Scientific Work:

We list below an annotated bibliography of all the research papers of Source Material on the Route Theme. The material itself can be found at this link: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1bPPKu4kahL1- EuljxsdB4dE20ewBjd2q

Please contact us if you would like to add more material; we are updating this list periodically and would love more material on the subject of old roads in our areas of interest.

Adak, M. Stadiasmus Patarensis Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae (Ist 2007) Epigraphic work on the Stadiasmus.

Aktuel Arkeoloji 2017 Nicomedia_Uyaniyor. Article in Aktuel mangazine about new finds in Izmit area.

Akyürek E 2013 Palamutduzu A_Medieval_Byzantine_Village. The area below on the Lycian Way

Alexieva S 2013 Via Diagonalis: the Messages of Cultural Tourism. Cultural Corridor Via Diagonalis pp329-333

Alkan M. (2011) Named Places on the Journey of Sacrifice recorded in the Vita of Saint Nicholas of Sion. Gephyra Volume 8 No 11 p 99 – 124. An attempt to identify the churches and villages of the Massikytos with those named in this hagiographic work. Alkan draws on his own interpretation of inscriptions.

Amore MG, Bejko L, Cerova Y, Gjipali I 2001 The and the bridge at Topcias Albanian Rescue YUnit Inst of Archaeoelogy 2001 (Hewlett Packard sponsored) Review of the structure of the first part of the Via Egnatia in and the bridge in question and the monuments along the course of the route. The first stage of a survey of the route to determine structural damage and needs for preservation.

Arslan, M. (2013). Ancient Routes, New Destinations: Roman Road Via Sebaste as a Thematic Cultural Route. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(10), 660–665. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p660 This brief article makes the case for the Via Sebaste, in all of its branches, to be developed as a cultural route and gives reasons why it has tourism potential.

Ashby T, Gardner R, 1916 The Papers of the British school at Rome Vol 8 no 5 pp 104-171 Covers the evidence for the route of the Via Traiana before the building of the Via Publica in 109, and the current monuments visible along the course of the route. Discusses the engineering problems experienced at various points in the course. Maps and illustrations.

Ballance, M. H. (1958). in Lycaonia. Anatolian Studies, 8, 223–234.

1 Via Eurasia scientific committee

Using the Peutinger Table, inscriptions from , and field research, the author attempts to reconstruct the Roman road system of Eastern Lyconia.

Bambi, G., & Iacobelli, S. (2017). Study and Monitoring of the Itinerant Tourism along the Francigena Route, by Camera Trapping System. Almatourism, (Special Issue N. 6), 144–164. The authors used a camera trapping system in an attempt to define a user profile for the , and estimate the number of users traveling along the route. Over the course of 15 months, 4 cameras were used in the Tuscan section of the route. Camera trapping stations also had mini-questionnaires for users to give information about themselves. This research design can be reproduced on other trails to get information about users.

Bardakcı, K. (2018). Roads Connecting the Konya Plain to the Taşeli Plateau in the Ancient Period. Asya Studies, (3), 39–45. The author reviews the road network extending from the Taşeli Plateau to the southeast from Hittite through Roman times. Though the area covered is just outside of the region traversed by the Via Eurasia, the article can yield insights about the extent of trade and transport in the region in ancient times.

Baştemur C. Mimar Sinan Rotasının Doğal ve Kültürel Peysaj işleri. Doctorate thesis Ankara University Science dept (2013). A proposed cultural route in Thrace concentrating on the works of Mimar Sinan, with route plans and proposals.

Bayliss R. Archaeology and St Nichlas of Sion University of Newcstle MA thesis. Tha uthor attempts to show that Alakilise (Church of the Angel Gabriel) was the monastery church of Sion.

Bean, G. E. (1959). Notes and Inscriptions from Pisidia. Part I and Part II. Anatolian Studies, 9, 76–117. This article reports on early archaeological surveys in the Pisidian region. It gives details about where milestones were discovered, and the inscriptions found on them.

Bekker-Nielsen, T. (2016). The Ancient Roads of Northern Cyprus. In L. Summerer & H. Kaba (Eds.), Northern Face of Cyprus (pp. 117–129). Ege Yayinlari. Like castles, mosques and churches, the roads of Cyprus are part of the island’s historic heritage. Features of Cypriot pre-modern roads are contrasted with those built by the British during their occupation, and with modern road design on the island. Several of the pre-modern road features found in Cyprus (such as using hilltops as a place for directional change, and angular rather than curved turns) are also indicative of ancient roads that run along the Via Eurasia.

Bekker-Nielsen, T., & Czichon, R. (2015). Ancient Roads and Bridges of the Vezirköprü District. In K. Winther-Jacobsen & L. Summerer (Eds.), Landscape Dynamics and Settlement Patterns in Northern during the Roman and Byzantine Period. Retrieved from http://www.steiner- verlag.de/programm/fachbuch/altertumswissenschaften/alte-geschichte/reihen/view/titel/60660.html This piece describes how new finds in the Vezirköprü region of northern Anatolia suggest that the region had a complex Roman road network that was later overlaid with Seljuk and Ottoman additions. The authors also posit the track of ’s “trunk road” and the existence of Hittite routes in the region linking sites.

Beksaç Pınarhisar-Tsarevo Kültürel Ağı Kitabı Pinarhisar Kültürel Kimliği ve Tahriçesi - the scarece remains of a possible monastery along the Sultans Trail. 2 Via Eurasia scientific committee

Belke, K. (2008). Communications: Roads and Bridges. In E. Jefferys, J. Haldon, & R. Cormack (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. Belke outlines several aspects of roads and bridges in the . He covers the following aspects: the main routes of the empire; the purposes of road-building, their users, and the means of travel; road administration and road repairing activities; different types of roads and their Byzantine designations; and the archaeological aspect of roads, bridges, and staging posts. Although there is very little detail about specific roads, this work serves as a concise summary of the Byzantine road system.

Belke, K. (2002). Roads and travel in Macedonia and Thrace in the middle and late Byzantine period*. In R. Macrides (Ed.), Travel in the Byzantine World (pp. 73–90). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315235646-4 Focusing on the Via Egnatia and the , this paper uses historical sources to posit when and where these iconic roads fell into disrepair. The author also cites examples of where parallel alternative routes arose and came into favor.

Belke, K. (2017). Transport and Communication. In P. Niewohner (Ed.), The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia (Oxford Uni, pp. 28–38). Oxford. This book chapter summarizes what is known about the Byzantine road network in Anatolia. Although the Byzantines did very little to change the Roman road network itself, after the 6th century the importance of roads shifted, with main roads falling out of use and traffic and resources shifted to what had previously been smaller paths. Literary and religious sources are used to determine the changes in the Byzantine road system because the empire did not produce Roman style itineraries.

Belke K. Justinians Brüke über den Sangarios. In Bizans ve Çevre Kültürler (2010) p 89-99. Study of an early Byzantine brick-built bridge over a major river.

Boykov, G. (2016). The T-shaped Zaviye/İmarets of : A Key Mechanism for Ottoman Urban Morphological Transformation. Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 3(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.1.04 This article examines the process that formed the urban fabric of early Ottoman Edirne from the mid- fourteenth to the mid-fifteenth century. By examining the physical structures built in the course of the first century after the Ottoman conquest of the city the article traces the formation of the Ottoman urban morphology, which replaced the inherited Byzantine spatial order of urban tissue. The study argues that Ottoman-era normative patterns, visible in the spatial modification of other Bithynian and Balkan cities, are also clearly discernible in Edirne. Scholars have previously examined in detail the rich architectural heritage of early Ottoman Edirne mostly from artistic and architectural perspectives, but paid little attention to the changes of the city’s physical form.

Bozkuş Mehmet Ali Ortaçağ Alanya’sında Ticaret ve Ticari Yollar Volume II (2016). Study of the inland roads and sea routes which serviced the port of Alanya after its establishment as a Selçuk summer residence. Describes how the balance of trade changed in the Eastern Mediterranean. Bozkuş has walked many of the caravan routes.

Burford, A. (1960). Heavy Transport in Classical Antiquity. The Economic History Review, 7(1), 1–18. This article argues that, in contrast to the orthodox view that heavy transportation across land was rare or nonexistent in ancient times, teams of oxen were used to move materials such as stone over long distances of road in the pre-classical world. There are also references to instances of road repair during the classical era due to heavy transport wearing on road surfaces. 3 Via Eurasia scientific committee

Burney, C. A. (1956). Northern Anatolia before Classical Times. Anatolian Studies, 6(Special Number in Honour and Memory of Professor John Garstang), 179–203. Bithynia and Paphlagoni are described in detail, including what is known about their trade and transportation networks.. There are three natural east-west routes in the region that show traces of classical occupation, some of which seem to overlap with parts of the Via Eurasia, mainly in the areas around and south of Bursa.

Çağlayan Ç. (2009) Perge Antik Kentiinde Suyun Kullanımı University Archaeology Dept Masters Thesis 2009. This covers the aqueduct which supplied Perge as well as fresh water distribution and waste water disposal within the city. Also includes mills and uses of water for cooling streets.

Calder, W. M. (1925). The Royal Road in Herodotus. The Classical Review, 39(1/2), 7–11. The article is skeptical about the reliability of Herodotus in his description of the Royal Road passing through Phrygia. Alternative routes for the Royal Road, as well as speculations about the classification of a Phrygian-Lydian road, are explored.

Çalik Ross A. 2007 Hoşgörü Başkenti Nicomedia ve Galerius'un Hoşgörü Fermanının Çeviri deneme. A summary of the background to the fırman which gave permission for the Christians to worship (under certain conditions), and a translation of the Fırman itself.

Çalik Ross A 2007 Ancient_Izmit_Nicomedia Complete guide to Izmit by the archaeologist who knows it best.

Canitez, I. S., Canitez, T., & Ilhan, N. (2009). The Bridges of Edirne: Comprehensive Buildings for the Lecture of the City. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 7(2), 221–228. The paper summarizes the history and dimensions of Edirne’s eight Ottoman bridges, complete with drawings and photographs. Each of these bridges are important examples of Ottoman engineering and are highlights along the Via Eurasia.

Cerutti, S., & Dioli, I. (2013). Via Francigena Mountain Itineraries: the Case of Piacenza Valleys. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 1(1), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7KH8P The article inquires how faith/religious tourism and secular tourism in European cultural routes can be combined as drivers for local development. The author uses a mountainous alternative-route section of the Via Francigena as a case study.

Çinici 2013 Pednelissos landscapes. Precise and innovative thesis on the landscapes of the city - both internal and external. Welll illustrated but not much use for roads. Masters thesis.

Coşar N. and Demirci S Incorporation into the world economy From Railways to Highways (1850-1950) Middle East Studies 2009. Transport policies of the and Turkish republic with regard to globalization. It covers the cycle of railway construction and supplementation by highways.

Dalakoğlu D The road: An ethnography of the Albanian-Greek cross-border motorway . American Ethnologist Vol 37 No 1 pp132-149. An ethnographical study of 29 km of cross-border highway, encompassing migration, market economy and nationalism.

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Davies, H. E. H. (1998). Designing Roman Roads. Britannia, 29, 1–16. In contradiction to the previously held view, this paper shows that the Romans used land surveys and maps as integral parts of the road design process. It shows that available knowledge and equipment were quite adequate to allow the Romans to design their roads with the same level of careful planning as they demonstrated in other fields of technical endeavor.

Devlet arşivleri Muhasebeivilayetii Anadolu Devter (937-1530). Compendium of the achives during those years for Kütahya, Afyao, Eskişehir and Ankara, including maps of the village sites.

Devlet arşivleri 438 nolu Muhasebei vilayetii Anadolu Devter (937-1530). Compendium of the achives during those years for Bolu, Kasatamonu, Kocaeli, Kengırı, including maps of the village sites.

Doganci_K 2005 Prusa (Bursa) Kentinden Geçen Antik Yollar. from Osman Gazi ve Bursa Semposyumu 2005. A major contribution to the secondary road network of Roman times as enhanced in Byzantine and continued into Ottoman times. Gives tables of mansios etc. Map of the roads of Bithynia and a wide bibliography.

Donev A. 2018 Adventure tourism industry assessment regional cooperation council, Tourism Development and Promotion Project EU Review of adventure tourism in the Balkans with reference to the Via Dinarica / peaks of the Balkans, identifying gaps and making representations for actions under the scope of the project.

Donners, K., Waelkens, M., & Deckers, J. (2002). Water mills in the area of Sagalassos: a disappearing ancient technology. Anatolian Studies, 52(December 2013), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/3643076 An ethno-archaeological study carried out in the territory of ancient Sagalassos (Pisidia) found 15 early water mills that are still intact. Following the recent introduction of electric mills, water mills have lost their previous importance and today some of the mill houses are used as stables or shelters. Interviews with local people provided some information about the capacity of the mills and about the kind of grain that was ground in them. All the mills under discussion belong to the ‘ordinary’ horizontal-wheeled type of water mill. This type may have originated in or near during the Hellenistic period. These unique mills are present in the villages not far from the St. Paul’s Trail section of the Via Eurasia.

Ejstrud, B. (2005). Cost surface analysis and ancient roads: a comparison. Temps et Espaces de l’homme En Société, Analyses et Modèles Spatiaux En Archéologie. XXVe Rencontres Internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, 135–139. This paper is a comparison between GIS-generated “Least Cost Paths” and the actual roads of ancient Cyprus. The comparison seems to show a general, though not absolute, agreement between the modeled and the actual roads. Using Cost Surface Analysis to determine Least Cost Paths, therefore, is a reasonable method for determining the route of ancient roads that have since been lost.

Erder, L. T., & Faroqhi, S. (1980). The Development of The Anatolian Urban Network During The Sixteenth Century. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 23(3), 265–303. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852080X00122 This study of the towns and cities of Anatolia during the sixteenth century demonstrates the importance of overland trade routes and inland connections during the first half of the Ottoman Empire. Tax records show that the larger settlements existed at inland crossroads rather than at ports.

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Ertaş M.Y. Bir Seyyahin Gözüyle Osmanlı Yolları in Evliya Çelebi’nin Dünyası. Describes the layout, technology and use of the roads of the Ottoman Empire as Evliya saw them.

Ertas M.Y. Bir Ulağın Gözüyle Osmanlı Menzilleri in Evliya Çelebi’nin Dünyası pp 255-261. The menzils or stopping-points on the roads, provided as a service to travellers and the military, formed by Sadrazam Lütfi Paşa, through the descriptions of Evliya Çelebi.

Faroqhi, S. (1982). Camels, Wagons, and the Ottoman State in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 14(4), 523–539. Land transportation, whether by wheeled conveyance or by camel, was of special importance as the cities of Ottoman Anatolia were mainly inland centers. The paper discusses the cost, benefits, and cultural features associated with both types of transportation between 1500 and 1700 in various parts of the empire.

Fasolo, M. (2009). La via Egnatia nel territorio della Repubblica di Macedonia. In C. Marangio & G. Laudizi (Eds.), Παλαια Φιλία (pp. 601–612). Retrieved from http://www.annee- philologique.com/index.php?do=notice&num=11 This paper uses mile stones found within Northern Macedonia, together with topographical data and written sources, to determine the route of the Via Egnatia in the region and between Herakelia and Edessa.

Fasolo M. La Via Egnatia I Da e Dyrrachium ad Herakleia Lynkestidos. Viae Publicae Romanae. Geographical description of the course of the road quoting physical source material and historic sources. Aerial photographs of the course of the road, maps of the Macedonian sections.

Fernandez C. A. Materials and construction techniques of Roman Roads (Via De Italia in Hispanis) Journal of Western Mediterranean Prehistory and Archaeology P 109-129 Vol 4. Excavations at sites in Spain have revealed the structure and construction techniques of this major Roman road.

Foss, C. (1994). The Lycian Coast in the Byzantine Age Dumbarton Oaks Papers Volune 48 Survey of Byzantine monasteries near the Lycian coast, including road information.

Fourkas, V., Papasiopi, Z. O. Ë., Perpatidis, A., Resources, H., & E, E. O. A. (2006). Observatory of Spatial Impacts of the Egnatia Motorway. EGNATIA ODOS Α.Ε.: Innovations, Research, and Modern Management Systems, Conference 15/02/2006, Thessalonica, , 1–13. This paper presents a research mechanism for documenting, measuring, and assessing the effects of the the Egnatia Odos motorway, which closely follows the route of the Via Egnatia in eastern Greece. The conclusions of this research can be compared to the effects that the original route had on local populations, though on a much smaller scale.

French, D. H. (1981). Milestones of Pontus, Galatia, Phrygia and . Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik, 43, 149–174. The article provides an overview of milestones found in the titular regions, discussing where they were found and the inscriptions carved into them. It sheds light onto the extent of the road-accompanying infrastructure present in ancient southwestern Anatolia.

French, D. (1998). Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor. The Persian Royal Road. Iran, 36(1998), 15–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/4299973 6 Via Eurasia scientific committee

In this paper the author, like some of his contemporaries, argues that the Royal Road was more southerly than described by Herodotus. He uses later paved Roman roads and toponyms as evidence hypothesize a more accurate route.

French, D. H. (1974). A Study of Roman Roads in Anatolia : Principles and Methods. Anatolian Studies, 24, 143–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642605 The author here de-centers cities in archaeological research on Asia Minor in favor of focusing on roads themselves. He proposes a classification system for different categories of road/path, and offers a methodology for the further discovery of Roman roads in the region.

Garbov D The tabula Peutingeriana A changing value for the interpretation of Roman road networks and ancient topographies along the middle and lower . A study of the accuracy of the famous map in regard to the geography of the area of .

Gökalp 2011 Iulius_Tarius_Titianus_proconsul_of_Lycia. Article analysing a new inscription. relevant to provincial boundaries.

Görmüş, S. Atmış, E., Günşen, H.B., Özkazanç, N.K. Artar, M., The importance of mapping Natural and Cultural Routes in Rural Tourism – Bartin Case, Describes initial work done to plane cultural routes in Bartin province. 6 major routes and 32 additional routes are described.

Güimil-fariña, A., & Parcero-Oubiña, C. (2013). “Dotting the joins”: a Non-Reconstructive Use of Least Cost Paths to Approach Ancient Roads. The Case of the Roman Roads in the NW Iberian Peninsula. This paper surveys how different data inputs into Least Cost Path analysis can provide more accurate predictions about the location of Roman Roads.

Güney H The Economic activities of Roman Nicomedia and connectivity between the Propontic and Pontic world. Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic worlds during Hellenistic and Roman periods P 605-624 (2014). Communications between Nicomedia and the Black Sea by land and sea – analysis of sources.

Gurbuz Ottoman Vakifs- Their Impact On Ottoman Society And Ottoman Land Regime. The purposes of Vakıfs and their effect on land ownership and the building and endowment of infrastructure.

Gursu I 2014? Aspendos and Pisidia District Cultural Heritage Management project. for the BIAA - a cultural route project summary

Haldon, J. (2008). Roads and Communications in the Byzantine Empire: Wagons, Horses, and Supplies. In C. J. Tyerman (Ed.), Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the : Vol. CXXII (pp. 131–158). https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem366 A careful study of Byzantine military and transportation logistics, this piece explains how well or poorly road and bridge maintenance took place under ’s control. He notes that as the state neglected road repair that pack animals become more prevalent than wheeled vehicles. He reviews road surface techniques, and their variation over time and space across the Byzantine Empire.

Haldon J, Gaffney V, Theodorupolous G and Murgatroyd P (2012) Marching across Anatolia Medieval logistics and modeling the Manzikert Campaign. Dumbarton Oaks. Method of estimating logistical data 7 Via Eurasia scientific committee

(movement, communicvations, resources, settlement) of ancient armies/campaigns using simulation, tested on the Manzikert campaign.

Hammond N The western part of the Via Egnatia, journal of Roman Studies 1974 JSTOR

Heizer R, Ancient heavy transport, methods and achievements Science Vol 153 no 3738 1966. P 821-829 Analysis of methods used to move heavy and extraordinary loads such as monoliths and similar stones.

Hulden O. Considerations on the tumuli of Lycia in the pre-classical period. Anatolia Antiqua XIX (2011 p 495-514. There are four current grave types used in Lycia, but the author suggests that Tumuli should be added to these and further investigated. He describes some interesting examples from various parts of Lycia.

Işin G. Sanctuaries and the cult of Apollo in southern Pisidia. Anatolia 2014. Description of the known Apollo cult sites (open-air sanctuaries, temples, house sites) from the region, including little-known examples. Dice and alphabetic oracles are also introduced.

Kallintzi, K. (2006). Ancient Roads in Thrace and the Via Egnatia. Roman, Ancient Greek, and Amber Rutes: Innovative Methodologies and Measures Connecting Europe. 19th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, . This paper follows the fate of the costal city of Abdera in Thrace, and its loss of importance and decline due to the social and economic changes effected by the building of the Via Egnatia, as well as geo- morphological factors.

Kamiloğlu O. Kazıklı Hacı Bın İvaz Kervanseray ve Kocaeli Kervan Yolları. Karamursel Alp. Analysis of the caravan roads in the area of the Ottoman heartlands, listing the kervanserays. Based on a detailed analysis of one particular kervanseray and the registers of about 1550.

Kazancioğlu H 2014 Osmanlı döneminde Kervanseraylarının sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik fonksiyonları doctorate thesis on the functions of the kervanseray system and the means by which it was supported. Also lists the menzils on the major road systems and the methods of maintaining roads and infrastructure.

Klaric V, Feasibility study on the Roman Heritage route in the Adriatic and Ionian region. 2019. Study commissioned by the Routes4U team of the European Inst. of Cultural Routes, CofE into the possible development of a new cultural route in the Roıutes4U EUSAIR context.

Knapton J The Romans and their roads the original small element pavement technologists 1996 Pave Israel. Remarkably detailed summary of the history of Roman main road building, the methods of construction, materials and techniques used, including loadbearing calculations, types of harness and cart, ancillary buildings, etc. over the course of the Republic and Empire in Italy and UK. Summary reviews 53000 miles of roads and construction also in France, Greece, Germany, Spain.

Körpe, R. (2012). Antik Çağlarda Çanakkale Bölgesindeki Yollar. In V. Çalışkan (Ed.), Çanakkale Turizm Zirvesi - 2012 (pp. 225–234). T.C. Çanakkale Valiliği Yayını. This article describes the locations and features of ancient roads and bridges in Turkey’s Çanakkale region. Some of these roads may eventually become part of an alternative route for the Via Eurasia that eschews Istanbul by crossing the Sea of Marmara at the Dardanelles. 8 Via Eurasia scientific committee

Kuelzer, A. (2007). The Byzantine Road System in Eastern Thrace: Some Remarks. In C. Bakirtzis, N. Zekos, & X. Moniaros (Eds.), 4th International Symposium on Thracian Studies: Byzantine Thrace Evidence and Remains (pp. 179–201, 800–801). Amsterdam: Verlag Adolf M. Hakkert. Although the fact that three Roman roads existed in eastern Thrace during the Byzantine period is well documented, the exact routes they followed are still unknown. Eastern Thrace has markedly fewer remaining Roman than other parts of the Balkans. Using inscriptions and other archaeological evidence, the author attempts to determine the exact paths that each of the three roads, and some secondary roads, followed in the region.

Kuelzer, A. (2007). The Late Antique and Byzantine Road system in western Anatolia. DOI April 2018 pp83-95. Attempt to add further roads to the Barrington atlas record of roads, especially in Izmir area. Also describes the uses and maintenance of the road system.

Larnach, M. (2016). All roads lead to Constantinople : Exploring the Via Militaris in the medieval Balkans, 600-1204. University of Sydney. Drawing together Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman written sources with evidence from archaeology, numismatics, and field research, this thesis discusses how the Via Militaris was built and used during the Middle Ages. It contrasts the Via Militaris with the Via Egnatia and explores how the divergent topography of the Via Militaris resulted in a variety of building techniques used on the road.

Lightfoot, C. (2013). Trade and Industry in Byzantine Anatolia : The Evidence from Amorium. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 61(2007), 269–286. Excavations at Amorium imply that the city was deeply involved in overland trade. This is counter to the previously accepted notion that inland Anatolian Byzantine cities lived in relative isolation.

Lolos, Y. (2003). Greek roads: A commentary on the ancient terms. Glotta - Zeitschrift Fur Griechische Und Lateinische Sprache, 79(1–4), 137–174. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40267156 . An overview of every term used in ancient Greek for paths, trails, roads, and routes. Each term is discussed in its broad and/or narrow meaning, and examples of the referents as well as citations are given. Lolos uses itineraria and inscriptions to determine the history of the Via Egnatia’s design, its route and administration, and what renovations it underwent during the Roman and early Byzantine periods. Additionally, it describes innovative Roman engineering features found along the Via Egnatia: where it crossed flood-prone plains a causeway (originally described by excavators as a ’Dammstrasse’) was built under the road to keep it always above water, a bridge that stretched 450m with 15 piers over the Genusus () River, multiple paving strategies depending on the topography, as well as omnipresent road kerbs and lane divisions.

Lolos, Y. (2007). Via Egnatia after Egnatius: Imperial Policy and Inter-regional Contacts. Mediterranean Historical Review, 22(2), 273–293. Unlike previous studies of the Via Egnatia, which focused on its military importance, this article examines the road’s political, social, and cultural relevance during the Roman period. The author gives evidence of the vital role played by the Via Egnatia in trade, migration, and imperial control of the Greek speaking regions of the empire. There is also a discussion of how urban centers fell or rose in importance as a result of the Via Egnatia.

Macdonald J. The Heritage of Viticulture in Anatolia - Connecting Cappadocia and Mardin through a cultural route of the Vine. 9 Via Eurasia scientific committee

Proposal for a cultural route. Also contains a review of existing cultural route tourism.

Macpherson, I. W. (1954). Roman Roads and Milestones of Galatia. Anatolian Studies, 4(December 2013), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/3642377 The discovery of a number of new milestones in Galatia proper prompts the author to re-examine the road system of that area. The importance of Ancyra in particular as a road-junction is well illustrated by a large number of milestones dating to the first and second centuries A.D.

Magazzu, M. (2018). Ancient Roads of Southern Etruria: Historical and Digital Investication. In C. et al. Gambardella (Ed.), La Vie dei Mercanti - XVI International Forum: World Heritage and Knowledge | Representation | Restoration | Redesign | Resilience, 14-16 June 2018 (pp. 297–303). Naples - Capri: Universita degli Studi della Campania. The ancient Etrurian roads in the vicinity of Rome are being identified and analyzed using both aerial photography taken in the mid-20th century and current digital tools. Similar techniques can be used along the Via Eurasia to discover previously unidentified tracks of road.

Mariani Brivio La_viabilita_antica_nella_zona_dei_laghi della Lombardia Occidentale ımplications for the alps crossings of the layout of roads in Lombardy. Esp defences of Milan etc. Late Roman period.

Mark R 1877 Reinterpreting ancient Roman structure. American Scientist Vol 75 No 2 1987 pp 143-150. The structure and durability of Roman monumental architecture, especially the Panthon and other domed buildings. Use of computer modelling to assess ancient designs in concrete and the development of knowledge of how to apply it.

Martykánová, D., & Kocaman, M. (2018). A Land of Opportunities: Foreign Engineers in the Ottoman Empire. In C. Roldan, D. Brauer, & J. Rohbeck (Eds.), Philosophy of Globalization (pp. 237–252). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110492415-018 The work and influence of foreign engineers during the last hundred years of the Ottoman Empire brought technological innovation from the West to the region and had significant effects on road building and infrastructural projects during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

McNiell W The eccentricity of wheels American Historical review/OUP Vol 92 no 5 1987 p 1111-1126. Interesting essay placing wheeled vehicles in the context of all forms of overland transport. Highlights the importance of the camel, and the development of canals as alternatives to wheeled transport and analyses the economic cost benefits of each form of transport.

Milli Parks ANTALYA_MASTER The masterplan for the National Parks.

Mitchell, S. (1976). Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire: A New Inscription from Pisidia. Journal of Roman Studies, 66, 106–131. https://doi.org/10.2307/299783 The author analyzes an inscription found in Budur that discusses the obligations of local people to provide wagon and pack animal transport to imperial officials. The details of the edicts allow us to understand more about the nature and traffic of the roads and pathways of ancient Pisidia.

Morgado Rocha CAMINHOS_ANTIGOS_DO_CONCELHO_DE_MONFORTE Portuguese analysis of the use of a Roman road from antiquity until today - in Portugal.

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Nagy, K. (2012). Heritage Tourism, Thematic Routes and Possibilities for Innovation. Theory Methodology Practice (TMP), 8(1), 46–53. As heritage tourism is a growing industry, the author examines the success factors in heritage tourism operation and administration. She discusses how the European Institute of Cultural Routes and the European Heritage Label can facilitate quality heritage tourism. She also shows the importance of innovation in the development of the tourism sector.

Ökse, A. T. (2007). Ancient mountain routes connecting central Anatolia to the upper Euphrates region. Anatolian Studies, 57, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008486 Field surveys carried out within the upper Kızılırmak region have shown that the natural route-ways passing through the area have connected central Anatolia to eastern Anatolia throughout the ages. The paper describes three such routes and shows how fieldwork supports the idea that these routes have been in continual use since the 3rd millennium BCE.

Onur, F. (2015). Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (12): Routes 56 and 57 Phellos, Kyaneai – . Discussion of the network in that area in view of fieldwork.

Onur, F. (2015). Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (15): The Road Network around Kasaba Plain. Gephyra, 12(December 2015), 89–109. The Stadiasmus Patarensis is a monumental milestone in the shape of a pillar that served as a public road map for the Lycian region around and inland from the city of Myra. The author discusses what information is missing from the remains of the Stadiasmus Patarensis and hypothesizes where roads connecting settlement were likely situated.

Onur F. Stadiasmus Patarensis’te Yollar, Yerleşimler ve Territoriumlar (16): Gephyra The roads, settlements and territories of the Stadiasmus are here described, showing how the text of the Stadiasmus can be interpreted.

Onur F. Stadiasmus Patarensis – the vexed question of – bezirgn and the course of the road between and Phellos. Review of the finds of previous fieldwork.

Orlandi L. In search of an Ottoman Landscape – Sinan’s works in Thrace as an expression of tangible heritage. Ist Tech Uni Vol 12 no 2 2015 p59-68. Description of Sinan’s works in their context including siting, urban planning and architecture, their effect on western travellers and possible routes to their protection in their original setting.

Owens The Kremna Aqueduct and water supply in Roman cities Greece and Rome Vol 38 no 1 1991 p 41-58. Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of aqueducts as against cisterns and local springs, with reference to Kremna, which like many cities in the Toros, had limited access to running water. Also describes the engineering techniques available to deliver and lift water.

Özarslan Y The Cultic Landscapes of Phrygia METU Settlement archaeology program Masters Thesis 2010. Analyses the location of the Phrygian cultic sites using GIS systems, in relation to geography, other construction (roads, towns, etc) and rock formations. 11 Via Eurasia scientific committee

Özbaran S. Ottoman Empire and the Spice Routes in the 16th C. Seminar for the UNESCO silk Roads conference Izmir 1990. Description of a crucial time in world trade when overland routes were replaced by sea routes and the balance of power between western Europe and the Ottoman Empire decisively shifted.

Özcan, K. (2015). The Anatolian Seljuk City: An Analysis on Early Turkish Urban Models in Anatolia. Central Asiatic Journal, 54(2), 273–290. The Byzantine Anatolian urban network was damaged in the 7th-9th centuries due to Arab raids.It was further weakened by the Seljuk attack and conquest of the area. After the Seljuk state consolidated power, it revitalized the network by building approximately 120 khans and caravansarais along trade routes during the first four decades of the 13th century. The sultans encouraged Islamic settlements across Anatolia and urban morphology changed with the wide scale building of (or conversion of Christian spaces to) Turkish-Islamic monumental public buildings.

Palombini A and Tavernari C On their way home – a network analysis of Medieval caravanseyays in Syrian region. Proceedings of 43rd conference on computer applications and quantative methods in Arcaheology vol 1 2016 Archaeopress. Analysis of the caravan network and linking roads over several centuries.

Peterson J Roman roads and surveying. East Herts Archaeological society newsletter 35 2014. Proposes a possible method of laying out Roman roads using a grid system of land allotment.

Popovic M St. 2012 Moving through Medieval Macedonia. GIS as applied to the roads of Macedonia - esp a small road system N of Ochrid.

Quilici L Land Transport part 1 Roads and Bridges The oxford handbook of Engineering and technology Dec 2009. Researchgate

Ramsay W Colonia Caesarea (Pisidian Antoch) in the Augustan age Jornal of Romam studies Vol 6 1916 İdentifies the colonies founded around Pisidia and dependent on Antioch, proposes foundation dates and reasons and suggests administrative systems governing the colony.

Ramsay W 1890 Historical Geography of Asia Minor Royal Geographical Sociey Vo ıv supplementary papers. An early and thorough assessment of the Byzantine roads and settlements of Asia Minor with reference to the bishops lists of the various councils and the Peutinger and other maps. Some incorrect deductions, but very useful for on-the-ground observations. Maps omitted.

Roberts, H and Eryurt H, Culture Routes in Turkey. e-dialogos 2013. Description of developmentof cultural routes in Turkey.

Routes4U-study-Roman Heritage. A commissioned study of the possibilities of making a cultural route based on Roman heritage in the Balkans. No roads.

Şahin, S. Stadiasmus Patarensis Likya’nın Roma Yolları Gephyra Monograph (German) and Turkish The anaylsis and translation of the text of the Stadiasmus list of the Roman roads of Lycia in 46AD. Also maps of the roads, with the number in the text, and illustrations showing the construction of the roads. The definitive list, later developed by Prof Şahin’s students in Gephyra and other journals. 12 Via Eurasia scientific committee

Sahin E Surveys on the Transportation systems in Lycia Pamphylia AKMED no 15 2017.Report on fieldwork of the 2016 campaign with notes on identified roads in Aksu and areas.

Sahin E Surveys on the Transportation systems in Lycia Pamphylia AKMED no 15 2017.Report on fieldwork of the 2016 campaign with notes on identified roads in and Kaş regions.

Saraç D History of Archaeology and cultural heritage management in Turkey and Europe Bilkent Dept of Archaeology and History of Art Masters thesis. 2003. Very wideranging review of the development of archaeological protection and cultural heritage management.

Schmid, D., St. Popovic, M., & Breier, M. (2017). From the Via Egnatia to Prilep, and : a Medieval Roadmap Based on Written Sources, Archaeological Remains and GIScience. In A. Külzer & M. St. Popovic (Eds.), Space, Landscapes, and Settlements in (pp. 289–317, 510–519). Vienna - : Akademska knjiga. By using Least Cost Path analysis, together with the consultation of historical written sources and archaeological evidence, the authors of this piece propose a map of the Via Egnatia within the triangle between Prilep, Bitola, and Ohrid in Byzantine Macedonia. As a part of the study, they list the places where archeological remains of roads have been found in the region.

Schoenberg, P. E. (1977). The evolution of transport in Turkey (Eastern thrace and Asia minor) under Ottoman rule, 1856–1918. Middle Eastern Studies, 13(3), 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263207708700358 The state of Ottoman roads (and other means of transit) between 1856 and 1918 is outlined in the article. Because the government had not properly invested in road infrastructure during the decline of the empire, its highway system was in very poor condition for the period examined. Despite some new construction in the 19th century (the Kars-Erzerum and Trebinzon-Erzerum highways), the majority of the Ottoman roads suffered from lack of maintenance during this time. Interestingly, Karl Baedeker, a travel expert, observed in 1914 that the only thoroughfare capable of sustaining automobile traffic in the Ottoman Empire was the Constantinople-Brussa road.

Siemianowska, E. (2013). Sacred places in the research on early medieval roads and routes. The Prussian case. In J. Wenta (Ed.), Sacred space in the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia (pp. 59–81). Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. The author provides a theoretical framework for distinguishing roads and routes and uses that distinction to discuss Prussian routes of the middle ages. She cautions against making assumptions about roads based on settlement patterns alone and emphasizes the as yet unknown cultural diversity of ancient societies.

Siemianowska, E. (2013). W Sprawie Metody Badań Wczesnośredniowiecznych Szlaków Dalekosiężnych. ARCHEOLOGIA, 303, 91–110. Retrieved from https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/AUNC_ARCH/article/view/AUNC_ARCH.2013.005 In this article, the author delves into the origins of roads, trails, and routes, examining both archaeological evidence and historical philology. She reviews how concepts roads/ways/paths have been elaborated in Polish archeological and sociological literature. Special attention is paid to the combination of land and water transportation into single long-distance route itineraries.

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Smits M Sultanstrail_A_cultural_hiking_route_from Vienna to Istanbul Background info imcluding accommodation and places of interest.

Snead, J., Erickson, C. L., & Darling, A. (2009). Making Human Space : The Archaeology of Trails, Paths, and Roads. In J. Snead, C. L. Erickson, & A. Darling (Eds.), Landscapes of Movement (pp. 1–19). University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. The authors propose studying trails paths, and roads as “landscapes of movement”, thus, focusing on patterns, scale, context, and internal association of the archaeological features themselves. They emphasize the importance of actually walking along pathways to understand their function and importance. They outline several other methodologies useful for studying landscapes of movement. They further review several theoretical approaches for understanding these landscapes.

Stark, F. (1958). Alexander’s March from Miletus to Phrygia. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 78, 102– 120. https://doi.org/10.1038/124121a0 The author traces Alexander’s steps from Miletus, through Lycia, to Phrygia and in doing so enumerates all of the roads and paths present in the regions during Alexander’s time there. She compares them to the historical accounts of Alexander’s trek to make hypotheses about the exact route taken. Through a careful study of the landscape and a studious examination of historical sources, she also provides a compendium of information about the ancient routes that existed in the region, some of which are incorporated in the Via Eurasia.

Takmer, B. (2014). Two Milestones on the Road from Myra to Limyra. Gephyra, 1(107–117). Two milestones that were present on the road between Myra and Limyra are presented in this article. In a detailed commentary, the author attempts to reconstruct possible routes of this road using topographical, archaeological, epigraphical and literary evidence to support his view.

Takmer, B. (2015). Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (2): 1.Yeni Yazıtlarla birlikte Yerleşim Tarihçesi More work on the Stadiasmus around Sidyma. Includes the road down to the sea.

Takmer, B., & Alkan, M. (2013). Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (13): The road system in the mountainous area of Alacadağ in central Lycia and the roads indicated in the Vita of Nicholas of Sion. Gephyra, 10, 106–120. The Roman road that connected Myra to inner Lycia via the Alacadağ region is described in this article. Secondary ways and newly discovered pathways are also introduced. Several parts of the Roman road and secondary roads remain in-situ; the text describes where these can be found.

Takmer, B., & Önen, N. T. (2008). Ban Pamphylia’da Antik Yol Arasttırmalan. Via Sebaste’nin Perge- Klimaks Arası Güzergahında Yeni Bir Yol Kalıntısı. Adalya, 11, 109–132. Taking into account the results of archaeological surveys carried out in the western territory of Perge, the authors show that the Via Sebaste extended further than previously thought. They found remains of road in the region cut from bedrock and stretching 3.6m wide and documented stone pavement and secondary roads branching out from the Via Sebaste.

Takmer, B., & Önen, N. T. (2007). Via Sebaste: Anadolu’nun En İyi Korunmuş Roma Yolu’nun Varsak’tan Geçen Güzergahı. Varsak Belediyesi. Emperor Claudius had Roman roads built to connect Lycian cities in the 1st century CE. The authors discuss the discovery near Varsak of the remains of one such road, the Via Sebaste, which linked Side to Pergamon. They review Roman road construction techniques and the requirements of the road for 14 Via Eurasia scientific committee

different kinds of wheeled vehicles, then elaborate on how these factors were implemented on the recently discovered stretch of the Via Sebaste.

Tanaka A.J.T.R., Connecting ancient ruins with ancient roads – the role of heritage in developing trekking tourism in south Turkey. Fukuoka Jo Gakguın University, Japan. Development of heritage tourism along the Lycian Way. A review of the development of the Lycian Way as heritage tourism, describing its effect on local people.

Tarih ve toprak 2016 Sarikavak kalesi romanroad. Article on the roman road running S from Şile.

M. Tasaklaki, "Roman Imperial Types on Provincial Issues of the Province of Thrace. Why and how fast they travel", in 3rd International Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference "Roads, Communication & Mobility", Komotini 18-21 October 2018, Greece. Abstract & Poster. https://www.anatolianroads.org

Tanrisever C Mimar Sinan Rotası Thesis Proposal for a Mimar Sinan cultural route in Thrace with detailed proposals for itineraries.

Tilburg, C. (2011). Traffic Policy and Circulation in Roman Cities. Acta Classica, LIV, 149–171. By analyzing the cart ruts and wear on curb stones in Pompeii and Xanten, the author concludes that Roman authorities regulated urban traffic flow. Features of modern traffic flows, like one way streets and detours around pedestrian centers, were common in Roman cities. Similar careful studies of the remains of ancient road left along the Via Eurasia can help us learn about the everyday lives of ancient people.

Tosun C. Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing world – the case of Turkey. A summary of the decisions and support required to make tourism more sustainable.

Tuppi, J. (2014). Approaching road-cuttings as instruments of early urbanization in central Tyrrhenian Italy. Papers of the British School at Rome, 82(3), 41–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S006824621400004X The landscape of central Tyrrhenian Italy became increasingly engraved with roads cut deep in the ground in the course of the 7th and 6th centuries BCE. This development was mainly for pragmatic reasons, such as the need for better infrastructure and transport facilities resulting from increased vehicular traffic between and within regions. In addition to providing logistic benefits, road-cuttings also contributed to developing the socio-political aspects of the proto-urban centers of central Italy through their monumentality, which arguably was utilized in politicizing territorial landscapes as well as in enhancing funerary rituals. This paper examines road-cuttings as instruments of urbanization in iron age and Archaic central Italy. The study examines 110 road-cuttings from central Italy and assesses their relations to their physical surroundings.

Tzatsopoulou P VİA Egnatia Thrace. Short article on the Via Egnatia in Thrace - examples and guide to what to see now.

Ulugen FY. Kocaeli and vicinity in journeys . An enormous compendium of what every traveller had to say about travelling to and from Nicomedia - but mainly by the coast road from Uskudar. Short mentions of the north coast only, buy plenty of insight on the main road and its condition and services.

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Utku N Construction and maintenance of roads between towns in the Middle Ages. ITU Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Vol 17 No 33 2018. The management of road maintenance and raising and allocation of revenues.

Uzunoğlu, Taşdelen Parageira to SP, new inscriptions from the vicinity of Phellos. Gephyra 2013. Proposes the course of the Kaş road (Antiphellos to Phellos based on inscriptions and graves and the existence of settlements.

Waeklens and Vandeput Regionalism in Hellenistic and Roman Pisidia. The identity of the region discussed at depth.

Waugh D Richthofen’s Silk Roads Towards the Archaeology of a concept. The Silk Road Vol 5 n0 1 2007. The legacy of the pioneers of the Silk Road and the perception of the routes, with reference to Richthofen’s reputation in the countries of the route.

Werner Louis Via Egnatia to Rome and Byzantium 2015 aramco world. Major article on the Via Egnatia as a present day cultural route. Covers the sights along the whole route and interviews with interested parties, quotes from potes, etc.

Wilkinson, D. (2018). Towards an Archaeological Theory of Infrastructure. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-018-9410-2 Infrastructure makes up a considerable portion of the material culture that archaeologists study. This article lays some foundations for a more theoretically unified approach to infrastructure within the discipline. It offers a general definition of infrastructure, as well as a basic typology. The typology presented is fourfold, encompassing (1) static infrastructure (e.g., terraces, harbors and storehouses), (2) circulatory infrastructure (e.g., highways, canals, aqueducts, and sewers), (3) bounding infrastructure (e.g., palisades, ditches, and corrals), and (4) signaling infrastructure (e.g., lighthouses and beacons). It is suggested that infrastructure should be a topic of global comparative analysis within archaeology and its allied disciplines. Such an approach may be useful in the further study of “circulatory infrastructure” as it relates to the Via Eurasia.

Winfield, D. (1977). The Northern Routes across Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 27, 151–166. The article outlines the tracks of most east-west routes that existed in Anatolia between pre-Roman and Byzantines times. The Via Eurasia follows along the routes described in the sections connecting Bursa to Nicea and Nicomedia.

Wiseman, A. T. P., & Pekáry, T. (1970). Roman republican road-building. Papers of the British School at Rome, 38(1970), 122–152. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200011223 The author examines contemporary theories about how Italian roads commissioned and built during the Roman Republican era. He disputes many of the assertions made by earlier scholars and offers suggestions about the development in scale and expense of the roads and the political importance of road-building under the Republic. He has particular insights into the proposed timeline of the construction of sections of the Via Appia.

Witcher R Roman roads: phenomenonological perspectives of roads on the landscape. 7th Annual theoretical Roman Archaeology conference 1997 p60-70. Roads and their psychological role in domination and conquest during the Roman era.

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Xidakis G, Kollaros G, Varagouli Via Egnatia: A modern engineering approach to an ancient highway" Int Symposium IAGS pascal-franceis inst.fr

Xeidakis G Varagouli E Design and Construction of Roman Roads the case of the Via Egnatia in Aegean Thrace Geoscience world

Young, R. S. (1963). Gordion on the Royal Road. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 107(4), 348–364. The route of the Persian Royal Road in Anatolia is analyzed based on ancient sources and archeological remains. The architecture and material culture of the Phrygian Gordion excavation is compared to that over other polities connected to it by the Royal Road.

Zachariadou / Fleet The Via Egnatia under Ottoman rule SOAS Bulletin vol 62 no 2 1999.

The following old books are in the possession of the CRS:

Casson, L., Travel in the ancient world. Book Club Associates. Wide ranging description of travel and the means of travel. Güner, S., Donbaz V., The Royal Roads of Anatolia. Photo compendium of old roads, but useful info on Phrygian roads and the Royal Road. Lyle, E. The search for the Royal Road. Description of journeys in the 1960’s in Phrygia as well as other areas. Luther U.M. Historical Route Network of Anatolia (Istanbul – Izmir – Konya) 1550 – 1850. Methodolical listing of the routes of various travellers and their exact itineraries, thus setting out the route network in western Anatolia. Michele Fasolo, La Via Egnatia, Viae Publicae Romanae book. The Egnatian Way by Firmin O'Sullivan (Can’t find this book!)

Conferences on Roman roads Introduction, in Greek and Roman networks in the Mediterranean, edited by I. Malkin, C. Constantakopoulou and K. Panagopoulou, 2009

The wood of Acqualadroni - Roman Rostrum - 4th International Congress on Science and Tecnology for the safeguard of culture heritage in the mediterranean basin, Cairo congress 2009, Vol II p.53

Controlled mobility, controlled trade: institutional and physical management of shipping in the Mediterranean ports in the high Roman Empire . RAC/TRAC 2018, University of Edinburgh, session Boundaries, Borders, and Frontiers: Modern Methods and Frameworks

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