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Fort Larned National Historic Site Natural Resource Condition Assessment

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Fort Larned National Historic Site Natural Resource Condition Assessment National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Larned National Historic Site Natural Resource Condition Assessment Natural Resource Report NPS/SOPN/NRR—2014/866 ON THE COVER Wagon at Fort Larned NHS. Photo: Kim Struthers Fort Larned National Historic Site Natural Resource Condition Assessment Natural Resource Report NPS/SOPN/NRR—2014/866 Authors Kimberly Struthers Utah State University Department of Environment and Society Logan, Utah Robert E. Bennetts National Park Service Southern Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network Model, Colorado Nina Chambers Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative Jackson, Wyoming Patricia Valentine-Darby University of West Florida Pensacola, Florida Tomye Folts-Zettner National Park Service Southern Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network Johnson City, Texas Editing and Design Heidi Sosinski National Park Service Southern Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network Johnson City, Texas October 2014 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado Fort Larned National Historic Site: Natural Resource Condition Assessment The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received formal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data, and whose background and expertise put them on par technically and scientifically with the authors of the information. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from Southern Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network (http://science.nature.nps. gov/im/units/sopn/) and the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps.gov/ publications/nrpm/) on the Internet. To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Struthers, K., R.E. Bennetts, N. Chambers, H. Sosinski, and P. Valentine-Darby. 2014. Fort Larned National Historic Site: Natural resource condition assessment. Natural Resource Report NPS/SOPN/NRR—2014/866. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 425/126925, October 2014 ii Table of Contents Contents Page Executive Summary ........................................................................................................xv Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1: NRCA Background Information ...................................................................1 Chapter 2: Introduction and Resource Setting ..............................................................5 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................5 2.1.1. Enabling Legislation/Executive Orders .......................................................................................5 2.1.2. Geographic Setting ..................................................................................................................5 2.1.3. Visitation Statistics ...................................................................................................................5 2.2. Natural Resources ..............................................................................................................6 2.2.1. Ecological Units ........................................................................................................................6 2.2.2. Resource Descriptions ..............................................................................................................7 2.2.3. Resource Issues Overview ........................................................................................................9 2.3. Resource Stewardship .......................................................................................................9 2.3.1. Management Directives and Planning Guidance .......................................................................9 2.3.2. Status of Supporting Science .................................................................................................10 2.4. Literature Cited ................................................................................................................10 Chapter 3: Study Scoping and Design .........................................................................13 3.1. Preliminary Scoping ........................................................................................................13 3.2. Study Design ....................................................................................................................14 3.2.1. Indicator Framework, Focal Study Resources and Indicators ....................................................14 3.2.2. Reporting Areas .....................................................................................................................15 3.2.3. General Approach and Methods ............................................................................................15 3.3. Literature Cited ................................................................................................................17 Chapter 4: Natural Resource Conditions .....................................................................19 4.1. Viewshed ..........................................................................................................................21 4.1.1. Background and Importance .................................................................................................21 4.1.2. Data and Methods .................................................................................................................22 4.1.3. Reference Conditions .............................................................................................................27 4.1.4. Condition and Trend ..............................................................................................................27 4.1.5. Sources of Expertise ...............................................................................................................31 4.1.6. Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................31 4.2. Night Sky ..........................................................................................................................35 4.2.1. Background and Importance ..................................................................................................35 4.2.2. Data and Methods .................................................................................................................35 4.2.3. Reference Conditions .............................................................................................................38 4.2.4. Condition and Trend ..............................................................................................................39 4.2.5. Sources of Expertise ...............................................................................................................40 4.2.6. Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................40 4.3. Soundscape ......................................................................................................................41 4.3.1. Background and Importance ..................................................................................................41 4.3.2. Data and Methods .................................................................................................................42 4.3.3. Reference Conditions ............................................................................................................45 4.3.4. Condition and Trend ..............................................................................................................47 iii Fort Larned National Historic Site: Natural Resource Condition Assessment Contents (continued) Page 4.3.5. Sources of Expertise ...............................................................................................................50 4.3.6. Literature Cited ......................................................................................................................51 4.4. Air
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