THIS MONTH IN SCIENCE:J 1 July 1983, India’s fi rst 235 Mw unit of the size attached to the same beam”, was 1818, Karl von Vierordt who invented Kalpakkam nuclear power station was born. fi the sphygmograph (the rst instrument commissioned near Chennai, after it 1888, Herbert Spencer Gasser who shared to trace a human pulse by a non-invasive attained criticality. (with Joseph Erlanger) the Nobel Prize measurement of blood pressure) was 2001, the fi rst for Physiology or Medicine in 1944 “for born. self-contained, their discoveries relating to the highly 1847, the second asteroid “Hebe” was mechanical heart differentiated functions of single nerve discovered by M. Henckle. replacement fi bers”, was born. 1858, the Wallace-Darwin theory of was implanted 1891, John Howard Northrop who was evolution was fi rst published at the into 59-year-old awarded (with James B. Sumner and Linnaean Society in London. Robert Tools at Wendell M. Stanley) the Nobel Prize 1907, Norman Wingate Pirie (British Jewish Hospital in for Chemistry in 1946 “for successfully biochemist and virologist) was born. He Louisville. purifying and crystallizing certain discovered (with Frederick Bawden) that enzymes thus enables him to determine a virus can be crystallized by isolating 3 July their chemical nature”, was born. tobacco mosaic virus in 1936. This was 1886, Karl Benz drove 1951, the invention of the junction an important milestone in understanding transistor was announced by Dr. William DNA and RNA. the fi rst automobile in the world in Shockley in Murray Hill, N.J. This new 1929, Gerald Maurice Edelman who Mannheim, Germany, type of transistor overcame the problems shared (with Rodney R. Porter) the Nobel reaching a top speed of the earlier point-contact transistors. Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1972 of 16 km/h (10 mph) 1996, Dolly, a cloned sheep (the “for their discoveries concerning the powered by a 0.75-hp fi rst mammal cloned from a chemical structure of antibodies” was one-cylinder four- cell from an adult), was born at born. stroke gasoline engine. the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, 1934, the fi rst X-ray 1929, foam rubber developed at Dunlop Scotland. Scientists had replaced photograph of the Latex Development Laboratories in the nucleus of an egg cell with whole body taken in a Birmingham. the nucleus from a parent cell - in one-second exposure, Dolly’s case, an udder cell from a 2002, NASA launched Contour (Comet using ordinary Finn Dorset sheep clinical conditions by Nucleus Tour), a U.S. unmanned satellite Arthur W. Fuchs of on a mission to get within 60 miles of a the Eastman Kodak comet nucleus to study frozen samples of 6 July Company. the solar system from its infancy. 1817, Rudolph Albert von Kölliker 1941, Alfred Goodman (Swiss anatomist, physiologist and Gilman who shared (with Martin Rodbell) 4 July histologist), who was one of the founders of embryology, was born. the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology 1826, fi rst malleable iron casting made in or Medicine “for their discovery of the U.S. was produced in Newark, N.J. by 1889, Louis Pasteur injected the G-proteins and the role of these proteins Seth Boyden. fi rst inoculation for rabies of human beings. The rabies virus in signal transduction in cells” was born. 1998, Japan launched Nozomi (“Hope”) is transmitted by the bite of an 1997, Asia’s fi rst Science City was from Kagoshima Launch Centre, the infected animal, like a domestic inaugurated in Calcutta (Kolkata), second country’s fourth “deep space” mission, dog. only in the world after Paris. trying to become the third nation 1903 2008, HIMADRI (‘the abode of snow’), (after Russia and the U.S.) to reach for , Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell India’s fi rst research station located at Mars. who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1955 “for his discoveries the International Arctic Research base, 2004, India’s surface to concerning the nature and mode of action Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway was surface ballistic missile of oxidation enzymes”, was born. inaugurated. It is located at a distance of Agni A1 was test- 1,200 kilometres from the North Pole. fi red from Interim Test Range, Orissa. Agni 7 July 2 July missile was developed 1843, Camillo Golgi, who shared (with by DRDO. 1819, Thomas Anderson (Scottish organic the Spanish histologist Santiago Ramón y chemist) who discovered pyridine was Cajal) the 1906 Nobel Prize for Physiology born. 5 July or Medicine in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”, 1862, Sir William Henry Bragg who was 1687, the Principia, by Isaac Newton was born. awarded (with his son Sir Lawrence published, bringing to the world his 1965 Bragg) the Nobel Prize for Physics in now famously-known three Laws of , the fi rst 1915 “for their services in the analysis of Motion, and the Law of Universal successful surgery to crystal structure by means of X-rays” was Gravitation. replant a completely amputated thumb born. 1753, Jonathan Carter Hornblower who was accomplished by 1940, U.S. patent issued to Enrico Fermi et “invented the fi rst compound steam Shigeo Komatsu and al., for a process of producing radioactive engine for which he claimed better Susumi Tamai. substances (No. 2,206,634). effi ciency, using two cylinders of unequal SCIENCE REPORTER, JULY 2015 60 THIS MONTH IN SCIENCE 8 July molecular content of gases. Margarine is an imitation butter spread 1894, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian 1916, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, used for spreading, baking, and cooking. physicist who shared (with Arno Penzias who received (with Nikolay G. Basov, 1918, Bertram N. Brockhouse who shared and Robert Woodrow Wilson) the 1978 USSR and Charles H. Townes, US), (with American physicist Clifford G. Nobel Prize for Physics “for his basic the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1964 Shull) the Nobel Prize for Physics in strong magnetic fi eld inventions and “for fundamental work in the fi eld of 1994 “for the development of neutron discoveries in the area of low-temperature quantum electronics, which has led to the spectroscopy” was born. physics”, was born. construction of oscillators and amplifi ers 1921, Robert Bruce Merrifi eld who 1895, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, who based on the maser-laser principle”, was received the 1984 Nobel Prize for shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physics born. Chemistry “for his development of the with Pavel A. Cherenkov and Ilya M. 1927, Theodore Harold Maiman, the solid phase peptide synthesis method Frank “for his efforts in explaining American physicist who built the fi rst to build up large organic molecules on a Cherenkov radiation”, was born. working laser was born. LASER is an solid matrix” was born. acronym for Light Amplifi cation by 1922, Leon M. Lederman who was awarded (with Melvin Schwartz and Jack 9 July Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Steinberger) the Nobel Prize for Physics 1856, Elias Howe, who invented the 12 July in 1988 for the neutrino beam method and sewing machine, was born. the demonstration of the doublet structure 1926, Ben R. Mottelson, who shared (with 1928, Elias James Corey, who was of the leptons through the discovery of Aage N. Bohr and James Rainwater) the awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in the muon neutrino” was born. 1975 Nobel Prize for Physics “for the 1990 “for his development of the theory discovery of the connection between and methodology of organic synthesis”, collective motion and particle motion in was born. 16 July atomic nuclei and the development of 1913, Willis Lamb, who shared (with 1888, Frits Zernike who was awarded the theory of the structure of the atomic Polykarp Kusch) the Nobel Prize for the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1953 “for nucleus based on this connection”, was Physics in 1955 “for his discoveries his invention of the phase-contrast born. concerning the fi ne structure of the microscope, an instrument that permits hydrogen spectrum”, was born. the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells” 10 July was born. 13 July 1856, Nicola Tesla was born. He designed 1926, Irwin Rose who was awarded and built the fi rst alternating current 1995, the spacecraft (with Israelis Aaron Ciechanover and induction motor in 1883. The SI unit Galileo released a Avram Hershko) the 2004 Nobel Prize of magnetic fl ux density or magnetic probe towards Jupiter in Chemistry “for discovering the role induction, the Tesla, is named in his to become the fi rst Earth emissary ever of the protein ubiquitin in cells” was honour. to penetrate the atmosphere of any of the born. outer gas giants. 1902, Kurt Alder, who shared (with Otto 1945, the world’s fi rst atomic bomb Diels) the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in was successfully exploded in the 1950 “for their development of the Diels- 14 July desert near Alomogordo, New Mexico Alder reaction (1928), or diene synthesis, 1867, Alfred Nobel demonstrated as the “Trinity” test. a widely used method of synthesizing dynamite for the fi rst time at a quarry in 1969, the Crew of Apollo XI, Neil A. cyclic organic compounds”, was born. Redhill, Surrey. In 1866 Nobel produced Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and 1908, Kamerlingh Onnes made helium what he believed was a safe and Michael Collins, blasted off from Cape liquid at a temperature of 4.2 K (about manageable form of nitroglycerin called Kennedy on the fi rst manned mission to -269 ºC). dynamite. the surface of the moon. 1920, Owen Chamberlain, who shared 1918, Jay W. Forrester, who invented the (with Emilio Segrè) the Nobel Prize for random-access magnetic core memory, 18 July Physics in 1959 “for their discovery of the the information-storage device employed 1635, Robert Hooke who discovered the antiproton”, was born.