Loanwords in South-Bauchi-West Chadic Languages Bernard Caron

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Bernard Caron. Loanwords in South-Bauchi-West Chadic Languages. Tourneux, Henry. Topics in Chadic Linguistics VII, Papers from the 6th Biennial International Colloquium on the Chadic Languages, Villejuif, September 22-23, 2011, Rüdiger Köppe, pp.77-85, 2013, Chadic Linguistics / Linguistique Tchadique / Tschadistik. halshs-00770965

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XVe colloque du réseau Mega Tchad « Communication et échanges dans le bassin du lac Tchad » 13-15 settembre 2012, Università degli studi di Napoli, Italia Loanwords in South-Bauchi-West Chadic Languages

B. CARON*

Abstract The name “South-Bauchi-West (SBW) Chadic languages” identifies a dialect cluster located in the south of Bauchi State (Nigeria), first described in (Shimizu 1978).SBW languages can be characterized as both very close and united as a whole, and heterogeneous if we compare Zaar, the southernmost and numerically most important of them on the one hand, to the rest of the 25 or so other lects on the other hand (Caron 2006; Caron 2011). One way to account for this discrepancy is to start by reconstructing their proto-language and establishing their internal classification, which can then be plotted against their history and their socio-linguistic situation. This can only be done by setting the SBW lexical stock apart from the loanwords.

Once they have been set apart, the study of these loanwords provides some information 1 which will contribute to the history of SBW languages. The present study aims at sorting out borrowings from Hausa and/or Arabic, from current neighbouring languages (Pyem, Afizere, Angas, etc.), and from languages that SBW speakers must have encountered during their migration from the Lake Chad area (Mohammadou 2004; Caron 2009).

This paper aims at identifying loanwords in SBW languages with the help of the RefLex lexical database[http://www.reflex.cnrs.fr/]. This study has a twofold interest: apart from the information on the lexicon and history of SBW languages, it will be an opportunity to test the performances of the database and its associated tools.

Introduction SBW languages share the complex situations of all Nigerian languages of the Middle Belt. SBW populations arrived in the area, around the middle of the 14th Century, where they migrated from their original situation in Kanem, east of Lake Chad, round the North, before moving south-west. They went up the valleys of the rivers Yobe and Gana up to their sources north of the Bauchi hills where they settled around the middle of the 14th Century (Mohammadou 2004 : 116 ; see map XXX) . They migrated along with other Chadic and non-Chadic populations with whom they have kept and developed links mainly due to the slave trade(Bruce, 1982). Around 1750, there arrived in the area another group of Bantu settlers who came from the Upper Benue Valley (Ballard, 1971,

* UMR 8135 (Llacan). CNRS-Inalco. PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cite . [email protected]. http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/.

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Mohammadou, 2002). The area came under the domination of the Hausas under Yakubu I, Emir of Bauchi (who reigned 1805-1845), and his successor Ibrahim (1845-1877)1. British colonization set about pacifying the area at the turn of the 20th Century, intent on securing access to the tin mines near Jos2. This has resulted in the present complex linguistic situation.

Apart from the dominant languages: English (official national language) and Hausa (dominant all over Northern half of Nigeria), SBW languages are surrounded by Niger- Congo languages in the West (Izere, Birom) ; in the East (Jarawan Bantu3) ; in the South (Tapshin, Fyem, Kwanka) and further South-East (Tarok). There exist isolates inside SBW languages (Bankal in the North and Ɓoi in the South).

From the point of view of genetic classification, these surrounding languages belong to two sub-groups of Niger-Congo languages, Plateau and Jarawan Bantu languages.

Plateau :

 Izere (=Zarek, Afizere, Jarawan Dutse) : Central Plateau;  Ɓoi (=Ya, Tiya), just like Kwanka (=Kadung), belongs to the Ya-Vaghat-Bijim group, i.e. Western Plateau;  Tapshin (=Sur), Tarok : Tarokoid Plateau;  Fyem (=Pyem) : Southeastern Plateau;  Birom : Biromic Plateau. jarawan bantu : 2  Bankal(awa) =Jaar(aawaa) : bantoï de, me ridional, jarawan, nige rian.

SBW Languages (Shimizu 1978) has identified South-Bauchi languages in the form of a dialect continuum with 9 language clusters defined by the classical method of lexical comparison and reconstruction. These language clusters are : 1 – Boghom ; 2 – Kir ; 3 – Tala ; 4 – Guruntum ; 5 – Zaranda ; 6 – Polci ; 7 – Zeem ; 8 – Dass ; 9 – Saya (see Map XXX in Annex). He has gathered the last 5 clusters into the South-Bauchi West group (SBW) which is studied here.

1 Hogben & Kirk-Green (66 :464). (Mohammadou 2004) wrongly identifies Yakubu I’s successor as Yakubu II. This Yakubu II reigned 1907-1941. 2 The Royal Niger Company set a post at Ibi, on the river Benue, in 1883. From this base, they captured Wase in 1898 and moved northward into Goemailand the following year. The decisive steps were taken in 1902 when Temple, British resident in Bauchi, “first invaded the Plateau area in direct response to the needs of white tin prospectors”. (Isichei 82:209) 3 The name Jar, or Jarawa is mislea ding since it refers to different populations, speaking different languages: the Jarawan dutse (Mountain Jars) speak Zarek (Zere, Zarek, Afizere, Ifizere), a Benue-Congo language, and the Jarawan Kogi (Plain Jars), speaking Ja a r (Zhar), a Bantu language, commonly called Jarawan Bantu. Finally, the Jerawa are another population, speaking Zele, a Benue-Congo language from the Kainji group (Shimizu 1975).

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The SBW languages are 23 in number :

 zaranda : bolu ; pelu ; geji (=gyaazi, gezawa) ; zaranda (=buu) ;  polci : zu l (=mbarmi, barma) ; baram (=mbaram, barang) ; dir ; luri; buli ; langas (=nyamzax) ; lundur ; polci (=posŒ) ;  zeem : zeem† (=tulai†) ; danshe (=chaari) ; lushi† (=lukshi†, dokshi†) ;  dass : ba raza ; du r (=bandas) ; zumbul (=bo odli) ; wan•ì (=wangda y) ; zo •ï (=dott, dwa t) ;  saya : zakshi (=zaksŒ) ; boto (=boot, bibot) ; zari (=kopti, kwapm) ; sigidi (=sugudi, sigdi, guus) ; zaar (=vikzar, avec les dialectes de Kal, Bogoro, Marti).

In the Megachad Congress that took place in Maroua in 2005, I gave a detailed account of the grammatical interferences between SBW languages and their neighbours, while giving only two or three examples of lexical borrowings. This paper is an attempt at providing a clearer picture of lexical borrowings in SBW languages, both in a qualitative and quantitative way.

Method The survey was done in two stages: the first one consisted in a general systematic survey of the SBW vocabulary; the second one was aimed at comparing SBW languages with neighbouring non-Chadic languages with the help of Reflex. The sources used to indentify and check the possible loanwords against other languages and reconstructions are listed at the end of the paper. These are essentially: Skinner 96 & Bargery for Hausa; 3 Awagana, Lo hr and Wolff for loanwords in Hausa and Kanuri; Newman, Ibriszimow & Jungraithmayr, Orel & Stolbova for reconstructions.

RefLex. I used the RefLex database for this second part of the study. The available sources in the database were linked with Kraft’s 434words list (Kraft, 1981). The resulting data sheets were checked manually. The choice of a wordlist ensured comparability for quantitative evaluation, and Kraft’s was the largest available in the database. However RefLex still needs to be developed for the languages in study to be properly represented. At the moment, the only available sources are my own published lexical data on Zaar (Bogoro), Sigidi (aka Guus), Zoɗi, Luri and Zaranda, and some of Kraft’s own data that were entered into RefLex: Bankala, Jaku (Jarawan Bantu) and Izere, or Jari (Benue-Congo). Pyem (Nettle, 1998) was added to the comparative table to complement the available sources. However limited, the results are still significant as will be seen below.

General survey. The survey consists in a complete review of all the lexical data that I have collected and checked. These were tagged for borrowing, essentially from Hausa, when they were entered into a Toolbox database. These consist in 14 lects : Zaar (3 dialects : Bogoro (Zr), Kal (Zr.K) and Marti (Zr.M)); Sigidi (Sg); Zakshi (Zk); Chaari (Ch); Zoɗi (Zɗ); Polci (Pol); Diir (Dr); Luri (Lu); Buli (Bu); Geji (Gj); Pelu (Pel); Zaranda (Zda). The quantity of the

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lexical data for each language is about 1,000 lexical items, with two exceptions: just under 3,000 items for Zaar of Bogoro; 145 items for Luri.

Analysis

RefLex as a tool for reconstruction and sociolinguistic analysis Using RefLex spreadsheets, the comparative study of SBW and their neighbouring non- Chadic languages can be done quite easily. Out of an ideal situation where a regular series enables us to find a common root, some exceptions point at a possible loanword (one way or another), while other cases are more confusing and point to the possibility of a word common to the whole area.

Bona fide AA/Chad & SB etymologies meat4: P.Chad (N): *ɬəw-; P.SB (Sh) *ɬâw  Sg : ɬùː ; Zɗ : ɬ ; Pol : ɬ ; Lu : ɬ ù ; Zar : ɬùù ;  Hausa : nāma ̄̀ ; Angas : nam die5: SBW: məs; P.Chad (N) *mətə  Zr: məs; Sg: məs; Pol: məs; Zɗ: mə̄̀s; Lu: mə̄̀s-kù; Zar: mə́ ʃ  Hausa: mutù ; Angas: mùt mosquito6 P.Chad ‘fly’ (N):*pərə 4  Zr (fly): ə ə́ m; Sg: ù ù - ə̄̀ (pl.); Zɗ: ù n; Pl: ù n; Lu: ù n  Hausa: ā, ‘fly’; a , ‘mosquito’; Angas: n (mosquito) Anomalies Some forms stand out from the SBW series and can be related to neighboring non- Chadic languages, e.g. Jarawa (Bankala, Jaku) and Plateau (Fyem).

Beans  Zr: zàːm ; Sg : zàːm ; Pol : zaːm; Zar: zaːm  Zɗ: kúːn ; cf. Bankala: kúwún; Jaku: kùn , ‘beans’.

Bird: P.Chad (N): *ɗəy-7;  Zr : yeɬí ; Sg : yàːɮí ; Pol : yáːɮì ; Lur : yáːɬí ; Zar : yáːɮìː  Zɗ : ɲàl ; cf. Bankala : ɲɛ́l ; Jaku : ɲɩl , ‘bird’.

4 P.WChadic (OS): *ĉa/uw-; Meaning: 'meat' ; *lwa-; Meaning: '(wild) animal' 1,'meat' 2; *laHam- /*lamam- Meaning: 'meat' 1, 'k of gruel' 2; *ʔara/w/; Meaning: 'bull' 1, 'meat' 2; *nim-/*nam-; Meaning: 'bull' 1, 'meat' (?pl.) 2,'wild animal' 3 5 AA (OS): *waḥ-; *gwāʔ-; *mawVt-. 6 P.AA (OS): *bariɣ- (?) ; Meaning: insect; Berber: *bVriḳ- 'mosquito' 1, 'flying ant' 2 ; Western Chadic: *buruk- 'mosquito' ; Central Chadic: *bwarVg- 'louse' ; East Chadic: bVrVg- 'water insect' 1, 'caterpillar' 2 7 No clear correspondance in P.Chad or P.AA.

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These are clear cases of Zoɗi borrowing from the neighbouring Jarawa languages of Dass.

Heart and liver In SBW, ‘heart’ and ‘liver’ are originally referred to by the same word, mbaɬ. In some cases, individual languages have borrowed to differentiate the two meanings:

 Heart & liver: Pol: mbaɬ; Bl: mbáɬ; Lr: mbàɬ; Gj: mbáɬ; Pel: mbáɬì.  Heart: Zda: mbáɮì (liver: hántàː < Hausa hanta ̄̀)  Liver: Zr: mbaɬ (heart: rāː; cf. Pyem ría)

In this case, Zaar seems to have borrowed the word for ‘heart’ from Pyem, the neighbouring Plateau language. Another case of borrowing from Pyem comes from the word for ‘quiver’ in Sigidi:

Quiver  Zr: kibm; Zda: kìbə̄̀ n8  Sig: bùtúːr; cf. Pyem botori, ‘quiver’

This points at Sigidi borrowing from their neighbour Pyem, a Plateau language related to Birom. However, other cases point in a different direction, with neighbouring Plateau and Jarawa languages borrowing from SBW.

Baboon 5  Zr: fwǎkn; Sg: fǒkn; Zɗ: fwàŋ; Zda: hóːgèŋ  Pyem: fwə̄̀ ŋ

Sour  Zr: ndzáŋ; Zr.K: ndzam-ní; Zr.M: ndzam; Zk: ndzâm-i; Zɗ: nzòŋ-íː; Pol: ndzwan; Ch: ndzâm9  Pyem: nzɔŋ, ‘sour’.

When the root is present all over the SBW area, and not only in Sigidi (close to Pyem) or Zoɗi and Polci (close to Bankala and Jaku), it is difficult to decide in which direction the borrowing took place. The situation is that of a vocabulary common to the area, regardless of the genetic affiliation of the individual languages.

Man/Child Two etymons (máni and wún) are found straddling the language borders:

 mánì: Sg: maːn, Zɗ & Lu: máni, ‘man, husband’; Pol: mə́ nì, ‘man, husband’; Zɗ: mán, ‘male’; Zr: məmwâːn, ‘man’, môn ‘slave’; Bankala: mʊ́ n, ‘boy’; mʊ́ n bàrʊ̄̀ , ‘baby’; Jaku: mɨn, ‘child’; mɨnmɨn, ‘baby’

8 Note: Zaar is situated in the extreme South and Zaranda in the extreme North of the SBW area, which gives weight to the hypothesis that kibən is the common SBW form. 9 Sigidi uses ɬaw, ‘be sour’, which is another meaning of the verb ɬaw, ‘to cut’. The Zaranda group of SBW languages (Zaranda, Geji, Pelu) share another root: Zaranda: mbéy; Geji: mbay; Pelu mbàyí.

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 wún: Pyem: wún, ‘boy’; Zoɗi: wún, ‘daughter’, ‘child’ in wún mán, ‘male child’, wún bàrtò ‘baby’ (cf. Bankala: mʊ́ n bàrʊ̄̀ , ‘baby); Polci: wún, ‘daughter’, ‘child’ in wún kòn, ‘male child’(cf. Zr kúni, ‘boy’), wún bə̄̀ rtó ‘baby’

Horse (< Arabic)  Zr: pərʃi; Zɗ: pə̄̀ rsì; Pol: pɨ́rsɨ́; Lu: pə̄̀ rzí; Zda: bə̄̀ ːsí  Bankala: pɨ̄̀rɩ́s; Jaku: pɨrsì

NB: Sg and Zr.K ʒǔːr probably borrowed from Pyem ʒirí.

Vulture  Zr: kwáɗâk; Zɗ: kúɗák; Pol: kwə́ɗə́k  Bankala: kwəɗə́k; Jaku: kwòɗoɣò

Sweet potato  Zr: laːwur; Sg: laːwur; Pol: làwúr  Bankala: làwʊ́ rú; Pyem: láwúr

NB: the other SBW languages have borrowed the Hausa form dànkali ̄̀ (Zɗ: dànkálì; Zda: dànkálìː). The form laːwur may have been borrowed from Hausa too10.

General survey The loanwords are listed in the Annex, sorted in alphabetical order by their English translation, followed by their Hausa translation and the forms in the SBW languages. 6 They reach 825 items in number.

Quantitative elements Gen.Surv. (Ha & Eng) Reflex (non-Chad) Total Loans % Total Loans % Zaar (B.) 2959 422 14,2% 459 5 1 Sigidi 846 109 13% 336 5 1,5 Zoɗi 1082 260 24% 386 17 4,5 Polci 890 142 16% 364 10 2,7% Luri 145 7 2,75% 101 1 1% Zaranda 848 192 22,7% 324 2 0,5%

Comments : Luri, with a very short wordlist limited to basic vocabulary, has unsurprisingly few loanwords

10 NB: the form laːwur is furthermore present in Mwahavul, Ron Fyer, and North Bauchi languages (Skinner 96). Cf. Hausa lāwur “(n.m.). 1. The white variety of sweet potato, but sometimes applied also to the red kind. (Vide dankali.) 2. A short variety of bulrush-millet which ripens quickly. 3. Applied to the meat which was dried in huge quantities at the time of the rinderpest of 1890-91. 4. Trousers embroidered with magenta thread.” (On-line Bargery). Cf. the Hausa ideophone: wur “(adv.). Emphasizes redness. e.g. ja wur, very red. (= jir; zir; zur.)” (idem)

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In the general survey, Zoɗi, Polci and Zaranda have the highest score. For Zoɗi and Polci, this may be due to their total conversion to Islam, which is accompanied by a strong Hausa influence. As for Zaranda, this may be due to language attrition.

Zoɗi is the language that shows the highest influence from the non-Chadic neighbours, i.e. Jarawan Bantu Bankala and Jaku.

Qualitative elements The influence of Hausa is very strong on all the languages of the area. As expected, it is mainly concentrated on the activities connected to modern life (cars, motorcycles, petrol lamp, etc.), and especially the vocabulary of state, administration (traditional titles, police, prison), Islam and activities associated with the Hausa (trade, horses and their equipment, clothes, etc.).

This holds true for English as well, when its vocabulary is directly borrowed into SBW, especially by the younger educated generation.

More surprisingly, a large part of the vocabulary associated with nature, e.g. large animals is borrowed from haoussa, as well as the name of a certain number of trees. This is probably linked to the extinction of large animals from the area, and the shift of interest of the speakers from rural life to modern life. As a result, these animals and plants have disappeared from their active practical knowledge, and they only have a theoretical, abstract knowledge that has reached them through Hausa. 7 From a grammatical point of view, contrary to the vocabulary directly borrowed from English11, the parts of speech concerned are not only nouns but also:

- verbs, including the auxiliary verbs (taɓa, riga, dinga, ‘have already’); - grammatical tools such as conjunctions (ko da shi ke, ‘although’; don, ‘because, in order that’; in, ‘(conditional) if’; da ̄̀, ‘(hypothetical) if’ ’kafin ‘before’), the reported speech particle wai; - relative pronouns (yaddà, ‘the way that’), - copulas (akwai, ‘there is’; kenan, ‘it is’); - negative markers (ba ̄̀, ‘not’) - discourse particles (kṑ, ‘as for’; dai, ‘indeed’; sam, ‘at all’; mā, ‘even’; mànà, ‘indeed’, etc.) - ejaculations of surprise (ìna ̄̂, àshē), pain (wâyyō), etc.12

11 One exception concerns the verb ‘tear’ in the Kal dialect of Zaar. 12 It should be noted that, contrary to what use to be held as true, grammatical morphemes and systems are not immune to replacement by loanwords. This confirms what was noted in Caron, B. (2009). Les Zaars et leurs voisins. In Tourneux, H. & N. Woï n (eds.) Migrations et mobilité dans le bassin du lac Tchad. Marseille: IRD. concerning the influence of Niger-Congo languages on the morphology of northern SBW languages, e.g. the second person plural verbal suffix -əN, Zaar sentence-final interrogation morphemes, etc. Cf. (Nettle 98) for the same phenomenon in Pyem.

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Dating loanwords We shall take examples from Zaar concerning the clues we can use if we want to know how more or less recent a Hausa loanword is. These are essentially due to phonological properties that were first established in (Schneeberg 1974)

Tones Hausa words with *High tone patterns are lowered to *Mid when borrowed into Zaar, a 3-tone language: Ha mákár̃ánta ́ > Zr ma̍ka̍ra̍nta̍. In recent borrowings, this rule has not (yet) applied: Ha kúmá, ‘too’ > Zr kúmá; Ha ga ́rá ‘it’s better that…’ > Zr ga ́rá. which contrasts with the older loanword ga ́ra ́, ‘a type of gift’ > Zr ga ̍ra̍.

Consonant mutation Intervocalic plosives are glottalized in Zaar. Older Hausa loanwords follow the rule: Ha dà ā ã ̄̀, ‘plan’ > Zr àɓáː a. Recent loanwords that have not been integrated into the phonological system do not follow the rule: Ha ē̃ iy ) [< English ‘radio’] > Zr: ː íyo. Older Hausa etymons Some Hausa words are borrowed with a form that does not correspond to the dialectal form used in Bauchi, but to a form that is identified with the Sokoto/Katsina dialect, and pre-dating the consonant mutation that has been identified by Klingenheben13, e.g. Zr dàmru < Sokoto Ha àm , à m (Standard Ha, à ), ‘type of bulrush millet’; Zr sapká < Sokoto Ha sàpka (Standard Ha sàuka), ‘alight’.

Since SBW speakers are not in contact with these dialects, the loanword is necessarily 8 ancient, or, at least, predates the spread of Hausa through school and the modern media.

Conclusion This study of loanwords in SBW confirms what has been already underlined in my previous paper on the grammatical influence of Niger-Congo languages on SBW: an original complex situation, with long-standing (600 years) commercial and marital relationships between all the populations of the area (Pyem and the southern SBW; Jarawan Bantu and the Northern SBW) further compounded by the (relatively) recent linguistic domination of Hausa. This forces us to be extra careful when trying to reconstruct, classify or simply compare these languages. It’s only after close examination of the situation to remove areal and borrowed lexical and grammatical features that the classical tools of comparative linguistics can be used to elicit the true nature of SBW and other languages spoken in the Nigerian Middle Belt. And once again, we need good, reliable, well analysed data to rely on.

13 Klingenheben, 1927/28°

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References

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ANNEX

Direct loans from Hausa

Abcess (Ha: gyàm ) Zda: gyambóː. Ask (Ha: àm aya ̄̀) [< Arabic istanbaʾa] Dr: Abdim's stork (Ha: ha ̄̀m wā) Zr: ʃǎːmwa; tambéː. Zr.M: ʃaːmú Zr.K: ʃàːmú; Zɗ: ʃaːmúwá; Ch: Assistant to the pastor (Ha: ì hā ã ̄̀ (mài ~)) ʃàːmúwá; Pel: ʃàːmúwáː. [< Arabic] Zr: mày bìʃáːra. Ablutions (ritual ~) (Ha: àlwàlā) [< Arabic Attention (pay ~) (Ha: k la ̄̀) Zɗ: kula. ʾal-waḍāʾ]Pol : àlwàlá; Gj: alwalá. Attention (pay ~) (Ha: l ̄̀ ã ) Zɗ: luːrá. Acacia (Ha: ga ̄̀w ) Ch: gàːwó; Pel: gàːwó. Aunt (Ha: gwaggò) [< Fulfulde goggo] Sg: Accusation (Ha: ùh ma ̄̀) [< Arabic tuhma] góggó. Zɗ: tuhúma. Awl (Ha: à illā) [< Berber ( Latin) sūbul] Pel: Acha (Ha: acca ̄̀) Dr: áʧʧáː; Gj: áʧʧâ; Pel: màsíllá. áʧʧa; Zda: aʧʧaː. Awl; Bicycle spoke (Ha:) Zr: kùréːʃe. Adultery (Ha: zìnā) [< Arabic zināʾ] Zɗ:zəná; Baby (Ha: ja ̄̀ i )̄̀ Zr: ʤèríːri; Zr.M: ʤàríːri. Gj: zə̀ nà; Pel: zìná. Baby (Ha: jìnj i )̄̀ Zr: ʤínʤìri; Zda: ʤínʤiríː. Advice (Ha: hāwa a ̄̀) [< Arabic šāwar] Zɗ: Bag (Ha: jàkā) Sg: ʤàkà; Pel: ʤìká. ʃáːwarí. Ball of tuwo (Ha: malmalā) Zɗ: málmálá. After (Ha: āyan) Zɗ: báːyán. Bamboo (Ha: g a ̄̀) Zr: góra; Zr.M: gòːrá; Agree (Ha: yà ̃ a) [< Arabic yarḍā] Zr:yardá; Zr.K: goːrá. Dr: yaddáː. Bamboo flute (Cf. Ha. à ēwa ̄̀) Ch: sə̀ réːré. Alms (Ha: a aka ̄̀) [< Arabic ṣadaqa] Sg: Banana (Ha: àyàbà) [< Nupe yaba] Zr: àyàbà; sadáka; Zɗ: sáɗáka; Dr: sadákáː; Bl: sádə́ ka. Zr.M: àyàbà; Zr.K: àyàbà; Zɗ: ayaba; Pol: Already (have ~ done sth]; Aux) (Ha: igā) àyàbà; Dr: ayabáː; Bl: ʾàyàbà; Ch: àyàbà; Gj: Zr: rigá. ayabà; Pel: àyàbà; Zda: ayabaː. 10 Already (have ~; Aux) (Ha: aɓa ̄̀) Zr: taɓá; Baobab (Ha: kūka ̄̀) Zɗ: kúːka. Zɗ: táɓa; Dr: taɓáː. Barter (Ha: aya ̄̀) Zɗ: táya; Ch: téyè; Pel: Also (Ha: kuma) Zr: kúmá; Zɗ: kúmá. táya. Although (Conj) (Ha: k à hi/ya k ) Zr: Bastard (Ha: hēgḕ) Zɗ: ʃéːge. kóːdàʃíkêː. Bat (Ha: jēmāgḕ) Zr.M: ʤáːmáːgì; Zr.K: Ambush (Ha: ākṑ) Zr: dáːko. ʒamáːge; Lr: ʤámááge. Amulet (Ha: lāya ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal-ʾāya] Zr.M: Battery (Ha: ā ì )̃ [< English battery] Zr: láːya Zr.K: laːyá; Zɗ: láːya; Pol: láːya; Dr: báːtîr. láːyáː; Ch: láːyí. Be (Cop) (Ha: kḕnan) Gj: kèːnán. Angel (Ha: màlā'ika ̄̀) [< Arabic ?] Zr.M: Be accustomed (Ha: ā a ̄̀) [< Arabic ṣuḥba,] màláyka Zɗ: maláːʾíka. Zr: saːɓá; Zr.M: saːbə́ Zr.K: saːbá; Sg: saːba; Answer (Ha: am hi )̄̀ Zr.K: amsá; Zɗ: ámʃi; Zk: sáːbà; Pol: sáːba; Dr: sáːbáː. Dr: amsáː. Be narrow (Ha: ma a ̄̀) Zr: matsə́ ; Pel: mási; Ant sp. (Ha: kiyā h) Gj: kíyáːʃí; Pel: kíyáːʃí. Zda: mási. Ant sp. (Ha: kwà k̃ wa a ̄̀) Zɗ: kwârkwaːsa; Ch: Be proper (Ha: kàmā )à Zr: kamaːtá. kwárkwáàsà; Gj: kwárkwaːsa; Pel: Be tired (Ha: gàji) Zr: gaʤí. kwárkwaːsa; Zda: kwárkoːsa. Be unable to, fail (Ha: a a ̄̀) Zr: rasá; Zk: Ant sp. (Ha: ha ̄̀-z māmi )̄̀ Ch: ʃàː zúmà; Zda: rásà; Zɗ: rása; Pol: rasa. ʃaːzúmaː. Beans (Ha: wākē) Zɗ: waːké. Ant sp. (Ha: ù ū wā) Ch: tùrúːrúwa. Beard (Ha: Ch] Ha. gēm ̄̀) Zr.M: gàːʃìn bàːkí; Antelope sp. (Ha: kanki )̄̀ Zda: kaŋkiː. Zr.K: gàːʃìm bàːkí. Antelope sp. (Ha: māzṑ) Ch: màːzó; Gj: Beard (Ha: gēm ̄̀) Zk: géːmúː; Zda: géːmuː. maːzò. Because of (Conj) (Ha: à kân) Zr: á kâm. Argument (Ha: mū ̄̀) Zr: múːsu; Sg: muːsa; Because, in order that (Conj) (Ha: don) Zr: Dr: múːsuː. dón; Zɗ: dón. As to (Ptcl)(Ha: kṑ) Zr: kòː; Zɗ: kóː.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Bed (Ha: ga ) Zr.M: gə̀ dà; Zɗ: gadó; Pol: Boxing (Ha: dambe) ( Niger-Congo, Nilo- gadó; Gj: gado; Pel: gàdó; Zda: gádóː. Saharien) Zɗ: daːmbé. Beer (millet ~ seasoned with roots, spices, Bracelet (Ha: m n wā) Dr: məndi. etc.) (Ha: ji ṑ) Zr: ʤíko. Brain (Ha: wa walwā) Zda: koːkolwaː. Beer (settled millet ~) (Ha: ì ) Zr: pìtó. Brake (Ha: i k̃ i )̄̀ [< English brake] Zr: bə́ rki. Before (Conj) (Ha: ka ̄̀ in) Zr: kàːfín; Zɗ: Brave (Ha: jā ùm̃ ) [< Arabic (?) ṣārim] Zɗ: kaːfín. ʤáːrimí; Zda: ʤaːruntákaː. Begin (Ha: ma ̄̀) Zɗ: sóːma. Break (e]g] egg) (Ha: a hḕ) Zr.K: pas. Beginning (Ha: a k ) Zɗ: fárkó. Breakfast (Ha: ka ̄̀la ̄̀c ) Zr: kàlàːʧi. Behaviour (Ha: hāl) [< Arabic ḥāl] Zr:haːli. Brick (mud ~) (Ha: ū àl) [< Arabic ʾaṭ-ṭūb] Belief (Ha: làm ĩ )̄̀ [< Arabic ḍamīr] Zr: Zr: túbalíː. làmíːri. Bridegroom (Ha: angṑ) Zr.M: ángo; Zr.K: Bell (Ha: à a awā) Zr: kàrarrawa; Zɗ: ángo; Sg: áŋgò; Zɗ: áŋgo; Dr: áŋgoː; Ch: karárráwá. ángò. Belt (Ha: bêl) [< English belt] Zr.K: bêːl; Pol: Bridge (Ha: ga a ̄̀) [< English girder] Zr: gadà; bêl. Zr.M: gadà; Zr.K: gáda; Zɗ: gáda; Pol: gádà; Bench (Ha: nci )̄̀ [< English bench] Zda: Dr: gádáː; Gj: gadà; Pel: gadà; Zda: gádaː. bénʧiː. Bridle (Ha: lìnzāmi )̄̀ [< Kanuri lizam < Arabic Between (Ha: àkān) Zr: tsàkàːní. lijām] Zr: lànzáːmi; Zɗ: linzáːmi. Bicycle (Ha: kḕk) [< Yoruba kẹkẹ] Zr: kèːke; Bucket (Ha: ki ì) [< English bucket] Zr: Ch: kèːké. boːkíti; Zr.M: boːkíti; Zr.K: boːkíti; Zɗ: bóːkíti; Big plate, tray of enamelled metal (Ha: Pol: bǒːkíti; Dr: bóːkítíː; Zda: bóːkíti. à ã n i )̄̀ Zr: pàránti. Bull (Ha: bìjimi) Zr.K: bìʤimi; Bl: bə̀ ʤìmə́ ; Bird's crop (Ha: mà ṑ) Zɗ: maːkóːko. Zda: biʤímíː. Bitter tomato (Ha: yāl) Zr: yaːlo; Zr.K: Bullet, cartridge (Ha: hà ̃ ā hi )̄̀ [< Kanuri yaːlo; Pol: yáːlóː; Dr: yáːló; Ch: yáːló; Gj: arasə] Zr: hàrsáːʃi; Zɗ: harsáːʃi; Ch: hàrsáːʃì; yáːló; Pel: yáːló; Zda: yaːloː. Pel: hàrsáːʃí. Black acha (Ha: ì ṑ) Pol: ìbúru. Bundle of grain (Ha: ami )̄̀ Zɗ: dámi; Pol: 11 Black pepper (Ha: mà õ ) Zr.M: masóːró démî; Dr: dámi; Bl: dàmì; Ch: də́ mì; Zda: Zɗ: masóːró; Dr: masóːróː. damiː. Blacksmith (Ha: ma ḕ) Zr: mákerí. Bush-cow (Ha: ɓa nā) Zr.M: ɓawna; Zr.K: Blacksmith chisel (Ha: k ) Zr: kurfi; Zɗ: ɓawna; Ch: ɓáwná. kúrúːfí. Business (Ha: jā ĩ )̄̀ [< Kanuri zar] Zr: ʤáːri. Blacksmith's tongs (Ha: àwà aki )̄̀ Zr: ràftáki; But (Ha: àmmā) [< Arabic ʾammā] Zr: àmmáː; Zr.M: araptaki; Zr.K: àwártáke; Sg: awartaki. Zɗ: ammáː; Pel: àma. Blanket (Ha: à g̃ ) [< Tam abroɣ] Zr: bàrgo; Butcher (Ha: mahà c ) Pel: máhawʧí; Zda: Pol: bòrgó; Bl: bàrgo. máhawʧíː. Blow with bellows (Ha: z ga ̄̀) Zɗ: dzúga. Butchering (Ha: āwa ̄̀) Zr: páːwa. Blue (Ha: hūɗi )̄̀ Zr.M: ʃúːɗi Zr.K: ʃúːɗi; Dr: Cakes made from groundnuts after ʃúːɗiː. extracting the oil (Ha: ākù ū, à ākù) ū Zr: Boghom (pl.) (Ha: māwā) Zr: Burmaːwa. baːkúru. Bone marrow (Ha: ɓa g ) Zr.M: ɓargo; Lr: Calculation (Ha: lì ā i )̄̀ [< Arabic ʾal-ḥisāb] ɓórgó; Ch: ɓárgó. Zr: lìsáːfi; Zr.K: lísáːfi; Ch: lìssáːfì; Gj: Book (Ha: li ā i )̄̀ [< Arabic ʾal-kitāb] Zr. : lissaːpî. lítáːfi; Zɗ: líttáːfi; Bl: líttáːfi; Gj: líttáːpî; Pel: Calf (Ha: mà a ) Ch: (ná) màríkì. líttáːpi. Camel (Ha: a ̄̀ m ) [< Berber alghum; Arabic Book (Ha: akà ̃ ā) [< Tamasheq takardͅ e lǝġǝmal] Zr: ràːkumi; Zr.M: raːkumi Zr.K: [< Arabic qartās] Zr:tágàrda; Zr.M: tágàrda ràːkumi; Sg: ràːkumi; Zɗ: raːkúmí; Pol: Sg: tàgárdà; Pol: tákàrdá; Dr: tágaddáː; Ch: ràːkùmí; Dr: ráːkumíː; Bl: raŋkúmə; Ch: tágàrdá. ràːkúmí; Gj: raːkumí; Pel: ràːkúmí; Zda: Book (pl.) (Ha: àkà ̃ ū) [< Tamasheq takardͅ e raːkumíː. [< Arabic qartās] Zr:tàgàrdu. Can (Ha: gwangwan ) Zr: pampami. Borrow (not money) (Ha: ar-) Sg: ará. Can (tin ~) (Ha: kùzà) Sg: kùzà; Zɗ: kuza; Box (Ha: àkwa ̄̀ ì) [< Yoruba apoti] Zr: àkwàːtì. Zda: kuza. Box (Ha: ànk ) Zr: pànko. Can, know (Ha: iya ̄̀) Zr.M: ɗyǎː.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Candle (Ha: kendìr) [< English candle] Zr: Christian (Ha: ki ĩ a ̄̀) [< English Christian] kéndə̂ r. Zɗ: kírísta. Canoe (Ha: kwàlekwàle) [< Mande kulu] Zr: Clan (Ha: zù ĩ ya ̄̀) [< Arabic ṯuri̅ ya] Zr: zùːríya. kòlé kôlé; Zɗ: kwalé-kwalé. Cleanliness (Ha: a a ̄̀) Zr: sápta; Zk: tsâːfí; Cap (Ha: a ̄̀giya ̄̀) [< Arabic ṭāqiya] Zr:táːgya; Zɗ: sábta; Pol: sápta; Zda: sábtaː. Zr.M: táːgiyá Zr.K: tàːgíya; Sg: tàːgíjà; Pol: Cleverness, cunning (Ha: wa ̄̀y ) Zk: wàːyú; tàːgíːya; Dr: táːgíyáː; Ch: tàːgíyà; Zda: Ch: wàːyó. taːgíyaː. Cloth (Ha: m ) Zr.K: turmi; Bl: túrmə́ ; Ch: Car, Lorry (Ha: m a ̄̀) [< English motor] Zr: túrmí; Gj: túrmí. móːta; Zr.M: móːto Zr.K: móːto; Zk: móːtə̀ ; Cloth (Ha: yā i )̄̀ [< English yard] Pel: yáːdì. Pol: móːta; Dr: móːtáː; Ch: móːtà; Pel: móːta; Clothes (Ha: ûmmā) Zr: tsə́ ma; Pol: Zda: móːtaː. tsúmma; Dr: sûmmáː; Zda: sûmmaː. Car, Lorry (pl.) (Ha: m c ) Zr: moːtoːʧi. Cloud (Ha: gi g̃ ìjē) Ch: gírgiʤì; Zda: girgízaː. Carpenter (Ha: kā in a ̄̀) [< English carpenter] Cloud (Ha: ha a i )̄̀ Dr: hádə́ riː. Zr: kaːfínta. Club, Stick (Ha: k lk ) Zr: ngulki; Zɗ: kúlkí; Cassava (Cf. Ha. gṑ) Dr: dóːyáː. Ch: ákúlkí; Pel: kúlkí. Cassava (Ha: gṑ) [< Tiv rogo] Zr.M: róːgò Cold (n.) (Ha: any ) Zr: sányíː. Zr.K: róːgo; Zɗ: róːgo; Pol: róːgò; Ch: róːgò; Colour (Ha: la ni )̄̀ [< Arabic lawn] Zr.M: Pel: róːgò; Zda: róːgoː. láwni Sg: láwnì; Gj: láwnî; Pel: láwni. Castrate animals (Ha: aka ̄̀) Zr: daká; Sg: Communal work (Ha: gàyyā) Zr: gàyyà. dáke kə̀ káro; Zk: dákè; Dr: dákeː; Ch: dákè. Compensation (Ha: íyyā) Zɗ: díːya. Cat (Ha: k lḕ) Zk: kúléː. Completely (Ha: kwata-kwata) [< Yoruba Cat (Ha: mū hḕ) Zr.K: mǔːs. patapata] Zr: kwata; Zda: kotá. Catfish (Ha: a w̃ aɗā) Ch: tárwáɗá; Pel: Completely (Ha: a ã i) Zr: saray. táráwɗá. Completely, well (Ha: ṑ )ai [< Arabic sawiy] Cattle egret (Ha: âl ēla ̄̀) Sg: bélbéla; Bl: Zr: sòséy. bélbə́ la; Ch: bélbéːlà. Confuse (Ha: i kì ā) Pel: bírkíta. Celebration (Ha: ìk ) Zr: bìki; Zr.M: bìkí; Controller (market) (Ha: a kin mū ̄̀,) Zr: 12 Zr.K: bìki; Zɗ: bəkí; Dr: bikíː; Pel: bìkí; Zda: sarkin múːdù. bikíː. Copper (Ha: agùllā) [< Tamasheq teɣert, Certainly, for sure (Ha: lallē) Zr: lalláy. eɣər(i) Gj: tágùllà; Zda: tágulláː. Chain (Ha: a a ̄̀) Zr: sárka; Zɗ: sárka; Pol: Corpse (Ha: gāwā) Zr: gaːwa; Zr.K: gaːwa; sárka; Dr: sárkáː. Zɗ: gáːwá; Pol: gǎːwá; Ch: gáːwá. Chance (Ha: àl a k̃ a ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal-barka] Cotton (Ha: a ùgā) [< Arabic abu dagīg] Pel: àlbárka. Zr.K: dugá; Sg: dùgà; Dr: áwdugáː; Gj: Chance (Ha: āmā) Zɗ: dáːmáː; Pel: dǎːmá. ábdə̀ gà; Pel: ábdəga; Zda: áwdugáː. Change (Ha: canja ̄̀) [< English change] Zr: Count (Ha: i ga ̄̀) Zk: kírgə̀ ; Ch: ƙírgá. ʧanʤá; Zɗ: ʧénʤi. Court of the chief (Ha: ā à) ( Nilo-Saharan; Chatter (Ha: ̄̀ ū̃ ̄̀) Zr: sùːrúːtu. Niger-Congo) Zr: páːdà; Zr.M: páːdà Zr.K: Chatting (Ha: āɗi )̄̀ Zr: táːɗi. páːda; Sg: paːdá; Zɗ: páːɗa; Pol: páːɗa; Gj: Cheap, flimsy gown (Ha: àlkà hā a ̄̀) páːdà; Pel: páːdà. [< Arabic (?) Zr: àlkàʃáːfa. Co-wife (Ha: k hìyā) Zr.K: kaʃí; Zda: kíːʃiyáː. Cheapness (Ha: à à̃ hā) [< Arabic arḫaṣ] Zr: Crested crane (Ha: gà āka ̄̀) Zr.K: gàwráka; àrha. Sg: gáwrakí. Cheat (Ha: cūcḕ) Zɗ: ʧúːʧe; Pol: ʧuːʧe; Pel: Crow (Ha: hànkāka ̄̀) Pel: hàŋkáːka. ʧúːʧé. Cunning (Ha: māki c̃ i )̄̀ [< Arabic mākir] Zr: Cheating (Ha: zàmba) [< Arabic zaʿbar] Zr: maːkírʧi. zàmba; Dr: zámbéː; Ch: zámbè. Curse (Ha: la'àn ā) [< Arabic laʿana] Pel: Chief (administrative district ~) (Ha: láʼána. hùk ma ̄̀) [< Arabic ḥukūma] Zr:hukúma. Custom (Ha: àl'ā a ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal-ʿāda] Zr: Chief (Ha: à a akḕ) Zɗ: basaráːki. àl'aːdà; Zɗ: alʾáːda. Chieftaincy (Ha: à a a ̄̀) Zɗ: másáráwtá; Dr: Damage (Ha: ɓà ñ ā) Zr: ɓàrna. saráwtáː; Zda: saráwtaː. Darkness (Ha: h ̄̀) Zda: dúhuː. Chisel (Cf. Ha. c ù )̃ [< English chisel] Zr.M: Date palm (Ha: à nṑ) [< Kanuri dìfúnò ʧíːsər Gj: ʧíːsə̂ l. < Berber təbinawt] Zr.M: dabíːno; Zr.K:

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

dábíːno; Zɗ: dábíːno; Pol: dàbíno; Dr: Drum (Ha: ganga ́) Sg: gàŋgà; Zɗ: gaŋgó; Pol: dábíːnoː; Bl: dábínu; Gj: daɓiːnô; Pel: gàŋgá; Dr: gaŋgáː. daɓíːno. Drum (talking ~) (Ha: kàlàngū) [< Yoruba Datura (Ha: za àm ) Sg: zàgámì. kọnọngo; Nupe kanangun] Zr.M: kalangú; Zɗ: Deaf (Ha: k mā) Zr.K: kurma; Zk: kúrmáː; kalaŋgú; Pol: kàlàŋgó; Dr: kalaŋgúː; Ch: Pol: kúrmá; Bl: kurma; Zda: kúrmáː. kàlàŋgú; Gj: kalangu; Zda: kalaŋgúː. Deaf-mute (Ha: ē )ē Zɗ: béːbé; Pol: bèébé; Drum sp. (Ha: kṑ ) Sg: kòːsó; Pel: kòːsó. Bl: beːbeː; Zda: béːbéː. Drummer (Ha: makàɗ ) Zr: mákaɗí; Zr.K: Decoration (Ha: a ) Zɗ: ádó; Dr: ádóː; Pel: mákaɗí; Sg: makáɗi. ádo; Zda: adoː. Duck (Ha: àgwa ̄̀gwà) [< Nupe gbangba] Zr: Decrease (Ha: agḕ) Zr: ragé; Zr.M: rigí Sg: àgwàːgwâː; Zr.M: àgwàːgwa; Zr.K: ragé; Zk: rígì; Zɗ: ráge. àgwàːgwá; Sg: àgwàːgwa; Zk: àgwàːgwáː; Zɗ: Deleb-palm (Ha: giginya ̄̀) Sg: gìgínjà; Gj: agwaːgwá; Pol: àgwàːgwá; Dr: agwáːgwáː; gigiɲâ; Pel: gìgíɲa. Bl: ʾagwaːgwá; Ch: àgwàːgwá; Gj: àgwàːgá; Desire (Ha: kwàɗày ) Pel: kwàɗàyí. Pel: àgwàːgá; Zda: agwaːgwáː. Destruction (Ha: kaca-kaca) Zr: kaʧa-kaʧá; Dum palm (Ha: gṑ a ̄̀) ] Zr: gòːrubà; Zr.M: Sg: kaʧáːʧa. gwòrə́ bà; Sg: gòːrúbà; Zɗ: goːrúba; Bl: Dibs (Ha: ca a kē) Zɗ: ʧárápké. gòːrə́ ba; Gj: goːríbà; Pel: gòːrúbà. Differenciate (Ha: bambànta) Zr: bambantá. Dung (Ha: āki )̄̀ Sg: taːkí; Zda: táːkiː. Difficulty, pain (Ha: wùyā) Pol: wùyá; Ch: Dung-beetle (Ha: ̄̀zūz ̄̀) Zr.K: bùːzúːzu. wùyá; Zda: wuyáː. Dusk (Ha: àlmū ̃ ̄̀) Pol: almúːru. Digging (Ha: kà ū) Sg: kaptá; Pol: kaptú; Bl: Dyeing (Ha: ini )̄̀ [< Kanuri àrîn < Arabic ʾan- kàptú; Zda: kawtúː. nīl] Zr.M:riná Zɗ: rini; Ch: rínì; Pel: rína. Disciplining as done by masquerades (Ha: Dysentry (Ha: a ìn ) Zɗ: átiní; Zda: átuníː. hṑ) Zr: foːró; Pol: foːró. Eagle (Ha: j hù ma ̄̀) Zr.M: ʒìnkìrmà Zr.K: Disease (Ha: c wṑ) Zɗ: ʧíːwo; Pol: ʧíːwo; Dr: ʒíngirma; Ch: ʤímfə̀ rmà; Gj: ʤìmpə̀ rmà; Pel: ʧíːwoː; Gj: ʧô̰ ː; Pel: ʧíwo; Zda: ʧíːwoː. ʤìmpə̀ rmà. Dish made of cassava flour (Cf. Ha. ga ̄̀ in Early start at dawn (Ha: àmmak ) Zr: 13 gṑ) [< Yoruba, Nupe gari] Zr: gàːrí. sàmàkó. Dish made of stewed vegetables (Ha: gwà ē) East (Ha: gabàs) Zr: gáɓâs; Dr: gábəs; Ch: Zr: gòté. gábàr; Gj: gàbàs; Pel: gabas; Zda: gábas. Dish rack (Ha: anki )̄̀ [< Fulfulde danki] Gj: Education (Ha: ilmi )̄̀ [< Arabic ʿilm] Zr: ílmi. danki; Pel: dǎŋki. Effort (Ha: ṑ a) Zr: kòːkari; Zk: kòːkàrí; Disorderly (Ha: à k̃ à ài) [< Arabic barqaṭa] Zɗ: koːkárí; Pol: koːkə́ rí; Ch: kòːkárí; Pel: Zr: bàrkàdèː. koːkarí. Do again (Ha: ākḕ) Zr: saːké; Zk: sáːkì; Zɗ: Egyptian mimosa (Ha: gàma ̄̀ wā) Zr: sáːke; Ch: sáːkè; Gj: saːká; Pel: sáːke; Zda: gàmàːruwa; Zr.M: gàmàːruwa; Zr.K: sáːkáː. gàmàːrúwá; Zɗ: gamaːrúwá; Pol: gàmàːrúwâ. Do completely (Ha: cika ̄̀) Zr: ʧiká. Election (Ha: za ̄̀ɓē) Zr: zàːɓe; Sg: zaːɓa; Zk: Domestic animals (Ha: a a ̄̀) [< Arabic záːɓà; Pol: zaːɓà; Dr: záːɓéː; Ch: záːbè; Zda: dabbāb] Zr:dabbà; Zɗ: dábba; Pol: dabbà; zaːɓéː. Dr: dábbáː; Pel: dabbà; Zda: dábbe. Elephant (Ha: g wā) Zr.M: gìːwà ; Zr.K: Donkey (Ha: ja ̄̀k ) [< Tamasheq ejak] Zr: giːwa; Zɗ: gíːwá; Ch: gíːwá. ʒaːki; Zr.M: ʒàːkì Zr.K: ʒàːkí; Sg: ʒàːki; Zk: Embrace (Ha: ngùmā) Ch: rùŋgùmé; Gj: ʒàːkí; Zɗ: ʤaːkí; Pol: ʒàːkí; Dr: ʤáːkíː; Ch: rungúmá. ʤàːkí; Gj: ʒyàːkì; Pel: ʒàːkí; Zda: ʒaːkíː. Emigrate (Ha: ka a ̄̀) Zr: kawrá. Doubt (Ha: hakka ̄̀) [< Arabic šakka] Zr: Emphasizes negation (Ptcl) (Ha: sam) Zr: ʃákka; Zr.M: ʃákka Zk: ʃákkà; Zɗ: ʃákka; Bl: sám. shákka; Ch: ʃákkà; Zda: ʃákkaː. Enamel dish (Ha: kwānṑ) [< English pan] Zr: Dowry (Ha: ūkìyā) [< Arabic dunya] Zr: kwáːno; Zr.M: kwáːno Sg: kwáːnò; Zɗ: dúːkiyá; Sg: duːkíja. kwáːno; Pol: kwáːno; Dr: kwáːnoː; Ch: Drawing, decoration (Ha: za ̄̀nē) [< Arabic kwáːnò; Gj: kwáːnô; Zda: kwáːnoː. zāna] Zr:zàːne; Sg: zàní; Pol: zəni; Gj: zaːní. End (Ha: à hē) Pel: karʃé. Drive (car) (Ha: ū a ̄̀) Zɗ: təká; Pol: tuːka. Engine (Cf. Ha. inji )̄̀ [< English engine] Zr: ínʤin.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Engineer (Ha: inji n̄̀ iya ̄̀) [< English engineer] Finish (Ha: gama ̄̀) Zr: gamá. Zr: ìnʤìníya. First wife (Ha: wa ̃ gi ā) Zr: wargida. Enjoy (Ha: m a ̄̀) Zr: moːrá. Fisherman's net (Ha: k mā) Pel: kóːmá. Entrance hut (Ha: za ḕ) Zr.K: zúːri; Sg: Flag (Ha: ū a ̄̀) Sg: tuːtá; Zɗ: túːta. záwre; Ch: záwrè. Flesh (Ha: ka ̄̀) Zɗ: sóːka; Ch: sóːkà; Zda: Epilepsy (Ha: a ̃ aɗiyā) Zr: farfaːɗa. sóːka. Epithet (Ha: ki ā i )̄̀ Zɗ: kíráːri. Flint and tinder lighter (Ha: ma aɓ ) Zr: Escape (Ha: ē )ḕ Sg: tsiːrá; Dr: síːráː; Zda: masaɓi; Pel: másàːbí. siːré. Flower (Ha: ù ē) Zr.M: furí; Zr.K: fùré; Sg: Euphorbia (Ha: kyà anā) Zda: kyaraːnaː. pùre; Ch: pàré. European (Ha: à ū ḕ̃ ) Zr: bàtúːre. Foam (Ha: k m ā) Sg: kumpa; Ch: kúmpá; Europeans (Ha: ū ā̃ wā, pl.) Zr: tuːraːwa. Gj: kúmpá; Zda: kúmpáː. Even (Ptcl) (Ha: mā) Zr: máː; Zɗ: máː. Fold, roll up (Ha: naɗḕ) Zk: náɗì; Ch: náɗè. Evil (Ha: mūg ̄̀) Zda: múːguː. Fool (Ha: l ) Zr: doːlo. Exactly, well (Ha: daidai) Zr: deːdéː; Gj: Foolishness (Ha: hì mē) Zr: ʃìrmé; Zr.K: déydéy; Zda: deydey. ʃírmi. Exam (Ha: gwa a ̄̀wā) Zr: godàːwà. Football (Ha: bôl) [< English ball] Zk: bôːl; Example (Ha: mì āli )̄̀ [< Arabic miṯāl] Zr: Pol: bôl; Zda: bôl. mìsáːli. Forbid (Ha: hana ̄̀) Zk: hánə̀ ; Dr: hanáː; Pel: Exchange (Ha: mù āyā) Zɗ: musáːyá. háne; Zda: hanéː. Exclamation expressing incredulity (Intj) Forest (Ha: k mi )̄̀ Pol: kúrmi; Gj: kúrmî; Pel: (Ha: ìna ̄̂ ) Zr: ìnâː. kúrmi; Zda: kúrmiː. Exclamation expressing surprise (Intj) (Ha: Friday (Ha: j mma'a ̄̀) [< Arabic ǧumʿa] Dr: à hē) Zr: àʃéː; Zɗ: aʃêː; Gj: aséː. ʤummáʾáː. Expensiveness (Ha: a ̄̀ ā) ( Nilo-Saharan) Zr: From (Ha: dàgà) Zr: dàgà; Zɗ: daga. tsàːda. Frotter (Ha: hā )ḕ Zk: ʃáːpə̀ ; Ch: ʃáːpè. Expert (Ha: gwàn ) Zɗ: gwaní. Fry (Ha: ya ̄̀) Zr: soːyá; Zda: sóːyáː. Explain, Describe (Ha: kwa àn ā) Zr: Fulani camp (Ha: gā) Zda] rúgà. 14 kwatantá. Galadima (Ha: gàla ̄̀ ma ̄̀) [< Kanuri galtima] Explanation (Ha: àyāni )̄̀ Zr: bàyáːni; Zk: Zr: gàlàːdíːma; Gj: gàlàdìmâ. bàyàːnì. Gallop (Ha: kùwā) Sg: sùkúwa; Pel: Explanation (Ha: a à ā̃ ) [< Arabic fassara] súkúwa. Zr: fasára. Game (Ha: wa g ) Dr: wárgí; Gj: wórgi. Extreme (Ha: tsananin) Zr: tsananin; Zɗ: Games of draught, dibs, etc] (Ha: a a ̄̀) Zr: sánání. dára; Zɗ: dára. Extreme (Ha: an ā) Zr: tsantsa. Garden, irrigated farming of tomatoes, Eye, Type (Ha: i i )̄̀ Zr: íri; Zɗ: íri. onions, etc] (Ha: làm ū) [< Songhay lombu] Face (Ha: ka ̄̀) Zr: fúska. Zr: làmbu; Zr.K: làmbú; Sg: làmbu; Pol: Faint (v) (Ha: ūma) Pel: súːmá. làmbú; Dr: lambúː; Gj: lambu; Pel: lambú; Fan (Ha: i ̄̀ ā) Sg: pipiːtá. Zda: lambuː. Fasting (Ha: azùm ) [< Tuareg əẓum Gather, mix, meet (Ha: gama ̄̀) Zr: gamá; Zɗ: [< Arabic ʾaṣ-ṣawm] Zɗ: ázumi; Pol: ázùmí. gáma. Fault (Ha: lâi ) [< Arabic ʾal-ʿayb] Zɗ: lâyfí; Gazelle (Ha: à ēwā) Zr.M: bèréːwá; Zr.K: Dr: lâypí. bàreːwa. Female relationship (Ha: gā )ā Zr: gaːra. Get down (Ha: sàuka) Zr: sapká. Fence (Ha: à n ) ( P- (OS)) Zr: dàrné; Zr.M: Ghost (Ha: a alwā) Zɗ: fátálwá. dàrné; Zr.K: dàrné; Zk: dàrní; Zɗ: darní; Dr: Gift (Ha: à a a ̄̀) Zr: tsàrabà. darní. Gift (wedding ~) (Ha: gā ā) Zr: gaːra. Fever (Ha: zàzzàɓ ) Sg: zázzabí; Zɗ: zazzaɓí; Ginger (Ha: cìtta) [< Fulfulde citta] Zr.M: Pol: zàzzàɓí; Dr: zazzaɓíː; Gj: zàzzàɓì; Pel: ʧittá Zr.K: ʧita. zàzzàɓí; Zda: zazzaɓíː. Girl (Ha: ù wā) Zr: bə̀ dərwa. Fig tree (Ha: cēɗiyā) Ch: ʃéːɗíyá; Gj: ʧéːɗíyá. Glue (Ha: manna ̄̀) Zk: mánnà; Gj: manná. Fine (Ha: a ̄̀ ā) Zr: tàːra; Zk: táːrà; Zɗ: taːre. God (Ha: Allàh) [< Arabic ʾallāh] Zr:Álla. Fine sand (Ha: ài ày ) Zɗ: rayrayí. Gold (Ha: z nā ì̃ yā) [< Kanuri dinar < Arabic Fine sand (Ha: ya ̄̀ h ) Ch: yàːʃí. dīnār] Zr.M: zínáːriyá Zr.K: zə́ náːriyá; Sg:

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

zínáːrìjà; Zɗ: zíːnáːriyá; Pol: zináːriyá; Bl: Help (Ha: aimàkē) Zr: teːmaké; Dr: taymakáː; zínáːriyá; Ch: zə́ náːrìyá; Gj: zənaːríya; Pel: Pel: téːmakaː; Zda: téymákáː. zənáːriyá; Zda: zíːnáːriyáː. Henna (Ha: lallḕ) Zr: nǎːlle. Good! (Intj) (Ha: yâwwā) Zr: yâwwàː. Hepatitis (Ha: c w n hāwa ã ̄̀) Zr: ʧíːwòn Government (Ha: gwámnátì) [< English ʃàːwára. government] Zr: gopmnáti. Hill (Ha: hawā) Zk: háyà; Zda: háwáː. Gown sp. (Ha: ag wa ̄̀) Pol: tágùwá. Hill (Ha: ̄̀) Zɗ: túdu; Dr: túduː. Grandchild (Ha: j ka ̄̀) Zr.M: ʤíka; Zr.K: Hippopotamus (Ha: ṑ inā) Zr.K: dòːrina; ʤíːka; Sg: ʤíːka; Pel: ʤíːka. Zɗ: doːrə́ ná; Pol: dòːrə́ ná; Gj: dòːríná; Zda: Grass (Ha: haki )̄̀ Zda: hákiː. doːrinaː. Grave (Ha: kù hāyā) Zda: kuʃyaːyaː. History (Ha: ā ̃ hi )̄̀ [< Arabic taʾarīẖ] Zɗ: Greed (Ha: kwàwɗày ) Zda: kwaɗayi. táːríhi. Green (Ha: algà h ) Pel: álgàʃí. Honeycomb (Ha: ā a ̄̀) Zr.K: saːká; Pol: Green (Ha: k ḕ̃ ) Ch: kóːréːná. sáːka; Ch: sáːkà; Zda: sáːkaː. Greeting (Ha: a k̃ a ̄̀) [< Arabic baraka] Zɗ: Hoof (Ha: kṑ a) ṑ Zr.M: kòfáto; Zr.K: kòfáːto. bárka; Pol: sámbárkâ. Hook (Ha: ūgìya ̄̀) Zr.K: kúːgi; Sg: kùːgíja; Greetings (Ha: allama ̄̀) [< Arabic sallama] Pol: kúːgìyá; Dr: kúːgiyáː; Gj: kúːgìyà; Zda: Zɗ: sálláma. kúugiyáː. Ground sloping downward (Ha: gangà ā) Horn (Ha: àh ) Zr.K: kàfú; Ch: kàhó. Zr: gàngára; Gj: gàŋgàrâ. Hornbill (Ha: ̃ ū) Sg: burtu; Ch: búrtə́ ; Gj: Groundnut (Ha: g jiyā) Pol: gə́ àː; Gj: burtu; Pel: burtú. gùʤyáː; Pel: gùʤyá; Zda: guʤyaː. Hornbill sp. (Ha: cilàk wa ̄̀) Dr: ʧílakkóːwáː. Guinea-corn sp. (Ha: à ) Zr: dàmru; Zr.K: Hospital, dispensary (Ha: asìbìti) [< English dàwró. hospital] Zr: ásəɓə́ ti; Zɗ: ásibíti. Gun (Ha: in iga ̄̀) [< Arabic bunduqiyā, Hot season before the rains (Ha: aza ā) Zr: bunduq] Zr: bində́ gà; Pol: bǐndígà; Dr: bazara. bíndígáː. How (Pro]Rel) (Ha: yaddà) Zr: yáddà. Gunpowder (Ha: ṑkā) Dr: toːkáː. Hump (Ha: z ) Zr: toːso. 15 Hair (head) (Ha: ̄̀mā) Zda: suːmaː. Hundred (Ha: ɗà ) Zɗ: ɗari; Pol: ɗarí. Half (Ha: a i )̄̀ Zr: ráɓi; Dr: rabá. Hunting (Ha: à a a ̄̀) Zɗ: faráwta; Pol: Hammer (Ha: gù ma ̄̀) Zr: gùdúma; Zr.M: parúːtá. gùdúma; Sg: gùdúmà; Zɗ: gudúma. Hut (grass ~) (Ha: ùkkā) Dr: bukkáː; Pel: Hang (Ha: ā àyē) Zk: ráːtáyà; Gj: raːtáyé. bukká; Zda: búkkaː. Happen, Begin (Ha: ā a ̄̀) Zr: faːrá; Zk: Hyena (Ha: kū ā) ( Niger-Congo (?)) Zr: páːrà; Zɗ: fáːra; Dr: páːráː; Ch: páːrè; Pel: kura; Zr.M: kuːra Sg: ŋaː-kuːra; Zk: kúːrá. paːrúwá; Zda: fáːráː. I swear (Intj) (Ha: wàllāhì) [< Arabic] Zr: Hardness (Ha: a ) Ch: táwrí. wàlláːhi. Harmattan (Ha: hùn ū ̃ ̄̀) Zɗ: huntúːru; Dr: Idol, fetish (Ha: g nki )̄̀ Zr: gúnki. huntúːruː; Zda: huntúːruː. If (Conj) (Ha: ìdan) [< Arabic ʾiḏan] Zr: ín; Harvesting (Ha: gi i )̄̀ Pol: gǐrbì; Ch: gírbì. Zɗ: ín; Gj: in; Zr: ìdan. Hawk (Ha: hāhṑ) Pel: ʃáːho. If (counterfactual; Conj) (Ha: a ̄̀) Zr: dàː. Head-tie (Ha: kallà ) Zr.M: kállapí; Zɗ: Illiteracy (Ha: jāhilci )̄̀ [< Arabic ǧāhil] Zɗ: kálapí. ʤáhílʧi. Head-tie (Ha: kwalliyā) Dr: kwáːlíː; Zda: Imam (Ha: li m̄̀ ân) [< Arabic ʾal-ʾimām] Zr: kwáːli. lìmâːn; Zɗ: liːmáːmi; Pol: lìmâːn; Ch: lìːmân. Heal (Ha: wa kḕ) Pol: warke; Dr: wárkeː; Ch: Increase (Ha: ā a ̄̀) Zr: kaːrá; Sg: kaːrá; Zɗ: wárkè. karʃé; Dr: káːráː; Ch: kàrʃé. Healing (Ha: a ) Zɗ: sáwkíya. Indeed (Ptcl) (Ha: fa) Zr: fáː; Zɗ: fá; Pel: fáː. Health (used in greetings) (Ha: lā iya ̄̀) Indeed (Ptcl)(Ha: mànà) Zr: mànàŋ. [< Arabic ʾal-ʿāfiya] Zr:laːfíya; Zr.M: laːfyâ Indian hemp (Ha: ama ̄̀) Zr: ráːmá; Zɗ: Zɗ: láːfíya; Pel: láːfíya. ráːma. Hedgehog (Ha: ū hiyā) Lr: búːʃíyá. Indigo (Ha: ā )ā Sg: báːbá. Heir, first born (Ha: maga ̄̀j ) Zr: mágàːʤí. Indigo (Ha: hūni )̄̀ Zr: ʃuːni; Zɗ: ʃúːɗi. Hello! (Ha: sànnu) Zr: sànnú; Zɗ: sannú. Injury (Ha: à n ) Zr: ràwni; Dr: rawníː.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Ink (Ha: àwā a ̄̀) [< Tuareg taddawat Learn, etc] (Ha: k y-) Sg: koːjá; Zk: kwáyà; [< Arabic dawa] Zɗ: tawáːda; Pol: tawádà. Zɗ: kóːya; Gj: koːyá; Pel: kóːya; Zda: kóːyáː. Insect (Ha: wa ̄̀ ) Zr: kwàːri; Pol: kwaːró; Dr: Leather (Ha: ā a ̄̀) Zk: páːtà. kwáːrí; Zda: kwaːróː. Leatherworker (Ha: à ūk ̄̀) Sg: bàdúŋkù; Insult (Ha: zāgḕ) Zr: zaːgáː. Zɗ: badúːku; Pol: bàdúku; Dr: badúːkuː. Intelligence (Ha: hankàl ) [< Arabic ʾaql] Zr: Let me, let us] (Ha: bàri) Zr: bàrí. hánkalí; Zɗ: háŋkalí. Letter (Ha: wà a ̄̀) [< Arabic waṯīqa] Zr: Jackal (Ha: ilā) Zr: diːla; Zr.M: dìːlà; Lr: wasíːka; Pol: wàsíːka; Gj: wasiːkâ; Zda: dílá; Ch: díllá; Zda: díláː. wasíːka. Jaw-trap (Ha: a kṑ) Zr: tárko; Zr.M: tárko Liana sp. (Ha: ya ̄̀ɗiyā) Zda: yaːɗiyaː. Sg: tàrkó; Zɗ: tárko; Pol: tárko; Pel: tárko. Lid (Ha: m i )̄̀ Zr.K: marfi; Pol: márpí; Ch: Jeu de chevaux (Ha: li ̄̀ ) Zɗ: liːdó. mə́ rfí. Join, meet (Ha: haɗa ̄̀) Zr: haɗá; Zr.M: ɦàɗé; Lie (Ha: a ya ̄̀) Zr.M: karya; Zr.K: karya. Pel: háɗa. Life (Ha: râi) Zr: rây; Zr.K: raːyí; Zk: ráːyí; Joy (Ha: m ñ a ̄̀) [< H] Zr: múrna; Zɗ: múrna. Zɗ: rây; Pol: rây; Pel: rây. Judge (Ha: àl āl) [< Arabic ʾal-qāḍi] Zr: Lift (Ha: ɗaga ̄̀) [< CHADIC] Zr: ɗagá; Zr.K: àlkaːli; Zɗ: alkáːlí. ɗagáy; Sg: ɗaga; Bl: ɗagá. Justice (Ha: hà ĩ 'a ̄̀) [< Arabic šarīʿā] Zr: Light (Ha: ha kē) Zr: haske; Pol: haské; Ch: ʃèríya; Zɗ: ʃarí'a; Dr: ʃaráʾáː. háské; Gj: háské; Pel: háské; Zda: háskeː. Jute (Ha: lālṑ) Bl: láːlo; Pel: láːlo. Light up (Ha: kûnnē) Dr: kunná. Kebabs (Ha: i ̄̀ ē) Gj: siːre. Like (Ha: kàma )̃ Zr: kàmár; Zɗ: kamán. Keep cattle (Ha: k wṑ) Pol: kíːwo; Ch: kíːwóː; Like this (Ha: hakà) Gj: hákà. Pel: kíwo; Zda: kíːwoː. Limping (Ha: ɗìngi h ) Bl: ɗəngə́ ʃ; Gj: Keep on doing (Aux) (Ha: inga ̄̀) Zr: dingá. ɗingíʃí; Zda: ɗingíʧíː. Kettle (Ha: ū a ̄̀) Zɗ: búːta. Line, queue (Ha: lāyi )̄̀ [< English line] Zr: Key (Ha: ma ūɗ) Pol: mábúːɗí. láːyi. Key, door (Ha: ma ll ) Zr.M: makulli. Lion (Ha: zāki )̄̀ Zr: záːki; Zr.M: zaːki; Zr.K: Kidney (Ha: a ̄̀) Zr.M: kwáːda Zr.K: záːki; Sg: zaːkí; Zk: záːkì; Zɗ: záːki; Lr: zki; 16 kwâːdá; Zk: kwáːdà; Dr: kóːdáː; Lr: kóóda; Bl: zaːkə; Ch: záːkì. Pel: kwáːda. Liver (Ha: han a ̄̀) Sg: hàntá; Zda: hántaː. Kill (Ha: ka hḕ) Zɗ: káʃe; Dr: kaʃéː. Load (Ha: kāyā) Zr: kaːya; Zr.M: kaːya; Zr.K: Kite (Ha: hi wa ̄̀) Pel: ʃírwa; Zda: ʧílwaː. kaːya; Zɗ: káːyá; Dr: káːyáː; Gj: káːyá; Pel: Knowledge (Ha: ilìm ) [< Arabic ʿilm] Zr: káːyá; Zda: káːyáː. ílimi; Zɗ: ílimí. Loan (Ha: a ) Zr: aro; Gj: aró. Labourer (Ha: lē ù à̃ ) [< English labourer] Loan, debt (Ha: ā hi )̄̀ Zr: báːʃi; Zr.M: bàːʃí; Zr: léːbə̀ rà. Bl: bàːʃì; Zda: báːʃiː. Lack (Ha: a hi )̄̀ Zr: ráʃi; Gj: rasá. Loincloth (Ha: àn ē) [< English panty] Zr.M: Ladle (wooden ~) (Ha: ṑ hiya ̄̀) Pel: kóːʃíyá; bèntí, byèndì; Zr.K: bènté; Zɗ: benté; Pol: Zda: koːʃíyaː. bènte; Dr: bentéː; Ch: byènté. Lame, cripple (Ha: g g ̄̀) Zr.M: gùrùm. Look at, look for (Ha: ū a ̄̀) Pel: dǔːba. Lamp wick (Ha: làgwàn ) Zr: làgwàne. Loom (Ha: ma ā )ā Zr.K: masaːka. Large red chillies (Ha: à a ̄̀ ai (pl.)) Zr: Louse (Ha: kwâ k̃ wa a ̄̀) Zɗ: kwarkwáta; Pol: tàttàːsay; Zr.M: ataːʃí; Zr.K: ataːʃé; Gj: kwarkwáta; Dr: kwarkwátáː; Zda: kwárkwátaː. tattaːʃi; Pel: tattaːséy. Lumps in gruel or mush] (Ha: gù a ̄̀j ) ( Last (Ha: aɗḕ) Gj: dàɗe; Pel: dàɗé; Zda: Niger-Congo (Songhay)) Zr: gùdàːʤi. daɗé. Lungs (Ha: hūh ́) Zr.M: huːhúː; Zr.K: fuːfú; Last (Ha: jima ̄̀) Zk: ʤímà; Pol: ʤima; Ch: Zk: fùːfúː; Zɗ: fuːfúː; Ch: hùhú; Pel: huːhúː; ʤímè. Zda: huːhúː. Laterite (Ha: ma ma ā) Ch: mármárá; Gj: Lute sp. (Ha: gà āyā) Dr: garáːyáː. mármárá. Lute sp. (Ha: m l ) Pol: móːló. Law, rule (Ha: ṑkā) Zr.M: dòːká; Zɗ: doːká; Magenta dye (Ha: gà ū a ̄̀) Zr: gàlúːra; Ch: Pol: dòːká. gàlúːrà. Law, rule (Ha: kā'i a ̄̀) [< Arabic qaid] Pel: Maize (Ha: ma à ā̃ ) [< Kanuri masar < Arabic káːʾídà. miṣr] Zr. : másará. Lead (metal) (Cf. Ha. hà ̃ ā hi )̄̀ Dr: dálmáː.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Mango (Ha: mangwà ̃ ) [< Yoruba mangoro Mongoose (Ha: ùnkū) Ch: tùnkú. < Portugese] Zr: mángórò; Zr.M: mángòrò Morning star (Ha: gàmzāki )̄̀ Zr: gàmzáːki; Zr.K: mángorò; Sg: máŋgoro; Pol: máŋgòrò; Zr.K: gàmzáːki. Dr: mángoroː; Bl: mángəro; Ch: máŋgòrò; Gj: Mosque (Ha: ma allāc) [< Arabic ṣalāh] Zr: mángòrò; Pel: máŋgorò; Zda: máŋgoro. masallaːʧi; Zɗ: másálláːʧí; Pol: másálláːʧí; Market (Ha: ka ̄̀ wā) [< Kanuri kàsúgù Ch: másálláːcí. < Arabic ʾas-sūq] Zr: kàːsuwa; Zr.M: kaːsuwa; Motorbike (Ha: a ̄̀ û )̃ [< Arabic bābur, Zɗ: kaːsúwa; Dr: káːsúwáː; Zda: kaːsúwáː. wābur] Zr: bàːbə̂ r. Market stall (Ha: hāgṑ) Zr: ʃáːgò; Zr.K: Motorbike (Ha: ma ̄̀ hîn) [< English machine] ʃaːgú. Zr: màːʃîn. Marriage (Ha: a ē) Zr: awre; Sg: awre; Zɗ: Movement (Ha: m a ̄̀) Sg: moːtsá; Zɗ: moːsí. áwré; Dr: áwréː; Zda: áwréː. Mud (Ha: àɓ ) Ch: tàɓó. Marshy ground (Ha: à ama ̄̀) Zr: fàdáma; Muezzin (Ha: la ̄̀ ân) [< Arabic ʾal-ʾāḏan] Zr: Pol: pàdáma; Dr: padámáː. làːdâːn. Mason wasp (Ha: zànza ) Zr.M: zùnzurá Muslim prayer (Ha: alla ̄̀) [< Arabic ṣalāh] Zr.K: zə̀ nzəri; Ch: zànzóró. Zr: sálla; Zɗ: sálla; Pol: sálla. Mat (Ha: a ̄̀ a mā) Zr: tàːbarma; Zr.M: Nail (metal) (Ha: ː a ̄̀) Zr: kúːsa. táːbàrə̀ m; Zr.K: tàːbərma; Bl: tàːbərmə; Ch: Near (Ha: kusa) Zda: kúsá. tàːbármá; Zda: taːbarmaː. Necessary (It is ~; Ptcl)(Ha: lḕ) [< Arabic Maternal uncle (Ha: kàw ) [< Fulfulde kāwu] dawla] Zr: dóːlêː. Zr: kàːwú; Sg: káːwù; Bl: kawu; Gj: kawu; Pel: Necessary (it is ~; Ptcl) (Ha: gā )a Zr: gáːrá. kaːwú; Zda: kaːwúː. Need (Ha: ùka ̄̀ ai) Zr: bùkaːtáy. Mating by animals (Ha: a a ā) Zr.K: Needle, Injection (Ha: àllū ã ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal- barbara; Zɗ: bárbárá; Ch: bárbárá. ʾibra] Zr: àllúːra; Zr.M: alíbra; Zr.K: àlúːra; Measure (Ha: a na ̄̀) Zr: áwnáː. Sg: àllúːrà; Zɗ: allúːra; Dr: allúːráː; Bl: Measure (Ha: gwàda) Zda] godá; Zk: gwádà. ʾàlípra; Gj: aliblâ; Pel: àlíbra; Zda: allúːraː. Measure (n) (Ha: mū )ū [< Arabic] muddu] Neem (Ha: gon yā )ṑ Zr: doːgon yáːro. Zr: múːdù. Neg] (Ptcl) (Ha: a ̄̂ )̄̀ Zr: bâː. 17 Melon (Ha: g na ̄̀) Pel: gúna. Neg] (Ptcl) (Ha: ā )ù Zr: baːbù. Merely (Ha: kurùm) Zr: kúrûm. Neg] (Ptcl) (Ha: a ̄̀) Zr: bàː. Midwife (Ha: ùng zṑmà) Ch: àŋgwónzòmà. Neg] injunction (Ptcl) (Ha: kaɗà) Zr: káɗâ; Milk (Ha: ma a ā̃ ) Zr.K: madara; Ch: Zɗ: káda; Pol: káda. mádárá; Zda: mádárá. Neighbour (Ha: ma wà c ) Zr: mákobʧí. Milk (v) (Ha: a ̄̀ ā) Zr.K: tsaːt; Sg: taːtsá; Zɗ: Next world (Ha: lāhi ã ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal-āẖira] taːsá. Zɗ: láːhíra. Millet (bulrush ~) (Ha: gē ) Zr: gyoːro; North (Ha: a ḕwā) Zr.M: áreːwá; Zɗ: áreːwa; Zr.M: gyòːrò; Zr.K: geːro; Zɗ: géːró; Pol: Pol: áreːwá; Dr: áreːwáː; Ch: árèːwá; Gj: gyeːro; Bl: geːró; Ch: gyáwró; Gj: gyeːlo; Zda: áréːwa; Pel: áreːwá; Zda: áreːwáː. geːlóː. Now (Ha: yànzu) Zr.K: yànzú. Millet sp. (Ha: màiwā) Zr.M: maywá Zr.K: Now (Ha: yâu) Zr.K: yâːw. màywá. O'clock (Ha: a ḕ) Zr: kárfe. Minute (Ha: min i )̄̀ [< English minute] Zr: Of all kinds (Ha: ka hi -̄̀ ka hi ,̄̀ ) Zr: káʃe káʃe. mínti. Oil-palm tree (Ha: kwākwa ̄̀) [< Twi, Ashanti, Mirror (Ha: ka ̄̀) Zr: boːka; Pol: mágáːní; Fan papã] Zɗ:kwáːkwa; Zda: kwáːkwaː. Bl: boːka; Ch: bóːkáː; Zda: bóːkaː. Old woman (Ha: gya ̄̀ mā) Zɗ: gyaːtə́ má. Mirror (Ha: ma ū ) Zr.M: madùːbì Zr.K: Onion (Ha: àl a a ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal-baṣal] Zr: màduːɓí; Sg: maduːbi. àlbása; Zr.M: albása; Zr.K: àlbísa; Sg: Mistletoe (Ha: ka cì ) Dr: káwʃi; Gj: káwʃî; àlbásà; Zɗ: albása; Pol: àlbása; Dr: albúsáː; Pel: káwʃi; Zda: káwʃiː. Bl: ʾàlbàsà; Ch: àlbásà; Gj: albàːsà; Pel: Mix, confuse (Ha: āma ̄̀) Ch: dáːmè; Pel: àlbása. dàːmúwá. Only (Ptcl) (Ha: kaɗai) Zr: kaɗé; Zr.M: Moisten (Ha: ji a ̄̀) Zr.K: ʤik. kaɗáyaː. Moment (Ha: ā'a ̄̀) [< Arabic sāʿ-] Zɗ: sáː'i. Only Ptcl) (Ha: kawày) Zr: káwây; Zɗ: káway; Monday (Ha: li ̄̀ in n) Pol: liːtinîn; Dr: liːtənín; Gj: káwey; Pel: káway. Gj: liːtinîn. Open space (Ha: l ) Zɗ: píːlí.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Or else (Ha: k kùwā) Zr: kóːkùwáː. Pig of traditional local iron (Ha: ūya ̄̀) Zr: Orphan (Ha: mà āya ̄̀) Sg: maráːja; Dr: búːya. maráːyáː; Pel: màráːya; Zda: maráːyaː. Pigeon (Ha: à ū) Zr.M: bàrú; Zr.K: bàrú; Ostrich (Ha: jìminā) Zr: ʒìmina; Zr.M: Zda: barúː. ʤìmìnà; Zr.K: ʒìmina; Sg: ʤìmìnà; Zɗ: Pigeon (Ha: à a à ā̃ ) Zr: kàttabàra; Sg: ʤiːmíná; Bl: ʤìmina; Gj: ʒìmnà; Pel: ʒìmíná; tàttábàrá; Zɗ: tattábará; Pol: tàttábàrá; Dr: Zda: ʤiminaː. tattábaráː; Bl: tàttábàrá; Ch: tàttábàrá. Ouch! (Ha: wâyy ) Zr: wáyyô. Pile up (Ha: ji ga ̄̀) Zr.K: ʤibgá. Outcry, Law suit, case taken to court (Ha: Place (Ha: ā) Gj: ɗoːrá; Zda: ɗóːráː. ā )ā Zr: kaːra. Plan (Ha: à ā ã ̄̀) [< Arabic dubāra] Zr: Outer wall (Ha: ka angā) Dr: kátángáː; Ch: dàɓáːra; Pol: dàbáːra; Zda: dabáːra. kátáŋgá; Zda: katáŋgaː. Pleasure (Ha: āɗ) Zɗ: daːɗí. Paganism (Ha: ā i )̄̀ Zr: sáːfi. Poison (Ha: g a ̄̀) Sg: gúba; Zɗ: gúba; Pol: Palm oil (Ha: mân jā) Zr: mánʤa; Zr.M: gúba; Ch: gúbè; Pel: gùbà; Zda: guɓaː. mánʤa Sg: mânʤa; Zɗ: mánʤaː; Pol: mán Police officer (D.P.O.) (Ha: 'ṑ) [< English ʤǎː; Dr: mânʤáː; Pel: mân ʤa; Zda: mánʤaː. D.P.O.] Zr: dìː píː o. Palm sp. (Ha: kwā a ̄̀) Zda: kwáːraː. Politics (Ha: ìyā a ̄̀) [< Arabic siyāsa] Zr: Pancakes (Ha: mā a ̄̀) Dr: máːsáː; Bl: máːsa; sə̀ yáːsa. Gj: máːsâ. Poor (Ha: ma ìya ̄̀c ) Dr: másiyáːʧí. Papaya (Ha: kàbûs) Zr.M: kabûːs; Zr.K: Poor man (Ha: talàkà) [< Kanuri talaga kabûːs. < Arabic (?) taʿalluq] Bl: tálka; Zda: tálákaː. Paradise (Ha: àljanna ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal-ǧanna] Potash (Ha: kanwā) Zr: kaŋwa; Zr.M: kanwa; Zɗ: alʤánna. Zɗ: káŋwá; Pol: kaŋwa; Dr: káŋwáː; Bl: Parrot (Ha: àku) [< Kanuri àkú] Zr: akú; kanwa; Ch: kánwá; Gj: kánwá; Pel: káŋwá; Zr.M: àkú; Zɗ: akú; Pol: àkú; Bl: ʾàkú; Ch: Zda: kánwáː. àkú; Pel: àku; Zda: akúː. Pound (Ha: ḕ) Zr.M: surfí. Part (Ha: ka hi )̄̀ Zr: káʃi. Pounded yam (Ha: àkwà ā) Zɗ: sakwará. Pass by (Ha: w cḕ) Dr: wúʃeː. Pour out in drops (Ha: ɗiga ̄̀) Zr: ɗigá. 18 Pass judgement (Ha: h k nci )̄̀ [< Arabic Power (Ha: m lki )̄̀ [< Arabic mulk] Zr: múlki; ḥukm] Zɗ: húkúnʧi. Zɗ: múlki; Zda: múlkiː. Pastor (Ha: a ṑ) [< English pastor] Zr: Prayer (Ha: a wa ̄̀) [< Arabic ad-duʿa] Zr: pásto; Zɗ: pásto. àdúwa; Sg: ádúwa; Zda: adú'aː. Patience (Ha: hà ) Zr: hàkuri. Prepare, get ready (Ha: hi ya ̄̀) Zr: ʃiryá; Zɗ: Pay (Ha: iyā) Zr.M: byǎː. ʃíri. Peace treaty (Ha: lh ̄̀) [< Arabic ṣulḥ] Zr: Press (Ha: anna ̄̀) Zr: danná; Zk: dárnà; Zda: súlfu. danné. Peddling (Ha: tàllà) [< Arabic dalla(la) Zr: Prison (Ha: ̃ ùnà) [< English prisoner] Zr: tàllè. púrsúnà; Zɗ: púrsúna; Gj: púrsùnà. People (Ha: jàma'a ̄̀) [< Arabic ǧamāʿa] Zɗ: Prison (Ha: ja ̄̀ m) [< English guard-room] ʤamáʾa. Zr.M: ʤàːrə́ m. Pepper (Ha: à k̃ ṑnṑ) ( Niger-Congo & Nilo- Profit (Ha: ̃ a ̄̀) [< Arabic ribḥ] Zr: ríːbà; Zɗ: Saharan) Bl: bàrkùnə́ ; Gj: bàlkùnò; Pel: ríːba; Pol: ríːbà; Dr: ríːbáː; Ch: ríːbà; Gj: gwàlkə̀ nó; Zda: barkonoː. ríːbà; Pel: ríːbà. Pepper (Ha: kim ā) Zda: kimbáː. Promise (Ha: àlkawà ̃ ) [< Arabic ʾal-qawl] Petrol lamp (Ha: ì ila ̄̀) [< Arabic fatīla] Zr: Zr: àlkáwalí; Zɗ: alkáwarí. fitíla; Zr.M: pítílla Pol: pitə́ la; Dr: pitílláː; Bl: Prophet (Ha: ànna i )̄̀ [< Arabic ʾan-nabīy] pǐtla; Ch: fìtíllà; Gj: pitilâ; Pel: pìtíla; Zda: Zɗ: annábi. fitílaː. Prostitute (Ha: kā ù̃ wà) [< Kanuri kárùá Photograph (Ha: hṑ) [< English photo] Zr: < Arabic ʾāhira] Zɗ:káːrúwaː; Dr: káːruwáː; foːtó. Ch: káːrúwà; Pel: káːruwá; Zda: káːruwaː. Pig (Ha: àlá ḕ) [< Yoruba ẹlẹdẹ] Zr: àleːdè; Protect (Ha: a ḕ) Sg: tsare; Bl: saré; Ch: Zr.M: àléːdè; Zr.K: àléde; Sg: àládé; Zk: tárè; Zda: sáráː. àládèː; Zɗ: aláde; Pol: aládè; Dr: aládeː; Bl: Protection (Ha: magā )ā Zr: magaːdaː. ʾàládè; Ch: àlédè; Gj: aladèː; Pel: aladè; Zda: Pull (Ha: jaː) Zr.M: ʤaː; Zr.K: ʒaː. aládeː.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Push (Ha: ū a ̄̀) Zr: tuːrá; Zr.M: tuːrá Zr.K: Secret (Ha: à ̃ ) [< Arabic ʾas-sirriy] Zr: tuːrá; Zda: túːráː. àsìːri. Put, cause (Ha: a ̄̂ ) Zɗ: saː. Secretary of the local government (Ha: Quickly (Ha: maza) Zɗ: mázá. aka a ḕ̃ ) [< English secretary] Zr: sakatáre. Radio (Ha: ē̃ iy ) [< English radio] Zr: Sergeant (Ha: āja ̄̀) [< English sergeant] Pel: rèːdíyo. sáːʤèn. Ram (Cf. Ha. ka ṑ) Zr: káro; Zr.K: káro. Shadow (Ha: kù wā) Zr: kùrwá; Pel: kurwá. Read (Ha: ka à̃ n ā) [< anuri kə̀ràtə́ < Arabic Shawl (women’s ~) (Ha: gyàlè) [< Yoruba qaraʾa] Zk: kàràːtû; Zɗ: káranta; Pol: kàràːtú; gele] Zr: gèlè. Dr: karantáː; Gj: karántá; Pel: káránta. Shed (Ha: ùm ā) Ch: rìmpá; Gj: rimpa. Real, really (Ha: a al ) [< Arabic] Zr: asali; Shield (Ha: gà k wā) Sg: gàrkwà; Ch: Zda: ásə́ líː. gàrkúwá. Really (Ha: ainih ) [< Arabic ʿayni-hi] Zr: Shilling, in old Nigerian currency (Ha: lḕ) anihí. [< English shilling] Zr: súle. Reason, cause (Ha: àl li )̄̀ [< Arabic dalīl] Zr: Shinbone (Ha: angal ) Zr.M: ʃyendari Zr.K: dàlíːli. ʃandari. Red-flanked duiker (Ha: gà ā) Zr: gàda; Shirt (Ha: jam a ̄̀) [< English jumper] Zr: Zr.M: gàda; Zr.K: gáda. ʤámpa; Sg: ʤámpà. Reign, power (Ha: kṑ) Sg: iːkú; Zɗ: íːko. Shivering (Ha: ɓa i )̄̀ Zr.K: ɓari; Zda: ɓarí. Relatives, clan (Ha: angi )̄̀ Zr: də́ ngi; Zr.M: Shoes (Ha: a ̄̀kàlm ) Sg: tàːkàːlmi; Pol: də̀ ngí; Zr.K: dingì; Pol: dǎŋgi; Zda: dáŋgáː. tàːkàlmí. Remains (Ha: a ā) Zr: sawra; Dr: sawráː; Show (Ha: nūna ̄̀) Dr: nuːnáː; Bl: nuːná; Gj: Ch: sàwrá; Zda: sawraː. nuːné. Remember (Ha: na ̄̀) Zr: tuná; Zr.K: tuná; Shrew-mouse (Ha: jāɓā) Sg: ʤaːɓa; Gj: Zk: túnà; Zɗ: túna; Ch: túnè; Gj: tuná; Zda: ʤaːɓa; Pel: ʤǎːɓá. túní. Sickle (Ha: là jē) Zɗ: lawʤe; Pol: làwʤé; Dr: Respect, Politeness (Ha: la à ) [< Arabic ʾal- lawʤí; Ch: làwʤé. ʾadab] Gj: ládabí. Side (Ha: gē )ḕ Dr: géːfeː. 19 Rest (Ha: hū a ̄̀) Zr.M: puʧí Zr.K: puːʧí. Sieve, filter (Ha: ā iyā) Zr: raːraya; Zr.M: Righ now (Ha: nan dà nan) Zɗ: nán-da-nan. laːriya Zr.K: raːriya; Zɗ: ráːríyá; Dr: ráːríyáː; Ring (Ha: z ḕ) [< Tamasheq] Zr: zobbè; Bl: ráːríyá; Ch: ráːríyá; Gj: ráːryá; Pel: Zr.M: zoːbè Zr.K: zóːbe; Sg: zóbbè; Zɗ: zóːbe; láːríyá. Dr: zóbbeː; Ch: zóbbè; Gj: zobbè; Pel: zòbbè; Silk cotton-tree (Ha: m ) Pel: ríːmí. Zda: zóːbeː. Silver (Ha: azù ̃ ā) [< Tamasheq āzͅ rəf Roof (Ha: i )̄̀ Pol: rúpi. [< Arabic ʾas -s arif] Zr.M: ázùrfá; Zr.K: Rosary (Ha: à ) [< Arabic tasbīḥ] Zɗ:tasbí. ázùrfá; Sg: ázùrpà; Zɗ: ázurfá; Pol: ázùrpá; Rubber (Ha: an ṑ) [< Kanuri danko] Zr.K: Bl: ʾázùrfá; Gj: ázùrpà; Pel: ázùrpá; Zda: danko; Ch: dánkò; Gj: danko. ázurfáː. Ruins of compound (Ha: kufai) Dr: kúfáːyíː; Singlet (Ha: 'ya ̃ ciki )̄̀ Zr: erʧíki. Zda: kúféy. Skin (untanned ~) (Ha: ūzū) Zɗ: búːzú. Ruminating (Ha: ̄̀ ā) Zɗ: təká; Pol: təká; Slap (Ha: ma ̄̀ ā) Zr: maːrá. Zda: təkaː. Slap on the face (Ha: mā i )̄̀ Zr: máːri. Sack (Ha: ùhū) Zr: bùhú. Slap, snap (Ha: tas) Zr: tás. Sacrifice (Ha: yā )ḕ Gj: yaːpeː-ti. Slave (Ha: āwa ̄̀) Dr: báːwáː. Saddle (Ha: i ̃ i )̄̀ [< anuri sərdə < Arabic Slippers (Ha: aɗ ) Zr.K: páɗi; Zda: páɗeː. sarj] Sg: sərdí; Zɗ: sə́ rdi. Slippers (Ha: il a ̄̀) [< English slippers] Zr.M: Saliva (Ha: yau) Zr.M: yaːwú. sílípa Sg: sílpàs; Dr: sílípan; Gj: sílípâ; Pel: Saturday (Ha: à a à )̃ [< Arabic ʾas-sabt] Dr: sílípas. asábarí; Gj: asábàr. Slope (Cf. Ha. gànga a ̄̀) Pel: súŋkúyi. Saw (Ha: za ̃ ṑ) [< Kanuri darto [< Arabic] Zr: Smoke (Ha: hayā ) Zr.M: yakaːyi. zárto; Zr.M: zártu Zr.K: zárto; Zɗ: zárto; Pol: Snail (Ha: k ɗi ̄̀ ( n ~)) Zr: kóɗe; Zr.M: zarto; Zda: zártoː. kóːɗi; Zr.K: kóːɗi; Zɗ: kóːɗi; Zda: kóːɗiː. Scatter (Ha: wā a ̄̀) Gj: waːsá. Snare (Ha: a h ̄̀ ā) Sg: àʧúːta; Zɗ: ʧúːʧe; Pol: School (Ha: maka ã n ā) [< Arabic qaraʾa] Zr: áʧùːtà. makaranta; Zɗ: mákárántá.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Snare (Ha: zà gē) Ch: zàrgá; Gj: zàrgáw; Pel: Sugar cane (Ha: àkē) [< Yoruba ireke] Zr: zàrgáw. ràke; Zr.M: rikí Zr.K: ràké; Sg: ràké; Zɗ: Sneezing (Ha: a ì hāwa ̄̀) Bl: ʾáttíʃo; Gj: raké; Pol: rə̀ ké. áttiʃâː; Pel: áttəʃâː. Sugar-cane cakes (Ha: màzà waila ̄̀) Zr: Soap (Ha: a ̄̀ l ̄̀) [< anuri savəl < Arabic bàzárkóːla. ṣābun] Zr:sàːfúlu; Zr.M: saːpúlu Zr.K: Sunday (Ha: lā )ì [< Arabic ʾal-ʾaḥad] Zr: sàːpúlu; Pol: sàːbúlu; Dr: sáːbúluː; Bl: láːdì; Pol: lǎːdì; Dr: lahádi. sàːbúlu; Ch: sàːpúlû; Pel: sàːbúlú; Zda: Surprise (Ha: ma ̄̀māki )̄̀ Zr: màːmáːki; Zr.K: saːbúlu. maːmáːki; Dr: máːmáːki; Gj: maːmaːkî; Pel: Soldiers (Ha: j j ) Zr: soːʤoːʤi; Sg: soːjá. maːmáːki; Zda: maːmáːkiː. Sorcerer (Ha: māyḕ) Zda: máːyeː. Swear (Ha: an ḕ) Zr: rantséy; Zr.M: ranʧí Sorcery (Ha: mâi ā) Zda: mêytaː. Zr.K: ranʧí; Zɗ: ránse; Pol: rantse; Gj: ransé; South (Ha: kudù) Zr.M: kúdù Zɗ: kúdu; Pol: Pel: ránse; Zda: ranse. kúdù; Dr: kúduː; Ch: kúdù; Gj: kúdù; Pel: Sweet potato (Ha: ànkali )̄̀ Zɗ: daŋkáli; Pel: kúdù; Zda: kúduː. dànkálé; Zda: daŋkáliː. Space (open ~) (Ha: a a ) Gj: sárárí. Sword (Ha: akṑ) [< Tamasheq takoba] Zr: Speech (Ha: jàwā i )̄̀ [< Arabic ǧawāb] Zɗ: tákoɓí; Zr.M: tákoːbí Pol: tákoːpí. ʤawáːbi. Sword, machete (Ha: à ā) [< Yoruba ada] Spice (Ha: yāji )̄̀ Sg: jáːʤì; Dr: yáːʤi. Zr: àdda; Zr.K: addá; Sg: àddà; Zɗ: addá; Spider (Ha: gizògizò) Ch: gízògízò. Pol: àddá; Dr: addáː; Pel: addá; Zda: áddaː. Spin (coton) (Ha: kaɗa ̄̀) Gj: kaɗá; Pel: káɗa. Taboo (Ha: ha ẫ m) [< Arabic ḥarām] Zɗ: Spinach sp. (Ha: àlē ̄̀) Dr: aléyefóː. harâm. Spinning stick (Ha: maza ) Zr: mazəri; Zr.M: Tailor (Ha: ēlà) [< English tailor] Zr: téːla. mázəri Zr.K: mazari; Sg: mazari; Zɗ: mázáré; Take by force (Ha: wācḕ) Zda: kwáːʧéː. Bl: mázárí; Pel: mázárí. Tarred road (Ha: kwàl a ̄̂ ) [< English coaltar] Spite (Ha: aini )̄̀ Zr: réːni. Zr: kwàltâː. Squeeze (Ha: mā a ̄̀) Zr: maːtsə́ ; Zɗ: mása; Tasteless (Ha: lām) Zr: laːmi. Ch: máːtsè. Taxes (Ha: gan ū) Zr: gandu. 20 Star (Ha: à ā )ṑ Ch: tàwráːrò. Taxes (Ha: hà ã ji )̄̀ [< Arabic xarāj] Zɗ: Station (Ha: a ha ̄̀) [< English station] Zr: haráːʤi. táʃa. Teacher (Ha: mālàm) [< Arabic muʿallim] Stick (walking ~) (Ha: àn ā) Zda: sandáː. Zr: máːlamí; Zr.M: máːləmí. Stir (Ha: ga ̄̀) Zr: burgá. Terror (Ha: a ̄̀zana ̄̀) Pel: ràːzána. Stirring stick (Ha: mūciyā) Ch: múːcyá. Thank (Ha: g ḕ) Zr: goːdé; Zɗ: goːdíyá; Dr: Stirrup (Ha: aim ) Zɗ: káymí. góːroː; Gj: gòːdè; Pel: gòːdé; Zda: goːdé. Stirrup (Ha: lìkkā a ̄̀) [< Kanuri elakef That is (Ha: wa ̄̀ ṑ) Zr: wàːtòː; Gj: waːto. < Arabic ar-rikāb] Zɗ:liŋkáːhu. Theatre (Ha: kwaikway ) Zr: koykoyo. Stone sp. (Ha: ā) Gj: pâ. Then, only (Ha: sai) [< Arabic siyā] Zr:séː; Story (Ha: la ̄̀ ā ĩ )̄̀ [< Arabic ʾal + aḫbār] Zr: Zɗ: sáy. làːbáːri; Zɗ: laːbáːri. There is (Ha: àkwai) Zr: àkóy. Stove (Ha: ì̃ hô) [< French réchaud] Zr: rìʃôː. They say… (evidential Ptcl) (Ha: wai) Zr: Straight on (Ha: san a ̄̀) [< English center] Zɗ: wáy; Zɗ: wáy; Pel: wéː. sánta; Zda: sántaː. Think (Ha: àmmāni )̄̀ Zɗ: sammáːni. Straighten (Ha: m ḕ) Zr: miːké. Thirty (Ha: àla ̄̀ in) [< Arabic ṯalāṯīn] Zr: Straw hat (Ha: màlà ā) Sg: màlàpá; Zɗ: tàlàːtín. malafá; Zda: marufaː. This year (adv) (Ha: bàni) Zr.M: bàní. Strength (Ha: a ) Zr: karfi; Zk: kə́ rpí; Pol: Thought (Ha: ùna ̄̀n ) Zr: tùnàːni; Zr.M: kə́ rpí; Zda: kárfí. tùnàːni Zr.K: túnáːni; Zk: tùnàːní; Ch: tə̀ nàːní. Strive (Ha: āgḕ) Zr: daːgé. Thousand (Ha: ū) [< anuri dəvu] Zr: Such and Such (Ha: kàzā) [< Arabic kiṯā] Zɗ: dubu; Zɗ: dúbúː; Zda: dúbú. kazá. Thread (cobbler’ ~) (Ha: kì ̃ āni )̄̀ Zr: kèltáːni. Suffering (Ha: wàhala ̄̀) Zr: wàhála; Zk: Thread (cobbler’s ~) (Ha: li l̄̀ ) [< English wàhálá; Pel: wahála; Zda: wahalaː. nylon] Zr: lìːlo. Throat, windpipe (Ha: mà gwà ) Sg: màkóːgòró; Lr: makóógworó.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Thunder (Ha: āwā) Zda: sáːwáː. Tribe (Ha: kà la ̄̀) Zɗ: kabíːla. Thursday (Ha: Àlhàmîs) [< Arabic ʾal-ẖamīs] Trousers (Ha: wàn ) [< Arabic bantalun] Zr: Pol: àlàmîːs; Dr: alhamîs. wàndó; Zr.K: wàndo; Sg: wàndó; Zɗ: wandó; Tick (Ha: ka ka ̄̀) Ch: káskà. Pol: wàndo; Dr: wandóː; Pel: wandó. Time (Ha: l kàc ) [< Kanuri loktu < Arabic Trust (Ha: àmāna ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾamāna] Pel: ʾal-waqt] Zr: lóːkaʧí; Zr.M: lóːkaʧi Zr.K: amáːna. lóːkaʧí; Zɗ: lóːkaʧí; Pol: lóːkaʧí; Dr: lóːkaʧí; Truth (Ha: ga kiyā) Zr: gáskíyáː; Zr.M: Ch: lóːkàcí; Gj: lóːkáʧi; Pel: lóːkaʧí; Zda: gàskyá; Zk: gàskíyá; Zɗ: gaskíyá; Zda: lóːkaʧíː. gáskíyáː. Time (Ha: za ̄̀māni )̄̀ [< Arabic zamān] Zr: Tse-tse fly (Ha: an (k ɗan ~)) Gj: sándô; zàːmáːni; Zɗ: záːmaní. Pel: sándo. Tiredness (Ha: gàjiya ̄̀) Zr: gàʤíya. Tuesday (Ha: àlā a ̄̀) [< Arabic ṯalāṯāʾ]Pol : Tiredness (Ha: âi, āyi )̄̀ Zr.M: raːyí Gj: rây. taláːta; Dr: taláːtáː; Gj: talaːtâ. Title sp. (Ha: ci ṑ̃ mà) [< Kanuri ciroma] Zr: Turban (Ha: awàn ) Zr: ráwoní; Zr.M: ʧórmà; Gj: ʧúláːma. ráwaní Zr.K: ráwaní; Sg: ràwánì; Zɗ: ráwaní; Title sp. (Ha: ma a ̄̀ ) Zr: máɗaɗí. Pol: ráwaní; Pel: ráwaní; Zda: ráwaníː. Title sp. (Ha: a kin ū )ḕ Zr: sarkin dúːtsey. Turkey (Ha: tàlotàlo) [< Nupe,Yoruba Title sp. (Ha: a kin ā )à Zɗ: sárkín páːda. tolotolo] Zr: tòlótôló; Zr.M: tolóːtoló Zr.K: Title sp. (Ha: sarkin yā i )̄̀ Zɗ: sárkín-yáːki. tòlóːtolóː; Sg: tàlótàló; Zk: tòlólòló; Zɗ: Title sp. (Ha: a kin ya ̄̂ ā) Gj: sə́ lkí yáːla. tolótoló; Pol: tolótoló; Dr: tolotólóː; Bl: Title sp. (Ha: a à) Zr: tapídà. tàlótàló; Ch: tòlótòló; Gj: tólótolô; Pel: Title sp. (Ha: ù a ̄̀k ) Gj: turaːki. tolótoló; Zda: toloːtólóː. Title sp. (Ha: wàk li )̄̀ [< Arabic wakīl] Zr: Turn round (Ha: jūya ̄̀) Zr: ʤuːyá; Zda: wàkíːli; Gj: wokiːlî. ʤuːyé. Toad, frog (Ha: kwa ̄̀ɗ ) Ch: kwàːɗó. Type, Colour (Ha: kala ̄̀) [< English colour] Tobacco (Ha: ā a ̄̀) [< Yoruba taba Zr: kála. < Portugese tabaco] Zr: táːɓa; Zr.M: taːɓá Pol: Ululations of joy done by women (Ha: gūɗa ̄̀) táːba; Dr: táːba; Bl: táːbə; Ch: táːbà; Pel: Zr: guːɗa; Zr.M: gùːɗà; Pel: gǔːɗa. 21 táːba; Zda: táːbaː. Understand (Ha: gānḕ) Zr: gaːné; Zɗ: gáːne. Tomato (Ha: ùmā ì )̃ [< English tomato] Pol: Unit of one hundred heads in a flock of tumáːtə̂ r; Ch: tə̀ máːtə̀ r; Zda: təmáːtir. cattle (Ha: ga kḕ) Zr: gárke. TOP (Ha: kwa ̄̀) Zr: kwàː; Zɗ: kuwa. Unit, Complete (Ha: gù ā) ( Niger-Congo Topic of conversation, matter (Ha: zàncē) (Songhay)) Zr: gùdá; Zda: gúːɗaː. Zr: zànʧe. Until (Ha: ha )̃ [< Arabic ḥattā] Zr:hár; Zɗ: Towards (Ha: z wa ̄̀) Zr: zúwa; Zɗ: zúwaː. har. Town (Ha: gà ) Zr: gàri; Zɗ: garí. Used for emphasis (Ha: kàm) Zr: kàm; Zɗ: Trade (Ha: cìnik ) Zɗ: ʧiníkí; Pol: ʧiníkí; Dr: kam. ʧínikíː. Used to express disapproval, doubt or Trade (Ha: kā wanci )̄̀ [< Kanuri kàsúgù surprise (Ha: kâi) Zr: kây. < Arabic ʾas-sūq] Zr: kaːsuwánʧi; Zr.K: Usefulness (Ha: àm a ̄̀n ) [< Arabic anfaʿa + kàːsuwá. ni] Zɗ: ampaːní; Pel: àmpàːní. Trade (Ha: àna'a ̄̀) [< Arabic ṣanʿa] Zr: sànâː; Valley (Ha: kwa i )̄̀ Pol: kwári; Ch: kwárì; Zɗ: saná'a; Gj: sana'â. Zda: kwáriː. Traditional title (Ha: ma ̄̂ āk ) Zr: mádaːkí; Vehicle gen] (Ha: ji g ) Zr: ʒirgi; Zr.M: ʒìrgì Gj: mádaːki. Zr.K: ʒirgi; Sg: ʤirgi; Zɗ: ʤírgí; Pol: ʤǐrgí; Travel (Ha: à iya ̄̀) Zɗ: tafíya; Dr: tapíyáː; Ch: Dr: ʤírgíː; Ch: ʤírgí; Gj: dʒirgi. tàːfé. Vein, artery, nerve (Ha: j jìyā) Sg: ʤíːʤíja; Tree sp. (Ha: i ya ̄̀) Zr: kírya; Zr.M: kírya; Ch: ʤíːʤìyá. Ch: kíryàː; Pel: kírya; Zda: kíryaː. Very (Ha: ala ) Zr: káláw. Tree sp. (Ha: hìwākā) Zda: ʃiwaːkaː. Very close (Ha: dáp) Zr: dáp. Tree sp. (Ha: ùm ā ìyā) Pel: tùmfáːfiyáː. Very much, truly (Ha: ainùn) [< Arabic Tribal marks on cheek, fanning from the ʿayni-hi] Zr: áynun. corner of the mouth (Ha: zà ē) [< Tamasheq Victory (Ha: na a ã ̄̀) [< Arabic naṣr] Zr: ǎz̝ ȃr] Zr: zə̀ ri; Zr.M: zìrì Zr.K: zə̀ rí; Sg: zàré; nasára. Zɗ: zaré; Gj: zàrè; Pel: zàré.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Village (Ha: a yḕ) Zr: kâwye; Pol: káwye; Wheat (Ha: àlkama ̄̀) [< Arabic ʾal-qamḥ] Zr: Zda: káwyeː. álkáma; Zr.M: álkáma; Zr.K: ʾalkáma; Sg: Village chief (Ha: mài àng wā) Zr: àlkámà; Zɗ: álkáma; Pol: álkáma; Dr: myàːngwá. álkámáː; Bl: ʾálkáma; Ch: álkámà; Gj: Viper (Ha: jìgū i )̄̀ Zr: ʤìguːrí. álkámâ; Pel: álkáma; Zda: álkámaː. Vizier (Ha: wàz ì̃ ) [< Arabic wazīr] Zr: White man (Ha: nà ā à̃ ) [< Arabic naṣārā] Zr: wàzíːri; Zɗ: wazíːri. nàsaːra; Dr: nasáːráː; Zda: nására. Vulture (Ha: ùngùlū) Sg: áŋgulu; Ch: àngùlù. Window (Ha: āga ̄̀) [< Kanuri tákkà/táà Wait (Ha: a ̄̀ka a ̄̀) Zda: daːkáté. < Arabic tāqa] Dr: táːgáː; Zda: táːgaː. Wall (Ha: ang ) Zda: bóŋgóː. Winnowing basket (Ha: ma ankaɗ ) Zr: War (Ha: yā i )̄̀ Zɗ: yáːki. matankaɗi; Zr.K: màtankaɗi; Zɗ: matáŋkáɗí; Ward, village (Ha: àng wā, ùng wā) Zr.M: Dr: mátáŋkáɗí; Bl: màtánkáɗí; Gj: matankaɗi; angwa. Pel: màtánkáɗí. Warm up (Ha: ɗ ma ̄̀) Dr: ɗumáː; Zda: ɗumí. Witness (Ha: hai a ̄̀) [< Arabic šahida] Zr: Warp thread (Ha: a a ̄̀wā) Zɗ: ábaːwá. ʃeːda. Watch (Ha: àg go) [< Yoruba agogo] Zr: Woman's wrapper (Ha: zanḕ) Zr.K: zaní; Dr: àgoːgo. záneː; Bl: zanì; Gj: záni; Zda: záneː. Watch guard (Ha: gā i )̄̀ [< English guard] Zr: Work (Ha: aiki )̄̀ Zr.K: aykí; Zk: áykìː; Zda: gáːdi. áykiː. Watermelon (Ha: kankanā) Zr.M: kankana; World (Ha: ūniya ̄̀) Bl: dùnyà; Ch: dúːníyà. Sg: kaŋkana; Zɗ: káŋkáná; Dr: káŋkánáː; Ch: Worship (Ha: à ā) Zr: bawtá; Sg: bàwtà; káŋkáná; Pel: káŋkána. Dr: bawtáː. Weapon (Ha: makām) Zr.K: makaːmi; Sg: Wrap (Ha: n a ̄̀) Zr.K: kumtsə́ . màkàːmì; Zɗ: mákáːmí; Ch: mákáːmí; Zda: Write (Ha: ̃ ̄̀ ā) [< anuri rə̀v tə́ < Arabic makaːmiː. rubuʿ < P.Tuareg *h1rb (cf. Gouffe 1972:165)] Wednesday (Ha: la ̄̀ à̃ ā) Pol: làrbá; Dr: Zk: rúbúːtà; rùbùːtù. láːrabáː; Gj: larbà. Writing board (Ha: all ) [< Kanuri allo Week (Ha: ā ) [< English Saturday] Zr: saːti. < Arabic ʾal-lawḥ] Zɗ: álló; Pol: alló.Year 22 Welcome (Ha: ma ã ̄̀ ā) [< Arabic marḥab-] (Ha: hēka a ̄̀) Pol: ʃeːkára; Dr: ʃeːkáráː; Ch: Zɗ: máraːbá. ʃèːkárá; Zda: ʃeːkáraː. Well (Ha: jìyā) Zr: ríːʤiya; Zr.M: ríːʤiyá Younger wife (Ha: ama yā) Zr: amarya; Dr: Zr.K: ríːʤìya; Zɗ: ríːʤiyá; Dr: ríːʤiyáː; Ch: ámáryáː; Zda: amaryaː. ríːʤìyá; Zda: ríːʤiyáː. Youngest son (Ha: à ā) [< Proto-Berber Well… (Ptcl) (Ha: ṑ) Zɗ: toː. *awtəm] Zr: àwtá. West (Ha: yâmma) Dr: yâmmáː; Ch: yâmmá; Youth (Ha: àma ̄̀ ) Dr: samarí; Pel: samaːlí. Gj: yêmmê; Pel: yâmmá; Zda: yâmmaː. Zero (Ha: i ì ̃ ) [< Arabic ṣifr] Zɗ: sípilí. Western cob, Puku (Ha: ma ̄̀ i )̄̀ Zr: màːríːri; Zr (Ha: ayāwā) Zr: Seyaːwaː. Zɗ: máːriyáː; Zda: maːríːríː.

Direct loans from English Biscuit (Ha: bìskît) [< English biscuit] Zr: Christmas (Cf. Ha. ki ̃ ìma ì) [< English bəskîːt. Christmas] Zr: Kə́ rmə̂ s. Borehole (Cf. Ha. jìya ̃ ù ̃ a ̄̀ ē) [< English Cup (Ha: kwâf) [< English Cup] Zr: kôːp; Sg: bore-hole] Zr: bóːfôːl. kóːpì; Pol: kóːpi; Dr: kóːpuː; Ch: kóːfì; Gj: kóp. Cashew tree (Cf. Ha. kanjū) [< English Electric bulb (Ha:gùlâb) [< English ‘globe’] cashew] Zr: kàːʃûː; Zr.M: kaːʃûː; Zr.K: kàːʃyûː; Zr: gəlôːp. Bl: kàʃîː; Ch: kàːʃyû; Gj: kaːʃûː; Pel: kàːʃûː. Identity card (Cf. Ha. kai ìn hai a ̄̀) Clay blocks for building (Ha: ùlo ̄̂) [< English I.D. card] Zr: áydí kaːt. [< English block] Zr: bə̀ lôːk; Sg: bùlók; Zɗ: Mobile phone (Ha: ga ̄̀) [< English handset] bəlók; Dr: bulók; Ch: bə̀ lôk. Pel: hánset. Country (Cf. Ha. a ā) [< English country] Mud brick (Cf. Ha. i k̃ ìlà) [< English brick] Zr: kántíri. Zr: bírki. O' clock (Ha: áwā) [< English hour] Zr: áwa.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Sweet (Cf. Ha. à lēwa ̄̀) [[< English sweet] Zr: Tear (to ~) (Cf. Ha. yāga ̄̀) [< English tear] Zk: sə̀ wîːt. térí. Table (Cf. Ha. ē ù )̃ [< English table] Zr: Torch light (Cf. Ha. cìlàn) [< English téːbə̀ l. torch(light) Zr: tóːʧi. Tape recorder (Cf. Ha. à̃ k a ̄̀) [< English Uniform (Ha:) [< English uniform] Zr: inə́ fôm. recorder] Zr: réːkôt. Wallet (Ha: walàt) [< English wallet] Zr: Tear (Cf. Ha. yāga ̄̀) [< English tear (?) Zr.K: wáːlêt. tyaːr. Christmas (Cf. Ha. ki ̃ ìma ì) [< English Christmas] Zr: Kə́ rmə̂ s.

Other languages Milk [< Fulfulde kosam] Zr: kósəm.

Doubtful direct origin Anyway, only (Ha: dai) Zr: deː; Zɗ: dáy. Lemon (Ha: lḕmo) [< Kanuri lèmûn < Arabic Bottle (Ha: kwal ā) Zr: kwalɓa; Zr.M: kwalɓa laymū] Zr: lèːmú; Zr.K: lèːmú; Sg: lèːmu; Zɗ: Zr.K: kwalba; Sg: kwalba; Pol: kwálɓá; Dr: leːmó; Bl: lèːmú; Gj: leːmo; Pel: leːmó; Zda: kwálbáː; Bl: kwalba; Ch: kwálbá; Pel: kwólbá; leːmú. Zda: kwálbáː. Pail to draw water (Ha: g ̄̀gā) Zr: gùːga; Farm fence (Ha: hingē) Zr: ʃinge; Zr.M: ʃingi Zr.K: gùːgá; Sg: gùːgá; Zɗ: guːgá; Pol: gùːgá; Sg: ʃiŋge; Pol: ʃíŋgí; Gj: ʃéngé; Pel: ʃéŋgé; Ch: gùùgá; Gj: gùːgà. Zda: ʃiŋgeː. Rice (Ha: hìnka a ̄̀) Zr: kafa; Zr.M: kafa; Grandchild (Ha: ka ̄̀kā) Zr: kàːká; Zr.M: Zr.K: ʃìnkaːfa; Sg: ʃìnkàːpá; Dr: ʃiŋkáɓáː; Bl: kaːká; Zr.K: kàːká; Pel: kaːká; Zda: kaːkáː. ʃikaːbə; Pel: ʃìŋkáːfá; Zda: ʃiŋkaːfaː. Kolanut (Ha: g ̃ ) Zr: góːro; Zr.M: góːro; Since (Ha: tun) Zr: tún; Zɗ: tún. 23 Zr.K: góːro; Sg: góːrò; Zɗ: góːro; Pol: góːro; Spoon (Ha: c kàl ) [< Tamasheq cokkol] Zr: Dr: góːroː; Bl: gòːrò; Gj: góːróː; Pel: góːro; ʧóːkalí; Zr.M: ʧóːkalí Dr: ʧóːkalí. Zda: góːroː.

Possible non-Chadic loanwords in SBW

Zaar  ɮòngà, ‘brains’; cf. Iz kwongì  râː, ‘heart’; cf. Py ría, Iz riye.  dòt, ‘baobab’; cf. Bk mòt; Jk mwoɗo.  mbâːp, ‘rat, mouse’; cf. Bk mbáp; Jk mbabù  gə̄̀ rə́ , ‘old’; cf. Bk gɨ́ɣɨ́s.

Sigidi  gùdúŋ, ‘river’; cf. Iz kuduŋ, ‘pond’  rùndúŋ, ‘cow’; cf. Py rundóŋ  zaw, ‘stick’; cf. Bk zòk14  žǔːr, ‘horse’15; cf. Py žirí, ‘horse’  bùtǔːr, ‘quiver’; cf. Py botorí

14 However, cf. Zda zòː, ‘stick’ & P.W.Chad (OS) *ʒaw-; Meaning: 'stick'; Ngizim: záwâ. The loan may be from Chad. To Bk. 15 Also Zr.K ʒǔːr, ‘horse’.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

 ci-gə́ r, ‘old’; cf. Bankal gɨ́ɣɨ́s

Zoɗi  mbyak, ‘kidney’; cf. Bk mbìyək, ‘kidney’  lèm-sì (Polci líyém), ‘God, sky’; cf. Bk ɗíyə̄̀ n, ‘sky’  ʃyàkʃyàk, ‘star’; cf. Bk jə̄̀ kjə̄̀ k, ‘star’  kéːlə́ m, ‘charcoal’; cf. Bk & Jk kəl, ‘star’  ngùŋîː, ‘hyena’; cf. Bk ǹgṵ́wì, Jk ngwǐ, ‘hyena’  bàːm, ‘gazelle’; cf. Bk ‘bam’  súkɗí, ‘rabbit’; cf. Bk sòkɗí, Jk suɣuɗì, ‘rabbit’  làɗà, ‘spider’; cf. Bk lə̄̀ɗə́, Jk ləɗa, ‘spider’  lukə̄̀ t, ‘man’s gown’; cf. Bk lúɣút, ‘man’s gown’  nʤak, ‘termite’; cf. Bk njə̄̀ k, Jk njə̄̀ɣal, ‘termite’  gàkyùː, ‘ram’; cf. Bk gəkyò, ‘ram’  ɲal, ‘bird’; cf. Bk ɲɛ́l, Jk ɲil, ‘bird’  kúːn, ‘beans’; cf. Bk kúwún, Jk kùn, ‘beans’  gwábráŋ, ‘okra’; cf. Bk gwə̄̀ prəŋ, Jk gwəŋrɨm, ‘okra’  dzwak, ‘stick’; cf. Bk zòk, ‘stick’  ndə̄̀ k, ‘short’; cf. Bk ndɨ̄̀k, ‘short’  ndwàkàm, ‘deaf’; cf. Bk ǹdóɣə̄̀m

Polci  sə́ l, ‘river’; cf. Bk sə́ l, ‘river’ 24  tùntúlù, ‘harmattan; cf. Bk túntúlì < Ha hùntūru  líyém (Zɗ lèmsì), ‘God, sky’; cf. Bk ɗíyə̄̀ n, ‘sky’  tàt, ‘mountain, stone’; cf (?) Bk tál, Jk təl, ‘mountain, stone’  ndúwə́ p, ‘mud’; cf. Bk ndɔ́ p, ‘mud’  yúrú, ‘small hoe’; cf. Iz yùru, ‘small hoe’  ngúwɨ̰̄̂, ‘hyena’; cf Bk ǹgṵ́wì, Jk ngwǐ, ‘hyena’  kuŋət, ‘chameleon’; cf. Bk kŋut, ‘chameleon’  nʤák, ‘termite’; cf. Bk njə̄̀ k, Jk njə̄̀ɣal, ‘termite’  gwə̄̀ pìrə́ ŋ, ‘okra’; cf. Bk gwə̄̀ prəŋ, Jk gwəŋrɨm, ‘okra’

Luri  ngúʤí, ‘hyena’; cf. Bk ǹgṵ́wì, Jk ngwǐ, ‘hyena’

Zaranda  ʤom, ‘guinea fowl’; cf. Py ʒohóm  zòː, ‘stick’; ; cf. Bk zòk16

16 Cf. Sg zàw & corresponding note.

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Indexes to borrowed forms

Index to Hausa forms à kân: because of à ̃ : secret a a ̄̀wā: warp thread a ̄̀ ā: snare acca ̄̀: acha a ìn : dysentry à ā:sword, machete a ì hāwa ̄̀: sneezing a : decoration a ùgā:cotton a wa ̄̀: prayer a na ̄̀: measure àg go: watch a ē:marriage àgwa ̄̀gwà: duck à ā:youngest son aiki :̄̀ work áwā:o' clock ainih : really àwà aki :̄̀ blacksmith's tongs ainùn: very much, truly àyàbà: banana àku: parrot azùm : fasting àkwai: there is azù ̃ ā: silver àkwa ̄̀ ì: box a ̄̀: not àl'ā a ̄̀: custom ā ā:indigo àlá ḕ:pig ā ù:there isn't àl a k̃ a ̄̀: chance a ̄̀ û :̃ motorbike àl a a ̄̀: onion à ūk ̄̀: leatherworker àlē ̄̀: spinach sp. ākù ū, à ākù cakesū: made from àlēwa ̄̀: sweet groundnuts after extracting the oil algà h : green âl ēla ̄̀: cattle egret Àlhàmîs: thursday bambànta: differenciate àljanna ̄̀: paradise ang : wall àl āl :judge bàni: this year (adv.) 25 àlkama ̄̀: wheat àn ē:loincloth àlkà hā a ̄̀: cheap, flimsy gown a a ā:mating by animals àlkawà ̃ : promise à ēwā:gazelle Allàh: God ɓa g : bone marrow all : writing board à g̃ : blanket àllū ã ̄̀: needle, injection à g̃ : blanket àlmū ̃ ̄̀: dusk bàri: let me, let us. àlwàlā:ablutions (ritual ~) ɓa i :̄̀ shivering àmāna ̄̀: trust a k̃ a ̄̀: greeting ama yā:younger wife à k̃ à ài: disorderly àm a ̄̀n : usefulness à k̃ ṑnṑ: pepper àmmā:but ɓà ñ ā: damage am hi :̄̀ answer à ū:pigeon amya ̄̀: beehive à a akḕ:chief angṑ:bridegroom ā hi :̄̀ loan, debt àng wā, ùng wā:ward, village à illā:awl ànna i :̄̀ prophet à illā:awl ar-: borrow (not money) ā ì :̃ battery à à̃ hā: cheapness à ū ḕ̃ : 'europe' a ḕwā:north ɓa nā:bush -cow a : loan à ā:worship à a à :̃ saturday āyan:after a al : real, really àyāni :̄̀ explanation à hē:expression of surprise aza ā:hot season before the rains a hì ā:snare ē ē:dea f-mute a h ̄̀ ā: snare bêl: belt asìbìti: hospital, dispensary nci :̄̀ bench

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

bìjimi: bull àl li :̄̀ reason, cause ìk : celebration āmā:chance in iga ̄̀: gun āma ̄̀: mix, confuse i k̃ i :̄̀ brake dambe: boxing i k̃ ìlà: mud brick ami :̄̀ bundle of grain i kì ā:confuse angi :̄̀ relatives, clan ì hā ã ̄̀ (mài ~): assistant to the pastor ànkali :̄̀ sweet potato bìskît: biscuit anki :̄̀ dish rack iyā:pay an ṑ: rubber ka ̄̀: mirror anna ̄̀: press ki ì: bucket dáp: very close bôl: football a a ̄̀: games of draught, dibs, etc. bùdurwā: girl ɗà : hundred ùhū:sack à n : fence ùka ̄̀ ai: need à : guinea-corn sp. ùkkā:hut (grass ~) 'ṑ:Pol ice officer (d.p.o.) ùlo ̄̂ : clay blocks for building ɗiga ̄̀: pour out in drops ga ̄̀: stir ilā:jackal māwā: Boghom (pl.) inga ̄̀: keep on doing ̃ ū: hornbill ɗìngi h : limping ū hiyā:hedgehog íyyā: compensation ū a ̄̀: kettle gon yā ṑ:neem ūya ̄̀: pig of traditional local iron ṑkā:law, rule ūzū:skin (untanned ~) lḕ:it is necessary that ... ̄̀zūz ̄̀: dung-beetle l : fool canja ̄̀: change don: because, in order that ca a kē:dibs ā:place cà : beads (prayer ~) ṑ inā:hippopotamus 26 cēɗiyā:fig tree ū a ̄̀: look at, look for cika ̄̀: do completely ū:thousand cilàk wa ̄̀: hornbill sp. h ̄̀: darkness cìnik : trade ūkìyā:dowry ci ṑ̃ mà: traditional title borrowed from the ɗ ma ̄̀: warm up hausas ūniya ̄̀: world c ù :̃ chisel fa: indeed cìtta: ginger fa: indeed c wṑ:dis ease ā:stone sp. c w n hāwa ã ̄̀: hepatitis ā à:cour du chef c kàl : modern type of spoon ā à:the court of the chief, emir, etc. cūcḕ:cheat à ama ̄̀: marshy ground a ̄̀: if aɗ : slippers à ā ã ̄̀: plan ànk : box a a ̄̀: domestic animals ā a ̄̀: happen, begin à nṑ:date palm à ã n i :̄̀ big plate, tray of enamelled metal aɗḕ:last à a a ̄̀: hunting āɗḕ:last a ̃ aɗiyā: epilepsy āɗ :pleasure a k : beginning dàgà: from a hḕ:break (e.g. egg) ɗaga ̄̀: lift a à ā̃ : explanation āgḕ:strive a ṑ:pastor dai: anyway, only ā a ̄̀: leather daidai: exactly, well a alwā:ghost aka ̄̀: castrate animals āwa ̄̀: butchering a ̄̀ka a ̄̀: wait i ̄̀ ā: fan ākṑ:ambush l : open space

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

ì ila ̄̀: petrol lamp gù a ̄̀j : lumps in fi: tuwo or fi: kunu. ì : type of settled millet beer. gù ma ̄̀: hammer ù ē:flower g ̄̀gā: pail to draw water ̃ ùnà: prison g jiyā:groundnut ka ̄̀: face g na ̄̀: melon gabàs: east g nki :̄̀ idol, fetish gà ā:red -flanked duiker gu g ̄̀: lame, cripple ga a ̄̀: bridge gwàda: measure gā i :̄̀ watch guard gwa a ̄̀wā: exam ga : bed gwaggò: aunt gàji: be tired gwámnátì: government gàjiya ̄̀: tiredness gwangwan : tin gàla ̄̀ ma ̄̀: galadima gwàn : expert gama ̄̀: finish gwà ē:dish made of stewed vegetables like gama ̄̀: gather, mix, meet sweet potatoes, yam etc. gàma ̄̀ wā: egyptian mimosa gyàlè: women gàmzāki :̄̀ morning star gyàm : abcess gan ū:taxes gya ̄̀ mā: old woman gānḕ:understand haɗa ̄̀: join, meet ganga ́: drum ha a i :̄̀ cloud gangà ā:ground sloping downward hakà: like this gànga a ̄̀: slope haki :̄̀ grass gā a:indicates necessity, obligation, hà : patience recommendation hāl :behaviour gā ā:female relationship hana ̄̀: forbid gā ā:gift (wedding ~) hànkāka ̄̀: crow gà āyā:lute sp. hankàl : intelligence gà : town han a ̄̀: liver 27 ga ̄̀ in gṑ: dish made of cassava flour ha :̃ until ga kḕ:unit of one hundred heads in a flock of hà ã ji :̄̀ taxes cattle ha ẫ m: taboo gà k wā:shield hà ̃ ā hi :̄̀ lead (metal) gà ū a ̄̀: plant with a tuberous rhizome from hà ̃ ā hi :̄̀ bullet, cartridge which a magenta dye is obtained ha kē:light ga kiyā:truth hawā:hill gà āka ̄̀: crested crane hayā :smoke gāwā: corpse hṑ disciplining: as done by masquerades ga ̄̀w : acacia hṑ photograph: gàyyā:communal work hūh ́: lungs gē ḕ:side hùk ma ̄̀: administrative district chief gēm ̄̀: beard h k nci :̄̀ pass judgement gē :bulrush millet, pearl millet hùn ū ̃ ̄̀: harmattan giginya ̄̀: deleb-palm hū a ̄̀: rest gi i :̄̀ harvesting ì ṑ:black acha gi g̃ ìjē: cloud ìdan: if g wā:elephant kṑ:reign, power g wā:elephant ilìm : knowledge gizògizò: spider ilmi :̄̀ education g ḕ:thank in: if g a ̄̀: bamboo ìna ̄̂ : exclamation expressing incredulity g ̃ : kolanut inji :̄̀ engine gṑ a ̄̀: dum palm inji n̄̀ iya ̄̀: engineer g a ̄̀: poison i i :̄̀ eye, type gù ā:unit, complete iya ̄̀: can, know gūɗa ̄̀: ululations of joy done by women jaː: pull

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

jāɓā:shrew -mouse kanki :̄̀ antelope sp. jāhilci :̄̀ illiteracy kanwā:potash jàkā:bag ā ā:outcry, law suit, case taken to court ja ̄̀k : donkey ā a ̄̀: increase jàma'a ̄̀: people ka à̃ n ā: read jam a ̄̀: shirt à a awā:bell jā ĩ :̄̀ business a ḕ:o'clock ja ̄̀ i :̄̀ baby a : strength ja ̄̀ m: prison ka ṑ:ram jā ù̃ m : brave à hē:end jàwā i :̄̀ speech kā ù̃ wà: prostitute jēmāgḕ:bat a ya ̄̀: lie ji ga ̄̀: pile up a ā:country jìgū i :̄̀ viper ka hḕ:kill j jìyā:vein, artery, nerve ka hi :̄̀ part j ka ̄̀: grandchild ka hi -̄̀ ka hi ,̄̀ : of all kinds ji a ̄̀: moisten ka ka ̄̀: tick ji ṑ:type of millet beer seasoned with roots, ka ̄̀ wā: market spices, etc. kā wanci :̄̀ trade jima ̄̀: last ka angā:outer wall jìminā:ostrich ka cì : mistletoe jìnj i :̄̀ baby ka a ̄̀: emigrate ji g : canoe ; any type of vehicle: boat, train, a yḕ:village aeroplane kawày: only j hù ma ̄̀: eagle kàw : maternal uncle j mma'a ̄̀: friday kāyā:load jūya ̄̀: turn round kàzā:such and such kà la ̄̀: tribe kḕk bicycle: 28 kàbûs: papaya kḕnan:it is kaca-kaca: destruction kendìr: candle kadà: neg. injunctive kim ā:pepper kaɗà: don't ki ā i :̄̀ epithet kaɗa ̄̀: spin (coton) i ga ̄̀: count kaɗai: only ki ĩ a ̄̀: christian ka ̄̀ in: before ki ̃ ìma ì: xmas ka ̄̀ in: before kì ̃ āni :̄̀ heavy thread used by cobblers kā in a ̄̀: carpenter i ya ̄̀: tree sp. kà ū:digging k hìyā:co -wife àh : horn k wṑ:keep cattle kâi: used to express disapproval, doubt or kiyā h :ants sp. surprise kṑ:as to kā'i a ̄̀: law, rule k à hi/ya k : although aim : stirrup k kùwā:or else kai ìn hai a ̄̀: identity card a ̄̀: kidney ka ̄̀kā: grandchild k ɗi ̄̀ ( n ~): snail kala ̄̀: type, colour kṑ a ṑ:hoof ka ̄̀la ̄̀c : breakfast ṑ a effort: kàlàngū:drum (talking ~) k mā:fisherman's net ala : very k ḕ̃ : green kallà : head-tie ṑ hiya ̄̀: ladle (wooden ~) kàm: used for emphasis kṑ drum: sp. kàma :̃ like k y-: learn, etc. kàmā à:be proper ː a ̄̀: nail (metal) kanjū:cashew tree kudù: south kankanā:watermelon kufai: ruins of compound

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

ūgìya ̄̀: hook làm ū:garden, irrigated farming of tomatoes, kūka ̄̀: baobab onions, etc. k la ̄̀: attention (pay ~) lām :tasteless k lḕ:cat làm ĩ :̄̀ belief k lk : club, stick la ̄̀ à̃ ā: wednesday kuma: also là jē:sickle k m ā:foam la ni :̄̀ colour kûnnē:light up lāya ̄̀: amulet n a ̄̀: wrap lāyi :̄̀ line, queue group kū ā:hyena; type of dance for which rhythm is lē ù à̃ : labourer beaten with metal rings worn round the ankles lḕmo:lemon k : blacksmith chisel li ̄̀ : jeu de chevaux k mā:deaf lìkkā a ̄̀: stirrup k mi :̄̀ forest li l̄̀ : thick nylon thread kurùm: merely li m̄̀ ân: imam kù wā:shadow lìnzāmi :̄̀ bridle kusa: near lì ā i :̄̀ calculation kù hāyā:grave li ̄̀ in n: monday kùzà: tin li ā i :̄̀ book kwƒ âf: cup l kàc : time kwa ̄̀: top l ̄̀ ã : attention (pay ~) wācḕ:take by force mā:even kwàɗày : desire ma ūɗ: key kwa ̄̀ɗ : toad, frog ma a ̄̀ : title sp. kwaikway : theatre ma ̄̂ āk : traditional title kwākwa ̄̀: oil-palm tree ma a ā̃ : milk wa walwā:brain ma ū :mirror kwal ā:bottle magā ā:protection 29 kwàlekwàle: canoe maga ̄̀j : heir, first born kwàlekwàle: canoe mahà c : butcher kwalliyā:head -tie mài àng wā:village chief kwàl a ̄̂ : tarred road mâi ā:sorcery kwānṑ:enamel dish màiwā:millet sp. wa ̄̀ : insect makàɗ : drummer kwa i :̄̀ valley makām :weapon kwà k̃ wa a ̄̀: ants sp. maka ã n ā: school kwâ k̃ wa a ̄̀: louse ma ḕ blacksmith: kwata-kwata: clearly, completely māki c̃ i :̄̀ cunning kwata-kwata: completely mà gwà : throat, windpipe kwa àn ā:explain, describe mà ṑ:bird's crop kwàwɗày : greed ma ll : key, door kyà anā:cactus ma wà c : neighbour la'àn ā:curse màlà ā:straw hat la ̄̀ ā ĩ :̄̀ story màlā'ika ̄̀: angel la à : respect, Politeness mālàm :teacher la ̄̀ ân: muezzin malmalā:ball of tuwo lā ì:sunday ma ̄̀māki :̄̀ surprise lā iya ̄̀: health (used in greetings) mân jā:palm oil làgwàn : lamp wick mànà: indeed, for sure lāhi ã ̄̀: next world mangwà ̃ : mango lâi : fault manna ̄̀: glue lallē:certainly, for sure ma ̄̀ ā: slap lallḕ:henna ma ã ̄̀ ā: welcome lālṑ:jute mà a : calf mà āya ̄̀: orphan

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

mā i :̄̀ slap on the face a a ̄̀: be unable to, fail ma ̄̀ i :̄̀ western cob, puku a hi :̄̀ lack ma ma ā:laterite ā àyē:hang mā a ̄̀: pancakes à n : injury ma aɓ : flint and tinder lighter awàn : turban ma ā ā:loom a ̄̀zana ̄̀: terror ma allāc :mosque ē̃ iy : radio ma à ā̃ : maize ̃ a ̄̀: profit ma ̄̀ h n: motorbike igā:precede, have already done sth mà õ : black pepper jìyā:well ma ankaɗ : winnowing basket jìya ̃ ù ̃ a ̄̀ ē: borehole ma a ̄̀: be narrow m : silk cotton-tree mā a ̄̀: squeeze ini :̄̀ dyeing ma ìya ̄̀c : poor ì̃ hô: stove māyḕ:sorcerer gṑ:cassava maza: quickly gṑ:cassava maza : spinning stick ̃ ̄̀ ā: write màzà waila ̄̀: sugar-cane cakes i :̄̀ roof māzṑ:antelope sp. gā:fulani camp m ḕ:straighten ùm ā:shed min i :̄̀ minute ngùmā:embrace mì āli :̄̀ example a ̄̂ : put, cause m l : lute sp. ā'a ̄̀: moment m a ̄̀: enjoy ā a ̄̀: be accustomed m a ̄̀: car, lorry a ̄̀ l ̄̀: soap m c : car, lorry (pl.) a aka ̄̀: alms m a ̄̀: movement sai: then, only mūciyā:stirring stick ā a ̄̀: honeycomb 30 mū ū:standard vessel for measuring corn aka a ḕ̃ : secretary of the local government mūg ̄̀: evil ākḕ:do again m lki :̄̀ power àkwà ā:pounded yam m n wā:bracelet alla ̄̀: muslim prayer m i :̄̀ lid allama ̄̀: greetings m ñ a ̄̀: joy sam: emphasizes negation mù āyā:exchange àma ̄̀ : youth mū hḕ:cat àmmak : early start at dawn mū ̄̀: argument àna'a ̄̀: trade naɗḕ:fold, roll up àn ā:stick (walking ~) nai ã ̄̀: naira angal : shinbone nan dà nan: righ now sànnu: hello! nà ā à̃ : white man an a ̄̀: straight on na a ã ̄̀: victory any : cold (n.) nūna ̄̀: show a ã i : completely a i :̄̀ half a a : space (open ~) agḕ:decrease à a a ̄̀: chieftaincy râi: life à ēwa ̄̀: bamboo flute âi, āyi :̄̀ tiredness a a ̄̀: chain aini :̄̀ spite a kin ū ḕ:traditional title ài ày : fine sand a kin ā à:title sp. àkē:sugar cane a kin mū ̄̀,: controller of the weight of the à̃ k a ̄̀: tape recorder corn sold in the market a ̄̀ m : camel a kin yā i :̄̀ title sp. ama ̄̀: indian hemp a kin ya ̄̂ ā: title sp. an ḕ:swear ā :week ā iyā:sieve, filter sàuka: get down

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

a : healing talàkà: poor man a ā:remains àlā a ̄̀: tuesday ayāwā:zaar àla ̄̀ in: thirty hā ḕ:frotter tàllà: peddling hāgṑ:market stall tàlotàlo: turkey hāhṑ:hawk àm aya ̄̀: ask hai a ̄̀: witness a ̄̀ ā: fine hakka ̄̀: doubt ā ̃ hi :̄̀ history ha ̄̀m wā: abdim's stork a kṑ:jaw -trap hà ĩ 'a ̄̀: justice a w̃ aɗā: catfish hāwa a ̄̀: advice tas: slap snap ha ̄̀-z māmi :̄̀ ant sp. à : rosary hēgḕ:bastard a ha ̄̀: station hēka a ̄̀: year a ̄̀ ā: milk (v.) hingē:farm fence à a à ā̃ : pigeon hìnka a ̄̀: rice à a ̄̀ ai (pl.): large red chillies hì mē:foolishness à ā ṑ:star hi wa ̄̀: kite a : hardness hi ya ̄̀: prepare, get ready àwā a ̄̀: ink hìwākā:tree sp. aya ̄̀: barter hūɗi :̄̀ blue ē ù :̃ table hūni :̄̀ indigo ēlà:tailor i ì ̃ : zero ṑ:fill il a ̄̀: slippers cìlàn: torch light i ̃ i :̄̀ saddle ṑkā:gunpowder ìyā a ̄̀: Politics z : hump j j : soldiers a a ̄̀: cleanliness ma ̄̀: begin a ̄̀ ā: expensiveness 31 ṑ ai:completely, well ā i :̄̀ paganism ya ̄̀: fry àkān :between kùwā:gallop àmmāni :̄̀ think lḕ:shilling, in old nigerian currency tsananin: extreme lh ̄̀: peace treaty an (k ɗan ~): tse-tse fly ūma:faint (v.) an ā:extreme ̄̀mā: hair (head) à a a ̄̀: gift ḕ:pound a ḕ:protect ̄̀ ū̃ ̄̀: chatter āwā:thunder ā a ̄̀: tobacco ē ḕ:escape aɓa ̄̀: have already done sth i ̄̀ ē: kebabs a ̄̀ a mā: mat ka ̄̀: flesh a ̄̀ a mā: mat ûmmā:clothes àɓ : mudr ū àl :brick (mud ~) āɗi :̄̀ chatting ̄̀: hill a à: traditional title ùh ma ̄̀: accusation à iya ̄̀: travel ̄̀ ā: ruminating āga ̄̀: window ū a ̄̀: drive (car) a ̄̀giya ̄̀: cap ùmā ì :̃ tomato agùllā:copper ùm ā ìyā:tree sp. ag wa ̄̀: gown sp. tun: since aimàkē:help na ̄̀: remember a ̄̀kàlm : shoes ùna ̄̀n : thought akà ̃ ā: book ùnkū:mongoose àkà ̃ ū: book (pl.) ū a ̄̀: push āki :̄̀ dung ù a ̄̀k : title sp. akṑ sword: ū ā̃ wā: european

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

m : cloth yāl :bitter tomato ù ū wā:ant sp. yâmma: west ū a ̄̀: flag yànzu: now ùng zṑmà:midwife 'ya ̃ ciki :̄̀ singlet ùngùlū:vulture yà ̃ a: agree wa ̃ gi ā: first wife ya ̄̀ h : fine sand wàhala ̄̀ : suffering yau: saliva wai: they say… [particle used to introduce yâu: now reported speech] yâwwā:good! wākē:beans za ̄̀ɓē: election wàk li :̄̀ traditional title zāgḕ:insult walàt: wallet za àm : datura wàllāhì:i swear zāki :̄̀ lion wàn : trousers za ̄̀māni :̄̀ time wa g : game zàmba: cheating wa kḕ:heal zàncē:topic of conversation, matter wà a ̄̀: letter za ̄̀nē: drawing, decoration wa ̄̀ ṑ: that is zanḕ:woman's wrapper wā a ̄̀: scatter zànza : mason wasp wa ̄̀y : cleverness, cunning zà ē:tribal marks on cheek, fanning from the wâyy : ouch! corner of the mouth wàz ì̃ : vizier zà gē:snare w cḕ:pass by zà gē:snare wùyā:difficulty, pain za ̃ ṑ: saw XXX: mobile phone za ḕ:entrance hut XXX: sergeant zàzzàɓ : fever yaddà: how zìnā:adultery yā i :̄̀ cloth z nā ì̃ yā: gold 32 ya ̄̀ɗiyā: liana sp. z ḕ:ring yā ḕ:sacrifice z ga ̄̀: blow with bellows yāga ̄̀: tear (to ~) zù ĩ ya ̄̀: clan yāga ̄̀: tear z wa ̄̀: towards yāji :̄̀ spice yā i :̄̀ war Index to English forms ball: football, bôl chisel: chisel , C . c ù ̃ battery: battery, ā ì ̃ Christian: christian, ki ĩ a ̄̀ belt: belt, bêl Christmas: christmas, C . ki ̃ ìma ì bench: bench, nci ̄̀ coaltar: tarred road , kwàl a ̄̂ biscuit: biscuit, bìskît colour: type, colour, kala ̄̀ block: clay blocks for building, ùlo ̄̂ country: country, C . a ā bore-hole: borehole, C . jìya ̃ ù ̃ a ̄̀ ē Cup: cup, kwƒ âf brake: brake, i k̃ i ̄̀ D.P.O.: district Police officer, 'ṑ brick: mud brick, C . i k̃ ìlà engine: engine, C . inji ̄̀ bucket: bucket, ki ì engineer: engineer, inji n̄̀ iya ̄̀ bulb: electric bulb, girder: bridge, ga a ̄̀ candle: candle, kendìr government: government, gwámnátì carpenter: carpenter, kā in a ̄̀ guard: watch guard, gā i ̄̀ cashew: cashew tree, C . Ha. kanjū guard-room: prison, ja ̄̀ m center: straight on, an a ̄̀ Handset : mobile phone, waya ̄̀ change: change, canja ̄̀ hospital: hospital, dispensary, asìbìti

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

hour: o' clock, áwā secretary: secretary of the local government, I.D. card: identity card, C . kai ìn hai a ̄̀ aka a ḕ̃ jumper: shirt, jam a ̄̀ sergeant: sergeant, XXX labourer: labourer, lē ù à̃ shilling: shilling, in old nigerian currency, line: line, queue group, lāyi ̄̀ lḕ machine: motorbike, ma ̄̀ h n sisal: sisal, agave, minute: minute, min i ̄̀ slippers: slippers, il a ̄̀ motor: car, lorry, m a ̄̀ station: station, a ha ̄̀ nylon: thick nylon thread, li l̄̀ sweet: sweet, C . à lēwa ̄̀ pan: enamel dish, kwānṑ table: table, C . ē ù ̃ panty: loincloth, àn ē tailor: tailor, ēlà pastor: pastor, a ṑ tear (?) : tear, C . yāga ̄̀ photo: photograph, hṑ tear: tear (to ~), C . Ha. yāga ̄̀ prisoner: prison, ̃ ùnà tomato: tomato, ùmā ì ̃ radio: radio, ē̃ iy torch(light): torch light, C . cìlàn recorder: tape recorder, C . à̃ k a ̄̀ uniform: uniform, Saturday: week, ā wallet: wallet, walàt yard: cloth, yā i ̄̀ Index to Arabic forms ab da : cotton, a ùgā amm : but, àmmā ad-d ʿa: prayer, a wa ̄̀ an aʿa + n : usefulness, àm a ̄̀n h ra: prostitute, kā ù̃ wà an-nab y: prophet, ànna i ̄̀ al-ʿ da: custom, àl'ā a ̄̀ an-n l: dyeing, ini ̄̀ al- adab: respect, Politeness, la à a l: intelligence, hankàl 33 al- an: muezzin, la ̄̀ ân ar aṣ: cheapness, à à̃ hā al-ʿ ya: health (used in greetings), lā iya ̄̀ ar-r b: stirrup, lìkkā a ̄̀ al- aḥad: sunday, lā ì as-sabt: saturday, à a à ̃ al- ra: next world, lāhi ã ̄̀ as -s ar silver, azù ̃ ā al-a b r: story, la ̄̀ ā ĩ ̄̀ aṣ-ṣawm: fasting, azùm al- ya: amulet, lāya ̄̀ as-sirriy: secret, à ̃ al-ʿayb: fault, lâi as-sū : market, ka ̄̀ wā al-barka: chance, àl a k̃ a ̄̀ as-sū : trade, kā wanci ̄̀ al-baṣal: onion, àl a a ̄̀ a - ūb: brick (mud ~), ū àl al- anna: paradise, àljanna ̄̀ ʿayn -hi: really, ainih al- am s: thursday, Àlhàmîs ʿayn -hi: very much, truly, ainùn al-ḥ s b: calculation, lì ā i ̄̀ b b r w b r: motorbike, a ̄̀ û ̃ al- bra: needle, injection, àllū ã ̄̀ bantalun: trousers, wàn al- m m: imam, li m̄̀ ân baraka: greeting, a k̃ a ̄̀ al- b: book, li ā i ̄̀ bar a a: disorderly, à k̃ à ài all h: god, Allàh b nd y b nd : gun, in iga ̄̀ al-lawḥ: writing board, all dabb b: domestic animals, a a ̄̀ al- : judge, àl āl dal l: reason, cause, àl li ̄̀ al- amḥ: wheat, àlkama ̄̀ dalla(la): peddling, tàllà al-qawl: promise, àlkawà ̃ am r: belief, làm ĩ ̄̀ al-wa : ablutions (ritual ~), àlwàlā dawa: ink, àwā a ̄̀ al-waqt: time, l kàc dawla: it is necessary that ..., lḕ am na: trust, àmāna ̄̀ d n r gold, z nā ì̃ yā

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

d b ra: plan, à ā ã ̄̀ r bḥ: profit, ̃ a ̄̀ dunya: dowry, ūkìyā r b ʿ: write, ̃ ̄̀ ā fassara: explanation, a à ā̃ s ʿ-: moment, ā'a ̄̀ a la: petrol lamp, ì ila ̄̀ ṣ b n: soap, a ̄̀ l ̄̀ h l: illiteracy, jāhilci ̄̀ ṣada a: alms, a aka ̄̀ am ʿa: people, jàma'a ̄̀ ah da: witness, hai a ̄̀ aw b: speech, jàwā i ̄̀ a a: doubt, hakka ̄̀ mʿa: friday, j mma'a ̄̀ ṣal h: mosque, ma allāc ḥ l: behavior, hāl ṣal h: muslim prayer, alla ̄̀ ḥar m taboo, ha ẫ m sallama: greetings, allama ̄̀ ḥa : until, ha ̃ ṣanʿa: trade, àna'a ̄̀ ḥ m pass judgement, h k nci ̄̀ ar ʿ : justice, hà ĩ 'a ̄̀ ḥ ūma: administrative district chief, ṣ r m: brave, jā ù̃ m hùk ma ̄̀ sarj: sadle, i ̃ i ̄̀ an: if, ìdan war: advice, hāwa a ̄̀ ʿ lm: education, ilmi ̄̀ sawiy: completely, well, ṑ ai ʿ lm: knowledge, ilìm ṣ r: zero, i ì ̃ n: if, in s y : then, only, sai s anba a ask, àm aya ̄̀ s y sa: Politics, ìyā a ̄̀ : such and such, kàzā ṣ ḥba : be accustomed, ā a ̄̀ laʿana: curse, la'àn ā ṣ lḥ: peace treaty, lh ̄̀ lawn: colour, la ni ̄̀ aʿall : poor man , talàkà laymū: lemon, lḕmo a ar : history, ā ̃ hi ̄̀ lǝġǝmal: camel, a ̄̀ m al : tuesday, àlā a ̄̀ 34 l m: bridle, lìnzāmi ̄̀ al n: thirty, àla ̄̀ in m r: cunning, māki c̃ i ̄̀ a: window, āga ̄̀ marḥab-: welcome , ma ã ̄̀ ā ya: cap, a ̄̀giya ̄̀ m ṣr: maize, ma à ā̃ asb ḥ rosary, à m l: example, mì āli ̄̀ tuhma: accusation, ùh ma ̄̀ m ʿall m: teacher, mālàm r ya: clan, zù ĩ ya ̄̀ muddu: standard vessel for measuring corn, wa l: traditional title, wàk li ̄̀ mū ū wa a: letter, wà a ̄̀ mulk: power, m lki ̄̀ wa r: vizier, wàz ì̃ naṣ r : white man, nà ā à̃ ar : taxes, hà ã ji ̄̀ naṣr: victory, na a ã ̄̀ yar : agree, yà ̃ a qaid: law, rule, kā'i a ̄̀ aʿbar: cheating, zàmba ara a: read, ka à̃ n ā am n: time, za ̄̀māni ̄̀ ara a: school, maka ã n ā na: drawing, decoration, za ̄̀nē ar s: book (pl.), àkà ̃ ū n : adultery, zìnā ar s: book, akà ̃ ā

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012

Index to Kanuri forms

àkú: parrot, àku kàsúgù: trade, kā wanci ̄̀ allo: writing board, all ə r ə : read, ka à̃ n ā arasə: bullet, cartridge, hà ̃ ā hi ̄̀ lèmûn: lemon, lḕmo àrîn : dyeing, ini ̄̀ lizam: bridle, lìnzāmi ̄̀ ciroma: traditional title, ci ṑ̃ mà loktu: time, l kàc danko : rubber, an ṑ masar: maize, ma à ā̃ darto: saw, za ̃ ṑ rə v ə : writing, ̃ ̄̀ ā dəv : thousand, ū savəl: soap, a ̄̀ l ̄̀ dìfúnò: date palm, à nṑ sərdə: sadle, i ̃ i ̄̀ dinar: gold, z nā ì̃ yā sərdə: sadle, i ̃ i ̄̀ elakef: stirrup, lìkkā a ̄̀ tákkà/táà: window, āga ̄̀ galtima: traditional title, gàla ̄̀ ma ̄̀ talaga: poor man, talàkà kárùá: prostitute, kā ù̃ wà zar: business, jā ĩ ̄̀ kàsúgù: market, ka ̄̀ wā Index to Yoruba forms ada: sword, machete, à ā ẹ ẹ: bicycle, kḕk agogo: watch, àg go ọnọn o: drum (talking ~), kàlàngū apoti: box, àkwa ̄̀ ì mangoro: mango, mangwà ̃ ẹlẹdẹ: pig, àlá ḕ patapata: clearly, completely, kwata-kwata gari: dish of cassava flour, C . ga ̄̀ in gṑ patapata: completely, kwata-kwata gele: women’s shawl, gyàlè taba: tobacco, ā a ̄̀ 35 ireke: sugar cane, àkē

Index to Tamasheq forms abroɣ: blanket, à g̃ ejak: donkey, ja ̄̀k alghum: camel, a ̄̀ m əẓ m: fasting, azùm aw əm: youngest son, à ā taddawat: ink, àwā a ̄̀ r: tribal marks on cheek, zà ē a ard e: book, akà ̃ ā, àkà ̃ ū rə : silver, azù ̃ ā takoba: sword, akṑ cokkol: modern type of spoon, c kàl eɣer eɣər( ): copper, agùllā Index to Fulfulde forms

B. CARON – LOANWORDS IN SBW LANGUAGES – ANNEX – NAPLES, SEPT 2012 citta: ginger, cìtta danki: dish rack, anki ̄̀ goggo: aunt, gwaggò w maternal uncle, kàw kosam: milk