antalya: Akseki, 36.57 Oriental or subcosmopolitan. N, 31.45 E, 681 m, 11.07.2007, 1♂1♀ on Vitex agnus-castus. Chorotype: E- Javasella (Javasella) dubia (Kirschbaum, Mediterranean (Palaestino-Taurian). 1868) Material examined: Antalya: Alanya, Sarımut, 36.38 N, 32.23 E, 1114 m, Hyalesthes mlokosiewiczi Signoret, 1879 24.08.2006, 1♂ on light trap. Chorotype: Material examined: Konya: Hadim-Bozkır, W-Palaearctic. 36.58 N, 32.24 E, 1650 m, 12.06.2008, 2♀ on herbaceous plants. Chorotype: Turano- Dicranotropis (Leimonodite) beckeri Mediterranean (Turano-Anatolian). Fieber 1866 Material examined: Konya: Hadim- Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret, 1865 Beyreli, 36.56 N, 32.23 E, 1866 M, Material examined: Konya: Bozkır- 13.06.2007, 1♀ on herbaceous. Chorotype: Korualan, 37.01 N, 32.194 E, 1315 m, Palaearctic. 10.07.2007, 9♂3♀ on herbaceous plants. Chorotype: Palaearctic. Family: MEENOPLIDAE Meenoplus albosignatus Fieber, 1866 Family: DELPHACIDAE Material examined: Antalya: Akseki- Subfamily: DELPHACINAE Gündoğmuş, 36.46 N, 39.46 E, 460 m, Tribe: DELPHACINI 11.07.2007, 1 ♀, on maqius; Konya: Eurybregma nigrolineata Scott, 1875 Seydişehir, Fasıllar, 37.38 N, 31.56 E, 1215 m, 13.05.2006, 2♂2♀. Chorotype: Turano- Material examined: Konya: Hadim- European (Ponto-Pannonian). Beyreli, 36.56 N, 32.23 E, 1866 m, 13.06.2007, 1♀; Derebucak, 37.22 N, 31.29 Family: DERBIDAE E, 1222 m, 10.06.2008, 1♀ on herbaceous Subfamily: CEDUSINAE plants. Chorotype: European. Tribe: CEDUSINI Subtribe: CEDUSINA Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen, 1826) Malenia bosnica (Horvath, 1907) Material examined: Konya: Taşkent, Afşar, Material examined: Konya: Huğlu, 37.28 Feslikan Yaylası, 36.51 N, 32.31 E, 1726 m, N, 31.37 E, 1404 m, 11.07.2007, 2♂3♀, on 17.07.2006, 1♀ on herbaceous; Afşar, light trap. Chorotype: Turano-European. Çamdibi, 36.53 N, 32.32 E, 1509 m, 17.07.2006, 1♀ on herbaceous; Bozkır- Family: ACHILIDAE Korualan, 37.01 N, 32.194 E, 1315 m, Subfamily: ACHILINAE 10.07.2007, 1♀ on herbaceous plants. Tribe: ACHILINI Subtribe: CIXIDIINA www.entsoc.gr © 2017 Hellenic Entomological Society http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 12/12/2018 13:31:19 | 20 ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 26 (2017): 17-28 Cixidia (Epiptera) mersinica (Dlabola, 1987) 10.06.2008, 1♂ on Quercus; Dikmetaş, Material examined: Konya: Taşkent- 36.36 N, 32.25 E, 1109 m, 11.06.2008, 1♂ Alanya, Gevne, 1298 m, 09.07.2007, 3♀ on on herbaceous plants under Quercus. Quercus. Chorotype: Anatolian. Chorotype: Anatolian. Family: DICTYOPHARIDAE Nymphorgerius (Isocurus) cyprius Subfamily: DICTYOPHARINAE (Lindberg, 1948) Tribe: DICTYOPHARINI Material examined: Konya: Taşkent, Afşar, Callodictya krueperi (Fieber, 1876) Akçapınar, 36.52 N, 32.34 E, 1664 m, Material examined: Antalya: Akseki- 18.07.2006, 4♂3♀ on light trap; Seydişehir, Gündoğmuş, 36.46 N, 39.46 E, 460 M, Fasıllar, 37.38 N, 31.56 E, 1215 m, 11.07.2007, 8♂8♀ on Quercus; Konya: 13.05.2006, 1♀ on herbaceous; Taşkent- Taşkent-Alanya, Gevne, 36.46 N, 32.27 E, Alanya, Gevne, 36.46 N, 32.27 E, 1482 m, 1482 m, 24.08.2006, 1♂ on Quercus.
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    GigaScience, 6, 2017, 1–12 doi: 10.1093/gigascience/gix109 Advance Access Publication Date: 10 November 2017 Data Note DATA NOTE Genome sequence of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus Junjie Zhu1,4,†,FengJiang2,†, Xianhui Wang1, Pengcheng Yang2, Yanyuan Bao 3, Wan Zhao1,WeiWang1, Hong Lu1, Qianshuo Wang1,NaCui1, Jing Li1, Xiaofang Chen1, Lan Luo1,JintingYu1, Le Kang1,2,∗ and Feng Cui1,∗ 1State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, 2Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, 3State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China and 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ∗Correspondence address. Dr. Feng Cui, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Tel: +86-10-64807218; Fax: 86-10-64807099; E-mail: [email protected]; Dr. Le Kang, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Tel: +86-10-64807219; Fax: 86-10-64807099; E-mail: [email protected] †Equal contribution Abstract Background: Laodelphax striatellus Fallen´ (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is one of the most destructive rice pests. L. striatellus is different from 2 other rice planthoppers with a released genome sequence, Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens,inmany biological characteristics, such as host range, dispersal capacity, and vectoring plant viruses. Deciphering the genome of L.
  • Afşar (Taşkent K-Kd’ Su, Konya) Te Ktono-Stratigrafisi

    Afşar (Taşkent K-Kd’ Su, Konya) Te Ktono-Stratigrafisi

    ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ T urgut AKSU G ÜLPINAR - AFŞAR (TAŞKENT K-KD’ SU, KONYA) TE KTONO-STRATİGRAFİSİ JEOLOJİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI ADANA, 2009 ÖZ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ GÜLPINAR – AFŞAR (TAŞKENT K-KD’ SU–KONYA) TEKTONO-STRATİGRAFİSİ Turgut AKSU ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ JEOLOJİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI Danışman : Prof. Dr. Cavit DEMİRKOL Yıl : 2009, Sayfa :75 Juri : Prof. Dr. Cavit DEMİRKOL Prof. Dr. Ulvi Can ÜNLÜGENÇ Doç. Dr. Erol ÖZER İnceleme alanı Orta Toroslar’ın bir kısım jeolojik özelliklerini sunmaktadır. Geyik Dağı, Aladağ, Bolkar Dağı ve Bozkır birlikleri; stratigrafik, yapısal ve metamorfizma özellikleri açısından farklı ortam koşullarını yansıtan birlikler yer almaktadır. Bu birlikler birbirleriyle tektonik dokanak ilişkisi içersindedirler. İnceleme alanınında allokton konumlu olan Aladağ ve Bolkar Dağı birlikleri, Geç Devoniyen-Geç Kretase aralığında çökelmiştir. Başlıca şelf tipi karbonat ve kırıntılı kaya birimleriyle Senoniyen yaşlı olistolit ve olistostromal yapılışlı denizel kırıntılılardan oluşmaktadır. Bu birimler inceleme alanının kuzeyinde Toroslar’ın tabanında yer alan göreceli otokton Geyik dağı birliğine ait olan Lütesiyen yaşlı denizel kırıntılıların üzerinde yatay naplar halinde yer almaktadırlar. Birbirleriyle sedimantolojik açıdan benzerlik gösteren bu tektonik birlikler; stratigrafi, metamorfizma ve yapısal özellikleri açısından farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bozkır Birliği, Triyas-Kretase zaman aralığındaki kayaçları kapsamaktadır. Bu birlik
  • A Review of the Systematics of Hawaiian Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)L

    A Review of the Systematics of Hawaiian Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)L

    Pacific Science (1997), vol. 51, no. 4: 366-376 © 1997 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved A Review of the Systematics of Hawaiian Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)l MANFRED ASCHE2 ABSTRACT: With 206 endemic species, the phytophagous Fulgoroidea, or planthop­ pers, are among the most important elements of the native Hawaiian fauna. These principally monophagous or oligophagous insects occur in nearly all Hawaiian terrestrial ecosystems. Species of two of the 18 planthopper families occurring worldwide have successfully colonized and subsequently radiated in Hawai'i. Based on collections made mainly by Perkins, Kirkaldy, Muir, Giffard, and Swezey, more than 95% of these species were described in the first three decades of this century. The systematics of the Hawaiian planthoppers has changed little in the past 60 yr and is not based on any phylogenetic analyses. This paper attempts a preliminary phylogenetic evaluation ofthe native Hawaiian p1anthoppers on the basis ofcompara­ tive morphology to recognize monophyletic taxa and major evolutionary lines. The following taxa are each descendants of single colonizing species: in Cixiidae, the Hawaiian Oliarus and Iolania species; in De1phacidae, Aloha partim, Dictyophoro­ delphax, Emoloana, Leialoha + Nesothoe, Nesodryas, and at least four groups within Nesosydne. Polyphyletic taxa are the tribe "Alohini," Aloha s.l., Nesorestias, Nesosydne s.l., and Nothorestias. Non-Hawaiian species currently placed in Iolania, Oliarus, Aloha, Leialoha, and Nesosydne are not closely allied to the Hawaiian taxa. The origin of the Hawaiian planthoppers is obscure. The Hawaiian Oliorus appear to have affinities to (North) American taxa. ALTHOUGH THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS are the most Other groups of Hawaiian insects have isolated islands on earth, they house a remark­ received far less attention, although they are ably rich flora and fauna.
  • Download PDF File

    Download PDF File

    ISSN 1994-4136 (print) ISSN 1997-3500 (online) Myrmecological News Volume 26 February 2018 Schriftleitung / editors Florian M. STEINER, Herbert ZETTEL & Birgit C. SCHLICK-STEINER Fachredakteure / subject editors Jens DAUBER, Falko P. DRIJFHOUT, Evan ECONOMO, Heike FELDHAAR, Nicholas J. GOTELLI, Heikki O. HELANTERÄ, Daniel J.C. KRONAUER, John S. LAPOLLA, Philip J. LESTER, Timothy A. LINKSVAYER, Alexander S. MIKHEYEV, Ivette PERFECTO, Christian RABELING, Bernhard RONACHER, Helge SCHLÜNS, Chris R. SMITH, Andrew V. SUAREZ Wissenschaftliche Beratung / editorial advisory board Barry BOLTON, Jacobus J. BOOMSMA, Alfred BUSCHINGER, Daniel CHERIX, Jacques H.C. DELABIE, Katsuyuki EGUCHI, Xavier ESPADALER, Bert HÖLLDOBLER, Ajay NARENDRA, Zhanna REZNIKOVA, Michael J. SAMWAYS, Bernhard SEIFERT, Philip S. WARD Eigentümer, Herausgeber, Verleger / publisher © 2018 Österreichische Gesellschaft für Entomofaunistik c/o Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, 1010 Wien, Österreich (Austria) Myrmecological News 26 31-45 Vienna, February 2018 How common is trophobiosis with hoppers (Hemi ptera: Auchenorrhyncha) inside ant nests (Hymeno ptera: Formicidae)? Novel interactions from New Guinea and a worldwide overview Petr KLIMES, Michaela BOROVANSKA, Nichola S. PLOWMAN & Maurice LEPONCE Abstract Trophobiotic interactions between ants and honeydew-providing hemi pterans are widespread and are one of the key mechanisms that maintain ant super-abundance in ecosystems. Many of them occur inside ant nests. However, these cryptic associations are poorly understood, particularly those with hoppers (suborder Auchenorrhyncha). Here, we study tree-dwelling ant and Hemi ptera communities in nests along the Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea and report a new case of this symbiosis between Pseudolasius EMERY, 1887 ants and planthoppers. Fur- thermore, we provide a worldwide review of other ant-hopper interactions inside ant-built structures and compare their nature (obligate versus facultative) and distribution within the suborder Auchenorrhyncha.
  • Yüzey Araştırması

    Yüzey Araştırması

    37 3 37. ARAŞTIRMA SONUÇLARI TOPLANTISI 3. CİLT 17-21 HAZİRAN 2019 DİYARBAKIR T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayın No: 3655/3 Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 188/3 YAYINA HAZIRLAYAN Dr. Candaş KESKİN 17-21 Haziran 2019 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilen 41. Uluslararası Kazı, Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, Diyarbakır Dicle Üniversitesi’nin katkılarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kapak ve Uygulama Başak Kitap e-ISSN: 2667-8837 Kapak Fotoğrafı : Tahsin Korkut 2018 Yılı Mardin ve Batman İlleri (Tur Abidin) Ortaçağ Dönemi Kültür Varlıkları Yüzey Araştırması Not : Araştırma raporları, dil ve yazım açısından Dr. Candaş KEKSİN tarafından denetlenmiştir. Yayımlanan yazıların içeriğinden yazarları sorumludur. Ankara 2020 41. ULUSLARARASI KAZI, ARAŞTIRMA VE ARKEOMETRİ SEMPOZYUMU BİLİM KURULU SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF 41TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF EXCAVATIONS, SURVEYS AND ARCHAEOMETRY Prof. Dr. Vecihi ÖZKAYA Dicle Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Dekanı Prof. Dr. Celal ŞİMŞEK Laodikeia Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Douglas BAIRD Boncuklu Höyük Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Havva İŞKAN IŞIK Patara Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Annalisa POLOSA Elaiussa Sebaste Kazısı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖNAL Harran Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. CAHILL Sardis Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. İrfan YILDIZ İçkale Artuklu Sarayı Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Engelbert WINTER Doliche Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Erhan ÖZTEPE Alexandria Troas Kazı Başkanı Prof. Dr. Marcella FRANGIPANE Aslantepe Kazı Başkanı Doç. Dr. Aytaç COŞKUN Zerzevan Kalesi Kazı Başkanı ULUSLARARASI KAZI, ARAŞTIRMA VE ARKEOMETRİ SEMPOZYUMU YAYIN KURALLARI Göndereceğiniz bildiri metinlerinin aşağıda belirtilen kurallara uygun olarak gönde- rilmesi, kitabın zamanında basımı ve kaliteli bir yayın hazırlanması açısından önem taşı- maktadır. Bildirilerin yazımında kitaptaki sayfa dü zeni esas alınarak; * Yazıların A4 kağıda, ü stten 5.5 cm.