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Authority Handlist.Pdf Claiming Authority: Do Authenticity, Reliability, and Authoritativeness still matter? On view in the Chapin Gallery February 8-May 10, 2018 Firmly in the era of post-truth politics, we now encounter fake news daily, whether it’s discussed in broadcast media or being swiped through our social feeds. We take fakeness for granted, as inevitable noise crowding the signals in our information ecosystem. Williams librarians are wayfinders and meaning-makers, facilitating access to reliable information and offering daily counsel to researchers assessing the authority of sources. In 2016, the Association of College & Research Librarians adopted a framework for information literacy in higher education. Librarians use this framework as a tool to interrogate the principles that undergird our consumption of information. One of the frames, Authority is Constructed and Contextual, inspired the current exhibition — a spotlight on the traditional components of authority in an increasingly uncertain information environment. The material on display, drawn from the Chapin Library of Rare Books, the College Archives, and other Williams Special Collections, embodies the essential elements of authority: authenticity, reliability, and authoritativeness. These artifacts, books, manuscripts, and visual works are collocated to pose the question: Are these elements of authority still relevant? Am I authentic? Am I reliable? Am I authoritative? How do you know? confession, n. Acknowledgement before the proper authority of the truth of a statement or charge. Moses C. Welch (1754-1824) The Gospel to be preached to all Men … at the Execution of Samuel Freeman Windham, CT: John Byrne, 1805 Purchased on the Class of 1940 fund. George Acker (1826-1860) Life and Confession of Geo. Acker, Murderer of Isaac H. Gordon Gift of Robert Carey, Jr. Execution sermons were commonly printed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, consisting of an address to the crowd gathered to observe the event and often an appendix containing a confession of the convicted murderer. These publications at times provide our only window into the biographies of condemned individuals, mediated by ministers commenting upon their lives, crimes, and spiritual standing. Over two hundred years later we may ask whether the confessions documented here were coerced, and can but imagine the alternative accounts that might be offered by the accused. Samuel Freeman, a free man of African American and Native American descent, denied murdering his female companion Hannah Simons in 1805, but “confessed a black catalogue of other crimes,” including stealing petty cash as a child, and being “a man of lewdness,” these being “enough to show a corrupt, depraved disposition.” In 1860, George Acker, a confessed murderer, published his confession “hoping that it may avail something for the support of a wife and four children.” Acker’s account is preceded by a full transcript of his trial, and serves principally to warn others of the dangers of alcoholism, concluding “Oh! What a wretch rum and crime has made of me! I am about to pay the forfeit of my wickedness upon the gallows.” accusation, n. A charge or claim of lawbreaking or wrongdoing. Thomas Scott (1580?-1626) Sir Walter Rawleighs ghost Utrecht : Printed by John Schellem, 1626 Sir Walter Raleigh, English gentleman and colonizer of Virginia, was executed in 1618 in London, convicted of violating a peace treaty with Spain by attacking a Spanish ship in Guyana. Sir Walter Rawleighs ghost addresses the perceived injustice of his execution by imagining an appearance from beyond the grave, accusing Conde de Gondomar, the Machiavellian Spanish ambassador to the court of King James I, of his murder, and extracting from him a confession of a plot to spread of “popery” (i.e. Roman Catholicism) in England. This politically contentious work was published under a pseudonymous author and printer, and likely a falsely identified place of publication. reference, n. The action or an act of sending a matter to an authority for decision or consideration. Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce de Lahontan (1666-1715?) New voyages to North-America London: Printed for H. Bonwicke …, 1703 Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) A dictionary of the English language London: Printed by W. Strahan, 1755 Noah Webster (1758-1843) A compendious dictionary of the English language Printed for Hudson & Goodwin, book-sellers, Hartford, and Increase Cooke & co. book-sellers, New- Haven, 1806 Dictionaries are authorities on meaning, usage, spelling, and word history. Though dictionaries have been created for thousands of years, the first modern English language dictionary is that of Samuel Johnson (1755), which was a standard reference until the monumental Oxford English Dictionary began production in the 1880s. Noah Webster created the first American English dictionary, a modestly-sized single volume, in 1806. Johnson’s dictionary lacks an entry for authority, a word of Anglo-Norman (French) origin, while Webster’s includes one of the modern senses: “legal power … influence derived from office or character.” Dictionaries of Native American languages codified orthographies, or writing systems, for languages which previously had relied on oral literature and artistic representation to transmit ideas. At the turn of the eighteenth century, Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce de Lahontan, a French military officer, identified the affinity of the many Algonquian languages of the Great Lakes region. He attempted to create an authoritative source on the ‘universal’ language of Native North America by rendering it in print. pirated, adj. Designating an unauthorized edition or copy of a book, esp. one produced in infringement of copyright. James Joyce (1882-1941) Ulysses New York: Samuel Roth, 1927 Ezra Pound (1885-1972) Drafts & fragments of Cantos CX-CXVII New York: New Directions, 1968 Gift of John W. Chandler. The Cantos of Ezra Pound: CX-CXVI New York: Fuck You Press, 1967 Purchased on the Snyder fund. In 1927 Samuel Roth began distributing an unauthorized reprint of the ninth Paris printing of James Joyce’s Ulysses, reset with many errors introduced. This pirated edition was published before the US joined Universal Copyright Convention of 1952, which provided for international copyright protection. Copyright, however, did not stop Fuck You Press from publishing the final installment of the Cantos of Ezra Pound in 1967. The Cantos, a numbered poem cycle of 116 parts written over decades during which Pound was central in the Modernist poetry movement, appeared in a series between 1925 and 1968, when the final installment was published in New York by New Directions. (Pound was also a pioneer of Imagism, later satirized in the Spectra hoax; see the related display.) If not for the appearance of the pirated edition, Pound, beleaguered by mental illness and charges of treason stemming from his support of fascist causes during the Second World War, may have never published these final fragmented cantos. witness, n. One who is or was present and is able to testify from personal observation. C. Granville Hammond Autograph letter, signed, Chicago, 1871 October 14 Paul M. Angle (1900-1975) The great Chicago fire, described in seven letters by men and women who experienced its horrors Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1946 Chin, Y. F. Typed letter, signed, Labuan, Malaysia, 1946 March 1 Purchased on the J. Brooks Hoffman fund. Personal letters housed in the Chapin American Manuscript collection are written by witnesses of significant events in American history. Such accounts serve as primary sources for the study of American history – documentation created contemporaneously to the events. Historians use witness accounts as a foundation in the construction of secondary sources, which analyze historical events and trends from a broader perspective. Two letters demonstrate how such personal accounts provide valuable detail when studying the Great Chicago Fire and the Japanese occupation of Malaysia during the Second World War. On October 14, 1871, less than a week after the Great Chicago Fire devastated the city, C. Granville Hammond, a securities and loans investor, wrote to his brother, detailing his personal losses and the condition of the city. “There is not a building standing on the South Side from South Water St to Harrison St.” Seventy-five years after the fire, historian Paul M. Angle compiled eyewitness accounts into a book memorializing the catastrophe. A letter from Y. F. Chin, a Chinese resident of Labuan, Malaysia, presumably to a business acquaintance, outlines the experience of living under Japanese occupation during the Second World War. Chin’s father died in a Japanese internment camp in 1944, and his letter is staunchly anti-Japanese, referring to them as ‘wicked’ and ‘beastly,’ while calling the American Allies ‘liberators.’ Chin details aspects of daily life under Japanese occupation, when “labour here did not meet their demand they [even] tried to force the women and little boys and girls to do all the odd and end jobs.” He also addresses aspects of life beyond the war, asking for advice regarding birth control (“Big family means more responsibility”) and lamenting the fact that the war interrupted his stamp collecting. author, n. An inventor, founder, or constructor (of something); a creator. Abbie Hoffman Steal this book New York: Pirate Editions, 1971 Steal this book is a counterculture classic, written as a how-to guide to subvert the dominant paradigm by undermining capitalist institutions. Not surprisingly, Hoffman and his “co-conspirators” could not find a mainstream publisher to take on the project, and were rejected unanimously. They formed Pirate Editions (which was, ironically, identified as the corporate copyright holder to the text when it was published) in order to bring the book to print. While Hoffman’s image and name have become indelibly associated with the book, it was written with the contributions of several activists including Tom Forcade of the Underground Press Syndicate, an organization that practiced the free flow of intellectual property. Forcade later contested Hoffman’s claim of primary authorship of Steal this book, seeking $8000 in payment as a percentage of sales.
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