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University of Nigeria, Nsukka Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages University of Nigeria, Nsukka Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages CODES OF COMMUNICATION: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF ÁZụ́ọ́FŪ IN NOMEH COMMUNITY A Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Master of Arts (M.A) in Linguistics By EGBOH, OGECHI GERALDINE PG/MA/12/62984 SUPERVISOR: DR.C.U.AGBEDO JUNE, 2015 i APPROVAL PAGE This thesis has been read and approved for meeting the requirements for the award of the Degree of Masters of Arts in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. by ............................................. ......................................... Dr. C.U. Agbedo Prof. R.I. Okorji Supervisor Head of Department ............................................ ........................................ External Examiner Internal Examiner Prof. Cecilia Eme ........................................................ Prof. Patrick Okpoko Dean of Faculty of Arts ii CERTIFICATION I, Egboh, Ogechi Geraldine, a post graduate student of the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages with the Reg.No.PG/MA/12/62984 have completed the requirements for the course and research work of the degree of Master of Arts. This is to certify that the work is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any Diploma or Degree of this University or any other University. _____________________ ___________________________ Dr. C.U. AGBEDO EGBOH, OGECHI GERALDINE SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents Mr and Mrs Ferdinand Egboh, for their untiring support. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is a proverbial saying that goes thus: “A lone tree does not make a forest” and this research work has been made possible due to the efforts and support from so many people. Notably, I wish to express my immense gratitude and a heart full of appreciation to my wonderful supervisor, and a man of high academic standard Dr. C.U. Agbedo for his support, patience, understanding and guidance. I indeed learnt a lot under his tutelage, especially in making researches. This kept me on my toes academically and gave me a new perceptive about so many things. I want to say a very big Thank You to the ‘high standard supervisor’. My gratitude also goes to my lovely parents Mr. and Mrs Ferdinand Egboh, who gave me restless nights to further my studies and also for their support and encouragement in all areas. I am glad this opportunity given did not pass me by. And also to my wonderful siblings, cousins, uncles, aunts, family members kept on calling, ’Thank you’. I acknowledge the Head of Department, Prof. R.I. Okorji. I thank Prof. Okebalama, Dr. B.M. Mbah, Dr.(Mrs) E.E. Mbah, Mazi C. Okeke, Prof. G. Nwaozuzu, Prof. C.A. Eme and all the lecturers in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian languages, whose lectures gave me new inspirations and motivatations. They are indeed wonderful lecturers, who are also very warm and accommodating. My appreciation also goes to my friends and neighbours in my place of residence, who made my stay in Nsukka fun-filled and memorable. I also thank and my informants, who took out their time to attend to my needs for their co-operation. Finally to my wonderful God, who made me see possibilities when I saw impossibilities. Thank you all and even those not mentioned; may God bless you abundantly. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page------------------------------------------------------------------------- i Approval Page ------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Certification Page --------------------------------------------------------------- iii Dedication ----------------------------------------------------------------------- iv Acknowledgements -------------------------------------------------------------- v Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study ------------------------------------------------ 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ----------------------------------------------- 4 1.3 Statement of Objective -------------------------------------------------- 4 1.4 Research Questions ------------------------------------------------------ 5 1.5 Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------ 5 1.6 Scope of Study ------------------------------------------------------------ 5 1.7 Area of Study ------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.8 Limitations of Study ----------------------------------------------------- 6 CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Review ----------------------------------------------------- 7 2.2 Empirical Review ------------------------------------------------------- 14 2.3 Summary of Literature Review ---------------------------------------- 20 2.4 Theoretical Framework ------------------------------------------------ 22 CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design -------------------------------------------------------- 25 vi 3.2 Study Population -------------------------------------------------------- 25 3.3 Sampling Technique ---------------------------------------------------- 25 3.4 Research Instruments --------------------------------------------------- 26 3.5 Administration of Instruments ----------------------------------------- 26 3.6 Validation of Instruments ---------------------------------------------- 26 3.7 Reliability of Instruments ---------------------------------------------- 27 3.8 Method of Data Collection --------------------------------------------- 27 3.9 Method of Data Analysis ----------------------------------------------- 27 CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Codes ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 4.1.1 Non-Verbal Codes ------------------------------------------------------- 28 4.1.2 Verbal Codes ------------------------------------------------------------- 29 4.1.3 Uses of Codes ------------------------------------------------------------ 30 4.2 Analysis of Data --------------------------------------------------------- 30 4.3 Media of Communication in Nomeh Speech Community ---------- 30 4.3.1 Non-verbal Medium of Communication ----------------------------- 31 4.3.2 Verbal Medium of Communication ---------------------------------- 31 4.4 Ázụ́ọ́fū ------------------------------------------------------------------ 32 4.5 How is Ázụ́ọ́fū learnt? ------------------------------------------------- 33 4.6 Rules of interaction and interpretation of Ázụ́ọ́fū ------------------ 33 4.6.1 Grammatical rules of encoding and decoding ----------------------- 34 4.6.2 Social Rules ------------------------------------------------------------- 36 vii CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary of Findings -------------------------------------------------- 40 5.2 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------- 41 5.3 Recommendation ------------------------------------------------------- 41 References ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Appendices --------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 viii ABSTRACT This research work analyses codes of communication, with focus on Ázụ́ọ́fū as a verbal code of communication in Nomeh speech community. The work looks at codes, media of communication in Nomeh speech community, how Ázụ́ọ́fū is learnt, rules of interaction and interpretation of Ázụ́ọ́fū. This research was carried out because Ázụ́ọ́fū as a code of communication in Nomeh speech community has received little or no attention and lacks proper documentation. The research is carried out by the use of structured and unstructured interview, observation, and with the use of tape recorder. It adopts the theoretical framework of ethnography of communication which is used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that the primary communicative function of Ázụ́ọ́fū is secrecy. From our findings we also see that codes of this nature face endangerment as a result of so many factors such as poor documentation. The research work recommends that studies of this nature should be encouraged by the government as this can attract investors and serve as a means of generating revenue and contributing to knowledge. ix x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study Communication is the exchange of thoughts, ideas and information by the use of speech, signals, writing etc. Humans communicate by using codes which are vehicles by which meanings are transmitted. Language is one of the most important codes used in transmitting meaning. The art of communication is as old as the existence of man himself: for man is a social being who, from time to time, develops means and the need to communicate with both living and non-living creatures around him. The early man, gave his successors an inkling into the kind of life he lived through cave paintings, drawings etc. The Nsibidi dating back 400 to 1400ce, indigenous to Cross riverians, Igbo, Efik, Ekoi, made use of pictures, drawings to communicate ideas; these symbols were public, while those for sacred duties were kept secret. In the ancient world, according to Bushby (2013), dating back to 4,000 years, communication was characterized by the use of oral language, audial symbols such as grunts and guttural sounds. The transition from guttural sounds to oral language was as a result of expansion in man’s activities from just hunting to agricultural activities.
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