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The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History

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The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History Edited by Graham Ryder Lunar and Planetary Institute 3600 Bay Area Boulevard Houston, Texas 77058-1113 David Fastovsky SUB GSttlngen 206 493 061 Department of Geology University of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 and Stefan Gartner Department of Oceanography Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 PAPER 307 1996 Contents Preface vii /. Mass Extinctions: Persistent Problems and New Directions 1 David Jablonski 2. Impact Crises and Mass Extinctions: A Working Hypothesis 11 Michael R. Rampino and Bruce M. Haggerty 3. The Unique Significance and Origin of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary: Historical Context and Burdens of Proof 31 Graham Ryder 4. Observations on the Mass-Extinction Debates 39 William Glen 5. A Model of the Chicxulub Impact Basin Based on Evaluation of Geophysical Data, Well Logs, and Drill Core Samples 55 Virgil L. Sharpton, Luis E. Marin, John L. Carney, Scott Lee, Graham Ryder, Benjamin C. Schuraytz, Paul Sikora, and Paul D. Spudis 6. Ejecta Blanket Deposits of the Chicxulub Crater from Albion Island, Belize 75 Adriana C. Ocampo, Kevin O. Pope, and Alfred G. Fischer 7. Implications of Magneto-Mineralogic Characteristics of the Manson and Chicxulub Impact Rocks 89 Maureen B. Steiner 8. Mega-Impact Melt Petrology (Chicxulub, Sudbury, and the Moon): Effects of Scale and Other Factors on Potential for Fractional Crystallization and Development of Cumulates 105 Paul H. Warren, Philippe Claeys, and Esteban Cedillo-Pardo in iv Contents 9. Degassing of Sedimentary Rocks Due to Chicxulub Impact: Hydrocode and Physical Simulations 125 B. A. Ivanov, D. D. Badukov, O. I. Yakovlev, M. V. Gerasimov, Yu. P. Dikov, K. O. Pope, and A. C. Ocampo 10. Trajectories of Ballistic Ejectafrom the Chicxulub Crater 141 Walter Alvarez 11. Coarse-Grained, Clastic Sandstone Complex at the KJT Boundary Around the Gulf of Mexico: Deposition by Tsunami Waves Induced by the Chicxulub Impact? 151 J. Smit, Th. B. Roep, W. Alvarez, A. Montanari, P. Claeys, J. M. Grajales-Nishimura, and J. Bermudez 12. A Sediment Gravity Flow Hypothesis for Siliciclastic Units at the K/T Boundary, Northeastern Mexico 183 Bruce F. Bohor 13. K/T Boundary Coarse-Grained Siliciclastic Deposits in Northeastern Mexico and Northeastern Brazil: Evidence for Mega-Tsunami or Sea-Level Changes? 197 Wolfgang Stinnesbeck and Gerta Keller 14. Lithostratigraphic and Mineralogic Correlations of Near-K/T Boundary Clastic Sediments in Northeastern Mexico: Implications for Origin and Nature of Deposition 211 Thierry Adatte, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, and Gerta Keller 75. Age and Stratigraphy of Near-K/T Boundary Siliciclastic Deposits in Northeastern Mexico / 227 J. G. Lopez-Oliva and G. Keller 16. High-Resolution Biostratigraphy of Sea-Level Low, Biotic Extinction, and Chaotic Sedimentation at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in Alabama, North of the Chicxulub Crater 243 Daniel Habib, Richard K. Olsson, Chengjie Liu, and Shimon Moshkovitz 17. Sulfur and Boron Isotope Study ofHigh-Ca Impact Glasses from the KIT Boundary: Constraints on Source Rocks 253 Marc Chaussidon, Haraldur Sigurdsson, and Nicole Metrich 18. The Cretaceous-Tertiary Catastrophic Event at Millers Ferry, Alabama 263 Richard K. Olsson, Chengjie Liu, and Mickey van Fossen 19. Stratigraphic Distribution of Extraterrestrial Markers at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the Gulf of Mexico Area: Implications for the Temporal Complexity of the Event 279 R. Rocchia, E. Robin, L. Froget, and J. Gayraud 20. Testing Patterns of Cretaceous-Tertiary Planktonic Foraminiferal Extinction at El Kef (Tunisia) 287 Norman MacLeod Contents 21. Planktic Foraminifera, Asteroids, and Marine Production: Death and Recovery at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary 303 Steven D'Hondt, Timothy D. Herbert, John King, and Carol Gibson 22. Evidence for Planktonic Foraminifer Reworking Versus Survivorship Across the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary at High Latitudes 319 Brian T. Huber 23. Calcareous Nannoplankton Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary: An Update 335 James J. Pospichal 24. The Biostratigraphy and Paleobiogeography of Maastrichtian Inoceramids 361 Kenneth G. MacLeod, Brian T. Huber, and Peter D. Ward 25. Models of Vertebrate Mass Mortality Events at the K/T Boundary 375 Alan H. Cutler and Anna K. Behrensmeyer 26. The Significance of the Extinction of the Dinosaurs 381 Dale A. Russell 27. The Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary on the Pacific Plate: Composition and Distribution of Impact Debris 389 Frank T. Kyte, Jennifer A. Bostwick, and Lei Zhou 28. The Size and Abundance of Shocked Quartz in Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Sediments from the Pacific Basin 403 Jennifer A. Bostwick and Frank T. Kyte 29. K/T Boundary Layer in Deccan Intertrappeans atAnjar, Kutch 417 N. Bhandari, P. N. Shukla, Z. G. Ghevariya, and S. M. Sundaram 30. Formation Conditions of Oxidized Ni-Rich Spinel and Their Relevance to the KIT Boundary Event 425 J. Gayraud, E. Robin, R. Rocchia, and L. Froget 31. Oxidation State of Iron in Tektite Glasses from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary 445 N. Oskarsson, O. Helgason, and H. Sigurdsson 32. Fullerenes of Possible Wildfire Origin in Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Sediments 453 Dieter Heymann, L. P. Felipe Chibante, Robert R. Brooks, Wendy S. Wolbach, J. Smit, A. Korochantsev, M. A. Nazarov, and Richard E. Smalley 33. A Normal Polarity Subchron That Embraces the KIT Boundary: A Measure of Sedimentary Continuity Across the Boundary and Synchroneity of Boundary Events 465 J. F. Lerbekmo, A. R. Sweet, and M. J. M. Duke 34. Biotic Selectivity During the K/T and Late Ordovician Extinction Events 477 Peter M. Sheehan, Patricia J. Coorough, and David E. Fastovsky vi Contents 35. Geochemistry of the Frasnian-Famennian Boundary in Belgium: Mass Extinction, Anoxic Oceans, and Microtektite Layer, But Not Much Iridium? 491 P. Claeys, F. T. Kyte, A. Herbosch, and J.-G. Casier 36. The Pliensbachian-Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) Extinction Event 505 Crispin T.S. Little 37. The Influence of Continental Flood Basalts on Mass Extinctions: Where Do We Stand? 513 V. Courtillot, J.-J. Jaeger, Z. Yang, G. Feraud, and C. Hofmann 38. Impact Materials Recovered by Research Core Drilling in the Manson Impact Structure, Iowa 527 Raymond R. Anderson, Brian J. Witzke, and Jack B. Hartung 39. Axial Focusing of Impact Energy in the Earth's Interior: A Possible Link to Flood Basalts and Hotspots 541 M. B. Boslough, E. P. Chael, T. G. Trucano, D. A. Crawford, and D. L. Campbell Index 551.
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