Our Ocean Playground
A Nova Scotia History Manual
© 2001 Shelburne Historical Society P.O. Box 39 Shelburne, NS B0T 1W0
Except where noted, all stories and exercises were written by Lisette Jones and Tina Nickerson.
Proof-readers: Shelley O’Connor and members of the Shelburne Historical Society.
Final Editor: Cathy d’Entremont
Front Cover design by Simone Meuse Illustration Credits:
Atlantic Explorer Travel Group: page 108; Dan Conlin: page 176; Lisette Jones: pages 10, 44, 90, 101, 155, 164, 245; Joshua Slocum Society International: page 77; Peter Landry, www.blupete.com: page 18; Simone Meuse: front cover and pages 1, 4, 15, 30, 34, 40, 53, 62, 68, 71, 73, 75, 87, 93, 97, 105, 111, 133, 139, 142, 147, 151, 157, 159, 163, 171, 174, 181, 185, 189, 205, 211, 218, 220, 225, 231, 236, 241; Nova Scotia Public Archives: page 116; Saint Paul’s Church: page 167; Shelburne County Learning Network/Dawn Dugandzic: page 58; Dale Swan: page 82; Jay White: page 51; Wilson’s Shopping Centre/John Smith: page 198. Our sincere thanks to the National Literacy Secretariat for providing funding for this project. Acknowledgements
There are many people and organizations to thank for their assistance with the production of this manual.
First, we would like to extend a very big thank you to Shelley O’Connor for her guidance and administrative support, which she juggled between a full time job and family. Thanks a bunch, Shelley!
Mario Theriault provided unpublished information for the Joshua Slocum story and for this we extend our thanks. Thank you to the Shelburne County Learning Network for graciously allowing us to reprint “Searching for Freedom” that appeared in their “Sea & Me Manual,” the Joshua Slocum Society Int’l for editing the story on Joshua Slocum, Wilson’s Shopping Centre Ltd. and John Smith, Signsmith, for allowing us to use the Cape Sable Island Causeway illustration.
Thanks to all the people and organizations who allowed us to use graphics appearing on their web sites. They are : Joshua Slocum Society Int’l; email address [email protected] Atlantic Explorer Travel Group St. Paul’s Church, Halifax, NS Mr. Jay White, Windsor, NS Mr. Peter Landry, www.blupete.com Mr. Dan Conlin, Halifax, NS Mr. Dale Swan, Tatamagouche, NS
Thanks as well to Passage Print & Litho Ltd. for the printing job and technical advice, Harold Meuse for allowing us to use history books from his personal collection, the talented Simone Meuse for illustrating, the Shelburne Historical Society members for proofreading and support, Cathy d’Entremont for editing, Open for Business for use of the computers, the librarians at the Western Counties Regional Library for their help, Ron Fry for lending a copy of his 1949 Coast Guard Newspaper, and Adam Sears for proofreading.
A special thank you to the learners who submitted stories to appear in the manual.
To anyone we may have overlooked, and to those who did not wish to be acknowledged, we extend our appreciation and gratitude. Introduction
Empowerment! What better way to empower learners than to give them materials that are enjoyable, educational, and make them part of the world. Nova
Scotia history is a topic that should be accessible to all Nova Scotians and
Canadians, regardless of their reading level.
Over the time we were working on the project, many of the stories were tested with adult learners in a local level 1 & 2 adult upgrading class. One participant read the story on Joshua Slocum and, while speaking with another individual, the topic of a recent documentary on Joshua Slocum arose. The learner told him, “I just read something on that.” I just read something on that!!! The material’s complexity was irrelevant; he was able to say he read something and the learner’s smile showed he was proud. Strong words for a learner who’s just entering the literary realm.
Yes, we are opening doors to a whole new world, raising awareness, and making communities stronger and healthier. As adult learners gain more experience and knowledge, they blossom into strong, confident people and, in turn, become part of vibrant communities. Empowerment!
Our province’s history is rich, loaded with lots of “firsts” in Canada and
North America. Our ancestors have made us proud. Smile Nova Scotians!
Celebrate our history! Table of Contents
People Viking Explorers ...... 1 Questions ...... 2 Mi’kmaqs...... 3 Comprehension Questions...... 7 Reading Between the Lines ...... 7 Trivia Question ...... 7 True or False ...... 8 John Cabot and Jacques Cartier ...... 9 Comprehension Questions ...... 13 Reading Between the Lines ...... 13 Trivia Question ...... 13 Syllables ...... 14 Vowels ...... 14 The Jesuits ...... 15 Questions ...... 17 Samuel de Champlain ...... 18 Comprehension Questions ...... 25 Trivia Question ...... 25 Word Search ...... 26 New Scotland - Nova Scotia ...... 27 Comprehension Questions ...... 31 Reading Between the Lines ...... 31 Trivia Question ...... 31 It, Is, In ...... 32 The Irish in Cape Breton ...... 33 Comprehension Questions ...... 35 Reading Between the Lines ...... 35 Trivia Question ...... 35 Fractions and Percentages ...... 37 Germans in Nova Scotia ...... 38 Comprehension Questions ...... 42 Reading Between the Lines...... 42 Trivia Question ...... 42 -ly, -er, -est endings...... 43 The Welsh...... 44 Comprehension Questions...... 48 Personal Project Idea...... 48 Math - Perimeter & Area...... 49 Evangeline ...... 51 Questions ...... 52 Reading Between the Lines ...... 52 John Patch - Yarmouth Inventor ...... 53 Questions ...... 54 Searching for Freedom ...... 55 Comprehension Questions ...... 59 Reading Between the Lines ...... 59 Spelling ...... 60 Loyalist Life ...... 61 Comprehension Questions ...... 66 Reading Between the Lines ...... 66 Trivia Question ...... 66 Paragraphs...... 67 Samuel Cunard and the Steamship ...... 68 Questions ...... 70 Joseph Howe - A Nova Scotia VIP ...... 71 Questions ...... 72 Sir Charles Tupper ...... 73 Exercise...... 74 William Hall - A Nova Scotian Hero...... 75 Questions ...... 76 Joshua Slocum ...... 77 Questions ...... 79 Describing Exercise ...... 79 Anna Swan - The Giantess ...... 80 Comprehension Questions ...... 85 Reading Between the Lines ...... 85 Trivia Question ...... 85 Homonyms ...... 86 Maud Lewis - A Famous Folk Artist ...... 87 Questions ...... 88 Thomas Raddall - A Nova Scotian Author ...... 89 Questions ...... 91 Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck ...... 92 Comprehension Questions ...... 95 Reading Between the Lines...... 95 Trivia Question ...... 95 Spelling ...... 96 Portia White ...... 97 Where, Who, What, When, Why ...... 100 Reading Between the Lines ...... 100 Hank Snow ...... 101 Places Port Royal and Fort Anne ...... 103 Comprehension Questions ...... 107 Reading Between the Lines ...... 107 Trivia Questions...... 107 Reading Maps ...... 108 The Fortress of Louisbourg ...... 109 Comprehension Questions ...... 113 Reading Between the Lines ...... 113 Trivia Question ...... 113 Percentages ...... 114 Halifax ...... 115 Comprehension Questions ...... 122 Reading Between the Lines ...... 122 Trivia Question ...... 122 Sequencing ...... 123 Dartmouth ...... 124 Comprehension Questions ...... 128 Reading Between the Lines ...... 128 Trivia Question ...... 128 Select the Correct Word ...... 129 Coal-mining in Pictou County ...... 130 Comprehension Questions ...... 136 Reading Between the Lines ...... 136 Trivia Question ...... 136 M or N...... 137 Spelling ...... 137 Hockey Night in Windsor ...... 138 Comprehension Questions ...... 140 Reading Between the Lines ...... 140 Trivia Question...... 140 Root Words ...... 141 The Oak Island Mystery ...... 142 Questions ...... 143 The Story of Africville...... 144 Comprehension Questions ...... 148 Reading Between the Lines ...... 148 Trivia Question ...... 148 Was or Were ...... 149 Transatlantic Cable in Guysborough County...... 150 Comprehension Questions ...... 153 Reading Between the Lines ...... 153 Trivia Questions ...... 153 Spelling ...... 154 B, P, G, D...... 154 Things Dinosaur Fossils...... 155 Exercise ...... 155 St. Peters Canal ...... 156 Questions ...... 157 Hard and Soft “C”...... 158 Antonyms ...... 158 The First Canadian Lighthouse ...... 159 Exercise ...... 161 Citadel Hill and the Town Clock ...... 162 Research Exercise ...... 164 Halifax’s Holy Landmark ...... 165 Comprehension Questions ...... 168 Reading Between the Lines ...... 168 Trivia Question ...... 168 Fill in the Blank ...... 169 Fort Beausejour - Fort Cumberland ...... 170 Questions ...... 172 A Peace Treaty ...... 173 Questions ...... 174 Nova Scotian Privateers ...... 175 Questions ...... 178 Tusket’s Court House ...... 179 Comprehension Questions ...... 183 Reading Between the Lines ...... 183 Trivia Question ...... 183 Adjectives ...... 184 The Titanic...... 185 Questions ...... 186 The Bluenose...... 187 Comprehension Questions ...... 192 Reading Between the Lines ...... 192 Trivia Questions...... 192 Past Tense ...... 193 The Gertrude Rask ...... 194 Historic Causeway ...... 195 Comprehension Questions ...... 200 Reading Between the Lines ...... 200 Trivia Question...... 200 Change the Last Letter ...... 201 Clark’s Harbour Coast Guard ...... 202 Events Shipbuilding in Nova Scotia ...... 205 Questions ...... 207 The Expulsion of the Acadians ...... 208 Comprehension Questions ...... 214 Reading Between the Lines ...... 214 Trivia Question ...... 214 True or False ...... 215 Capitalization ...... 216 The Hector’s Journey ...... 217 Questions ...... 218 A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways ...... 219 Comprehension Questions ...... 223 Trivia Question ...... 223 Consonant Blends ...... 224 Long “O” Vowel Sound ...... 224 Moose River Mine Disaster and the CBC ...... 225 Comprehension Questions ...... 228 Reading Between the Lines ...... 228 Trivia Question ...... 228 Rhyming ...... 229 The Steel Industry ...... 230 Questions ...... 232 The Halifax Explosion ...... 233 Comprehension Questions ...... 238 Reading Between the Lines ...... 238 Trivia Question ...... 238 Multiple Choice ...... 239 The Antigonish Movement ...... 240 Conflict and Resolution...... 243 Trivia Questions ...... 243 Rum Running ...... 244 Comprehension Questions ...... 250 Reading Between the Lines ...... 250 Trivia Question ...... 250 The -ing Ending ...... 251 Answer...... 253 Key Bibliography...... 277 People
The information for the following story is from the following Internet website: http://home.istar.ca/~oginword/main.htm
Viking Explorers
The Norse came across the Atlantic over a thousand years ago.
They were the first Europeans to visit North
America.
The Norse came from Norway.
The Norse were often called Vikings.
They were fearless explorers.
They explored many areas on the eastern side of North America.
One famous Norseman was named Leif, son of Eric the Red.
Eric the Red was another famous Norseman.
In the year 1000, Leif set out to explore new lands in the west.
He found the lands of North America and gave names to certain areas.
The Norse didn’t record what they found.
We have to guess where some of the areas were by the description they gave.
The Norse did visit Nova Scotia.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 1 In Tusket, Nova Scotia, foundations for Norse dwellings were discovered.
In the town of Yarmouth, another discovery was made.
It was the “Yarmouth Runic Stone” or “Fletcher Stone.”
It is a large rock with what looks to be ancient Icelandic writings carved on it.
In 1887, the lettering was getting hard to read.
So it was re-chiselled around 1887.
It is for this reason the writings cannot be confirmed as an original.
It is hard to determine when the original writings were done.
Many people believe it is an original message left from the Norse.
The message translated means “Leif to Eric raises (this monument).”
Others think it is a hoax.
Now, it is impossible to know for sure.
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
Questions
1. Find two words in the story with a long “o” sound. Example: The “o” in “over” has a long vowel sound. 2. What was another name the Norse were called? 3. Where did the Norse come from? 4. Why is it impossible to know if the “Runic Stone” is real? 5. What do you think is meant by the Norse “were fearless explorers”?
2 People The information for the following story is from Ruth Holmes Whitehead’s Elitekey: Micmac Material Culture from 1600 AD to the Present, Robert M. Leavitt’s The Micmacs, and Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History.
Words to Preview continent North America clay pottery Maritimes India moose tendons Mi’kmaqs European explorers decorations thousands responsible spiritual Glacier period porcupines traditional migrated arrowheads artifacts southern wigwams descendents Christopher Columbus spruce boughs generations
Mi’kmaqs
Native people lived all over this continent. The natives living in the
Maritimes were called the Mi’kmaqs. The Maritime provinces are New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
Thousands of years ago, the Mi’kmaqs came to the Maritime provinces. This
happened during the Glacier period. Historians believe the Mi’kmaqs migrated to
Nova Scotia from the South. But many people believe the Mi’kmaqs came from the
north. The area where they came from is uncertain.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived in North America. Columbus
thought he had landed in India. He saw the natives and called them Indians.
The European explorers came to North America later in time. They referred
to the natives as Red Men.
The Mi’kmaqs would get together in small groups. Each group would have a
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 3 chief. The chief was responsible for making important decisions. The groups set up camp in different parts of Nova Scotia.
The Mi’kmaqs lived off fishing and hunting. The
groups moved around the area depending on the
season. In the spring, the Mi’kmaqs set up their camps
near the shoreline or at the mouth
of a river. Their main source of
food came from the ocean. The
fish were plentiful.
In the winter, the Mi’kmaqs moved further inland to hunt. If it was a snowy winter, hunting was easier for the natives. Deep snow made it hard for the animals to get away from the hunters. Little snow meant the hunters would have to work harder at catching their prey. The Mi’kmaqs hunted different animals. Some of the animals were moose, caribou, and porcupines.
The Mi’kmaqs hunted with spears. The handles were made from wood. The arrowheads were at the end of the spears. They were made from sharp animal bones or sharpened stones. Also, the Mi’kmaqs used bows and arrows for hunting.
The Mi’kmaqs’ homes were wigwams. They were made by sticking poles in
4 People the ground in a circle and tying them together at the top with strips of birch bark.
Birch bark was wrapped around the poles. These were the walls of their homes.
Inside, on the floor, spruce boughs were used. This made a covering for the floor, and it was used to sleep on. In winter, spruce boughs were wrapped around the walls of the wigwam. This kept the cold winter winds out.
The wigwam was kept warm with a fire pit. This was in the centre of the wigwam. The smoke was let out through a small opening at the top.
The Mi’kmaq women were responsible for many chores. At a young age, the girls were taught how to do the work. Girls learned to cook, sew, and collect food for the tribe. They gathered wild berries, nuts, and fish. They were taught to make clay pots and turned birch bark into bowls for cooking.
The boys were taught how to do things for the tribe as well. They would help with chores around the camp. At an early age, the boys were shown how to hunt. They practiced on small animals, such as rabbits and squirrels. As the boys grew older, they were taught how to hunt moose and caribou.
The Mi’kmaq people were known for their beautiful craft work. They made clay pottery and ornaments. Everything used to make crafts came from the land.
Some of the things used for making crafts were stones, animal bones, teeth, shells, porcupine quills, and seeds.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 5 The Mi’kmaqs made their clothes from animal hide. Dried moose tendons were used as thread to sew the clothes. Juice from berries was used to dye the clothes. They would add teeth, porcupine quills, or beads made from animal bones for decoration.
The Mi’kmaqs were spiritual people with many beliefs. For example, they believed sickness was caused by a magic bone. They believed this bone was placed in the sick person’s body by evil spirits. The medicine men and older women in the tribe would make medicines from herbs. Then they would ask the gods to take away the magic bone that caused the sickness.
Many of the traditional Mi’kmaq ways have been replaced. The Europeans introduced new and simple ways of making clothes, hunting, and other things.
There are few Mi’kmaq artifacts left from before the Europeans settled here. Most of the items found in museums today are from post European years. Post European years means the time after Europeans settled here.
Many Mi’kmaq descendants continue the old ways of their people. For generations, the Mi’kmaqs have passed down the skill of making clothes and crafts.
The spiritual beliefs of the Mi’kmaqs are very strong. This is something that will remain forever with them.
6 People “Mi’kmaqs” Comprehension Questions
1. From where do historians believe the Mi’kmaqs migrated?
2. Where did the Mi’kmaqs settle?
3. Name some of the chores the men and women were responsible for doing.
4. Name three animals the Mi’kmaqs hunted.
5. What did the Mi’kmaqs use to make their clothing? How was it sewn
together?
6. What did the Mi’kmaqs believe caused sickness? How did they try to cure a
sick person?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think the herbal medicines really healed or was it their spiritual
beliefs that seemed to heal them?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. The Mi’kmaqs are also known by what other name?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 7 “The Mi’kmaqs” True or False
Circle the correct answer - True or False
1. The Mi’kmaqs hunted only caribou. True or False
2. There was one chief for all of the Mi’kmaqs. True or False
3. Columbus called the Mi’kmaqs “Indians” because he believed he
was in India. True or False
4. It was easy to hunt with very little snow on the ground.
True or False
5. Juice from berries was used for dye. True or False
6. The Mi’kmaqs lived in mud huts. True or False
7. The girls only cooked and sewed. True or False
8. The medicine men and the older women made medicine. True or False
8 People The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, and the following Internet sites accessed 12/17/00: http://kids.infoplease.lycos.com/ce6/people/A089732.html http://www.nald.ca/province/nfld/nflitcou/ldcjc.htm http://www.cabottrail.com/info/history.htm http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/english/schoolnet/nfld/johncabo.html http://www.wordplay.com/gullages/cabot.html http://www.blupete.com/Hist/NovaScotiaBk1/Part1/Ch03.htm http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/CITE/excartier.htm http://encarta.msn.com http://www.mariner.org/age/cartier.html http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/cartier.html http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/english/schoolnet/nfld/jacques.html
Words to Preview
Giovanni Caboto Italy important English explorer history jewel route earth Bristol, England governor disagreement Sebastian Europe monetary plentiful voyage François Asia Lawrence historian
John Cabot and Jacques Cartier
John Cabot, also known as Giovanni Caboto, was born in Italy in the 15th century. He was an English explorer who played an important part in our Maritime history.
Cabot believed that all the spices and jewels of the East could be reached by a shorter route. During Cabot’s days, people believed that the earth was flat. Cabot believed the earth was a sphere, not flat.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 9 In 1496, Cabot left Bristol, England, to find a new, shorter route to the East.
He took one ship. King Henry VII would not give him any money for the trip, but he did give him and his sons permission to become governors of any lands they would find. During the trip, Cabot didn’t have enough supplies, the wind was poor, and the crew had disagreements. Because of all this, Cabot had to turn back.
In May of 1497, Cabot left Bristol again on the ship the Matthew. The
Matthew was a barque, and it had eighteen crew members. His thirteen year old
son Sebastian went as well. On June 24th, Cabot found something different from a
new route to the East - he found land.
Some believe that Cabot landed in Newfoundland, while others believe it
was Cape Breton. This is why the Cabot Trail in Cape Breton was named after him.
The land in Cape Breton he supposedly discovered would later be settled by other
10 People Europeans. They were Scottish, Irish,* French, and English.
Cabot and his crew did some exploring for a couple of months and then returned to Europe. It took them fifteen days to return home.
After he returned, the king gave him a monetary reward and a pension.
Cabot told stories of how plentiful the fish were in the waters off the new land.
Some historians say that Cabot dipped a basket into the ocean and lifted it up full of fish. Cabot made no record of any names he may have given the land he found.
King Henry VII decided to pay for Cabot to return to the new land. Cabot left Bristol again in May of 1498. Not a lot is known about this voyage. Some historians say that only one ship returned of the five that left.
Of course, Cabot didn’t find a shorter route to the East. We know it is because North America was in the way. Fish was not as exciting as jewels and spices, so Europeans were not rushing to visit the new land. However, years later,
Jacques Cartier would be exploring the new lands for France.
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier was a French explorer born in St. Malo, France, in 1491.
In 1534, Cartier left St. Malo for his first voyage to the new world. The
French king, François I, wanted him to find a western route to Asia. At this time,
* To read the stories on these settlers, see pages 27 and 33.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 11 the English were trying to find a northwestern route to Asia.
Cartier crossed the Atlantic in twenty days and landed on an island near
Newfoundland.
During the three voyages he made, Cartier found the mouth of the St.
Lawrence River, Quebec, and Montreal. He claimed land for France that Cabot had already claimed for England years before.
At one time, Cartier sailed around the coast of Inverness to Cape North in
Nova Scotia. This is probably the closest he got to Nova Scotia. So why did
Cartier play such an important part in Nova Scotia history?
It is because of Cartier’s explorations that France and England would later begin to fight for different parts of Nova Scotia. Parts of Nova Scotia would change hands from the French to the English, the English to the French. This happened for over two centuries and played an important part in our Nova Scotia history.
12 People “John Cabot and Jacques Cartier” Comprehension Questions
1. What were both Cabot and Cartier looking for?
2. King Henry VII did not give Cabot any money for his trip, but he gave something else. What was it?
3. What is named after Cabot in Cape Breton?
4. What was very plentiful in the new land?
5. When did Cartier leave for his first voyage and from where?
6. Did Cartier land in Nova Scotia?
Reading Between the Lines
1. The story says that “Parts of Nova Scotia would change hands from the French to the English, the English to the French.” What does “change hands” mean?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. Cartier and his group of men were the first organized group of Europeans to do what in Canada?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 13 “John Cabot and Jacques Cartier” Syllables
Syllables are the separate sounds in a word. For example, “important” has 3 syllables - im•por•tant
Write the number of syllables found in each word. explorer _____ permission _____ plentiful _____ world _____ Newfoundland _____ king _____ believe _____ turn _____ water _____ flat _____ ship _____ voyage _____ money _____ record _____ history _____
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Vowels
Vowels are the letters a,e,i,o,u and sometimes y. All words have at least one vowel.
Fill in the blanks with a vowel to make a word.
1. pl_____y 8. r____ward 2. n____w 9. b____sket 3. s____n 10. m____ 4. w____s 11. l____nd 5. ____ne 12. f____sh 6. w____nd 13. mo____th 7. nam____ 14. _____round
14 People The information for the following story is from The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents by S.R. Mealing and The Jesuits In North America by Francis Parkman.
The Jesuits
Jesuits were people of the Society of Jesus.
The society was founded by Ignatius Loyola in Paris in 1534.
Later, he was called St. Ignatius Loyola.
He was a Spanish soldier who had an amazing religious experience.
He had the experience while recovering from serious injuries.
In 1540, Pope John Paul III authorized this religious group called Jesuits.
Afterward, the Jesuits were involved in world affairs.
The Jesuit followers used the writings of
Loyola as motivation.
These writings were called Spiritual
Exercises.
Soon, the Jesuits were known for their
Catholic teachings all over Europe.
They were nicknamed the schoolmasters of Europe.
The Jesuits were also known for teaching Latin and dance.
Jesuits wanted to teach their ways to natives in North America.
This would make their religious group larger.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 15 On May 22, 1611, the first Jesuit priests arrived in North America.
They landed at Port Royal, Nova Scotia.
Their names were Father Pierre Biard and Father Ennemond Masse.
The Mi’kmaqs welcomed them.
A secular priest had been there one year before.
He had already baptized one hundred and forty Mi’kmaqs.
The Governor and Huguenot traders resisted the Jesuit religion.
The Jesuit priests moved south.
They were hoping to start new Catholic colonies there.
The priests were captured by an English robber in 1613.
One was killed and the other returned to France.
This discouraged Jesuits from coming to North America.
Later, in 1625, the Jesuits returned to New France in North America.
Much later, in 1763, the British put a ban on Jesuit teachings.
The Jesuits were not allowed to get people to join their religious society.
This ban stopped the growth of the Jesuits.
The last Jesuit priest, Father Casot, died in 1800.
16 People “The Jesuits” Questions
1. Who started the religious group called the Jesuits? ______
2. What were the Jesuits known as in Europe? ______
3. Why did the Jesuits want to come to North America? ______
4. Who welcomed the Jesuit priests in Nova Scotia? ______
5. What year did the Jesuits later return? ______
6. What happened to the Jesuits in 1763? ______
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 17 The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, Peter McCreath & John Leefe’s History of Early Nova Scotia, Stan Garrod’s Samuel de Champlain, and the following Internet sites accessed 10/30/00: http://www.usm.maine.edu/~maps/exhibit2/sec2.htm http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/9/0,5716,22709+1,00.html http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03567a.htm http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/7318/CHAMP2.HTM http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0025/00382208_A.html
This story is what Samuel de Champlain may have said to us if we were present on his voyage and adventure in Canada. It is a factual story; however, the conversation is fictional.
Words to Preview Samuel de Champlain Brouage permission Mathieu d’Acosta Poutrincourt Bonne Renommée François Pont-Gravé beautiful navigation Pierre du Gua de Monts European colonist Sieur de Poutrincourt Etechemin temporarily Isle Saint Croix mosquito Marc Lescarbot exploring soldier Lieutenant
Samuel de Champlain
Hello! My name is Samuel de Champlain. I was
born in 1567 in Brouage, France. It is March 7, 1604.
King Henry IV has given me permission to go on a
very important voyage with Mr. Pierre du Gua de
Monts. Come with me!
I am going to sail on the Bonne Renommée to a
Image provided with the compliments of www.blupete.com. All rights reserved. place you know as Canada. We are bringing one
18 People hundred and twenty colonists.
Mr. François Pont-Gravé is going to command a second ship.
Come on! Get on the ship! We must leave! Isn’t this beautiful? My father is a sea captain. I have been trained in seamanship as well. I also know a lot about navigation and mapmaking. I plan on mapping the new land.
Come meet Mr. de Monts. The King has given him the right to trade with the natives for ten years in the new land. He will have a monopoly.
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We have been sailing for a few weeks now. It is not a very good trip. We
have had many storms and trouble with icebergs. I promise our trip will get
better...I hope.
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It has now been two months since we have left. We are finally here.
Mr. de Monts has decided to stop in Port Mouton. A sheep fell overboard,
so we called this place Port Mouton. Mouton is French for sheep.
Mr. de Monts is sending a few men to Canso to find the other ship. He is
sending me to look at nearby areas to find a place to live for awhile. We will sail
along the coast. Let’s leave!
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 19 ------
Look here! It’s a wooden cross. It’s covered with moss. This must mean
other Europeans have been here before us.
We have now sailed the south coast of Nova Scotia. We sailed into the Bay
of Fundy. We have been gone three weeks. It is now time for us to return to Port
Mouton.
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It is nice to be back with the rest of the colonists. Mr. Pont-Gravé has just
arrived. Our two ships must leave so we can find a place to stay this winter.
We have found a fine harbour. It is beautiful. I will name it Port Royal.
Sieur de Poutrincourt likes this site very much. So much that Mr. de Monts is
giving him the deed to the land around Port Royal.
Mr. de Monts is not sure that this is the best place to spend the winter. We
will sail some more to find a better spot.
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We have reached a river that the Indians call Etechemin. About five miles up
the river there are two islands. We have decided to temporarily settle there. Mr. de
Monts has named the island Isle Saint Croix.
Isle Saint Croix has cliffs that are twenty-five feet high. The cliffs should
20 People protect us. On the mainland, there are hardwood and spruce trees. The river turns into a bay a few miles further and there the fish are plentiful. I think it is a wonderful place to stay.
We are building our village. The work is hard in the hot sun, and there are many mosquitos and black flies. We have built a place to sleep, a chapel, a kitchen, a storehouse, and a handmill. We have cleared and planted fields.
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It is September, and I have decided to go exploring again. Come with me! I am going to map the coast. I will bring twelve soldiers and two natives.
We have found many safe harbours, but now it is time to return to Isle Saint
Croix. It is October, and winter will soon be here.
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It is now winter. Our island was a terrible choice. Our wood and water has
run out. We have to get these supplies from the mainland.
The snow is falling heavily. We have about 100 centimeters of it. We are
having a very severe winter. All our food is frozen, except our Spanish wine.
Many of us are sick. The flesh in our mouths is rotting. Many are dying.*
It seems as if the winter is never going to end.
* The colonists were suffering from scurvy. Scurvy is caused when the body doesn’t get enough vitamin C.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 21 ------
The winter is finally over. Twenty-five colonists died over the winter. I
was lucky. I did not get very sick. We are waiting for Mr. Pont-Gravé to arrive
from France with supplies. We hope he will come soon.
------
It is now June 15, 1605. Mr. Pont-Gravé has arrived with our supplies and
forty more men.
Mr. de Monts has decided to move us to a better place. He has decided to move to Port Royal. It is on the Annapolis Basin. We are working on moving all our things. Come help me lift this door!
------
We are building our new village in Port Royal. The construction of the
habitation is going very well. Our building is much more compact than the one on
Isle Saint Croix.
The Mi’kmaq have welcomed us. Come meet Membertou. He is the
Mi’kmaq leader and is more than one hundred years old.
Mr. de Monts is leaving for France in September. He is going to tell the King
all our news and return with more supplies. Only three of the survivors of the
previous winter are staying. I am one of them. The rest of last year’s survivors are
22 People returning to France. I am glad that forty new settlers arrived this past summer. We are under the charge of Lieutenant Pont-Gravé.
------
It is the summer of 1606. This past winter was less severe. I spent most of it
doing sketch maps and writing. I also spent a lot of time with the Mi’kmaqs who
visited the habitation.
Mr. Poutrincourt has arrived from France. He took the place of Mr. de
Monts. All but two of us had left for France when another ship told us Mr.
Poutrincourt was on his way.
Mr. Poutrincourt had a hard time recruiting new colonists since they heard
about the harsh weather. However, Marc Lescarbot, a lawyer and poet, came with him along with a few others. Mathieu d’Acosta, the first black man in Nova Scotia, has also come. He knows the language of the Mi’kmaqs, so he will be a translator.
------
With fall approaching, Mr. Poutrincourt has divided us into three groups.
Those who stayed at Port Royal last winter returned to France at the end of August
1606. The second group stayed at Port Royal while the third group explored the
coast of North America. I joined Mr. Poutrincourt as he led the group on the
exploration. We left on August 29, 1606.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 23 On November 14, 1606, we returned from our coastal trip. We got in a battle with some Indians in Maine, and three of our men were killed. We are tired and disappointed.
Marc wrote a play to lift our spirits. He and I also created the Order of Good
Cheer.
The Order of Good Cheer has fourteen members. Each day, one of the members is in charge of preparing a feast for the others. So far, we have had many delicious meals of fresh fish and meat. We also do a lot of singing. We invite the local Indians to take part in the festivities and have some bread. It is a lot of fun.
Pass me the wine, please.
------
It is now the summer of 1607. This past winter was mild; however, five men
died. One was Mr. d’Acosta.
We had bad news from France. The king has taken Mr. de Monts’ trade
monopoly from him. I think that I am going to leave Acadia soon. I think I will
spend the summer harvesting my wheat, then I will leave on the Jonas. I do not know if I will ever return.**
** Champlain left Acadia on September 3, 1607. He never returned to Acadia.
24 People “Samuel de Champlain” Comprehension Questions
1. Where and when was Samuel de Champlain born?
2. Who had the ten year monopoly to trade with the natives?
3. How did Port Mouton get its name?
4. How was the settlers’ winter on Isle Saint Croix? Where did the settlers go next?
5. Who was Membertou?
6. Why was Mr. Poutrincourt having trouble recruiting new settlers?
7. Who was Marc Lescarbot? What did he do to lift the spirits of the settlers?
8. Who was the first black man in Nova Scotia? How was he helpful?
9. What was the Order of Good Cheer? Who created it?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. The settlers that belonged to the Order of Good Cheer ate many delicious meals. Do some research to find what types of meat they would have eaten.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 25 Word Search
Circle the following words in the puzzle below. They can be forwards, backwards, sideways, up, or down. colonist hundred permission command captain land right trade year week promise sheep place settle spruce beautiful flesh door king battle
b s g n i k h c l o s d e r m a n h w q k d o o r l c t h b t s p e d c g l e s i m o r p t r a d e y x o u i p m d o p l t t r o p i n e v m k e l s e d c a p t a i n h o d r c e t p g e h a n s l w e e k b t s r o y a b k t s s t r r e t f p k l p c n j r b f d c a l p e r m i s s i o n i n o u e h j i u s r g b v a z u m t j k p g w c a b f l e s h m i l l o h i u e v j a h u z a f i a f t g t x e r n y c o n u b c e b e c a l p d h j w d l a
26 People The information for the following story is from Mark Finnan’s The First Nova Scotian, Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History, and the following Internet website: http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Heritage/FSCNS/Scots_NS/Come_Away_In.html
Words to Preview ancestors settlements prisoners Scottish Knight Baronet survive Acadia Newfoundland attacked colony Saint John’s poorly settlers supplies New Scotland charter explore descendants heir arranged traditions Baron of Menstrie Baleine various Latin entitled heritage consisted Nova Scotia Tartan
New Scotland - Nova Scotia
Stories of our ancestors will always be told in our family. Our family is of
Scottish descent. We came from proud people. The Scottish people will be remembered in Nova Scotian history.
King James of Scotland heard of a fur trade on the other side of the Atlantic
Ocean. It belonged to the French settlers living in Acadia. Acadia is now known as
Nova Scotia. The King knew that John Cabot had found Nova Scotia before the
French. He thought England should have rights to it. King James’ men took over the colony, and the French settlers were driven out.
A charter was made. In 1621, New Scotland was given to Sir William
Alexander. Sir William was related to many important people in Scotland. He was heir to the title of Baron of Menstrie. The charter was written in Latin. In Latin,
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 27 Nova Scotia means New Scotland.
Then, Nova Scotia consisted of different land areas than today. The lands were New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the land lying between New Brunswick and the Saint Lawrence River.
Sir William and King James made a plan to lure people to Nova Scotia. They wanted people to make settlements there. They tried to sell titles. This meant you paid for land in Nova Scotia. Then, you were given the title of Knight Baronet of
Nova Scotia. People were not very interested. They were afraid of the cold winters. And they were afraid of fighting with the native people and the French for rights of the land. King James told them that they had to pay the money and make settlements in New Scotland.
A ship left Scotland in June of 1632. The boat was heading toward Nova
Scotia. The ship never made it to Nova Scotia because of a storm. They turned around and docked in Saint John’s, Newfoundland. A few people stayed in Saint
John’s. The other people returned home for fresh supplies. The boat came back about a year later. The crew picked up the few people they left behind in
Newfoundland. They left from Newfoundland to explore the coast of Nova Scotia.
They returned to Scotland with fish and good stories to tell. Sir William was pleased. He arranged for two ships to set sail across the Atlantic. Sir William
28 People Alexander was captain of one boat. Lord Ochiltree was the captain of the other boat.
Lord Ochiltree reached shore on Cape Breton Island. A place called Baleine, near Louisbourg. The people from the ship built a fort there.
Lord Ochiltree had a charter. It said he was entitled to ten percent of the fish caught off the shore. Ochiltree’s men were sent out to collect taxes from fishermen.
They made a French boat pay taxes. The French thought this was wrong. They thought they were entitled to Cape Breton. Another French captain named Daniel heard about the taxes. It made him very angry. Daniel attacked the fort built by the
Scots. He destroyed the fort. The Scots were taken to Saint Anne’s as prisoners.
The Scots were treated very poorly. Several of them died. Later the Scots were put on a boat and sent home to England. Many did not survive the terrible journey. Lord Ochiltree was kept in a French prison for two years.
The other ship, captained by Sir William Alexander, had settled at Port
Royal. The colony was doing well. But in 1632, there was trouble. A Frenchman named Isaac de Razilly came to tell them that Nova Scotia was given back to the
French. The Scots had to leave.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 29 Over a hundred years later, New Scotland was owned by the British again.
Many Scottish people returned to Nova Scotia to settle. Many made large settlements in Colchester, Inverness, Pictou and Victoria Counties. Many of their descendants live there today.
The Scottish created a big part of Nova Scotian history. They gave us
our flag. Our flag is a blue cross on a white
background. The Scottish gave our province the
name Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia is Latin for New
Scotland. Also the coat of arms was granted by King
Charles I in 1626.
The Scottish traditions have remained in Nova Scotia. When hearing
“Nova Scotia,” people often think of various things. Many people think of
Celtic dancing, Nova Scotia Tartan, and the Nova Scotian flag. These things come from the Scottish heritage. Today, many communities keep these traditions alive all over the province. Nova Scotians will always be proud of where they come from.
30 People “New Scotland - Nova Scotia” Comprehension Questions
1. Why did King James think he had the right to take over the land known as Acadia?
2. What does “charter” mean? Check the meaning in the dictionary.
3. Nova Scotia consisted of other lands. Name these other lands.
4. How did Sir William and King James try to lure people to Nova Scotia?
5. Lord Ochiltree and Sir William each made a settlement in Nova Scotia. What were the names of these areas?
6. What happened to Lord Ochiltree’s settlement?
7. Name three things the Scottish have given to Nova Scotia.
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think the Scottish were an important part in Nova Scotian history? If yes, why do you think this?
2. Why do you think Scottish traditions have remained in Nova Scotia?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. What musical instrument are the Scottish best known for playing?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 31 “New Scotland - Nova Scotia” It, Is, In
Fill in the blanks with it, is or in
1. Stories of our ancestors will always be told ____ our family.
2. The Scottish people will be remembered ____ Nova Scotian history.
3. ____ had belonged to the French settlers living in Acadia.
4. Now, Acadia ____ known as Nova Scotia.
5. He thought England should have rights to ____ .
6. New Scotland was given to Sir William Alexander ____ 1621.
7. The charter was written ____ Latin.
8. This meant you paid for the land ____ Nova Scotia.
9. A ship left Scotland ____ June 1632.
10. The ship never made ____ to Nova Scotia because of a storm.
11. A few people stayed ____ Saint John’s.
12. Lord Ochiltree was kept ____ a prison for two years.
13. Our flag ____ a blue cross on a white background.
14. Nova Scotia ____ Latin for New Scotland.
15. The Scottish traditions have remained ____ Nova Scotia.
32 People The information for the following story is from the Internet website: http://www.celtic-colours.com/aboutcb.html The recipe used in the following story is from The Taste of Nova Scotia Cookbook by Charles Lief and Heather MacKenzie / Foreword by Elizabeth Baird.
Words to Preview Irish England servants Ireland religion merchants century Roman Catholic tradespeople hundreds immigrants soldiers Cape Breton Island French Potato Famine freedom community starvation overseas respect overcome feuding clergy Louisbourg France fishermen descendants
The Irish in Cape Breton
The Irish were people who came from Ireland. In the 18th century, hundreds of Irish immigrants arrived on Cape Breton Island. They were searching for freedom overseas.
The Irish felt caught in the middle of two feuding countries. These feuding countries were England and France. The Irish and the French did not trust the
English. Some Irish decided to settle among the French on Cape Breton Island.
Other Irish settled in different areas along the eastern coast.
Between the years of 1713 and 1760, nearly 1,000 Irish immigrants came to
Cape Breton. Some of the Irish that came to Cape Breton were from New England,
Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. The Irish came to Cape Breton with members of
French colonies. They became a part of the French community. However, some say the Irish were not treated with the same respect as the French. Irish immigrants
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 33 worked for the French. Some worked as clergy, fishermen, servants, merchants, tradespeople, and soldiers.
Some Irish came to escape the hardships of the Potato Famine of the 1840's.
The Famine had caused many to flee the country because of starvation and disease.
The Irish were looking for a home where they could practise their religion.
In Cape Breton they could do this. The French practised the same religion as the
Irish. They both lived by the Roman Catholic faith. The Irish people would be able to practise their religion freely on Cape Breton Island.
Other Irish settlers had first come to Cape Breton with English forces from
New England. This happened during the battles to overcome Louisbourg in 1745 and 1758. When the battles were over, the Irish returned to New England. Some of the same Irish returned to Cape Breton after 1758. They had brought their families there to live.
To many Irish, Cape Breton was like a home away from Ireland. It was a place where they were free to practise the Roman Catholic faith and try to make a new beginning for themselves.
There are still residents in Cape Breton who are descendants of the Irish who made their homes there many years ago.
34 People “The Irish in Cape Breton” Comprehension Questions
1. Name the two countries in Europe that Ireland felt like they were caught in
between.
2. Why did the Irish think Cape Breton Island would be a good place for them
to settle?
3. Were the Irish treated equally to the French?
4. What was the religion that the Irish and the French had in common?
5. Name three of the jobs that the Irish had on Cape Breton Island.
6. Name three other areas the Irish settled, other than Ireland, before coming to
live in Cape Breton.
7. Name the disaster that took place in Ireland that caused many Irish to come
to North America as immigrants.
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think it was very important for the Irish to live in an area which
allowed them to practise their religion? Why or why not?
Trivia Question Do a bit of research. 1. What plant do the Irish say brings good luck?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 35 “The Irish in Cape Breton”
The math exercise on the following page uses this Irish Apple Cake recipe.
IRISH APPLE CAKE
2 cups all-purpose flour ½ tsp baking powder 1/4 cup granulated sugar ½ cup butter 1 egg ½ cup milk (more if necessary) 3-4 large cooking apples, peeled, cored, and sliced 1/4 tsp ground cloves 1/4 tsp ground nutmeg 2 tbsp granulated sugar 1 egg beaten (egg wash)
In a mixing bowl, sift together flour, baking powder, and sugar. Cut in butter with pastry blender. In a small bowl, beat together egg and milk. Add egg mixture to flour mixture, and stir to make a soft dough. Divide dough into 2 equal portions. Place one portion in a greased 9-inch pie plate. Pat out with your fingers to cover bottom and sides. Slightly beat an egg to form an egg wash. Brush egg wash on bottom crust. Arrange apple slices on dough base, and sprinkle with cloves, nutmeg, and sugar. Roll out the remaining dough on a floured piece of wax paper until large enough to cover apples and base. Invert the rolled-out dough over the pie plate and peel the wax paper off. Press the edges together. Brush the top crust with remaining egg wash and sprinkle with granulated sugar.
Bake in a preheated 375 degrees F oven for 10 minutes, then lower heat to 350 degrees F and bake an additional 30 minutes or until golden brown. Top with whipped cream and serve while still warm.
Makes 8 servings
36 People Fractions & Percentages Questions *
1. If you doubled this recipe, how much baking powder would you need?
What math operation would you perform?
2. If you tripled this recipe, how much butter would you need? What math
operation would you perform?
3. If you cut the cake into 10 pieces and 4 pieces were eaten, what percentage**
was eaten? What percentage is left?
4. If you halved this recipe, how much ground nutmeg would you use? What
math operation would you perform?
5. If the cake was cut into 20 pieces and 60% of the cake was eaten, how many
pieces were eaten? How many pieces were left?
6. If you used 1 ½ cups milk, are you halving the recipe, doubling it or tripling
the recipe?
* Refer to page 36 for recipe.
**See percentages on page 114.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 37 The information for the following story is from Ivan Cassidy’s Nova Scotia: All About Us and Phyllis Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History.
Words to Preview
guinea foreign Protestant Lunenburg peninsula Colonel Charles Lawrence defenses scarce brazier buckles petticoats government frugal
Germans in Nova Scotia
The Germans Arrive
The British wanted more settlers in Nova Scotia. They heard that the
Germans were fine settlers, so they decided to try to get them to settle in the new land.
John Dick was hired to convince the Germans to come. He was paid one guinea for each one that came. Many of the foreign Protestants came for the free land they were offered. Others came to get away from the high taxes in their country. They also feared another war in Europe.
In 1750, the first Germans arrived in Halifax on a ship called the Ann. Entire families came. More German settlers arrived in 1751 and 1752. There were 2,500 foreign Protestants in Nova Scotia. Most were from Germany.
The English people called them “Dutch.” “Dutch” sounded like the German word for “German.”
38 People The Germans settled in the north and northwest of Halifax. This area was called “Dutchtown” for a long time.
The Germans had a hard time at first. They had arrived too late to build their houses before winter. They were not happy.
The Move to Lunenburg
In 1753, some German, French, and Swiss settlers sailed to Lunenburg to start a new settlement. Lunenburg had a good harbour, excellent farm land, and was close to Halifax. Lunenburg was also easy to defend in a land attack since it was a peninsula.
The first Lunenburg settlers arrived on June 8, 1753. Colonel Charles
Lawrence was in command of the 14 ships. He ordered the soldiers to go ashore and check for Indians.
Lawrence wanted the settlers to build defenses before building their homes.
But the settlers wanted to build their homes first. Lawrence allowed them to do that.
On June 17, more settlers arrived, and there were 1,500 settlers in
Lunenburg. Each man was given a town lot, garden lot, and farm land. They drew cards to see who would get the first pick of land.
Times were tough. Food was scarce. The settlers were too poor to buy
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 39 candles for their homes. They heated their homes with a brazier. This was an open pan filled with hot coals. After a while, stoves replaced the braziers.
The Indians carried out raids on the new settlers. They had to leave their farms and go back to the shelters of the town. The settlers returned to their farms after the Mi’kmaqs signed a peace treaty in 1763.
For a long time, the Germans wore the same outfits as in Germany. The men wore short pants with buckles at the knees. The women wore gowns over petticoats.
There were no schools. The boys helped their fathers plant and harvest the crops. The girls helped their mothers weave, knit, spin, make clothes, cook, and clean.
They also tended the animals. The Halifax government had given the Lunenburg settlers 80 cows, and some sheep, goats, and pigs to share.
In Germany, these people had been farmers. Here, they had to learn to become fishermen. They also became good shipbuilders.
40 People Things get Better
The Lunenburg settlers were hard working and frugal. They cleared more land and harvested more crops. They also did well fishing. They sold goods to
Halifax. Roads and schools were built. Lunenburg grew and became an important part of our heritage.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 41 “Germans in Nova Scotia” Comprehension Questions
1. What was John Dick hired to do?
2. List the reasons why many of the foreign Protestants went to Nova Scotia.
3. Why was Lunenburg picked as the spot for a new settlement? When did the first settlers arrive in Lunenburg?
4. What was each man in Lunenburg given when they first arrived?
5. What was a brazier? What was it used for?
6. List the chores the boys did in Lunenburg. List the chores the girls did in Lunenburg.
7. What did the Halifax government give the Lunenburg settlers?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why do you think the English people called the Germans “Dutch” even though they were from Germany?
2. Do you think the Germans were happier in Lunenburg than in Halifax? Why or why not?
3. What does “frugal” mean?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. Lunenburg was named after the English King George III. What was it called before?
42 People “Germans in Nova Scotia” -ly, -er, -est endings
Add the -ly, -er, and -est endings to each of the words. Then fill in the blank with the appropriate new word. (Don’t forget to drop the final e or change the y to i, where necessary.)
Example: high highly higher highest My kite flew higher than his kite.
1. late ______I have not seen him ______.
2. poor ______He was the ______man in town.
3. hard ______My work was ______than his work.
4. easy ______I thought the test was the ______I had ever taken.
5. happy ______I ______told him he got the job.
6. close ______He was the ______to me.
7. near ______I was ______to him than the door.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 43 The information for the following story is from Peter Thomas’s Strangers from a Strange Land, David Crystal’s The Cambridge Factfinder, The Coast Guard newspaper (excerpt courtesy Shelburne County Museum), March 4, 1937, and the following Internet site accessed May 2001: http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts
Words To Preview
hardship adventure Europe Carmarthen occupation Dalhousie asset barracks prominent ancestors
The Welsh
By Shelley O’Connor
About Wales
Wales is located in the United
Kingdom. The United Kingdom, or
“UK,” is made up of Wales, England,
Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
Wales is bound on the west by the
Irish Sea and the Celtic Sea and on
the east it is bordered by England.
The area (the amount of land) of
Wales is 20,761 square kilometers.
Shelburne: The First Welsh Settlement in Canada
44 People The story of how the Welsh came to settle in Nova Scotia is one that reminds us of the hardships and adventures people faced when sailing from Europe to the
“New World.”
In late spring, 1818, some Welsh settlers arrived in Halifax on the brig Fanny from Carmarthen, a place in Wales. Many people on this ship were sick with smallpox and were sent to Meliville Island near Halifax until they became well again. The Nova Scotia government took care of these sick Welsh settlers during that time.
The passengers on the Fanny were made up of farmers, carpenters, a millwright, a painter, a tailor, a mason, a shoemaker, a cooper, a tanner, a weaver, and a blacksmith, to name a few occupations.
Government officials thought it would be a good idea for the Welsh settlers to go to Shelburne, a town on the south shore of the province. Shelburne had at one time been a very successful town but in 1818, things were not going very well in the Loyalist town.* Lord Dalhousie had visited Shelburne in 1817 and suggested that the Welsh settlers would be an asset there. Forty-six settlers left Halifax for
Shelburne on a ship named Two Brothers.
Once in Shelburne, the Welsh families were given the things they needed to
* To read more on the Loyalists, see pages 55 and 61.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 45 start a settlement but finding a place to build their homes was not an easy thing to do. At first, it was thought that the settlers could stay in the barracks across the harbour from Shelburne but they found that spot was not fit to live in. Then it was decided that they could settle on an island in the Roseway River called Long Island.
Long Island was about fifteen kilometers from the town.
Two of the Welshmen went with some of the prominent men in Shelburne to check out the chosen island. When they got there, they found that several Mi’kmaq families were already living on a large area of the best land on the northern part of the island. Because of this discovery, they decided to find another place to settle.
The Welsh settlers finally found a good place to build on the western side of the Roseway River about fifteen kilometers from town. The settlers named their community New Cambria. The community later became better known as
Welshtown, and it is still known by this name today. Only a few of the first families stayed there. Most of the other families moved to Yarmouth and into
Barrington Township.
Welsh Family Names
When settlers came to Nova Scotia, they brought with them lasting traces of
46 People their arrival: their names. Surnames, or last names, can often give clues about a person’s family background. If you have any of the following names in your family tree, you may have Welsh ancestors:
Richards Owens Thomas Evans
Jenkins Jones Harris Davis (or Davies)
James Saunders Griffith Powell
Canada Was Explored and Mapped by a Welshman
David Thompson may rightly be called “The Man Who Measured Canada.”
Almost on his own, Thompson surveyed most of the Canada-United States border
during the earliest days of our history. Two hundred years ago, he covered 80,000
miles on foot, dog sled, horseback, and canoe. There are 77 books written about
his studies in geography (the study of the land), biology (the study of the natural,
living world), and ethnography (the study of human cultures).
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 47 “The Welsh” Comprehension Questions
1. Where is Wales? ______
2. Where is Shelburne, Nova Scotia? ______
3. Explain why the Welsh settlers had trouble finding a place to build their homes. ______
4. Today the Welsh settlement near Shelburne is called Welshtown; what was it first called? ______
5. Why would David Thompson be called “The Man Who Measured Canada?” ______
Personal Project Idea :
Check into your family history and make a record of the surnames you find on your mother’s side and on your father’s side of the family. Try to find out the country of origin (where the name comes from, eg., Harris is a Welsh name) for these surnames.
48 People “The Welsh” Math
Perimeter and Area
Perimeter is the distance around a shape. Think of perimeter as being the length of a fence around a field. You can find the perimeter of an object by adding the length of each side together. Example: What is the perimeter of a 4-sided room with 2 sides measuring 8 feet each and 2 sides measuring 6 feet each?
8 + 8 + 6 + 6 = 28 feet (be sure to show the unit of measurement; in this case, it’s “feet”)
Area is how much space is on the surface of a shape. Think of area as being the total number of squares on a checker board. You can find the area of an object by multiplying the length of an object by its width (or height). Example: What is the area of a 4-sided rectangular room where one side is 8 feet long and the other side is 6 feet wide?
Area = Length X Width = 8 X 6 = 48 square feet (again, be sure to show that it is “square feet”)
1. Joanne needs to build a fence around her backyard. Her backyard is shaped like a rectangle. Two sides are 25 feet long and 2 sides are 40 feet long. How long is Joanne’s fence going to be if she wants to completely close in her yard? (Hint: Try drawing a picture of what the backyard would look like using the numbers given above.)
2. Arnold wants to put a new wall-to-wall carpet in his TV room. His room is a square and each wall is 12 feet long. How much carpeting will Arnold need to completely cover his floor? (Hint: What do you know about the sides of a square?)
3. Linda is planning to build new counters in her kitchen. She wants half of the distance around the kitchen to be counter space. Linda’s kitchen has two
50 People walls that are 10 feet long and two walls that are 8 feet long. How many feet of counter top will Linda have when she’s done? (Hint: What do you do when you want to find “half” of a number?)
4. Mark wants to paint one wall in his son’s room bright red. The ceiling is 8 feet high and the wall is 9 feet long. He needs to know how much paint to get. What is the area of the wall surface that Mark wants to paint?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 51 The following is about the story of Evangeline. The tale of Evangeline is fictional; however, many families were separated during the Acadian Expulsion and such an event could have taken place.
The information for this mini story is from the following Internet site accessed 04/09/01: http://www.cajunculture.com/Other/Evangeline.htm
Evangeline
Evangeline is the title of a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
He wrote the poem in 1847.
It is a famous, fictional poem.
The poem is about the Acadian Expulsion.*
Acadians were sent out of Nova Scotia against their will.
Many families were separated.
They were sent to many different places.
It was the British who deported the Acadians.
In the poem, there was an Acadian woman named
Evangeline.
She had a lover named Gabriel Lajeunesse.
In 1755, the expulsion of the Acadians took place.
It took place on Evangeline and Gabriel’s
wedding day.
Evangeline tried to find Gabriel.
* To read more on the expulsion of the Acadians, see page 208.
52 People When she arrived in Louisiana, he had already left.
She continued to search for him.
She finally found Gabriel in Philadelphia.
Gabriel was dying.
He died as they embraced.
Evangeline died soon afterward.
They were buried side by side in Philadelphia.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Questions
1. What does “fictional” mean?
2. What is a definition for “famous”?
3. What does “embraced” mean?
4. How many years after the deportation did Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
write the poem?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think Longfellow’s poem is sad? Is it romantic?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 53 Editor’s Note: I would like to give a special thank you to Mario Theriault from Mario D. Theriault & Company, a Canadian patent agent firm in New Brunswick, for his help with researching this story. Mr. Theriault provided me with extra information about Mr. Patch’s second invention never before published! Thank you Mario!
The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, the following Internet sites accessed 01/26/01: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/278-279.htm http://www.canoe.ca/CANOE2000/transportation_6.html and Mr. Patch’s petition found in the Public Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Section RG5, Series GP, Volume 13, Entry No. 27
John Patch - Yarmouth Inventor
John Patch was born in 1781.
In 1833, he invented the marine screw propeller.
A hand crank turned the wooden gears of the propeller.
The propeller looked like two bent fans.
Mr. Patch first tried it out on a small boat.
He tried it in the Yarmouth Harbour after dark.
The propeller worked on the small boat.
In 1834, the propeller was put in a schooner.
The schooner was the Royal George.
The captain could then move the boat with no wind.
Mr. Patch went to Washington to apply for a patent.
Some people in Washington said he should not bother to apply.
Mr. Patch listened to them and did not apply.
Later, a person from England got a patent for the screw propeller.
54 People Sadly, it was not Mr. Patch.
In 1844, Mr. Patch invented the double action propeller.
It was very powerful.
He applied for a patent for his new invention.
The patent office gave US patent #6914 for Mr. Patch’s second invention.
It was given on November 27, 1849.
We do not know if Mr. Patch knew he got the patent.
It seems he did not know, and it is not clear what happened.
In 1858, Mr. Patch sent a petition to the Nova Scotia Legislature.
He wanted to get money for his inventions because people were using them.
People in Yarmouth also wanted Mr. Patch to get credit for his invention.
They supported his petition.
The Nova Scotia Legislature decided to give him nothing.
Mr. Patch was poor when he died.
""""""""""""""""""""
Questions
1. What did John Patch’s marine screw propeller look like? The marine screw propeller was put in what schooner? 2. John Patch got a patent for what invention? 3. Why did Mr. Patch send a petition to the Nova Scotia Legislature?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 55 Editor’s Note: The following story first appeared in The Sea & Me Manual and is reproduced here with the permission of the Shelburne County Learning Network.
The information for the following story was provided by Shelburne County Cultural Awareness Society and the following other sources: Marion Robertson’s King’s Bounty, Bridglal Pachai’s Beneath the Clouds...of the Promised Land - The Survival of Nova Scotia’s Blacks, James Walker’s The Black Loyalists - The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone and the following Internet site: http://www.ednet.ns.ca/educ/museum/arch/sites/birch/
Searching for Freedom
Birchtown is a very small community three miles west of Shelburne. About
130 people live there today. But in 1784, there were 1,531 people living there.
What happened to bring on this change?
All these people came to Birchtown because of the way the American
Revolution ended in 1782. The Revolution happened because some Americans
wanted to break free from British rule. They were called Rebels or Patriots. But
there were other Americans who wanted to stay under British rule. They were the
Loyalists. The Rebels won the Revolution, and many Loyalists left America
because it was not safe.
During the war, the Loyalists had offered freedom to any Rebels’ slaves if the
slaves would run away from their owners to fight and work for the Loyalists. This
was too good an offer to pass up, and hundreds of slaves risked death to escape
their masters.
When the war ended, many of the masters came looking for their slaves. In
56 People some cases, they grabbed the Blacks right off the streets. With others, they tore them from their beds at night. But the Loyalists wanted to honour their promise to the Free Blacks, even though the war was over. They arranged to send any Free
Blacks to the safety of Nova Scotia. Many white Loyalists had already come to
Shelburne, or Port Roseway as it was called first. In the late 1700's, Nova Scotia was mostly still wilderness. The British, who still owned Nova Scotia, wanted to send people here to help settle the land.
The Free Blacks were promised land, food, and help in building a new life.
This was a reward for helping the Loyalists during the war. They were sent to an area on the northwest side of Port Roseway Harbour. They named it Birchtown, after General Samuel Birch. Birch had been commandant of New York City during the last part of the Revolution. He had helped the Free Blacks get to Nova Scotia.
Birchtown became the first major settlement of Freed Blacks in all of North
America.
The Black Loyalists came to Birchtown in September 1783. They did not have much time to build huts and gather enough food to see them through the hard winter. Many of these people came from warmer places, like Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. They were not used to hard winters, and many died.
To make matters worse, Birchtown was a very rocky piece of land. The
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 57 Black Loyalists could not grow much on it. The farm lots promised to them were not granted until 1787, three years after they came. Worse still, these lots were five miles from Birchtown, near what is now Beaverdam and Clyde River. Some Black
Loyalists tried to work in Port Roseway, but too many other people needed jobs.
They soon learned that life was not as good as they had hoped it would be. They were supposed to be free, but many people still treated them like slaves. They were not treated as equals by many white people. But many Black Loyalists said they would rather starve than become slaves again.
Just when things were at their worst, the Black Loyalists were given new hope. There was a place in West Africa, called Sierra Leone, that needed settlers.
They would get free passage to Africa and free land. They had very little here.
Some had nothing to eat and only rags to wear. They could not help but jump at the chance for something better. Through all their years of pain and fear, they had never given up on the hope of someday being really free. In all, 1,190 Blacks from around the province set sail for Africa in 1792, and 544 of them were from
Shelburne and Birchtown. This was half the area’s black population.
The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean was not easy. The ships carrying the
Free Blacks were over-crowded. Many people died along the way. But those who survived the voyage to Sierra Leone helped settle the town called Freetown. Many
58 People of them were very successful. And they were happy. Some of them had been born in Africa. They had been captured there when they were young and sent to
America to be slaves. One man who decided to leave Birchtown to return to
Africa said he would rather die in his own country than in “this cold place.”
The Black Loyalists who decided not to go to Africa struggled for many years to build decent lives for themselves and their families here in Nova Scotia. But their descendants are living proof of their strength and determination. They should remind us all of what can be done if we believe in something and fight hard to get it.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 59 “Searching for Freedom” Comprehension Questions
1. What was the American Revolution?
2. How did so many Black Loyalists end up in Birchtown?
3. When did the Black Loyalists arrive in Birchtown?
4. Name three problems the Black Loyalists met with in Birchtown.
5. Where is Sierra Leone and why did so many Birchtown Blacks go there?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why do you think the British wanted to get the Rebels’ slaves on their side during the Revolution?
2. Why do you think the Black Loyalists did not get everything they were promised when they came to Nova Scotia?
3. What made the Black Loyalists move from America to Nova Scotia and from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone?
4. Why do you think the Black Loyalists named their new home in Africa “Freetown”?
60 People “Searching for Freedom” Spelling
Circle the correct spelling of each word in each row.
1. Brichtown Birshtown Birchtown Birchtowne
2. Americian Amirican Ammerican America
3. Revulotion Revolution Reevolution Revolusion
4. Rebel Reble Rebbel Rebell
5. Loyilist Loyalist Loilist Loyolist
6. slave slav slafe slaeve
7. Bluck Blacke Blak Black
8. fre frea free frae
9. Rosway Roseway Rooseway Roseweigh
10. Africa Afrika Atrica Afreca
11. voyege voyge voiage voyage
12. Freatown Freetowne Freetown Fritown
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 61 The information for the following story is from Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History, Loyalists in Nova Scotia written by members of the Nova Scotia Branch of the Canadian Author’s Association as a contribution to the Loyalist Bicentennial Celebrations, and Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea.
Words to Preview Loyalists settlements potential New England bountiful official American Revolution opportunities population Rebels civilized economy British government merchants fertile plentiful
Loyalist Life
My father called, “Sarah, the men have come back from a hunt. They have killed a moose and two caribou. Help the women divide the meat for the families.”
Then my father said in his deep voice, “This summer heat will ruin the meat if it is not used soon.” After a hunt, the meat had to be divided up among the people.
There was no way to keep the meat cool.
I’m Sarah Brown. Our family are Loyalists. We are citizens loyal to the
British government. In New England, the American Revolution took place. The
Revolution was a war between the Loyalists and the Rebels. Some Americans wanted freedom from British rule. These people were called Rebels. The Rebels won the war.
The Revolution ended in 1782. It was not safe for the Loyalists to stay in
New England. The Loyalists were not wanted there anymore. Sir Guy Carleton
62 People planned a large migration.
The Loyalists were going to Nova Scotia, land owned by the British. The
British didn’t want the Loyalists to live in New England but allowed them to live in
Nova Scotia. The British didn’t want to hire boats to take them to Nova Scotia.
Many families had to hire ships.
The British government wanted to make new settlements. They made the
land sound bountiful and full of opportunities.
My father is a doctor. He didn’t know how to
live off the land. In New England, we were used
to having a fine home. Servants did our
everyday tasks. In Port Roseway, things were
less civilized.
The people learned to use fish for food
and trading. They found many wild
berries growing - blueberries,
gooseberries, wild cherries, and cranberries. There seemed to be plenty of wild game. The British government sent us food rations. Things seemed plentiful.
In the summer of 1783, Governor Parr renamed Port Roseway. He named
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 63 the town Shelburne. Shelburne was the name of a British official.
Business was growing fast. We had sawmills, stores, inns, and coffee shops.
Shelburne had a fine harbour. The wharves were built by the residents. Ships came into our harbour for trading. Other ships left to go fishing.
Many people who came to Nova Scotia were professionals. Some were doctors, clergymen, judges, editors, and lawyers.
Today, Mother and I are preparing baked beans. We dig a hole in the earth about three feet deep and two feet wide. A flat rock is placed in the bottom of the hole. Rocks and hardwood are also placed into the hole. A fire is lit and burns for half a day until the coals are very hot. The beans have been soaking overnight in water. I will add molasses and a big slice of salt pork. Mother places the cover on top of the kettle. She will lower the pot into the fire pit. Hot rocks in the bottom of the pit surround the kettle. Dirt is placed on top and stamped down. This keeps the air out. In a day or more this favourite meal will be done.
Shelburne attracted more people. White and Black Loyalists flooded our new town. The population rose quickly.
Now, in 1784, Shelburne’s economy has started to decline. There are too many merchants and not enough people to buy things. Shelburne is overcrowded and filled with sickness. Food is not as plentiful as before. Many people are
64 People starving to death. This has caused many to move away from Shelburne. Other reasons discouraged people from wanting to stay. One is that the harbour iced up in the winter. Another reason is that many people didn’t like living out in the middle of the wilderness.
------
I can see sadness in Mother’s eyes. I ask, “What is it, Mother?” She wipes
her tears quickly and insists it is nothing. But I know she longs to return to New
England. She wants to go home.
The following week we pack our belongings. We are moving to the
Annapolis Valley because Father heard people talking about its fertile land. He
wants to try farming. Fishing does not come easy for him. People talk of the crops
growing in this rich soil. My father is sure that life will be better in the Annapolis
Valley.
Mother puts on a brave face. She is proud of his determination. Father
needs her support.
------
Many people left Shelburne. They moved to different places around Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Others went to Halifax,
Annapolis Valley and England. Empty homes and empty businesses were left in
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 65 Shelburne. Few people decided to stay.
The people of Shelburne thought that Shelburne would become capital of
Nova Scotia. They thought it would become more successful than Halifax.
Shelburne had shown great potential. Unfortunately, the wealth did not last.
66 People “Loyalists Life” Comprehension Questions
1. Who were the Loyalists?
2. Why did the Loyalists come to Nova Scotia?
3. Where did the Loyalists come from?
4. What new name did Governor Parr give Port Roseway? Who was it named
after?
5. Name two kinds of businesses that were in Shelburne.
6. Name two reasons why people were leaving Shelburne.
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think the Loyalists were happy to come to Nova Scotia?
2. Why do you think the Loyalists baked beans in an underground fire pit?
3. Why do you think that some Loyalists wanted to return to New England after
the war?
4. Why do you think Sarah Brown’s father thought life would be better for
them in the Annapolis Valley?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. How did the Loyalists preserve the meat that they ate?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 67 “Loyalists Life” Paragraphs
Find the paragraph which tells us the following
1. Sarah’s mother longs to return to New England. Page__ Paragraph__
2. Americans did not want to be under British rule. Page__ Paragraph__
3. Fishing was not easy for my father. Page__ Paragraph__
4. There were too many sales people and not enough buyers.
Page__ Paragraph__
5. The meat was separated among the Loyalists. Page__ Paragraph__
6. My mother tried not to show my father she was afraid.
Page__ Paragraph__
7. People moved away from Shelburne. Page__ Paragraph__
8. Staying in New England was not safe for the Loyalists.
Page__ Paragraph__
9. The number of people in Shelburne was rising. Page__ Paragraph__
10. Mud is placed on top of the kettle and pushed down. Page__ Paragraph__
68 People The information for the following story is from Archibald MacMechan’s Samuel Cunard, Kay Grant’s Samuel Cunard, pioneer of the Atlantic Steamship, John Bassett’s The Canadians - Samuel Cunard, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea and the following Internet site accessed 02/23/01: http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/cunard.html
Samuel Cunard and the Steamship
Samuel Cunard was born in Halifax on November 21, 1787.
In 1808, Cunard and his father opened a shipping business.
It was called A. Cunard and Son.
In 1814, Samuel’s father passed the company on to him.
It was then called S. Cunard and Company.
Samuel and his two brothers, Henry and Joseph, were partners in the company.
Cunard got the contract to deliver His Majesty’s mail.
He delivered the mail between Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, New England, and the
West Indies.
Cunard was interested in steamships.
Cunard and his two brothers owned shares in the
Royal William steamship.
The Quebec and Halifax Steam
Navigation Company owned the
Royal William.
The Royal William was completed
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 69 in the early 1830's.
People say it was the first ship to cross the Atlantic ocean by steam.
In 1833, she crossed the Atlantic in three weeks.
In the late 1830's, the British government asked for tenders to ship mail across the
Atlantic.
Cunard got the contract.
Cunard and other steamship owners formed a company.
It was called “The British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company.”
The company name was later changed to the “Cunard Line.”
In 1839, they got the mail delivery contract for seven years.
Cunard offered to sail twice a month.
In 1840, the first Cunard ship made its voyage.
It was the Britannia.
It was wooden and a little over 200 feet long.
The ship was large enough to carry 115 passengers.
It left Liverpool, England on July 4, 1840.
It had 90 crew members and 63 passengers on board.
Cunard and his daughter were also on the ship.
It arrived in Halifax on July 17, 1840.
70 People It had taken 12 days to cross the Atlantic.
It stayed a while and then went to Boston.
It arrived in Boston on July 21, 1840.
The Boston residents celebrated the arrival of the Britannia.
The day was called “Cunard Festival Day.”
Mail was then being sent between England, Nova Scotia, and New England.
A lot of money was made taking passengers as well.
Steamships were fast and didn’t depend on the wind.
By the 1880's, the ships were crossing the Atlantic in less than 6 days.
Cunard made a lot of money.
In 1859, Cunard was knighted by the Queen Victoria.
He died in London in 1865.
He was 78 years old.
Questions
1. Where and when was Samuel Cunard born? Where and when did he die?
2. What was the business that Cunard and his father opened?
3. The Royal William was the first ship to do what?
4. How long did it take the Britannia to cross the Atlantic in 1840?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 71 The information for the following story is from Harry Bruce’s An Illustrated History of Nova Scotia, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea the following Internet sites: http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1800-67/Howe.htm http://bennett.freehosting.net/premiers.htm#4
Joseph Howe - A Nova Scotia VIP
Joseph Howe was born in Halifax in 1804.
His father was John Howe.
John Howe was from Massachusetts.
John had seven children.
Joseph was the youngest child.
Joseph’s mother was Mary Edes.
Joseph Howe liked the newspaper business.
He became very important in this
business.
Howe had a newspaper called the Nova Scotian.
In 1828, Howe married Susan McNab.
She would put out the newspaper when he was
away.
Howe reported the local news.
He wrote about politics and trials.
In 1835, Howe published a letter that attacked the city of Halifax.
He was charged with libel.
72 People He went to court on March 3, 1835.
He made a six hour speech on the freedom of the press.
He won the case.
Howe kept fighting for responsible government.
In 1836, he was elected to the House of Assembly.
He worked to reform the government.
One time, Howe made Judge Halliburton’s son, John, angry.
He challenged Howe to a duel.
Halliburton shot at Howe but missed.
Howe shot in the air and walked away.
In 1848, Howe’s reform party won seven seats in the election.
Nova Scotia was the first British colony to have a responsible government.
From 1860 to 1863, Howe was premier of Nova Scotia.
On May 1, 1873, he became lieutenant-governor.
Howe died on June 1, 1873.
Questions
1. What was the name of Joseph Howe’s newspaper?
2. What was Joseph Howe’s speech about? Did he win his case?
3. When was Joseph Howe premier of Nova Scotia?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 73 The information for the following story is from Harry Bruce’s An Illustrated History of Nova Scotia, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, and the following Internet sites accessed 02/10/01: http://www.hpedsb.on.ca/coll/tupp_an.htm? http://cnet.unb.ca/achn/pme/ctdb.htm http://canada.justice.gc.ca/Loireg/rapport/en/p1tl-1.html
Sir Charles Tupper
Sir Charles Tupper was born in 1821 in Amherst, Nova Scotia.
He studied in Scotland to become a doctor.
He started a medical practice in Amherst in 1843.
In 1846, he married Frances Morse.
They had six children.
In 1855, Tupper became involved in politics.
He ran for the Conservative party in the Cumberland County riding.
He was running against the popular Joseph Howe.
Tupper won.
In 1864, Tupper became premier of Nova Scotia.
He was premier until 1867.
During 1867, the Confederation took place.
Confederation joined the provinces together to
form Canada.
Tupper took part in many meetings about
Confederation.
He went to Confederation meetings in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
74 People He was called one of the Fathers of Confederation.
It was because of him that Nova Scotia joined Canada in 1867.
Many Nova Scotians didn’t agree with Confederation.
But they never got to vote on it.
Tupper pushed it ahead even though many Nova Scotians didn’t want it.
Tupper also became involved in federal politics.
In 1878, Tupper became minister of public works.
The next year he became minister of railways and canals.
Tupper became prime minister on May 1, 1896.
He was seventy-five years old.
He was prime minister for only two months since the Conservatives lost the next election.
Tupper didn’t have time to prepare for the election.
Tupper retired to England in 1900.
He died on October 20, 1915.
His body was sent to Canada.
He is buried in Halifax. ''''''''''''''''
Exercise
1. Is this story fiction or non-fiction? 2. Find two words that have one syllable. ______3. Find two words that have two syllables. ______
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 75 The information for the following story is from Allan Everett Marble’s Nova Scotians At Home and Abroad - Revised Edition and Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History.
William Hall - A Nova Scotian Hero
William Hall was born in 1826 in Nova Scotia.
His father, Jacob, arrived in Nova Scotia during the War of 1812.
He sailed from Africa to America aboard a slave ship.
He was freed by the British and settled in Newport.
Jacob and his wife Lucinda had a baby named
William.
His birthplace is believed to be in Horton Bluff,
Summerville.
This is around the Hantsport area in Nova Scotia.
The history books are unsure of his middle name.
Some say it is Edward; others say it is Neilson.
But many people called him William Able Seaman Hall.
In 1852, when Hall was a young boy, he joined the Royal Navy.
He served on the HMS Rodney and the HMS Shannon.
This was during the Crimean War.
When the HMS Shannon was in India, the Indian soldiers fought against the
British.
76 People William Hall was sent to Lucknow, in Northern India.
He was sent to relieve the garrison, a military post.
Hall was part of the gun crew who needed to make a hole in the wall of the city.
This would allow the British to get inside the wall and save the people.
Almost all the gun crew members were killed.
Only William Hall and a badly hurt lieutenant were left.
Hall fired the blast that made the hole through the wall of the city.
The British force charged through, saving the people.
William Hall was awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery.
William Hall was the first Black Canadian to receive the Victoria Cross.
Hall remained in the Navy until 1880.
Later, he returned to Hantsport to become a farmer.
He died in 1904.
q Field Trip Idea: Visit the Nova Scotia Museum in Halifax to see a sculpture of Hall called A Bust of the Hero, this was sculptured by James L. Martin. In Hantsport there’s a cairn ( a heap of stones serving as a memorial) in memory of William Hall.
Questions
1. How did William Hall’s father come to Nova Scotia? 2. What did William Hall join in 1852? 3. Name the two ships Hall served on in the Navy. 4. Why did William Hall receive the Victoria Cross? 5. How did William Hall make Canadian history?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 77 The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea and the following Internet sites accessed 02/10/01: http://www.asms.ab.ca/Marine_History_Pages/Josuha_Slocum/josuha_slocum.html http://home.nycap.rr.com/sailingalone/webunz/index.htm http://mmbc.bc.ca/source/schoolnet/adventure/slocum.html
Joshua Slocum
Joshua Slocum was born in 1844 near the Fundy
Shore, Nova Scotia.
Later, his family moved to Westport on Briar
Island.
Briar Island is in Digby County.
Slocum ran away to work on ships when he was
Ilustration compliments of Joshua Slocum Society sixteen. International.
He became a merchant captain when he was
twenty-five years old.
Slocum sailed to many ports.
He sailed to Australia, China, Japan, and the Spice Islands.
In 1871, he married Virginia Walker.
They had four children.
Slocum was very sad when Virginia died at the age of 35.
Slocum then married Henrietta Elliot.
Over the years, Slocum got various ships and did some sailing with his family.
He was given a sloop by his friend Eben Pierce in 1892.
78 People The sloop was called the Spray.
It was 36 feet and 9 inches long.
He rebuilt the boat with wood he cut himself.
In 1895, Slocum left Boston for a trip around the world.
He was 51 years old.
Three years later, in 1898, he landed in Rhode Island.
He had sailed around the world alone.
He was the first person to make this trip.
He had sailed 74,000 kilometers.
Slocum wrote a book about his trip.
It was called “Sailing Alone Around the World.”
In 1909, Slocum left Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, in the Spray.
He was going to the West Indies.
He was never seen again.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 79 “Joshua Slocum” Questions
1. Slocum sailed to Australia, China, Japan, and the Spice Islands. Use a globe or map to find these places. Hint: The Spice Islands are islands around Indonesia.
2. Where was Slocum born?
3. What was he the first to do?
4. How many kilometers did he sail? What was the name of the ship?
5. What was the name of the book he wrote?
••••••••••••••••
Describing Exercise
1. Look at the picture of Joshua Slocum. Describe his physical appearance. ______
80 People The information for the following story is from Phyllis R. Blakeley’s Nova Scotia’s Two Remarkable Giants and the following Internet website: http://collections.ic.qc.ca/aswan/story/early_childhood.htm
Words To Preview Colchester unusual dignity education museum siblings daftie interested satisfied heart failure Normal School contract height opportunity rebuilt ignorant continue engaged intelligent employees elegantly
Anna Swan - The Giantess
In 1846, an amazing child was born to Alexander and Ann Swan. She was
born on August 7 in Mill Brook, Colchester County. She weighed more than
eighteen pounds. She was twenty-seven inches long. The Swans named her Anna
Haining.
Anna grew very fast. When Anna turned four years old, she was four feet
and six inches tall. When she was seven, she was taller than her mother.
Anna’s mother and father were normal height. Ann was five feet and three
inches tall. Alexander was five feet and seven inches tall.
Anna felt out of place in school. She was too big for the desks. A larger
desk was specially made for her.
Many people thought Anna was a daftie. They thought she was slow or ignorant. She was an intelligent girl with many interests. Anna loved reading
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 81 books and playing the piano.
Phineas T. Barnum in New York heard about Anna’s unusual size. He sent one of his employees to Anna. He wanted to offer her a deal. Barnum wanted her to come to New York. He wanted to show her in his museum. Anna was not interested.
Anna moved into her aunt’s house when she was fifteen years old. She lived in Truro.
Anna attended the “Normal School” in Truro. Later it was known as
Teacher’s College. Anna did not like it. People stared at her. They made her feel uneasy. Anna returned home.
Anna thought about Mr. Barnum’s offer. She decided it would be a good opportunity. She could continue her education and make money. She decided to work for him. Barnum provided Anna with a tutor three times a week for three hours each day.
P.T. Barnum respected Anna. He treated her well. Barnum called her “The
Tallest Woman in The World.”
In 1862, Anna, her mother, and her father moved to New York. Anna’s siblings stayed with relatives. P.T. Barnum’s contract seemed fine with her parents.
Anna’s parents were satisfied. They returned home to New Annan.
82 People Anna toured Europe in 1863. She entertained Queen Victoria and many
others. Anna had charm and grace. The Queen liked her very much.
On July 13, 1865, a fire broke out in the American Museum in New York.
Anna was on the third floor of the building. She was lifted to safety by a crane.
She was lucky to survive.
Barnum sent Anna to Nova Scotia to rest. She returned when Mr. Barnum
rebuilt his museum.
Anna toured a few years with Barnum. She then returned to Nova Scotia.
She toured Nova Scotia and was successful. The money she made was hers. She
paid royalties to Barnum when she toured
outside of Nova Scotia.
Anna did return and tour with
Barnum in 1869. She met Martin Van
Buren Bates while touring. He was seven
feet and nine inches tall. He was known as
the Kentucky Giant.
Anna and Martin met again in 1871.
They were touring for the same company.
They were on their way across the Atlantic Picture compliments of Dale Swan.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 83 to tour in Europe. Before they arrived in Europe, Anna and Martin were engaged to be married.
Anna and Martin were popular with Queen Victoria. She gave them each a gold watch. The Queen gave Anna a diamond cluster ring and a wedding dress.
These were wedding gifts.
Anna and Martin’s wedding day was on June 17, 1871. They were dressed elegantly. Many people attended the wedding.
On May 19, 1872, Anna gave birth to a baby girl. She weighed more than eighteen pounds. She was twenty-seven inches long. The baby died at birth.
The couple was very depressed. They took time off from work to travel.
They returned to North America and stopped in Halifax. Anna introduced Martin to her family.
Anna and Martin Bates travelled to Seville, Ohio. They bought one hundred and twenty acres of farmland there. They had a special house made. It was just right for Anna and Martin’s size.
The Bates went on tour again. This time with W.W. Cole Circus. Anna found out she was pregnant with her second child. Anna and Martin left the tour and went to their home in Seville.
Anna had a difficult labour and delivery. On January 19, 1879, she had a
84 People baby boy. He weighed twenty-two pounds and was twenty-eight inches long. The boy did not survive. He lived for eleven hours.
The Bates were very depressed by the death. They returned to tour with
W.W. Cole Circus. They worked until the spring of 1880.
Anna was sick and losing weight. Eventually she had to stop teaching
Sunday school. She had to slow down with her usual activities.
Anna Bates died on August 5, 1888. It was one day before her forty-second birthday. She died of heart failure. A special coffin was made for Anna.
Many people attended her funeral. Anna’s parents travelled many days to attend the funeral. Anna Bates was buried in Seville, beside her sister and her son.
Anna was known as Canada’s only giantess. She was charming, intelligent, and beautiful. She led an interesting life. Nova Scotians are proud of the way she lived her life, with grace and dignity.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 85 “Anna Swan - The Giantess” Comprehension Questions
1. How was Anna Swan different from the other children?
2. Who wanted Anna to come to New York?
3. What school did Anna attend when she moved in with her Aunt? What is the
school called today?
4. Why did Anna accept P.T. Barnum’s offer to come to New York?
5. What happened to Barnum’s museum in 1865?
6. What was the name of the man she met while touring in 1869? What was his
nickname?
7. What wedding gifts did Anna and Martin receive from Queen Victoria?
8. Did Anna have children? If so, how many did she have?
9. What was Anna Swan’s cause of death?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think Anna was “at peace” with her unusual size?
2. What do you think were Anna’s happiest moments?
3. Do you think Anna Swan enjoyed touring different countries with P.T.
Barnum?
Trivia Question Do a bit of research.
1. Where and when did Anna’s husband, Martin Van Buren Bates, die?
86 People “Anna Swan - The Giantess” Homonyms
Some words sound alike, but they are not spelled the same way, and they do not have the same meaning. These words are called homonyms.
Fill in the blanks with the word(s) that make sense in the sentences.
Example:
(know, no) No, I don’t know the answer.
(for, four) 1. At the age of ___, Anna’s father brought her to Halifax___
an exhibition.
(heard, herd) 2. Anna had a ___ of sheep, she ___ them from across the
field.
(week, weak) 3. The ___ she delivered her baby, Anna became very ___.
(their, there) 4. ___ infant son was ill; the Bates were ___ when he passed
away.
(sun, son) 5. The ___ was shining the day their ___ was born.
(to, two) 6. ___ of Anna and Martin’s friends came ___ their home in
Seville.
(in, inn) 7. ___ London, there was a special ___ where Anna and Martin
stayed.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 87 The information for the following story is from the Internet website: http://www.klis.com/digby/lewis.html
Maud Lewis - A Famous Folk Artist Maud Lewis was born in South Ohio. South Ohio is in Yarmouth County. She was born with the disease polio. It crippled her arms, hands, and neck. Maud married Everett Lewis. She then moved to Marshalltown. Marshalltown is in Digby County. Maud and Everett didn’t have much money. They lived in a small house. There, she started her career as an artist. She decided to start painting. She never had a painting lesson. Maud wanted to earn extra money. She started painting and selling Christmas cards. Maud Lewis painted almost every surface inside and outside of their home. Maud Lewis never mixed her paints. She always painted outdoor scenes. Maud’s paintings became very popular in Nova Scotia and away. Maud Lewis became known as Nova Scotia’s most famous folk artist.
88 People Maud Lewis died in 1970. Everett died in 1976. Local citizens got the government to take their home apart. They then placed it in storage. The citizens wanted the house put back together. They also wanted it put on display. The Nova Scotia Gallery of Art has restored the house. Now, Maud’s art work is in her restored home in Halifax.
Field Trip Idea i Visit the Nova Scotia Gallery of Art to view the beautiful folk artwork of Maud Lewis.
Questions
1. What was Maud’s disability? 2. Why did Maud start painting? 3. How did she start her painting career? 4. What kind of scenes did Maud paint?
5. What happened to Maud’s home after her death?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 89 The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea and the following Internet website: http://www.library.dal.ca/spcol/vessels/raddall1.htm http://www.tceplus.com/raddall.htm
Thomas Raddall - A Nova Scotian Author
Thomas Head Raddall was a famous Nova Scotian author.
He was born in Hythe, England, on November 13, 1903.
He was a young boy when he moved to Liverpool, Nova Scotia.
He was excited about moving to Nova Scotia.
He knew that Nova Scotia was rich with history.
Later on, this inspired him in his writings.
He was talented and eager to learn Nova Scotian history.
This made him famous.
Thomas Raddall’s father died when he was fifteen years old.
Thomas left school to get a job to help support his family.
He worked for a year on Sable Island.
He began writing fiction while on Sable Island.
His first story was published in the Halifax Sunday Leader.
It was published on December 11, 1921.
He started writing in his spare time in the evening.
Thomas Raddall wrote a story for Maclean’s magazine in 1928.
90 People The readers liked it.
He continued writing fiction for magazines.
The Blackwood’s Magazine became his main publisher.
Thomas Raddall’s writings became known in Britain, United States, and Canada.
Thomas left his day job and became a full-time writer.
In 1939, he wrote a collection of short stories.
The book was called The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek.
It was a success.
He received a Governor General’s Award for the book.
He started to write novels.
The novels were about Nova Scotian history.
The novels were:
• His Majesty’s Yankees (1942)
• Roger Sudden (1944)
• Pride’s Fancy (1946)
Thomas Raddall wrote about the history of Halifax.
This book was called Halifax: Warden of the North.
It received a Governor General’s Award in 1948.
He then became a well known Canadian author.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 91 Raddall published more writings.
He wrote seven more novels and many more short stories.
He wrote many radio and television scripts.
He remained involved in many different areas of writing.
He retired from creative writing in 1968.
But he did continue to write.
He wrote In My Time in 1976.
He also wrote a history story called The Mersey Story in 1979.
On April 1, 1994, he died in Liverpool, Nova Scotia.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Questions
1. Where was Thomas Raddall born? Where did he move to when he was a
young boy?
2. Where did he begin writing?
3. Name two of Raddall’s books.
92 People The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped By The Sea and the following Internet website: http://www.parcscanada.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/alex_g_bell/english/History_e.htm
Words to Preview Alexander Graham experiments association library invented Baddeck valuable created telephone Cape Breton successful ancestors considered Beinn Bhreagh flight property aeronautics United States historic science aircraft conducted National Washington educator
Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck
Alexander Graham Bell is known as the person who invented the telephone.
But he also considered himself an educator of the deaf. He had opened a school for deaf and hearing children in Washington in 1883.
After his invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell took part in other important experiments. Many experiments took place in Baddeck, Cape
Breton Island.
Alexander Graham Bell first came to Baddeck in 1885, ten years after he invented the telephone. He and his wife, Mabel Hubbard Bell, came to Baddeck for a vacation. Mr. Bell and his wife loved the area very much. They returned again and again.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 93 For the next thirty-three years, the Bells kept returning to Baddeck. The couple would come to Baddeck in the spring and would stay until fall. Alexander
Graham Bell and his wife Mabel stayed at their home, Beinn Bhreagh. He came to
Baddeck thinking it would be a great place to relax and get away from his busy life in Washington, D.C.
Alexander Graham Bell carried out many experiments.
While living in Baddeck, Alexander
Graham Bell spent a lot of time on aeronautical work. He worked many years in this field. Aeronautics is the science or art of flying in aircraft.
In 1907, Bell put together a group of four men. Their names were Casey Baldwin, Douglas McCurdy,
Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, and Glen Curtiss. They were part of the Aerial
Experiment Association. Mabel Hubbard Bell was also a valuable part of this group. She founded and funded the Aerial Experiment Association.
One of the group’s many experiments made Canadian history. It was the successful flight of the Silver Dart. Douglas McCurdy made the first heavier-than-
94 People air flight in the Silver Dart.
Over the thirty-three years he lived in Baddeck, Alexander Graham Bell
conducted many experiments. He left his mark in Baddeck, Cape Breton, as well as
the United States.
Mabel Hubbard Bell will also be remembered in Baddeck. She founded the
local public library and created a reading club for young girls and women. She also
founded the Home and School Association.
Alexander Graham Bell died on August 2, 1922, in Baddeck. His estate,
Beinn Bhreagh, is now owned and cared for by his ancestors. Mr. and Mrs. Bell are
buried on the estate. The public is not allowed to enter this part of the property.
The property is now known as the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.
qField Trip Idea
Visit the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site in Baddeck, Cape
Breton.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 95 “Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck” Comprehension Questions
1. What invention is Alexander Graham Bell most famous for?
1. What kind of educator did Alexander Graham Bell consider himself to be?
2. When did Alexander Graham Bell first come to Baddeck? What was the
reason the Bells came to Baddeck?
3. How often did the Bells return to Baddeck? What was the name of their
home there?
4. What did Alexander Graham Bell spend a lot of time experimenting with in
Baddeck?
5. Bell put together a group of men. Who were they and what was the name of
their group?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why do you think Alexander Graham Bell enjoyed staying in Baddeck, Cape
Breton, instead of Washington, D.C.?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. Where did Alexander Graham Bell meet his wife?
96 People “Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck” Spelling
Circle the two words that are spelled incorrectly in each sentence.
1. He had opened a schol for daef and hearing children in 1883.
2. Many experimants took place in Beddack, Cape Breton Island.
3. Forr the next thrity-three years, the Bells kept returning to Baddeck.
4. The cuople came to Baddeck in the spring and wuld stay until fall.
5. Alexender Graham Bell carryed out many experiments.
6. Aeronatics is the sceince or art of flying in an aircraft.
7. Mabel Habbrd Bell was also a valable part of this group.
8. It was the sucessful flightt of the Silver Dart.
9. He left his marke in Baddeck, Cape Braton, as well as the United States.
10. Mabell Hubbard Bell will also be remebered within the community.
11. She founded and funded the Aeral Experiment Asocciation.
12. She foanded the public libarry and created a reading club.
13. She also founded the Homm and School Assaciation.
14. Alexander Grahm Bell died on Agust 2, 1922, in Baddeck.
15. The public is not alowed to enter this part of the proparty.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 97 The information for the following story is from the Africville Genealogical Society’s The Spirit of Africville, Judith Fingard’s Halifax, the First 250 Years and the following Internet site accessed 10/20/00: http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~jay/pages/docs/intro.html
Words to Preview well-known ordained graduate sibling choir famous Dalhousie Lucasville school conservatory appearance expensive provincial municipal government ballads spiritual classical auditorium digital
Portia White
Who was Portia White?
Portia White was a black singer from Nova Scotia.
She was well-known during the 1940's and 50's.
Where and when was Portia born?
Portia was born in Truro, Nova Scotia, in 1911.
Who were Portia’s parents?
Portia’s father was Reverend William White. He was the first black person to graduate from Acadia University. He graduated in
1906 as an ordained minister. Portia’s mother was Izie White (White) from Mill
Village, Nova Scotia.
Did Portia have any siblings?
Portia had twelve siblings. She was the third oldest child.
98 People When did Portia start singing?
Portia was only six years old when she sang in the choir at the Cornwallis Street
Baptist Church. However, Portia was in her thirties when she became famous.
After she graduated from high school, where did Portia go?
Portia took teaching at Dalhousie University. She taught at Lucasville School in
Halifax County. She was paid $30 a month.
Did Portia get any formal musical training?
Portia went to the Halifax Conservatory. The lessons were expensive. They cost
$3.50 per hour. The provincial and municipal government helped fund her training.
What kind of songs did Portia sing?
She sang spiritual and classical music, folk songs, and ballads.
Where did Portia sing?
She sang throughout North and Central America. In 1941, Portia sang at the
Eaton Auditorium in Toronto. She made appearances in Canada for the next couple of years before going to New York on March 19, 1944 to sing at Town
Hall. Portia then got a contract with Columbia Concerts Incorporated of New
York. This was just before the war. Columbia Concerts Incorporated was the largest agency in North America at that time.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 99 What was one of the high points in Portia’s career?
Portia sang for Queen Elizabeth in October of 1964.
When did Portia die?
Portia died on February 13, 1968 at the age of 57.
Can I find some of Portia’s music on tape or CD?
Portia gave concerts but never had a recording contract. After her death, her family made 500 copies of three of her live performances. These would be hard to find. In 1994, the National Library in Ottawa made a digital copy of these concerts. In the same year, ANALEKTA released a CD with two of Portia’s songs.
It is Volume 5 of “Great Voices of Canada.”
100 People “Portia White” Where, Who, What, When, Why
Fill in the blanks with where, who, what, when, or why.
1. ______did William want? 2. ______was Portia’s father? Her father’s name was William. I do not know ______Portia went to school. 3. Her career ended fast. ______did she stop singing so soon? 4. Her father knew ______she was giving a concert. 5. She was six years old ______she sang in the choir. 6. ______was Portia’s mother’s name? Her name was Izie. 7. ______she died, her family sang to her. 8. ______is Charlottetown? 9. Mrs. White told me ______she was singing. It was a folk song. 10. ______helped Portia? 11. I do not know ______she left before the concert ended.
Reading Between the Lines 1. The story says that Portia’s mother was Izie White (White). Why does “White” appear in parenthesis? 2. If Portia used all her monthly teaching income on music lessons, how many hours of lessons could she take?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 101 The information for the following story is from the following Internet site: www.country.com/hof/members/hank-snow.html
Hank Snow
By Osborne Hopkins
Hank Snow was born in Brooklyn, Nova Scotia on May 9, 1914. His parents separated when he was eight years old. Two of his sisters were sent to an orphanage. As a boy, Hank suffered abuse from his stepfather and grandmother.
He left home at age 12 to go fishing. He gave up fishing because he was almost killed at sea.
Although Hank worked at many jobs, he found his main interest was still his music. He began to sing to entertain his friends.
In 1933 he got his first radio job at the CHNS radio station in Halifax. In
1936 he made his first recording for RCA Victor Company in Montreal. After years of struggling, Hank met and married Minnie Aalders. They had a son whom they named Jimmie Rodgers. Because of his radio show, Hank became well known across Canada and was soon touring from coast to coast in Canada.
In 1944 Hank tried to break into the US market. His many
hits became very popular in the United States. He was voted as
the top country singer by his fans. In 1950 he became a member
of the Grand Ole Opry. In 1979 he became a member of the Country Music Hall of
102 People Fame in Nashville.
Although he became one of the biggest stars in country music, he did not forget the abuse he received as a child. That’s the reason he started The Hank
Snow Child Abuse Foundation. Sadly, Hank passed away December 20, 1999 after a long illness. He was 85.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 103 Places
The information for the following story is from the Historical Association of Annapolis Royal’s The Romance of Old Annapolis Royal, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, and the following Internet sites accessed December 2000: http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/fort_anne/english/History_e.htm
http://hfx.andara.com/~grose/portroy.html http://collections.ic.gc.ca/port_royal/fortanne_expl.html http://genweb.net/acadian-cajun/acadia2.htm
Words to Preview Annapolis Royal Treaty of Utrecht established abandoned habitation Poutrincourt Biencourt Samuel Argall England Scotland Acadian Isaac de Razilly possession expulsion William Phipps Treaty of Ryswick Fredericton, New Brunswick General Francis Nicholson Acadia Governor Subercasé defended
Port Royal and Fort Anne
Fort Anne is located in Annapolis Royal in the Annapolis Valley, Nova
Scotia. It became a Canadian historic site in 1917. It is Canada’s first historic site.
Port Royal was established in 1605 by the French. They abandoned the habitation in 1607. In 1610, Sieur de Poutrincourt re-established Port Royal. He wanted to use it as a fur trading post. Poutrincourt’s son, Charles de Biencourt,
Claude de La Tour, and his son, Charles de La Tour, were involved as well. In
1613, Captain Samuel Argall of Virginia raided the habitation. He stole their
104 Places belongings, burned the buildings, and ruined the crops. England then owned the area.
In 1621, King James I of England and Scotland gave Sir William Alexander the right to settle in Nova Scotia. In 1629, three ships of Scottish settlers arrived at
Port Royal. They built Charles Fort 500 yards from the habitation’s ruins.
In 1632, the King of England forced the Scottish people to abandon the settlement.* The Treaty of St. Germain en Laye had given Acadia back to France.
A Frenchman named Isaac de Razilly came to tell the Scottish settlers that Nova
Scotia was given back to the French. So the French took over the area.
The French later built more forts. In 1643, a fort, later called Fort Anne, was built at this new site in Port Royal. A lot of history surrounds these forts. For years, the French and the English fought for possession of Port Royal. Port Royal changed hands seven times between the English and the French. It was attacked fourteen times by either the French, English, or the Mi’kmaqs.
In 1654, the British gained possession of Port Royal. The British owned Port
Royal from 1654 to 1667. In 1667, the French regained Port Royal through the
Treaty of Breda, but they did not take possession of it until 1670. Hector
Grandfontaine became the French governor.
* To read more on the history of the Scottish in Nova Scotia, turn to page 27.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 105 In 1690, Sir William Phipps of New England captured Port Royal.
In 1697, the Treaty of Ryswick
returned all captured territory to
France and England. Acadia was
returned to France.
In 1710, General Francis
Nicholson captured Port Royal for the
British for the last time. Port Royal had been the capital of Acadia until this time.
Nicholson had attacked with 3,400 men and 36 ships. The French were allowed to leave the fort with their luggage and guns. The French Governor Subercasé had to hand over Port Royal to the British. Subercasé had defended the fort three other times. This time he was not successful.
Nicholson gave the fort the name Fort Anne after Queen Anne of England and Port Royal was renamed Annapolis Royal.
When the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713, Annapolis Royal was formally given to the British. Annapolis Royal was the capital of Nova Scotia until
1749. In 1749, Halifax was founded and became the capital.
The French tried to regain Fort Anne several times, but they were not successful. It is because of all these French attacks that the British decided to
106 Places deport the Acadians in the region. They were worried that the Acadians would help the French attack the British. In 1755, the expulsion of the Acadians took place.**
The British lived in the fort until 1854. During that year, the remaining soldiers were moved to Fredericton, New Brunswick.
( Field trip idea:
In 1935, the Officer’s Quarters were rebuilt for the Fort Anne Museum. It was
rebuilt on the site where the French had first built the fort. You can visit the
ruins of Fort Anne at the Fort Anne National Historic Park. This park is located
in the town of Annapolis Royal.
** To read about the expulsion of the Acadians, turn to page 208.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 107 “Port Royal and Fort Anne” Comprehension Questions
1. When was Port Royal established and by whom?
2. Who raided the habitation in 1613?
3. What Scottish man had the right to settle in Nova Scotia in 1629? Who gave him that right?
4. How many times did the fort change hands?
5. What happened in 1710?
6. Did the French try to regain Fort Anne after 1710? If yes, were they successful?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why do you believe that England and France fought for possession of Acadia?
2. Do you think the fur trading business was important in the 17th century?
Trivia Questions
Do a bit of research.
1. When was the first Acadian Convention held?
2. When is National Acadian Day?
108 Places “Port Royal and Fort Anne” Reading Maps
Answer the following questions by referring to the provided map of western Nova Scotia.
1. According to the map, if you were traveling on the South Shore of Nova Scotia and wanted to go to Annapolis Royal by crossing the province, what route would you take to get there?
2. What highway goes by Annapolis Royal? South Shore/Annapolis Valley
3. What route takes you to Kentville and passes through New Ross?
4. From where does the ferry to Maine leave? From where does the ferry to St. John, New Brunswick leave?
5. Give instructions on how to get from Bridgewater to Annapolis Royal.
6. What national park is shown on the map?
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 109 The information for the following story is from Canadian Parks Services and the Cape Breton District School Board’s Louisbourg - An 18th Century Town, A.J.B. Johnston’s The Summer of 1744 - A Portrait of Life in 18th Century Louisbourg, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, and the following Internet sites accessed 11/15/00: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/louisbourg/timeline.html http://www.fitzgeraldstudio.com/html/louisbourg/overview.html http://fortress.uccb.ns.ca/search/eprim2.html
Words to Preview Fortress of Louisbourg Île Royale Spanish Succession Île St.-Jean engineers General Jeffrey Amherst continent plentiful establishment surrendered industry Governor Drucour Admiral Boscawen cannon William Pepperell thousand hundred
The Fortress of Louisbourg
In the Beginning
I am the Fortress of Louisbourg on Île Royale. Over the years, the French
and the English lived here.
My walls were first built when the French came to Louisbourg in 1713. This
was the end of the War of the Spanish Succession. France owned Île Royale (Cape
Breton Island) and Île St.-Jean (Prince Edward Island). Great Britain owned
mainland Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
The King’s engineers designed me. Workers were hired to build the town
according to the engineers’ plans. Many of the workers were soldiers who were
paid extra money for their labour.
110 Places The builders had problems with my mortar.* The salt in the sand kept the mortar from setting properly. The large amount of sandstone kept it weak. The wet weather kept my mortar from drying quickly, which made it even worse. The
French had to do many repairs to my walls.
The Fishery and Trade Industry in Louisbourg
My outside walls saw the plentiful cod fish in the ocean. Within 20 years of my establishment, more than 150 ships were sailing into my harbour. It was easy to enter, but also easy to defend. It did not freeze during the winter. My port was the most important one in New France. The fishery and trade industry made me the most important establishment on Île Royale.
Many types of fish were caught in Louisbourg, but the main one was cod.
The people of Louisbourg did two types of fishing - the “wet” and the “dry” fishery.
Large ships from France did the “wet” fishery. They salted the cod they caught and brought it back to France.
With the “dry” fishery, cod was brought to shore to dry on flakes. Flakes were wooden drying racks. After the fish was dry, it was shipped to Europe or the
West Indies.
Dried cod was the main trade item. Many people in Europe and the West
* Mortar is made with lime and/or cement mixed with water and sand.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 111 Indies wanted it. Louisbourg became a major trading centre. It was the third busiest seaport on the continent. Ships from Europe and the West Indies came to
Louisbourg to sell and trade goods.
Military Defense
I became the centre for French
military defense. My high walls had
guns placed at intervals. I had more
than one hundred cannons. The
guarded gates were the only way to
enter. My main land entrance had a
drawbridge, and it was guarded
twenty-four hours a day.
By the 1740's, up to three thousand people lived inside me. About 700 of my residents were soldiers.
Attacks on Louisbourg
The French lived inside my walls safely until 1745. In 1745, the English attacked me. William Pepperell from Maine was in charge of the siege. Louisbourg was attacked by 4,300 men. Louisbourg only had 1,360 men. The English won and the French were sent back to France. The English moved in.
The English did not get to stay very long. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in
112 Places 1748 gave me back to France. But it was not the last time I would see the British.
The British returned during the Seven Years’ War in 1758. General Jeffrey
Amherst and Admiral Boscawen headed the attack. Together, they had 27,000 men.
Louisbourg’s governor, Drucour, knew the attack was coming. He thought he was prepared. He had 8,000 men and 800 guns. Seven weeks of fighting took place. My walls had huge holes. Drucour then knew they could not win and surrendered. The French were again sent back to France.
Now that the French had lost me as an important defense, Britain was able to capture Québec in 1759 and Montréal in 1760. The British destroyed me in 1760.
They didn’t want the French to try to get me back. My walls would no longer stand.
The Walls Rise Again
In 1961, the Government of Canada gave millions of dollars to re-erect the
Fortress of Louisbourg. One fifth of the town of Louisbourg was rebuilt by 1982.
The Fortress of Louisbourg is a National Historic site that tourists visit every year. Parks Canada operates the site. To visit this Fortress in Cape Breton, take
Exit 8 near Sydney.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 113 “The Fortress of Louisbourg” Comprehension Questions
1. When was the Fortress of Louisbourg established and by whom?
2. What was causing the problems with the mortar?
3. What was special about the harbour at Louisbourg?
4. What was the “dry” fishery? What was the “wet” fishery?
5. The ships that traded at Louisbourg came from what places?
6. Why did the English destroy Louisbourg in 1760?
Reading Between the Lines
1. The Fortress of Louisbourg is telling the story. When we give objects personalities we call it personification. Find one verb used in the story that shows the personification of the wall.
2. Why do you think the Government of Canada gave money to re-erect the Fortress of Louisbourg?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. In Canada, we now have the dollar as our monetary unit. What was the monetary unit in Louisbourg in the 18th century?
114 Places “The Fortress of Louisbourg” Percentages
There are a few steps to perform to figure out percentages. First, make a fraction by placing the “portion” as the numerator (on the top) and the “whole” as the denominator (on the bottom). Then you have to divide the bottom into the top. For example: There were 8 dogs in Louisbourg. Five of them were blind. How many were blind? Five is the portion. Eight is the whole. e = 5 ÷ 8 = 0.625 Multiply by 100 or move the decimal point twice to the right. 0.625 x 100 = 62.5% were blind.
Solve the following problems. Round off to the nearest tenth if necessary.*
1. There were 3000 people living in Louisbourg. Seven hundred were soldiers. What percentage were soldiers?
2. The Fortress of Louisbourg existed from 1713 to 1760. The French were there from 1713 to 1745 and from 1748 to 1758. What percentage of the time were the French there during its existence?
3. One fifth of Louisbourg was re-established by 1982. This is what percentage?
* Examples of rounding off to the nearest tenth (two spaces after the decimal): If your answer is 1.361, you round off to 1.36 since the number following the six is less than five. If your answer is 1.367, you round off to 1.37 since the number following the 6 is five or greater.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 115 The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, Judith Fingard’s Halifax, the First 250 Years, and the following Internet sites accessed 11/29/00: http://www.nsarm.ednet.ns.ca/virtualx/halifax/intro.htm http://millennium.ns.sympatico.ca/halifax3.html http://www.angelfire.com/me/justanotherpage/hfx.html http://www.region.halifax.ns.ca/community/history.html http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/bryanfkeddy/hfx1a.html
Words to Preview British government colonel Cornwallis established international population prosperous families Mi’kmaq rectangular Grafton Argyle Annapolis Depression farce competitive ventilation orphan Ann Wenman Peregrine Hopson soldier Massachusetts eventually expulsion civilian Louisbourg accommodations institution maternity disaster
Halifax
In the Beginning
In 1749, the British government was trying to find people to settle in Nova
Scotia. The government promised free land and food for a year to those who
would go. It was not easy to find colonists. People were not interested. But many
of the poor in London wanted to go because of the free food.
On May 14, 1749, the Sphinx left with Colonel Edward Cornwallis and 2,500 colonists. They arrived in Halifax Harbour on June 21, 1749. Thirteen other ships came later. There were 1,174 families that came to Nova Scotia. Thirty-eight
116 Places doctors were on the voyage. These families would settle a new town named Halifax after Lord Halifax. Halifax’s population would be people in their mid-thirties and under.
Problems were quick to arise. The settlers had been promised good farming land, but they were only allowed land within the new town. All the good farm land was further away. Also, 191 families were never given the land they were promised. Many settlers moved to New England.
People also felt afraid of the Mi’kmaqs and the French. The settlement’s population dropped from 2,547 to 1,400 people.
The settlement was divided into blocks. A rectangular piece of land was the centre of the town. Halifax had 12 streets. The first streets in Halifax were Grafton,
Argyle, Barrington, and
Hollis. Cornwallis could
not rely only on the settlers
he brought to build the
town, so he got some
builders from Annapolis
and the Minas area.
When the first winter came, they only had barriers made of branches and
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 117 logs. Two hundred and thirty-seven people died. A hospital was set up in March of 1750.
The settlers had conflicts with the Mi’kmaqs. They tried to work out a treaty, but it was a farce. In September of 1749, four men were killed during a fight with the Mi’kmaqs at a sawmill in Dartmouth. The treaty was not working. Cornwallis and his council decided to give 10 guineas for every native captured, dead or alive, or their scalps.
In the summer of 1750, seven hundred and ninety-five more settlers arrived.
There were 3,200 people by that fall.
Many of the settlers who came across on ships died or had diseases caused by the lack of ventilation on the vessels. Since many parents were dying, there were many orphans. Because of this, an orphanage was opened in 1752. The head matron, Ann Wenman, had 55 orphans.
More ships arrived in 1752. Peregrine Hopson replaced Cornwallis as governor. By the end of 1752, there were 5,250 people in Halifax. Two thousand people were soldiers.
The streets of Halifax were bumpy with rocks and had tree stumps in them.
They were muddy in the spring and fall and dusty in the summer. People dumped their human waste and garbage wherever they wished, so the town was smelly.
118 Places In 1754, there were problems between Britain and France. Governor Shirley of Massachusetts and the new lieutenant-governor, Charles Lawrence, formed a plan to attack Fort Beausejour.* They won, and eventually this led to the expulsion of the Acadians.**
In 1756, combat began between Britain and France. This conflict would continue for seven years across the world.
Buildings and wharves were built on the shore of Halifax. Citadel Hill was improved with wooden walls and trenches. Halifax became the base of the British
Navy of the Atlantic.
In 1758, twenty-two thousand military people came to Halifax to prepare an attack on Louisbourg. There were six times more military people than civilians in
Halifax. General James Wolfe captured Louisbourg in 1758 and Quebec in 1759.
After the American Revolution ended in 1782, thousands of Loyalists came to Nova Scotia.*** Halifax’s population increased. By the time the 1800's came, most people in Halifax were born there.
* To read the story on Fort Beausejour, see page 170.
** To read the story on the expulsion of the Acadians, see page 208.
***To read the story of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia, see page 55 and 61.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 119 The 1800's
Halifax was incorporated as a city in 1842. They then started improving their
streets and water supplies.
In 1866, the first street railway was founded.
At the end of the 1800's, there were many activities taking place in Halifax.
There were carnivals, curling, yacht racing, tennis matches, horse racing, and sleigh
rides. In 1867, the first covered skating rink was opened in Halifax.
In 1882, the first telephone system was installed.
The 1900's
In the early 1900's, the churches provided accommodations to orphans and
juvenile offenders. There were institutions, such as the Protestant Orphans’ Home,
St. Patrick’s Home, and St. Joseph’s Home. Later in the 20th century, the churches
could no longer provide these services. Nearly all these institutions vanished by the
end of the 1960's. One that remained was the Grace Maternity Hospital.
During World War I, Halifax was busy. More than 280,000 people left the
Halifax port to go to war. Many of the male university students were sent to war.
Camp Hill Hospital was built to help take care of the returning soldiers.
In 1917, the Halifax Explosion took place. It was a horrible disaster that
120 Places killed and hurt many people.****
The two decades after World War I were tough. The Depression was hard and poverty and unemployment were common. Shipyards were laying off most of their workers. Many of the factories ruined during the Halifax Explosion were never replaced. Markets for fish and coal didn’t exist or were very competitive.
The Naval College moved from Halifax in 1918.
World War II began in 1939. Many of Halifax’s residents were sent to war.
The rate of Halifax people enlisted was one of the highest in the nation.
When the second World War was ending in 1945, there were more than
24,000 military people in Halifax.
World War II ended in May of 1945. On May 7 and 8, a riot broke out in
Halifax. It was called the VE Day riot. The soldiers and sailors did five million dollars in damage to the city. Two hundred and eleven people were arrested and three people died.
After the war, Halifax became prosperous. The Angus L. Macdonald Bridge was opened in 1955. The Halifax International Airport opened in 1960. At the beginning of the 1960's, Halifax had 110,000 residents.
**** To read the story on the Halifax Explosion, see page 233.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 121 Present-day Halifax
In 1996, the Halifax “supercity” was established. People from Halifax,
Dartmouth, and Bedford were now officially residents of the “new” Halifax.
Today, Halifax is a busy city with a major seaport. It has the world’s second largest natural harbour. Many students move to Halifax to attend its universities.
Many people visit and shop in their numerous stores and malls. About 350,000 people live in the Municipality of Halifax.
122 Places “Halifax” Comprehension Questions
1. When was Halifax founded and by whom? After whom was the city named?
2. What kind of problems did they have during the beginning?
3. What did Halifax look like during the early years?
4. What kind of activities were taking place in Halifax at the end of the 1800's?
5. How were the two decades after World War I?
6. What event happened after World War II?
7. What is the Halifax “supercity”? How many people live in Halifax today?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think Colonel Cornwallis would be happy with how Halifax looks today? Why or why not?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. What substance was banned from Halifax (and Nova Scotia) in 1916?
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 123 “Halifax” Sequencing
Put the following in the order in which they occurred.
1. The first street railway was founded. ______
2. The first telephone system was installed. ______
3. The VE Day riot took place. ______
4. The Halifax Explosion took place. ______
5. The Sphinx arrived in Halifax. ______
6. The Halifax International Airport opened. ______
7. The first hospital was set up. ______
8. World War II began. ______
9. Twenty-two thousand military people came to Halifax to prepare an attack on Louisbourg. ______
10. World War I began, and many male university students were sent to war. ______
11. Halifax was incorporated as a city. ______
12. The first covered skating rink was opened in Halifax. ______
124 Places The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, Judith Fingard’s Halifax, the First 250 Years and the following Internet site accessed 10/15/00: http://millennium.ns.sympatico.ca/dartmouth.html
Words to Preview Mi’kmaq partridge haddock established oblong defense industries Nantucket prospered loyalist grist Depression business Thomas Lowden foundries communities Wentworth Shubenacadie Canal barges governor manufacturing incorporated William Legge kerosene Imperial refinery eventually explosion
Dartmouth
Before the French or the British arrived, the Mi’kmaqs spoke of the many
good qualities of Dartmouth. There were plenty of fir and spruce trees, moose,
deer, and partridge. The harbour was full of crab, salmon, trout, and haddock.
When the British arrived, the Mi’kmaqs often ambushed them. In one case,
in 1749, the Mi’kmaqs killed four British men at a sawmill in Dartmouth. The
British established the town anyway. It was named Dartmouth after William Legge,
1st Earl of Dartmouth.
At first, Dartmouth was 11 oblong shaped blocks. These blocks were about
400 feet by 200 feet. A wooden wall was built for defense.
After a second ambush by the Mi’kmaqs, almost all the settlers left
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 125 Dartmouth. Dartmouth had few citizens during the 18th century.
One of the first major industries in Dartmouth was the Nantucket Whaling
Company. In the seven years it was in Dartmouth, lots of money was made. In
1792, the company moved to Wales.
A ferry service started in 1752 and still exists today. This daily ferry service is the oldest saltwater one in the world.
In 1794, Governor Sir John Wentworth thought it would be important to have a canal through the Shubenacadie waterway. The military and economy would benefit from the Shubenacadie Canal, which was started in 1826. It was in use from 1856 to 1870. Barges and scows used it to transport goods through Nova
Scotia.
Eventually, industries began to prosper in Dartmouth. Two loyalists opened a grist mill in 1798. They ground grain at the mill. It was very prosperous.
Shipbuilding became very important. The first shipbuilding business was started in
1801 by Thomas Lowden. A chocolate company was created in 1844. Foundries and forges opened in the middle of the 19th century.
Over a thousand people lived in Dartmouth by 1838.
In 1866, the Starr Manufacturing Company in Dartmouth created the Acme
Skate. They made a lot of money on the ice skates, which they shipped around the
126 Places world. A skating rink was built in 1885. Dartmouth hosted the first indoor hockey games in the area.
Dartmouth was incorporated as a town in 1873.
By the 1900's, Dartmouth had a population of 5,000 people. Dartmouth’s residents traveled by horse and buggy. They heated their homes with coal and wood stoves and used kerosene lamps for light.
In 1916, the Imperial Oil Plant opened. The demand for oil increased because of World War II. An oil refinery opened in 1917. By 1918, they were producing 2,200 barrels of gasoline a day.
The Halifax Explosion* took place in 1917. In Halifax, the explosion killed
3,000 people and hurt 9,000 others. Forty people died in Dartmouth. Some industries in Dartmouth were destroyed or damaged.
In the next two decades, the Depression hit and Dartmouth’s businesses had fewer markets and laid off many people.
After World War II started, ship repairs and petroleum products were in demand again. Many of the employees in Dartmouth businesses were women since most of the men were at war.
In 1955, the Angus L. MacDonald bridge was built between Halifax and
* To read the story of the Halifax Explosion, see page 233.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 127 Dartmouth. By 1960, there were 20,000 people living in Dartmouth.
Dartmouth and its surrounding communities became the City of Dartmouth in 1961.
Dartmouth became part of the Halifax Regional Municipality in 1996. There are now 70,000 people living in Dartmouth.
128 Places “Dartmouth” Comprehension Questions
1. What did Dartmouth look like in the beginning?
2. What were some of the industries established in Dartmouth?
3. How did the people travel in the 1900's in Dartmouth? How did they heat their homes?
4. Why were many of the Dartmouth employees women during World War II?
5. When was the bridge between Halifax and Dartmouth built?
Reading Between the Lines
1. How many years ago did the ferry start running between Dartmouth and Halifax?
2. The population in Dartmouth increased by ______since 1960. 1. 20,000 2. 70,000 3. 50,000 4. 5,000
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. In the story, the author talks about Acme Skates created in 1866. What was the cost of these skates?
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 129 “Dartmouth” Select the Correct Word.
Fill in the blanks with the correct word.
1. The harbour was ______(full or fully) of fish.
2. I will ______(defend or defense) you.
3. There were a few ______(settles or settlers) in Dartmouth.
4. It is the ______(old or oldest) ferry service in the world.
5. The service ______(exists or existence) today.
6. The ships were used to ______(transport or transportation) goods.
7. The business was ______(prosper or prosperous).
8. The ______(populate or population) was growing.
9. The ______(wood or wooden) stove heated the house.
10. There was a ______(demand or demanding) for oil.
11. The ______(explode or explosion) killed many people.
12. The business ______(produces or products) many ______(produces or products).
13. Many people were ______(lives or living) in Dartmouth.
130 Places The information for the following story is from Judith Hoegg Ryan’s Coal in Our Blood and the following Internet sites accessed October 2000: http://eagle.uccb.ns.ca/mining/lfrost/lfpihis.htm http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/meb/ic/ic25.htm http://www.nsis.com/~amartin/
Words to Preview Scottish population lightning deposit passenger Stellarton commercial supplies association debt legislature bought century fuel munition explosion methane draegermen suffocated popular sulphur community Westray memorial nonprofit plaque carbon monoxide
Coal-mining in Pictou County
Santa would have found a lot of coal in Pictou County for Christmas stockings in the 1800's. During that century, coal fields were plentiful in Pictou
County.
Pictou County has been known for years for its rich coal fields.
In the Beginning
The Acadians living in the Pictou area left in 1763. In 1767, English- speaking people began to arrive in Pictou County. They came on the Scottish ship
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 131 called the Hector.* Scottish people continued to arrive over time, and the population grew.
The Mi’kmaqs told them stories of how fires would suddenly start. These fires would burn down the forests. They were started by lightning hitting coal deposits.
Two passengers on the Hector were William MacKay and the Reverend
James MacGregor. They moved to what is now called Stellarton. They were given credit for finding coal in Pictou County in 1798.
In 1807, Mr. MacKay’s son, John, started the first commercial mine. The mine supplied the military in Halifax during the War of 1812.
Over the next ten years, other people started small mines.
The General Mining Association
In 1826, King George IV gave his brother Frederick a 60-year lease on all the mines in Nova Scotia. Frederick was the Grand Old Duke of York. King George
IV was trying to help Frederick pay off his debts. Frederick owed a group of
London jewelers. They were members of an English company, the General Mining
Association (GMA). By 1828, the General Mining Association owned all the mining rights in Nova Scotia. Local people were angry. The GMA called their mine the
* To read more on the Hector, go to page 217.
132 Places Albion Mines. Within three months, they were getting coal.
Breaking the Lease
Other companies wanted to be able to mine for coal too. In 1858, the Nova
Scotia legislature was able to break the 60-year lease. The GMA was allowed to select and keep certain areas.
Now other companies could mine for coal. In 1864, the Acadia Coal
Company was formed. The Acadia Coal Company bought out the GMA. In 1886, the Halifax Company joined the Vale and Acadia Company. They became the new
Acadia Coal Company. The Acadia Coal Company was very important in the coal mining industry. They produced a lot of coal in the 20th century.
Pictou County continued to produce a lot of coal. Many other businesses
came to Pictou County. Many plants wanted to be near their fuel. Companies that
built rail cars, bridges, and munitions were in Pictou County.
Pictou County had the thickest seam of soft coal in the world. It was called
the Foord. It was 48 feet thick.
The coal business slowed down during the first few years of World War I.
The demand for coal increased when Canadian steel plants started making
munitions. Munitions were equipment, ammunition, and guns used by the military.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 133 Mining Changes
In the beginning, all undermining was done with hand picks. Over time, coal cutter machines took the place of hand picks. At first, horses were used to lift the heavy coal. Small steam engines took their place.
Gunpowder was replaced with explosives derived from dynamite.
Before safety lamps, miners wore cap bickets. Cap bickets were open-flame lights attached to their caps. They looked like small oil lamps and were shaped like a teapot.
Explosions
Explosions were common in the mines. In Pictou County, 234 men were killed between 1917 and 1969.
Coal gives off methane gas. Methane gas can be suffocating. When methane is mixed with oxygen, it can be very flammable. A spark can set it on fire. The coal dust in the mine would make the explosion larger. After the explosion, carbon monoxide and methane would fill the mines. If the explosion didn’t kill the miners,
134 Places the gases did.
Women hated to see their husbands come home from work early. It meant that someone had been killed.
Draegermen
Draegermen were rescue workers. They used self-contained oxygen gear.
This allowed them to work in gas. Acadia Coal trained five draegermen in 1911.
They were the Acadia Coal Rescue Corps. The first time they saved a life was in
1914.
An explosion occurred in the Allan Shaft. Four officials went into the mine to see what was going on. Two of them suffocated. One of them got to the surface in time. The other one was rescued.
The 1900's
Coal mining continued to be a money making industry until the 1950's. By the late 1950's, the coal mining industry changed. Coal was being replaced by cheaper oil. The high costs of shipping also made Nova Scotia’s coal a less popular choice. Most of the mining in the Pictou coalfields came to a stop.
In the 1980's, private sectors started to look at the low sulphur coal in the
Pictou Coalfield. This led to the opening of the Westray Mine in Plymouth.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 135 The Westray Mine Disaster
The Westray Mine opened on September 11, 1991. On Saturday, May 9,
1992, the Westray Mine disaster took place. At 5:18 a.m., a huge explosion killed
26 men in the mine. The mine had only been opened for eight months.
In the next hour and a half, the draegermen entered the mine on foot. People in the community nervously waited. On Sunday, the draegermen found the bodies of the first eleven men. By Thursday, four more bodies were found.
On Thursday afternoon, Westray said they would no longer search for the missing men. It was too dangerous. Eleven of the bodies were still underground.
A non-profit organization was set up soon after the explosion. It was to provide support for the families. It was called the Westray Families Group.
In 1993, the Westray Families Group made a memorial for the miners who died in the Westray Mine disaster. The names of the men who died are listed on the memorial. Plaques with the names of the draegermen who helped search for the men are also on the memorial. The Westray Memorial Park is open to all who wish to visit it.
136 Places “Coal-mining in Pictou County” Comprehension Questions
1. Who was given credit for finding coal in Pictou County?
2. Why was the General Mining Association given all mining rights in Nova Scotia? How did other people feel about this?
3. Why did many businesses start in Pictou County before World War I?
4. What are “munitions”?
5. What were some of the changes made to mining over the years?
6. Why did many explosions happen in the mines?
7. What are draegermen?
8. Why did the coal industry slow down in the late 1950's?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do a bit of research. How is coal made? Where does it come from?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. A long time ago, miners would take canaries into the coal mines when they worked. Why?
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 137 “Coal-Mining in Pictou County” M or N
Fill in the blanks with “m” or “n.”
1. ___ear 2. co___e 3. ___ine 4. give___
5. ti___e 6. de___and 7. ___ow 8. childre___
9. cou___ty 10. ca___e 11. mo___th 12. certai___
13. ___onth 14. s___all 15. stea___ 16. bur___
17. dow___ 18. ha___d 19. ope___ 20. mi___e
Circle the correct spelling of each word.
1. September Septenber
2. county coumty
3. English Emglish
4. contimue continue comtinue
5. lightning lighteming lightenimg
6. umderground undergroumd underground
7. connunity commumity community
8. begimming beginning beginnimg
138 Places The information for the following story is from the following Internet websites: http://cnet.windsor.ns.ca/Pages/Hockey/history.html http://www.gameofhockey.com/
Words To Preview arena Long Pond originated province attend citizen hockey ricket reference hurley wicket evolved King’s College Fort Edward documented Windsor
Hockey Night in Windsor
Hockey seems to be Canada’s most loved sport. People can be found playing hockey in every county in Nova Scotia. There are always fans cheering for their favourite team in every arena around the province.
Hockey used to be known as hurley. “Hurley” is the name of a field game played in Ireland. The game was played with a ball and sticks. The game was introduced to Nova Scotia in the 1700's. “Hurley” was difficult to play on Nova
Scotian fields. The fields were too rocky and rough.
In 1788, boys from King’s College wanted to play hurley. King’s College was located in Windsor at that time. The boys found an easier way to play. They started to play on a frozen pond. The pond was called Long Pond. It was located behind King’s College. The game became known as ice hurley.
Ice hurley was getting popular. Many students from all over wanted to attend
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 139 the college and play the game. Ice hurley was called by different names. Some of these names were hurley, ricket, and wicket.
Many people question if hockey originated in Windsor. But there is proof that it did begin there. “Hurley” came from Ireland but “ice hurley” evolved in
Windsor.
A well known citizen of Windsor, Thomas Chandler Haliburton, wrote a book that may prove hockey started in Windsor. In 1836, he wrote the book called
“The Clockmaker.” In the book, Haliburton wrote about boys playing ball on ice.
This is the first reference made about a game played with sticks and a ball on ice in
Canada.
Ice hurley was eventually known as ice hockey. A story was told around
Windsor about a man named Colonel Hockey. He was an English officer stationed at Fort Edward. His troops played ice hurley often. Soon the game was known as
“Hockey’s game.” After a while it was known as just “Hockey.”
Nova Scotia newspapers told of ice hurley eventually being known as ice hockey. This name change happened between the years of 1800 and 1850. These facts help to prove that Windsor is “The Birthplace of
Hockey.”
140 Places “Hockey Night in Windsor” Comprehension Questions
1. From what game did “hockey” originate?
2. Where did “ice hurley” begin? What was the name of the pond they played
on?
3. Name one of two reasons in the story that help prove Windsor is “The
Birthplace of Hockey.”
4. Who was the first person to write a book mentioning the game? What was
the name of the book?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think there are enough facts to prove that Windsor is “The Birthplace
of Hockey?”
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. King’s College was located in Windsor. Where is it located now?
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 141 “Hockey Night in Windsor” Root Words
A root word is a smaller word that has something added to it to make it bigger. Example: The root word of started is start.
Give the root word of each of the following. Don’t forget to add a silent “e,” if necessary.
referred ______
loved ______
playing ______
evolved ______
cheering ______
used ______
introduced ______
hundreds ______
getting ______
located ______
142 Places The information for the following story is from William S. Crooker’s Oak Island Gold and the following Internet sites accessed 01/22/01: http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~joltes/oakisland/oak.html http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/OakIsland/
The Oak Island Mystery
Oak Island is in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia.
The island is joined to the mainland by a small causeway.
The island is called Oak Island because of its many oak trees.
Some people believe there is a treasure on Oak Island.
People have searched for the treasure for years.
Nobody has found the treasure yet.
This is why it is called the Oak Island Mystery.
In 1795, some boys rowed to Oak Island.
They were going to do some exploring.
They found a spot that looked like it had
something buried there.
They thought it was a treasure.
Ever since then, people have been
trying to find the treasure.
People have dug and dug to find the
treasure.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 143 Companies were formed to find the treasure.
They found rock.
They found platforms of logs.
They found water.
They have not found a treasure.
People think the treasure is booby-trapped.
Water would flood the hole they dug.
Sometimes the hole was not safe.
Five or six diggers died in the hole.
Nobody knows for sure if there is a treasure.
I am sure people will always try to find it.
)))))))))))))))
Questions
1. Where is Oak Island?
2. What do they think is buried there? Have they found it yet?
3. What does booby-trapped mean?
144 Places The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, the Africville Genealogical Society’s The Spirit of Africville, and the following Internet sites accessed 10/12/00 or as otherwise noted: http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/library/background/44_e.htm http://www.yarmouth.org/villages/greenvil/roots/ http://www.niica.on.ca/csonan/Africville.html http://radio.cbc.ca/programs/thismorning/features/africville.html (05/01)
Words to Preview Britain baptism protection Dalhousie thousand discrimination official development refugee facilities government suggested community infectious rejuvenate ignored population sewage subsidized possession
The Story of Africville
Where is Africville?
In 1812, there was a war between the United States and Britain. After the
War of 1812, about two thousand Black refugees were sent to Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick. They were loyal to Britain. The British were giving the Black slaves their freedom if they moved north.
Some of the former American slaves formed a small colony called Africville.
Africville was located on the edge of Halifax, at the north end. It was on the
Bedford Basin. The date when Africville was settled is not certain. The first record of a purchase of land is 1848.
Africville was not always called by this name. The first time this community
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 145 was called Africville was in Halifax City Council’s minutes in 1867.
The History of Africville
The Africville community was very close. The population of Africville was always small. The people worked many types of jobs. Some fished and raised crops. Jobs were rare in the early days. Many people had to take low-paying jobs.
The Seaview African United Baptist Church was an important part of the community. Many baptisms took place in Africville.
The people of Africville were discriminated against for many years. Many facilities that other people didn’t want in their area were put near Africville. Some of these were the Rockhead Prison, Halifax’s night soil disposal pits, the Infectious
Disease Hospital, and a bone-meal plant. Night soil was human excrement. In the
1950's, the city dump was placed near Africville. The dump was just 100 meters away from some of the homes.
Africville had no water or sewage. Their drinking water was often not clean.
They had no garbage or snowplow service. They did not have proper fire or police protection.
In the 1850's, railway tracks were put through the community. The tracks made their properties worth less.
The residents of Africville tried to get the government to establish a school.
Finally, in 1883, a school was built. This school was used until 1953. In 1953, the
146 Places students were sent to other schools in Halifax.
By 1956, Halifax’s population was four times greater than a hundred years before. There were 93,000 people living in Halifax. The growth of industry was increasing.
In the 1950's and 60's, many cities in Canada were building public housing.
Programs were created by the federal, provincial, and municipal governments to tear down and rejuvenate run-down city areas. These areas were called “slums.”
The residents were often relocated to subsidized public housing.
In 1948, the people in Africville had told the city officials they wanted to stay where they were and make it a better place.
Eleven years later, in 1959, the Institute of Public Affairs, Dalhousie
University, did a survey. Sixty-five per cent of Africville residents liked their community and wanted to stay. Twenty-five per cent said they did not like it and would move.
In 1961, a Development Department was formed. In July of 1962, this department suggested they destroy Africville. In October of 1962, Halifax City
Council accepted the relocation plan.
The city tried to say that the move would be good for everyone. The residents of Africville would have better homes. City officials ignored the fact that many did not want to leave.
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 147 Between 1964 and 1969, the relocation plan was put into place. The residents were told they would be sent to better homes. Halifax took the land and tore the buildings down to the ground.
The residents were sent to different locations. They were offered free moving. Their possessions were moved with the city dump trucks. They found this insulting.
The residents realized they had lost something special. In Africville, they were able to support each other. They were a family.
Africville is now a deserted park. Reunions are held every year at the site.
Through the hard work of its community members, Africville still lives in the hearts of its former citizens.
148 Places “The Story of Africville” Comprehension Questions
1. Where was Africville located?
2. Who created Africville?
3. What types of facilities were located near Africville?
4. Railway tracks were put through Africville. How did this affect the community?
5. Did the people of Africville want to move?
6. When did City Council put the relocation plan into place?
7. What did they do with the community after the residents were gone?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you believe the people in Africville were discriminated against? Why or why not? If yes, how?
2. What do you think the real reason was why City Council decided to go with the relocation plan?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. Before Africville was given its name, what was it called?
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 149 “The Story of Africville” Was or Were
Fill in the blanks with “was” or “were.”
1. What ______(was or were) the real reason they left?
2. This community ______(was or were) called Africville.
3. Jobs ______(was or were) rare.
4. There ______(was or were) a war.
5. They ______(was or were) loyal to Britain.
6. The church ______(was or were) important.
7. The people ______(was or were) discriminated against.
8. Some of these ______(was or were) put near Africville.
9. The city dump ______(was or were) placed near the homes.
10. A school ______(was or were) built.
11. Many cities in Canada ______(was or were) building houses.
12. The residents ______(was or were) moved.
13. The growth of industry ______(was or were) increasing.
14. A new department ______(was or were) formed.
15. The plan ______(was or were) put into place.
16. The buildings ______(was or were) torn down.
150 Places The information for the following story is from the following Internet sites accessed 01/14/01: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/canso/story/wstory.htm http://www2.scotweb.co/uk/ns1398/whidden2.html This factual story surrounds a fictional character. Similarities to any individual are coincidental.
Words to Preview Commercial Cable Guysborough Charles Holness superintendent fifteen station business Ireland Newfoundland companies seventy-seven Titanic content organized activities employee important transatlantic
Transatlantic Cable in Guysborough County
Hello. My name is Gordon Smith. I work at the Commercial Cable
Company in Hazel Hill, Guysborough County. I have been working for
Commercial Cable for 25 years. It is 1962, and Commercial Cable is closing. Mr.
Charles Holness, the superintendent, is sending the last message by transatlantic cable and turning off the station. Today is a very sad day for me.
My father and grandfather both worked for Commercial Cable. My father retired fifteen years ago. My grandfather worked for Commercial Cable in the early
1900's.
Commercial Cable has been around for a long time - 77 years. It first opened in Hazel Hill in 1884. The Canso area was the main cable station in North America.
On May 23, 1881, the first cable landed in Canso. The company that had
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 151 cables between Ireland and Newfoundland had the rights to all cables landed there.
Business people knew cable was important for business. For this reason, other companies wanted to land cables as well. Canso was the nearest point to Ireland from North America.
For seventy-seven years, news was sent back and forth between North
America and Europe. Commercial Cable was the first station to hear the Titanic’s* distress call in 1912.
During World War I, troops were stationed at our cable station. They checked the contents of the cable messages being sent out.
Commercial Cable was not the first cable company in Guysborough County.
In 1874, the Direct United States Cable Company opened in Tor
Bay. In 1881, the Western Union Company opened a cable station in Canso.
Over the years,
Commercial Cable treated us well. They organized a lot of activities for the families.
My family lived in one of the homes that Commercial Cable built for its employees.
* To read more on the Titanic, go to page 185.
152 Places Commercial Cable and the other cable companies in Guysborough County played an important part in our Nova Scotian and Canadian history. I will miss
Commercial Cable!
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 153 “Transatlantic Cable in Guysborough County” Comprehension Questions
1. What year did Commercial Cable open? What year did it close?
2. Why did other companies want to land cables?
3. Commercial Cable was the first station to hear what distress call?
4. What were the other two cable companies in Guysborough County? Where were they located?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why did the cable land in Canso and not somewhere else in Nova Scotia?
2. Why do you think the troops would check the contents of the messages during World War I?
3. Why do you think Commercial Cable closed?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. The story is about the transatlantic cable. What does the prefix “trans-” mean?
2. Where was the factory located that made the cables?
154 Places “Transatlantic Cable in Guysborough County” Spelling
Circle the correct spelling of each word in each line.
1. buzness business buziness besiness 2. company compane compiny conpany 3. Irelend Irelind Irelond Ireland 4. rit ritte right righte 5. inportant importent important imporent 6. beween between betweem bitween 7. messige messaige mesage message 8. fifeen fiften fifteen fiveteen 9. station stashion statian stashun 10. activitee acvity activity activite 11. contant content comtent conntent 12. reason reazon reson reasson 13. organise orjanize organnize organize
------
B, P, G, D
Fill in the blanks with the correct letter: b, p, g, or d. com____any o____en ca____le ____uilt ____oint ____etween Euro____e a____o ____usiness ____een sa______istress ____uysborough messa____e or____anize em____loyee _____lay _____art lan____ im____ortant aroun______eing to____ay lon____
Our Ocean Playground - A History Manual 155 Things
The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea.
Dinosaur Fossils
Dinosaur fossils were found in Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, in 1986.
Parrsboro is along the Fundy Shore.
The fossils are the oldest ones found in Canada.
They are 240 million years old.
Paul Olsen and Neil Shubin found them.
They are two American researchers.
Dinosaurs in Nova Scotia were not big.
Some were only one foot long.
Some were only the size of turkeys.
One Nova Scotia dinosaur was so small its foot print was one centimeter.
The Otozoum was a dinosaur that looked like a crocodile.
The Otozoum lived in the mud flats in Nova Scotia.
Exercise
Find Parrsboro on a map of Nova Scotia.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 155 The information for the following story is from the following Internet sites accessed 03/11/01: http://www.parcscanada.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/st_peters_canal/english/History_e.htm http://www.rcbplan.ns.ca/stpeters-mps.htm http://www.capebretonbusiness.com/fb/fb2b/fb2b05ff.html
St. Peters Canal
St. Peter’s Canal is in Richmond County, Cape Breton.
It is located 80 kilometers west of Sydney.
It is a national historic site.
In 1630, some merchants from France built a small settlement.
They called it Saint Pierre.
It was built on a thin piece of land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Bras d’Or
Lake.
In 1650, Nicholas Denys took over the settlement.
He was also a merchant from France.
Denys would pull his ships across the isthmus to bring them from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Bras d’Or Lake.
The ships were pulled by oxen.
In 1669, Saint Pierre was destroyed by fire.
Later, St. Peters was founded.
The settlers used Denys’ old haul-over road.
They put down skids so the ships could be pulled on the road again.
Soon, they decided to replace the road with a canal.
156 Things The canal was started in 1854.
They cut a passage 800 meters long and 30 meters wide through the land.
They had to cut through a granite hill 20 meters high.
In 1869, the canal was opened.
They continued to make the canal wider until 1917.
In 1985, Parks Canada restored the entrances to the canal.
All kinds of pleasure craft now use the canal in the summer.
It is the only heritage canal in Atlantic Canada.
( Field trip idea:
See the photos of the construction of the canal at the Nicholas Denys Museum.
This museum is walking distance from the St. Peters Canal.
Questions
1. Where is St. Peter’s Canal? When was it opened? 2. Who was Nicholas Denys? 3. What did the canal replace? 4. What is an isthmus?
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 157 “St. Peters Canal” Hard and Soft “C”
The letter “c” can make two sounds - a hard sound and a soft sound. The letter “c” has a hard sound in words like cat and car. The letter “c” has a soft sound in words like cent and face.
Circle the words that have a hard “c” sound. canal merchant piece entrance decide ocean replace Canada historic county cut craft France Cape Breton Atlantic continue
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Antonyms
Antonyms are two words that have opposite meaning. For example, happy and sad.
Look in the story to find the antonym of each of the following words.
1. big ______
2. fat ______
3. finished ______
4. closed ______
5. push ______
158 Things The information for the following story is from Canadian Parks Services and the Cape Breton District School Board’s Louisbourg: an 18th Century Town, and the following Internet sites accessed 11/20/00: http://www.ednet.ns.ca/educ/heritage/nslps/louisbourg.htm http://explore.gov.ns.ca/scenic_travelways/cape_breton/fleur2.htm
Words to Preview fortress Louisbourg circular August lantern vessel ignite reflectors installed focus siege current
The First Canadian Lighthouse
Did you know that the first Canadian
lighthouse was in Cape Breton? It was built on a
piece of land across from the Fortress of
Louisbourg on Île Royale (Cape Breton).
In 1727, the French living at the Fortress of
Louisbourg decided to build a lighthouse.
One of the king’s ships had nearly
sunk in the harbour. They began
building the circular lighthouse in
August of 1731. It was made of stone.
The lighthouse was first lit in 1734.
The light was an oil lantern. It could be seen for 18 nautical miles. The vessels in
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 159 the Louisbourg Harbour had to pay a duty to cover the cost of building and maintaining the lighthouse. It also paid for the lighthouse keeper’s wage.
In September of 1736, the lighthouse caught on fire. The heat from the lantern caused the wood to ignite. The lighthouse was later repaired.
In 1751, reflectors were installed. This made it possible to focus the light.
The British attacked Louisbourg in 1758. During the siege, the lighthouse was damaged. The lighthouse could not be repaired, and it was left to fall apart.
A second lighthouse was built in 1842. It was a 2 ½ story building. It was made of wood. The lighthouse keeper lived there as well. This lighthouse burned in 1922.
One year after the second lighthouse burned, another one was built. This is the one that we see today in Louisbourg on Lighthouse Point. It is 55 feet high.
The remains of the other two lighthouses can be seen near the current lighthouse.
160 Things “The First Canadian Lighthouse” Exercise
1. The main idea of the story is:
a) Lighthouses are important.
b) A lighthouse in Louisbourg burned.
c) The history of the first lighthouse in Canada.
d) The lighthouse in Louisbourg is on Lighthouse Point.
2. List some facts about the first lighthouse in Canada. ______
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 161 The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, Judith Fingard’s Halifax, the First 250 Years, and the following Internet site accessed 11/24/00: http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/nova_scotia/halifax_citadel/halifax_citadel_e.htm
Words to Preview
British fourth design mistakes problem protect rifled artillery further accurate defense history installed weights designed
Citadel Hill and the Town Clock
Citadel Hill
Halifax was settled in 1749. The British built forts to defend the new
settlement. Citadel Hill was designed for this reason.
The Citadel Hill we now see is the fourth design. It is star-shaped with many
walls and ditches. They started this new design in 1828. First, they cut down the
hill six meters. It took until 1856 to finish the “new” Citadel Hill. It took a long
time since there were mistakes with the design and problems with the soil and
weather.
The fourth Citadel was designed to protect against land attacks. When they
added new rifled guns in the 1860's, they were also able to defend the harbour. The
new artillery shot further and more accurately.
During the 1900's, the Citadel housed troops. Citadel Hill was part of the
162 Things Halifax Defense Complex, and it was also the centre for defense. The Halifax
Defense Complex was a group of military forts that protected Halifax. Five of them have been declared National Historic sites. Citadel Hill was one of them. It was declared a National Historic site in 1951.
Today, Parks Canada runs the Citadel Hill site. There are guided tours and videos. Visiting Citadel Hill is a great way to learn about our Canadian history.
The Town Clock
In 1803, the Town Clock
was built on the eastern bank of
Citadel Hill.
It was Prince Edward, Duke
of Kent, who organized the
building of the clock in 1800. The
clock was made by clockmakers in
London for the Halifax garrison.
Since October 20, 1803, the clock
has been keeping time for the residents of Halifax.
The building where the clock is installed has three levels and a tower. The
clock is made up of a series of gears and weights.
In the beginning, a caretaker lived in the clock’s building. In 1965, a
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 163 caretaker was no longer required. In 1990, the clock’s building was restored to look like the original.
Parks Canada takes care of the clock, and staff wind it twice a week.
Research Exercise
The story says that Citadel Hill was part of the Halifax Defense Complex. It also says that four other National Historic sites make up the Halifax Defense Complex.
A) What are they?
B) Where are they?
Look at the map of Halifax provided and mark an “X” where each of the sites are located. You should be able to located all five sites on the map.
3. Are they close to
each other?
4. Do you think their
placement made it
easy to defend
Halifax?
164 Things The information for the following story is from the Internet website: http://www.stpaulshalifax.org/page7.html
Words to Preview
Halifax stationed incredible historical Anglican Bishop Halifax Explosion landmark British Colonies profile Protestant cathedral assistant waterfront design tiers declared continue Reverent garrison intact remarkably military locally resembled troops memorial tablets image
Halifax’s Holy Landmark
There is a beautiful area in Halifax called Parade Square. A historical
landmark is located there. It is called Saint Paul’s Church. St. Paul’s is Canada’s
first and oldest Protestant church. The church is located on Argyle Street near the
waterfront.
King George declared he founded Halifax in 1749. In the summer of 1750,
he built Saint Paul’s Church. It opened in early September of 1750.
The first garrison church in Halifax was St. Paul’s Church. It remained a
garrison church until another garrison was built in 1844. A garrison was a military
post where troops were stationed.
Nova Scotia’s first Anglican Bishop, Charles Inglis, practised at St. Paul’s in
1787. He also was the first Anglican Bishop in the British Colonies. At this time,
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 165 St. Paul’s was turned into a cathedral. It remained a cathedral until 1865 -- seventy- five years.
The design of St. Paul’s Church was copied from a similar structure in
London, England. This place of worship was called St. Peter’s Church.
Throughout its 250 years, the church has had different types of people coming there to worship God and people continue to do so. Many people who had important roles in the history of Halifax and Nova Scotia have attended this church.
The original wood structure is still intact. The timbers were cut in Boston and were shipped to Halifax. The other supplies used in the making of the church were found locally.
The strength of the church’s structure has stood the test of time. In 1917, it survived the huge blast of the Halifax Explosion. The church still reminds us of that terrible day in more ways than one. The church was used to treat the people injured in the blast. Many people who died were buried at St. Paul’s. They were laid in tiers around the walls of the church.
There is an interesting window on the upper third level, third from the back of the church. The window is said to appear to have the profile of Reverend Jean-
Baptiste Moreau, an assistant at St. Paul’s Church in 1917.
166 Things The reverend had been thrown through the window on the day of the blast. The broken glass remaining in the sill of the window outlined the reverend’s image. People have said that the window has been replaced, but the image of the reverend returns.
Since that day in 1917, Rev. Jean-Baptiste Moreau’s image remains frozen in time as a part of St. Paul’s Church.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 167 “Halifax’s Holy Landmark” Comprehension Questions
1. What is St. Paul’s Church known for throughout Canada?
2. Who founded Halifax in 1749?
3. Who was Nova Scotia first Anglican Bishop? At what other place was he the
first Bishop?
4. Was the design of St. Paul’s Church an original design? If not, where did the
design come from?
5. Where did the materials come from that were used in building the church?
6. What man-made disaster did the church withstand?
7. Briefly describe the story behind the interesting window in St. Paul’s
Church.
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think the profile of the Reverend in the window could make some
people believe in God?
Trivia Question
1. St. Paul’s Church has more what on its walls than any other church in North America?
168 Things “Halifax’s Holy Landmark” Fill in the Blank
Select the correct word in each sentence.
1. St. Paul’s is a _____ (historical / historically) landmark in Halifax.
2. The church is _____ (locally / located) on Argyle Street.
3. St. Paul’s was a _____ (beautiful / beauty) cathedral.
4. The _____ (design / designed) of St. Paul’s was not an original.
5. St. Paul’s has the original _____ (wooden / wood) structure intact.
6. After the blast, there was _____ (broken / breaking) glass around the
window sill.
7. The profile _____ (appear / appears) to resemble Rev. Jean-Baptiste Moraeu.
8. The garrison church stationed _____ (military / militant) troops.
9. Nova Scotia is filled with _____( rich / richest) history that we are proud of.
10. The church window _____ (reminds / reminding) us of the Halifax
Explosion.
11. King George _____ (declared / declaring) he founded Halifax in 1749.
12. St. Paul’s is _____ (founded / found) on Argyle Street.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 169 The information for the following story is from Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, and the following Internet sites: http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/parks/new_brunswick/fort_beausejour/english/history_e.htm http://www.digitalhistory.org/fort_beausejour.html
Fort Beausejour - Fort Cumberland
Fort Beausejour was built in 1751.
The fort was made by the French.
It was built between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
This land was called the Isthmus of Chignecto.
Earlier, the English had built Fort Lawrence nearby.
The French and English were preparing for war.
The English wanted to capture Fort Beausejour.
The English wanted to control the Isthmus of Chignecto.
Many Acadians worked for the French at Fort Beausejour.
The Acadians lived under British rule in Nova Scotia.
The English wanted the Acadians to fight against the French.
The Acadians did not want to fight against their own people.
The Acadians said they would remain neutral in war.
The English did not trust the Acadians.
The English thought the Acadians would fight for the French.
The English gave the Acadians a choice.
170 Things To fight for them or be expelled from their land.
The English thought the Acadians would decide to fight for Britain.
In June of 1755, British troops attacked Fort Beausejour.
The French ordered the Acadians, who were nearby, to fight.
The Acadians did not want to fight.
This played a role in the Expulsion of the Acadians.*
No soldiers were sent to help from the French settlement of Louisbourg.
There were more English than French.
Fort Beausejour surrendered to the British.
The British gained control of the Isthmus of Chignecto.
The British renamed the fort.
They named it Fort Cumberland.
Now this famous fort is a National Historic Site.
* To read more about the expulsion of the Acadians, see page 208.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 171 “Fort Beausejour - Fort Cumberland” Questions
1. Where was Fort Beausejour located? ______
2. Who wanted to get control of the fort? ______
3. Who were the people the English did not trust? ______
4. What was the fort renamed? ______
172 Things The information for the following story is from Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History.
A Peace Treaty
In 1756, English soldiers and French soldiers were at war.
It was called the Seven Years’ War.
Many French and English soldiers were killed or hurt.
Wives and children were left alone.
Often, they were left without food or clothing.
Nova Scotia was ruled by the British.
The Indians in Nova Scotia were on the French side.
The Indians would attack families in their homes.
Indians would capture women and children.
The Indians would take them on a long journey to Quebec.
The trip was eight hundred miles.
They traveled from river to river to get there.
Quebec was safe land to the Indians.
Quebec was ruled by the French.
The British captured Quebec.
The British prisoners from Nova Scotia returned home.
Indians made peace with the British.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 173 In 1761, a peace treaty was signed.
The Indians and the white men feasted together.
Both sides drank to the King’s health.
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Questions
1. What two groups of people were at war?
2. What was the name of the war?
3. Who ruled Nova Scotia during this war?
4. Which side were the Indians on?
5. Who ruled Quebec? Who later captured Quebec?
6. Who later made peace with the British?
174 Things The information for the following story is from Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, and the following Internet website: http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/~jacktar/privfaq.html
Words to Preview citizen license received lieutenant respected valuable captured dangerous
Nova Scotian Privateers
A privateer was an armed ship.
The captain and crew were also called privateers.
Privateers were used to fight in wars in the late 1700's.
They were used only in wartime.
The ships were owned by private citizens.
They were not part of the navy.
Nova Scotia was a perfect place for privateering.
It is almost completely surrounded by the sea.
Privateering was a legal and respected job.
Rules made by the government had to be followed.
You needed a Letter of Marque to be a privateer.
This license let you own and run a private warship.
Over a thousand dollars had to be paid to get a license.
A fine was paid to the government for breaking the rules.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 175 Privateers sailed out and captured the enemies’ ships.
The captured ships were sent home.
The courts would decide if the ships and cargos were valuable.
If it was valuable, it was sold.
The privateer’s captain and his crew received most of the money.
Judges and lawyers got some of the profits too.
One of the best privateers was built in Liverpool, Nova Scotia.
It was called the Charles Mary
Wentworth.
It was built by a Liverpool Charles Mary Wentworth merchant named Simeon Perkins. Illustration compliments of Dan Conlin.
The captain’s name was Joseph Freeman.
The crew was made up of sixty-seven men and four boys.
The ship set sail on August 15, 1798.
They were at war with King George III.
Charles Mary Wentworth captured a Spanish ship.
It was loaded with valuable cocoa and cotton.
The supplies were sold, and the money was divided.
176 Things The crew had a lot of prize money to spend.
Prize money was the money they got from the goods they sold.
The Charles Mary Wentworth made many trips.
Enos Collins was a lieutenant on the Wentworth.
He made a lot of money.
Collins used it to invest in other privateers.
He became one of the richest men in America.
Some crew members suffered hardships of being captured; others got sick.
But many did become successful.
Some people signed up with the ship the Liverpool Packet in 1812.
The Liverpool Packet made ten trips in ten months.
The crew captured prizes worth about one million dollars.
Many of the enemy ships would give up without a fight.
Nova Scotia privateers played a large role in the War of 1812.
The privateers blocked American ports in the war.
Nova Scotia was known for its large number of privateers.
Privateers are remembered for being successful and admired.
qField Trip Idea:
Visit the Perkins House Museum in Liverpool.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 177 “Nova Scotian Privateers” Questions
1. What was a privateer? ______
2. Why were there many privateers in Nova Scotia? ______
3. What was prize money? ______
4. What did the privateers do in the war of 1812? ______
178 Things The information for the following story is from the Internet websites: http://www.tusket.com/ http://www.ycn.library.ns.ca/~ipatcha/museum/mustoure.htm The characters in the following story are fictional, but the story is based on actual facts about the Argyle Township Court House & Gaol.
Word to Preview
courthouse lanterns Supreme Court Argyle Township restless Magistrate’s Gaol original Municipal Tusket session vacant remember secure citizens basement position federal prisoners impossible restore dungeon escape
Tusket’s Court House
The year was 1819, and my sister and I left the house to go to school.
Hannah, my sister, and I always skipped on the way there. Every morning we passed the local courthouse. It was called the Argyle Township Court House &
Gaol.*
We were living in a place called Tusket. The village is in south-western
Nova Scotia. It’s about nine miles from Yarmouth.
That morning as we were going to school, we heard loud noises at the
* Gaol is the British name for jail.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 179 courthouse. Hannah grabbed me and pulled me behind the big oak tree. I remember my sister saying, “Did you hear that, Sophie?” It sounded like men yelling. The noise sounded like it was coming from the basement. On the ground floor of the courthouse were jail cells. They kept the prisoners down there.
Many times we heard the prisoners taking out their anger on the jail keeper.
“It sounds like they are begging to see light,” Hannah would say.
Our uncle was the jail keeper. He told us that the only light that gets into the cells comes through the small cracks around the cell doors. That was during the day. At night it was totally dark. It was like a dungeon. He told us the prisoners were not allowed to use candles or lanterns. It was a fire hazard. This made the prisoners restless and would drive some crazy.
For a small courthouse and jail, it was very secure. The doors to the cells were made of solid steel or made of iron inch-bars. An inch-bar is a bar that measured an inch in diameter.
The jail had to be really secure because my uncle was only a part-time jail keeper. This meant he did not stay in the building all day. He would check on the prisoners several times a day.
The jail was not secure when it was first built.
The Argyle Township Court House & Gaol was built in 1805. My sister and
180 Things I were not born then, but we learned in school how unsecure the jail used to be.
------
In 1805, the first court session took place.
The cells were always on the ground floor, and the court rooms were always located on the second floor. Escapes from the jail were common when the jail was first built. Instead of giving the jail keeper a full time position, the jail was made stronger with each jail break. It was made so secure that it was almost impossible to escape.
For many years to come, the court house was kept in use. The last time the
Supreme Court was held there was in 1925. After that time, the Supreme Court and the jails were located in the town of Yarmouth. Magistrate’s Court continued in the
Argyle Township Court House from 1925 until 1945.
For thirty years after 1945, the building was used as the local municipal offices. In 1976, the offices moved out and the building became vacant. Five years later, in 1981, a group of citizens got federal funding to restore the building to its
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 181 original state. Two years later, the building was restored as a historic site. It was opened to the public. Since then, it has remained open.
Today, the Argyle Township Court House & Gaol is the oldest standing court house in Canada.
Hannah and Sophie never knew their little court house would become such an important part in Canadian history.
182 Things “Tusket’s Court House” Comprehension Questions
1. What was the complete name of the courthouse? What year was it built?
2. Briefly describe the layout of the courthouse.
3. Why didn’t the jail keeper provide the prisoners with candles or lanterns?
4. Why did the small jail have to be so secure?
5. What year did the court house hold its first court session?
6. What year was the Supreme Court last held in the Argyle Township Court
House? Where did the hearings take place after that?
7. What was the court house used for between the years of 1945 and 1976?
8. In 1981, a group of citizens got federal funding to do what?
9. The Argyle Township Court House & Gaol is known for what throughout
Canada?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you think it was necessary to make the jail so secure and dungeon-like?
Trivia QuestionQuestionTrivia
Do a bit of research.
1. Name some of the things you would find in the jail keeper’s room.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 183 “Tusket’s Court House” Adjectives
Adjectives are words used to describe people, places, or things. Example: We drove the car on the slippery, wet road.
Underline the adjectives in each sentence.
1. We heard loud noises.
2. The only light came through the small cracks around the door.
3. It was a dark night.
4. The prisoners were restless.
5. It was a small court house and secure jail.
6. The cells were made of solid steel.
7. With each jail break, the jail was made more secure.
8. The building was used for municipal offices.
9. The offices were vacant in 1976.
10. Federal funding was provided to restore the building to its original state.
11. Hannah and Sophie never realized their little court house would become part
of Canadian history.
184 Things The information for the following story is from the following Internet sites accessed 01/22/01: http://titanic.gov.ns.ca/ http://www.jps.net/chambers/titanic/history.htm http://www.fireflyproductions.com/titanic/breif.htm http://titanic.eb.com/01_01.html The Titanic
The Titanic was a ship.
People thought the Titanic could not sink.
It was called the unsinkable ship.
It weighed 46,000 gross tons.
The Titanic left for a trip in April of 1912.
It left from England.
There were 2,220 people on the Titanic.
It was going to New York.
The Titanic hit an iceberg.
The iceberg was off Newfoundland.
They hit the iceberg on April 14, 1912.
It was just before midnight.
The Titanic sank.
It sank in less than three hours.
There were not enough lifeboats for all the people.
A lot of people died.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 185 More than half of the people on the ship died.
Three ships from Halifax got the bodies out of the sea.
Many of the people were buried in Halifax.
The Titanic is still at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.
Its remains were found in 1985.
Some of the Titanic’s artifacts were brought to the surface.
You can see some of these artifacts at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.
The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic is on Water Street in Halifax.
ffffffffffffffffffff
Questions
1. What was the Titanic?
______
2. Where was the Titanic going?
______
3. What did the Titanic hit?
______
4. When were the remains of the Titanic found?
______
186 Things The information for the following story is from Feenie Ziner’s Bluenose, Queen of the Grand Banks, Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, and the following Internet sites accessed October 2000: http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/flinn/bluenose/bluenose.html http://www.bluenose2.ns.ca/
Words to Preview Senator William Dennis ceremony replica elimination Delawana Angus Walters Himmelman Haiti Marty Welch Esperanto minutes freighter preserve creation contacted construction designed Rhuland auctioned celebrated Gloucester Massachusetts disagreement committee Gertrude L. Thebaud
The Bluenose
If you look at a Canadian dime, you will see a picture of the Bluenose. The
Bluenose earned her spot on the Canadian dime. This story tells you why.
A Bit Before the Bluenose
In 1919, Senator William Dennis met with some business friends. Senator
Dennis was a Nova Scotia representative in Parliament. He was trying to convince his friends to create a racing competition for fishing schooners. They agreed. They called the competition “The Halifax Herald North Atlantic Fishermen’s International
Competition.”
There were rules to follow to qualify for the race. The racing vessels had to
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 187 be saltbankers that had worked on the Grand Banks at least one season.
In October 1920, an elimination race was held in Canada. Thomas
Himmelman was sailing the Delawana and Angus Walters had the Gilbert B.
Walters. Captain Himmelman won the race. He would represent Canada in the
Fishermen’s International Competition.
Later that month, the first Fishermen’s International Competition took place.
Captain Marty Welch entered the American Esperanto. Captain Himmelman was there with the Delawana. The Esperanto beat the Delawana by eighteen minutes.
She beat the Delawana by seven minutes in the second race. The Esperanto returned to Gloucester, Massachusetts, with four thousand dollars and a four foot silver trophy. The Americans were very happy, but the Canadians were not.
The Creation of the Bluenose
Senator Dennis wanted Canada to win the next race. He met with his friends
again. They decided to build a ship that would beat the American schooner. The
ship would be called the Bluenose.
Senator Dennis and his friends contacted Captain Angus Walters to see if he would be the skipper of the new ship. They sold shares. Captain Walters had the most shares, so he was in control of the construction of the Bluenose.
William Roue designed and made the plans for the Bluenose. The Bluenose
188 Things was 143 feet long. Smith & Rhuland, a Lunenburg company, built the Bluenose. It was their 120th vessel. On March 26, 1921, the Bluenose was launched.
The Bluenose’s First Race
In October 1921, Captain Marty Welch returned to the Fishermen’s
International Competition with the
Elsie.
On Sackville Street in
Halifax, wires were hung
between two buildings. Small models of the
Bluenose and the Elsie were hanging on
the wires. They showed their
position at sea. People watched
and cheered as the positions were
updated.
In the first race, the Bluenose beat the Elsie by thirteen minutes. The
Bluenose beat her by three miles in the second race. The Bluenose won the series,
2-0. Canadians celebrated the win.
More Races
In 1922, the Bluenose beat the Henry Ford in Gloucester, Massachusetts.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 189 In 1923, Captain Angus Walters had a disagreement with the Race Committee during a competition. He left. The prize money was split between the Columbia and the Bluenose.
In October of 1931, the Bluenose beat the Gertrude L. Thebaud in Halifax.
The Bluenose’s last race took place in Gloucester in 1938. It was a five race
series. The Bluenose won the competition against the Thebaud.
The End of the Bluenose’s Racing Career
By 1939, the Bluenose was considered out-of-date. Her owners saw no
future for her. The Bluenose was used for fishing for twenty seasons. Most
wooden ships lasted ten years.
Captain Walters didn’t want the Bluenose to be auctioned off. He put in a
bid for $7,200 and got the Bluenose. He wanted to preserve her. Nobody else
thought preserving her was important.
Captain Walters couldn’t afford to own a boat he could not use. So in 1942,
The West Indies Trading Company bought the Bluenose from him. Captain
Walters hated to see her go.
The Death of the Bluenose
From 1939 to January 1946, the Bluenose worked as a freighter for the West
Indies Trading Company.
190 Things In January of 1946, the Bluenose hit a reef by Haiti. She couldn’t be saved.
The Bluenose was gone.
The Bluenose II
In the 1960's, the Oland Brewing Company decided they wanted to pay for
the construction of an exact replica of the Bluenose.
Smith and Rhuland in Lunenburg built the Bluenose II. Some of the same
men who had worked on building the Bluenose worked on the Bluenose II.
The Bluenose II was launched in February of 1963. Captain Angus Walters
took part in the launching ceremony.
( Field trip idea:
To see the world’s biggest collection of Bluenose artifacts, visit the Fisheries
Museum of the Atlantic in Lunenburg.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 191 “The Bluenose” Comprehension Questions
1. What were the rules to qualify for the Fishermen’s International Competition?
2. Who won the first Fishermen’s International Competition?
3. How big was the Bluenose? When was it launched?
4. Who was the captain of the Bluenose?
5. Why did Captain Walters pay $7,200 for the Bluenose?
6. What happened to the Bluenose in the end?
7. What company paid for the Bluenose II?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Do you believe that Captain Angus Walters was proud to be the captain of the Bluenose? Why or why not?
2. Why do you think nobody was interested in preserving the Bluenose?
Trivia Questions
Do a bit of research.
1. What color was the Bluenose?
2. The Bluenose appears on the Canadian dime. On what other Canadian item did the Bluenose appear?
192 Things “The Bluenose” Past Tense
Put the following sentences in the past tense.
Example: The Bluenose is a beautiful schooner. The Bluenose was a beautiful schooner.
1. The saltbankers work on the Grand Banks.
______
2. They agree with Captain Walters.
______
3. The competition takes place in Halifax.
______
4. The Canadians are happy.
______
5. William designs ships.
______
6. The models show the ships position at sea.
______
7. Her owners see no future for her.
______
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 193 The Gertrude Rask
by W. Hopkins
There once was a ship called the Gertrude Rask that came around Cape Sable
Island. On February 7, 1942, it was going to Greenland, then New York with general cargo. It began to snow, darkness came quickly, and it got colder.
The storm was a northern blizzard and the sea was running to the east and high. The captain found it tough to go to Barrington Bay. The ship passed the
Baccaro Light at 9 o’clock and made a wrong turn the west side of Baccaro Point.
She was a few yards from Baccaro shore.
The captain realized they were in danger and sounded his horn and set flares off, SOS, urging help. The sea was breaking over the ship, and it was taking on water.
People on shore watched and braved the wind, cold, and snow to try and help the ship from pounding on the rocks. They thought it would hit the boats in
West Baccaro. Other people went out in two boats. There was fog by the time the boats arrived. The fog lifted, and the crew was saved and taken to shore.
194 Things The information from the following story is from Hattie Perry’s The Cape Sable Island Causeway 1949-1999 and The Coast Guard newspaper, August 11, 1949.
Words to Preview causeway especially environmental officially addition quarry Barrington community renewed construction residents economy journey government dynamite surveyors
Historic Causeway
On August 5, 1949, “The Cape Sable Island Causeway” was officially opened by Premier Angus L. MacDonald. The Premier stood in the centre of the
930 metre causeway and proudly cut the white ribbon. This causeway links Cape
Sable Island* to the mainland Barrington, Nova Scotia.
The construction of the causeway took many years to become a reality. In early times people would row a small boat called a skiff across the swift currents.
This journey could be unsafe at times, especially in bad weather.
In 1883, some local people bought a steam-tug named Yuba. The Yuba’s nickname was “Sand Flea.” As time went on, more people made trips across to
Barrington Passage. There was a need for a larger ferry.
In 1905, the Yuba was replaced by the Oyama. Eventually the Oyama could not handle the trips alone with the growing number of vehicles.
* Cape Sable Island is the most southern tip of Nova Scotia.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 195 Another ferry called Colonel Ralston made a welcome addition to the ferry
service. The ferries made trips often during the day, starting at 8 am and ending at
midnight.
Community residents were putting pressure on the government to do
something about building a link to the “Island.”** Surveyors were sent to the area
to estimate the cost of the structure. The cost was set at about $400,000 to build a
causeway.
The Barrington passage in Shelburne County was the first natural waterway
completely closed off in Nova Scotia. No environmental study was done before the
construction to determine the possible effects this would have on the fishery.
Many people believe this has hurt fishing in the passage.*** Many fish that swam
through, such as herring, tuna, and mackerel, could no longer take that route.
In 1947, the Armstrong Brothers Construction company was given the job of
building the causeway. The company ran into problems when they did not have
enough rock fill to complete the job. An old sawmill on “The Old Wireless Road”
was the only quarry available. The contractors delayed the work and returned
home to Brampton, Ontario with all their machinery.
** Local residents call Cape Sable Island the “Island.”
*** Local residents used to call the water between Barrington and Cape Sable Island the “Passage.”
196 Things A quarry was later found by J. Kenneth MacKay, Divisional Highways
Engineer, along with other government employees. A large granite ledge in Fresh
Brook, Barrington would be perfect for the contractors. Armstrong Brothers
Construction returned in August 1948, and the contract was renewed.
The economy was on the rise, and many local people were hired for a variety of jobs. The contractor’s employees also generated money in the community because they needed places to eat and sleep.
At the quarry, the men drilled into the rocks and inserted sticks of dynamite.
These explosions sent rock flying and often damaged nearby houses. These large rocks blasted from the ledge were then carried to the site by “Euclid” trucks. Euclid trucks are very big trucks used to carry large rocks and fill. These rocks were used as the base or bottom part of the causeway. Loads of mud were spread over the rocks and leveled so the trucks could drive back and forth as they worked on the causeway.
By winter, the causeway was halfway across the waterway. It was here, in the middle of the causeway in progress, that the men built a small hut. It had a rustic oil drum heater for warmth during the cold weather. They named it the “Sea
Breeze Hotel.”
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 197 Illustration compliments of Wilson’s Shopping Centre Ltd, Barrington Passage, and John D. Smith, Signsmith.
A four-foot thick layer of beach rock and gravel was laid down next. These stones were mostly gathered by local men. They hauled the rocks with their own trucks from surrounding local beaches.
On top of these stones, a layer of coarse crushed stone was laid. It was followed by a final layer of Class “A” stone .****
When the causeway was complete, it measured 56 feet wide at the top. Its width near the bottom measured around 100 feet. Its height was about 9 feet above the high tide mark.
The project had taken a little over a year to complete. It had started on
**** Class “A” stone is a mixture of fine rocks and gravel.
198 Things August 29, 1948 and finished on April 29, 1949. The total cost of the causeway was just under $600,000.
Some people still don’t think a solid rock structure was the best way to go.
Others are just thankful for an easy and safe way to get to and from Cape Sable
Island.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 199 “Historic Causeway” Comprehension Questions
1. What links Cape Sable Island and Barrington, Nova Scotia together? When did it officially open? 2. Name two of the ferries used to cross to Barrington Passage. 3. Why is the Cape Sable Island Causeway significant to Nova Scotia? 4. What company was given the contract to build the causeway? Why did they leave and return to Ontario before the job was complete? When did they return? 5. What was built in the middle of the causeway during construction? Name and describe the structure. 6. Who hauled most of the stones used in the construction of the causeway? Where did these stones come from? 7. When was the causeway project completed? What was the cost of the project? Reading Between the Lines 1. Do you think it was a good idea to completely block off the Barrington passage with the causeway?
Trivia Question Do a bit of research. 1. For what other thing is Cape Sable Island well known? Hint: An item related to the fishing industry.
200 Things “Historic Causeway” Change the Last Letter
Switch the last letter of each word with one of the given letters to make a new
word.
Example: form for__ (b,t,c,w)
1. by b__ (o,a,i,e) 2. is i__ (j,l,t,k) 3. row ro__ (b,v,q,p) 4. bad ba__ (z,f,g,k) 5. as a__ (c,q,l,m) 6. was wa__ (y,p,t,h) 7. not no__ (f,v,l,w) 8. link lin__ (q,t,j,m) 9. or o__ (w,g,n,t) 10. sent sen__ (k,d,c,x) 11. set se__ (w,r,m,b) 12. has ha__ (z,b,p,d) 13. fish fis__ (t,m,l,v) 14. then the__ (y,e,o,i) 15. swam swa__ (r,n,v,s) 16. tuna tun__ (o,i,y,e) 17. can ca__ (k,v,p,z) 18. job jo__ (g,c,p,w)
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 201 The information for the following story is from the Members and Friends of the Archelaus Smith Historical Society’s The Island Look Back.
Clark’s Harbour Coast Guard
by Conrad Nickerson
It started off as a beautiful, fine fall day - the first day of lobster season. The boats were going to sea to set their lobster traps. It is the most important day for the fishermen. If the first day has good weather, the lobster fishermen can set the traps where they want and where they will catch many lobsters. It takes from daylight to dark to set the traps.
On November 30, 1964, it was different. When darkness set in, all the fishermen were in port except one boat. In 1964, if a boat didn’t come back in port by dark, the family would start to get concerned. The fishermen didn’t have the equipment that they have now, and there was no way to get in contact with the lost boat.
Two crewmen were aboard the missing boat. Not knowing the reason why they didn’t come back to port, the families worried even more.
------
In the meantime, the wind started to breeze up, causing the sea to get rough.
The crew on the missing boat anchored it and tried to restart the engine with no luck. The boat had been spotted from South Side beach and people were watching
202 Things from the shore. They could see and hear the two fishermen calling for help.
People felt helpless and couldn’t do anything but watch.
------
The nearest Coast Guard boat was located in Saint John, New Brunswick, and the wind had become too strong. Not even a helicopter could get to them.
Captain Morrell Rodgerson left Port LaTour to attempt to rescue the men, but he found the seas too rough to get around Baccaro Point and had to turn back.
After that, the seas got so rough the anchor broke and the missing boat went out to sea. Nobody knows where it went. It was a sad thing to see.
That’s when the people around the Cape Sable Island said, “Enough is enough.” They demanded a rescue unit be stationed in Clark’s Harbour.
Due to the tragedy of the two men lost, a meeting was called in Clark’s
Harbour Legion Hall, with fishermen and concerned citizens from Shelburne to
Yarmouth attending. It was at that meeting that a committee was appointed, and there was a possibility of getting a Coast Guard boat stationed at Clark’s Harbour.
The committee was Captain Morrell Rodgerson, Richard Stewart, William Moffott,
Benjamin Comeau, Basil Blades, and the late Mr. Brian Meagher, Deputy Minister of Fisheries for Nova Scotia. A meeting was arranged in Ottawa with the Minister of Transport.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 203 The Coast Guard rescue boat was approved and would be stationed in
Clark’s Harbour to service the southwestern area. In 1966, the boat arrived, and they named the boat “101.” Because of the success of the rescue boat, the
Department of Transport decided to build more of this type of rescue boat to be stationed along the Atlantic coast. Because of the Coast Guard, the fishermen can go fishing and feel more relaxed, and the families can feel more secure knowing there is help if needed.
204 Things Events
The information for the following story is from David Stephens’ Forgotten Trades of Nova Scotia; Stanley T. Spicer’s Masters of Sail, Ivan Cassidy’s Nova Scotia: All About Us, and the following Internet site accessed 03/25/01: http://collections.ic.gc.ca/vessels/
Words to Preview launched industry square-rigged concern yachts designed
Shipbuilding in Nova Scotia
The history of shipbuilding in Nova Scotia started over 300 years ago.
In 1606, two small boats were built at Port Royal.
In the mid 1700's, boats were built in
Annapolis Royal, Halifax, and Yarmouth.
In 1788, Captain Lowden began a
shipbuilding company in Pictou County.
He launched the Harriett in 1798.
She was the largest boat built in Nova Scotia
at that time.
By the start of the 1800's, the shipbuilding industry was quickly growing.
They were building square-rigged vessels in many places in Nova Scotia.
The years between 1830 and 1880 were called “The Golden Age of Shipbuilding.”
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 205 The wooden shipbuilding business was the most important industry in the
Maritimes during this time.
Before building a ship, a master builder made a small model of half of the ship’s hull.
The builders used the model to help them build the ship.
Many people worked on the ship.
Blacksmiths did the metal work.
Skilled woodworkers did the finish work.
Woodcarvers made the figureheads.
When a ship was launched, many people came to watch.
Sometimes 4,000 people would come to a launch.
The ships built were used for trading and exporting goods and for fishing.
In the beginning, the main concern was to design the ships to carry cargo.
Later on, speed became important.
The largest wooden ship built in Canada was the William D. Lawrence.
The William D. Lawrence was built in Maitland, Nova Scotia in 1874.
Its main mast was more than 200 feet high.
William Lawrence was the owner and designer.
The building of wooden ships started to slow down in the 1880's.
206 Events As time passed, steam engines were being used.
In 1900, the demand for wooden ships ended.
Today, boatyards in Nova Scotia build dories, draggers, and sailing yachts.
( Field trip ideas: A few places to visit — Age of Sail Heritage Centre in Port Greville (20 km west of Parrsboro), Fisheries Museum of the Atlantic in Lunenburg, and The Dory Shop in Shelburne.
''''''''''''''''''''''''
Questions
1. “The GoldenYears of Shipbuilding” were between what years?
2. What did the master builder do before building a ship?
3. What kind of skilled people worked at building a ship?
4. What is a figurehead?
5. When building a ship, what was the main concern in the beginning?
6. What was the William D. Lawrence known for?
7. A compound word is formed when two words join together to form one word. Example: sun and set makes sunset. Find two compound words in the story.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 207 The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea, Peter McCreath & John Leefe’s History of Early Nova Scotia and the following Internet sites accessed October 2000: http://www.cam.org/~beaur/gen/acadie-e.html http://www.valleyweb.com/acadians http://www.acadian.org/triumph.html
Words to Preview Acadian expulsion allegiance museum possession lieutenant-governor ancestor Treaty of Utrecht bayonet smoothed Prince Edward Island Massachusetts comfortable Cape Breton colonel
The Expulsion of the Acadians
It was my second summer working at the Acadian museum. It was a nice,
sunny day on this Monday morning. I was tired and yawned a little as I opened the
old, wooden front door.
The museum always smelled a little musty so I left the door open for fresh
air. I wrote the date on the top of the page in the guest book – August 8, 2000. The
day before, we had twenty visitors.
The day passed slowly. I had no visitors yet, and it was two o’clock in the
afternoon. I had walked through the museum a dozen times already. I dusted the
map of Acadia - Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and parts of Quebec. I dusted the
butter churn, bottles, old pictures, and smoothed out the straw bed. I wondered
208 Events how comfortable that old straw bed really was. Maybe if I lie down for a while, just to rest my eyes.
------
It must have been only a few minutes when my mother shook me awake.
“Suzette! Wake up, wake up.”
“Mom, what are you doing here?”
My mother gave me a funny look. “Get up, quick.”
My mother acted as if something was wrong. I quickly jumped up. As I jumped up, I realized that I was no longer in the museum. I was somewhere else. I turned to talk to my mother, but she had already gone downstairs.
My father was sitting at the table. He was holding his head in his hands. I looked at my mother. She had tears in her eyes.
My father looked at me and said, “Colonel John Winslow gathered 400 of us
Acadian men and boys in the church today. Suzette, they are deporting us ... giving our land and livestock to the British Crown.”
It was then that I realized where I was and on what day. I was in Grand Pré, and it was September 5, 1755. The day of the beginning of the expulsion of the
Acadians.
I remembered reading in history books how the British had gained
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 209 possession of Acadia when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713. Prince
Edward Island (Île Saint-Jean) and Cape Breton (Île Royale) had remained with
France. Nova Scotia was British. And today, September 5, 1755, the British wanted the Acadians gone.
Between the years of 1713 and 1730, the Acadians were asked to sign an oath of allegiance to Britain. This meant they would have to fight for Britain, even against the French. In 1730, the English governor, Richard Philipps, let the
Acadians remain neutral. They had to swear to obey the British, but no longer had to fight for them.
In 1754, Charles Lawrence was appointed lieutenant-governor. There were then 10,000 Acadians living in Nova Scotia.
During the summer of 1755, a group of Acadians met with the Halifax governing council. This council was made up of Governor Charles Lawrence,
Admiral Boscawen, and Chief Justice Belcher. The Acadians once again refused to sign an oath to the British. It was on July 28, 1755 that the council resolved to deport the Acadians.
“But papa, why are they doing this? Where will we go?” I asked my father.
“They do not trust us. They think there are too many of us. I never thought
210 Events they really would do this,” my father said. He turned to my mother, “They even took down the ornaments in the church.” My mother gasped and put her hand to her mouth.
“It is time for me to go. They have only allowed twenty men to come home to tell the families what is happening.” My father got up and packed a small bag of clothes and food.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 211 My mother, sobbing, hugged my father. I started to cry too and ran to his side. My father kissed my mother and turned to me. “Here,” he said, “keep this.”
It was all he could say as he passed me a small wooden cross that he had carved. “I have to go. They said they will shoot the others if we don’t return.”
My father went out the door and back to the church. My mother fell to the floor, sobbing. I tried to comfort her.
A few weeks went by before the ships arrived. The Acadian boys were asked to leave before the men. Since the boys refused to leave without their fathers, they were led by bayonet-point to the ships. Mothers and sisters watched in grief.
A few weeks later, my mother and I were put on a ship as well.
By December 1755, there were 2,200 Acadians deported from the Grand Pré region. Some were sent to England and France. Others were sent to Massachusetts, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and Georgia. The British troops burned our homes and barns so we could not return. In all, six thousand Acadians were deported.
My mother and I never found my father. We moved to Louisiana to start our new life.
212 Events ------
“Excuse me lady. Are you OK?” I shook my head and looked up to see two tourists staring at me.
“I am so sorry,” I stammered. “I must have fallen asleep.” I turned a bright shade of red.
“The deportation. It must have been all a dream,” I mumbled to myself.
“Pardon?” said the tourist.
“Oh, nothing...I just had a really strange...” I stopped mid-sentence. In my pocket I felt something that was not there before. I reached into my pocket and pulled out the small, wooden cross that my father gave me in my dream.
It was no dream. The deportation of the Acadians really happened. I was not there, but my ancestors were.
In 1764, the Acadians were allowed to return to Nova Scotia. By then other settlers had their land. The British still did not want the Acadians to form large settlements, so many moved to different coastal regions of Nova Scotia. By the early nineteenth century, 23,000 Acadians had returned to the Maritimes and
Quebec. Today there are more than 40,000 Acadians in Nova Scotia.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 213 “The Expulsion of the Acadians” Comprehension Questions
1. Look up the word “allegiance” in the dictionary. In the story the author talks about an oath of allegiance. What does it mean in the story?
2. A) When was the Treaty of Utretcht signed? B) When was Charles Lawrence appointed lieutenant-governor? C) When were the Acadians deported?
3. What English governor allowed the Acadians to remain neutral?
4. How many Acadians were deported in all? Where did they go?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why do you think the Acadians refused to sign an oath of allegiance?
2. How do you think the Acadians felt when they heard they were being deported?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. What do Acadians call the expulsion?
214 Events “The Expulsion of the Acadians” True or False
Choose True or False.
1. The Acadians wanted to sign the oath of allegiance to Britain. ______
2. The Cape Breton governing council decided to deport the Acadians.______
3. There were 10,000 Acadians living in Nova Scotia in 1754. ______
4. The French troops burned the Acadians’ homes and barns. ______
5. By the early nineteenth century, 23,000 Acadians had returned to the Maritimes and Quebec. ______
6. When the Acadians returned in 1764, many settled in areas of inland Nova Scotia.
7. The Acadian girls were asked to leave before the boys. ______
8. In all, six thousand Acadians were deported. ______
9. The British had gained possession of Acadia when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713. ______
10. Prince Edward Island was Île Royale. ______
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 215 “The Expulsion of the Acadians” Capitalization
These are some rules for capitalization. Capitalize - the first word in a sentence - proper nouns such as specific names of people, places, and things - days of the week and months of the year - nationalities or their languages.
Circle the words in the following sentences that should be capitalized.
1. i dusted the map of acadia - nova scotia, new brunswick, and parts of quebec.
2. it was colonel john winslow who gathered the acadian men in grand pré.
3. the british were taking their land.
4. the date in the book was monday, august 8, 2000.
5. the english governor, richard philipps, let the acadians remain neutral.
6. prince edward island and cape breton remained with france.
7. the acadians were sent to massachusetts, the carolinas, virginia, maryland, and georgia.
8. the acadians spoke french.
9. they would have to fight for britain, even against the french.
10. on july 25, 1755, governor charles lawrence and the halifax governing council decided to deport the acadians.
11. charles lawrence was lieutenant-governor.
216 Events The information for the following story is from Phyllis Ruth Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History and the following Internet website: http://members.tripod.com/~suzmac/journey_hector.html
The Hector’s Journey
In 1765, Pictou had some residents from Philadelphia living there.
The United States government had granted them land to live there.
The people had to find others to settle in Pictou.
If they did not, the government would take back their land.
The people hired a man named John Ross to sail to Scotland.
He sailed across on a ship called the Hector.
John Ross told the people great stories about Nova Scotia.
He convinced about 200 people to return with him.
There were thirty-three families and twenty-five single men.
Also on board were their agent and a piper.
Many people wanted land of their own.
The ship Hector was slow, old, and rotting.
It took eleven weeks to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
The journey was difficult.
Smallpox broke out, and eighteen children died.
They sailed into a storm off the coast of Newfoundland.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 217 It sent them back into the Atlantic.
It took two weeks to reach the coast of Newfoundland again.
There was not much food or water left.
On September 15, 1773, the ship Hector arrived in Pictou Harbour.
The Highlanders marched ashore.
Their piper led the way playing his bagpipes.
This was the first group of Scottish to settle in Nova Scotia.
This was the beginning of larger groups of Scottish to come to
Nova Scotia.
Today, many of the Scottish ways and traditions remain in Pictou.
Pictou is known as the birthplace of New Scotland.
Questions
1. What was the Hector?
2. Where were the people from who sailed across the Atlantic?
3. Name two terrible things that happened on the journey.
4. About how many had left for Nova Scotia on the Hector?
218 Events The information for the following story is from David Stephens’ Iron Roads - Railways of Nova Scotia and Phyllis Blakeley’s Nova Scotia: A Brief History.
Words to Preview
Stellarton locomotive Truro wharf temporary agriculture New Glasgow banquet Shubenacadie England Hercules Commissioner transportation Windsor Halifax Intercolonial Sydney communities Antigonish Louisbourg
A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways
There was a time when Nova Scotia had no railways. Then a need came for them. Nova Scotia’s land routes were no longer good enough for the military.
Settlers wanted to sell their goods but couldn’t because there was no transportation.
So the railways were built and things changed.
The First Railway
The first railway was in Stellarton, Pictou County. Albion Mines in
Stellarton needed a way to carry their coal to the wharf in East River. They got horses to pull coal cars along a railway track. At the wharf, the coal was loaded onto boats. The boats brought the coal to schooners at the mouth of the river. This cost a lot of money.
Albion Mines then decided to build a railway track to New Glasgow. They
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 219 asked Peter Crerar to survey the path and make the plans. Crerar had never seen a railroad before. His plans were sent to an English railway company to be checked.
They also asked the railway company to send someone from England to build it.
The English company told them to put the man who made the plans in charge.
They did.
They started building the six and a half mile railway in 1834. It took five years to complete. It cost 35,000 pounds.
Albion Mines ordered
three steam locomotives from
England. They sent the
Samson, Hercules, and the
John Buddle. The John
Buddle was later named the
Hibernia. These three locomotives worked for the company for 40 years.
On September 19, 1839, the six and a half mile track was opened. Two thousand people came to see the first steam railway engines in Nova Scotia. The coal cars had temporary wooden seats. The people were given free rides on the railway all day. There was also a parade, banquet, and dance.
In 1854, The Picto and Albion locomotives came. They were used until
220 Events 1886.
For fifteen years, this railway was the only one in Nova Scotia.
Joseph Howe’s Fight for Railways
Joseph Howe* was a strong believer in railways. He wrote many articles about the idea of building railways in his newspaper, the Nova Scotian. Howe
wanted to join Truro and Windsor with Halifax by railways.
Agriculture was successful in the areas around Truro and Windsor. Howe
thought that railways would be better for transporting goods than the Shubenacadie
Canal. The canal was only open a few months a year.
Howe became the first Chief Commissioner of Railways in 1848.
Building the Railways
In 1854, the Nova Scotia government started building railways between
Halifax and Windsor. By 1858, people could travel from Halifax to Windsor and
Truro. The fares to go from Halifax to Windsor were $1.35 for adults and 87 ½ ¢
for children.
Railways cost a lot to build and run. By 1870, there were only 250 miles of
railroad in Nova Scotia. But by the early 1900's, there were 1,400 miles of main line
railroad in the province. New communities were built and existing ones grew.
* To read more on Joseph Howe, see page 71.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 221 The Dominion of Canada government started a railway to go through Quebec and New Brunswick and meet the one in Truro. On July 1, 1876, The Intercolonial
Railway was opened.
More railways were built in Nova Scotia. At first, most railways were privately owned. Later, many became part of the Canadian National Railways or
Dominion Atlantic Railway.
Railways were built from Yarmouth to the Annapolis Valley and Yarmouth to Halifax. They were built between Pictou and Antigonish. Amherst and Truro were linked in 1872.
In Cape Breton, the Sydney and Louisbourg Railway had 42 miles of railway between Sydney and Louisbourg.
The End for Some
Railways have played an important role in our Nova Scotian history. Some railways are now closed, but they will always be known for how they have shaped our heritage.
222 Events “A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways” Comprehension Questions
1. Where was the first railway?
2. Who made the plans for the New Glasgow railway? Who was in charge of building the railway?
3. When was the six and a half mile track opened? How many people came to the opening?
4. List the names of the first three Albion Mines’ locomotives.
5. Why did Joseph Howe think railways would be better than the Shubenacadie Canal?
6. What were the fares to go from Halifax to Windsor in the 1850's?
7. How many miles of main line railroad were there in Nova Scotia in the early 1900's?
Trivia QuestionQuestionTrivia
Do a bit of research.
1. The Nova Scotia Museum of Industry** has on display two of the locomotives mentioned in this story. Which locomotives are they?
** The Nova Scotia Museum of Industry is located on 147 North Foord Street in Stellarton.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 223 “A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways” Consonant Blends
Consonant blends are when two or more consonants blend together to make one
sound. For example: There is the consonant blend “st” in “stop.”
There is the consonant blend “ch” in “each.”
Underline the consonant blends in the following words.
there first steam close
changed plan each strong
wharf mouth free private
track three grew shape
ccccccccccccccccccc
Long O Vowel Sound
Circle the words that have the long O vowel sound. Example: over
soon to lot locomotive
no money who cost
coal open so told
got load one also
224 Events The information for the following story is from the following Internet sites accessed 01/09/01: http://www.highway7.com/t_places/place_0006_azmarine2.html http://www.halifaxinfo.com/museumetc.html http://www.friendscb.org/calendar/1998/january.htm http://collections.ic.gc.ca/cbc/milestone/milestones/milestones.html
Words to Preview
disaster operation broadcasting important interest industry abandoned collapsed rescuing diamond pneumonia condemned employee scene Montreal remarkable Magill Robertson Alf Scadding discovered
Moose River Mine Disaster and the CBC
You may wonder what the Moose River Mine
Disaster has to do with the Canadian Radio
Broadcasting Company. However, there is an
important link. This is the story of the Moose
River Mine Disaster that took place in Moose
River, Halifax County, in 1936.
In 1866, gold was discovered in Moose River.
In 1876, they began to mine the gold. The Moose River
Gold Mines were very busy between 1890 and 1909. By 1910, the gold mining industry had slowed down. The mines were abandoned soon after.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 225 In 1936, Mr. Herman Magill and Dr. David Robertson took an interest in mining again in the Moose River Gold Mines. The mines were said to be unsafe, but the mining began again anyway. Many of the roof supports in the mine were weak.
On April 12, 1936, Mr. Magill, Dr. Robertson, and the mine’s timekeeper,
Mr. Alf Scadding, entered the mine to check the work. The mine collapsed, and the three men were trapped. They were at the 43 meter level.
Within a few minutes, the men from the Moose River Gold Mines began to work at rescuing the trapped men. Miners from the Caribou Gold Mines came to help as well. Several hundred men arrived in the next few days to help.
They had worked for six days but hadn’t found the men yet. They were soon going to stop the rescue operation. Finally, a government diamond drill got to the 43 meter level. Rescuers then knew the men were still alive. A few hours after this, Magill died of pneumonia. But Scadding and Robertson were still alive.
To rescue the men, the rescuers re-opened one of the shafts that had been condemned. Ten days after the rescue work had began, they finally reached the men. They rescued Scadding and Robertson and got Magill’s body.
So what part did the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Company* play in this
* Later known as the CBC
226 Events disaster? At that time, the radio company had one employee east of Montreal. His name was J. Frank Willis. Willis reported live for three days from the scene of the
Moose River disaster. There were 708 radio stations across Canada that aired the broadcast. Millions of people listened.
The remarkable thing is that this was the first media event in North America to be broadcast live from a single location. It changed the direction of radio broadcasting in Canada.
( Field trip idea:
Visit the Moose River Gold Mines Museum on Mooseland Road. Here you will
find information about the famous gold mine disaster you just read about. Also
nearby is the Moose River Gold Mines Provincial Park which is where the
disaster took place.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 227 “Moose River Mine Disaster and the CBC” Comprehension Questions
1. Between what years were the Moose River Gold Mines busy?
2. In 1936, what two men became interested in mining again in the Moose River Gold Mines?
3. Why was the Moose River Mine unsafe?
4. At what level in the mine were the three men trapped?
5. Why did Magill die in the mine? Were the other two men saved?
6. What did J. Frank Willis do?
7. How many radio stations aired Willis’s broadcast?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why do you think Magill and Robertson used the mines even if they were said to be unsafe?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. On what date and at what time were the men rescued from the mine?
228 Events “Moose River Mine Disaster and the CBC” Rhyming
Rhyming words are words that sound the same. Example: band, hand, and.
Pick a word from each column that rhymes.
1. moose A) look 2. mine B) moon 3. slow C) free 4. took D) sing 5. gold E) sell 6. soon F) ten 7. place G) will 8. thing H) hold 9. still I) flow 10. three J) loose 11. men K) fine 12. well L) race
Find your own rhyming words for the following.
1. at ______2. stop ______3. weak ______4. six ______
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 229 The information for the following story is from Jas. Cameron’s Wreck of Melmerby and Other Pictou County Stories and the following Internet sites accessed 03/28/01: http://www.town.trenton.ns.ca/ http://home.nstn.ca/~gsmith2/NSSC_Co1.HTM http://www.trentonworks.ca/history.html http://collections.ic.gc.ca/coal/history/tdominon.html
Words to Preview industry New Glasgow axles equipment machine Sydney dominion Federal Government
The Steel Industry
Two important men in the history of the steel industry were Forrest MacKay and
Graham Fraser.
They were two blacksmiths from Nova Scotia.
In 1872, they realized that the wooden ship industry was coming to an end.
They got $4,000 and opened a company called the Hope Iron Works.
They were located in North New Glasgow, and they had ten employees.
They bought equipment to make railway axles, track spikes, and marine forgings.
They soon outgrew the building in North New Glasgow.
In 1878, they moved to a new location.
This new location became the town of Trenton.
In 1879, Fraser went to Great Britain to see their iron and steel plants.
He decided he wanted to make steel.
He and his partner raised $40,000 to start the Nova Scotia Steel Company.
230 Events People in Halifax and New Glasgow put $70,000 in the company also.
Fraser ordered melting furnaces, rolling mills, and machine shop equipment from
Great Britain.
In 1883, they were the first to make steel in British North America.
All the work in the plant was done by hand.
The company’s products were in demand, and they continued to grow.
The company got the coal mines from the General Mining Association in Sydney
Mines, Cape Breton, in 1900.
They were then known as the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company.
A new steel plant was started in Sydney Mines.
At that time, the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company was worth $6,620,000.
From then on, all the iron and steel was made in Sydney Mines.
The mill rolling was done at the Trenton plant.
At the rolling mill, the steel was flattened by passing between rolls.
In 1912, the
Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company formed the
Eastern Car Company.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 231 The Eastern Car Company made railway cars.
After the first World War, the demand for railway products slowed down.
Many company mergers took place.
The Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company Limited became part of the Dominion
Steel and Coal Corporation.
During World War II, the Federal Government took over part of the Eastern Car
Company plant to make gun mounts and shells.
More company mergers took place after the war.
Over the years, steel companies changed hands many times.
But the steel industry all started with Forrest MacKay and Graham Fraser in 1883.
ggggggggggggggggggg
Questions
1. Why were Fraser MacKay and Graham Fraser important to the steel industry?
2. Hope Iron Works bought equipment to make what?
3. For what purpose did the Federal Government use the Eastern Car Company plant?
4. Find three words in the story with a long “e” sound. Example: The “e” in “easy” has a long vowel sound.
232 Events The information for the following story is from Graham Metson’s The Halifax Explosion, December 6, 1917 and Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea. This factual story of the Halifax Explosion surrounds a fictional character.
Words to Preview diary Bordeaux happened occurred explosion recede thousand history Belgian pierced fortunately Narrows barge grazed wound commission bandaged debris
The Halifax Explosion
Dear Diary,
Today is Thursday, December 6, 1917. It is my 10th
birthday. It is a sunny day. Mother is going to bake a cake
for me. I think she is going to get me a new dress too.
Mother is taking me to the doctor since I have a bit of a
cough. I must go now, diary. Mother says breakfast is
ready.
Love, Amy Buchanan
If only I had known what kind of birthday it was going to be. It was a lucky birthday, but only because I was lucky to be alive. On that day, I would witness the largest man-made explosion in the history of the world at that time.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 233 The first World War was declared in August 1914. Halifax became the place where men and supplies left for Europe. Many of the men would not return and some who did were hurt. Halifax opened Camp Hill Military Hospital to help these men.
The Halifax Explosion occurred in the Halifax harbour. The Halifax harbour is said to look like an hourglass. At one point, the harbour is only 450 meters wide.
This is called the Narrows. The Narrows leads to the Bedford Basin. Usually ships could pass through the Narrows safely. On December 6th, 1917, things went wrong.
On the morning of December 6th, 1917, the Mont Blanc was on its way to
Bordeaux, France. She was stopping in Halifax. The Mont Blanc had cargo that
was very explosive. The ship was owned by a French company. The captain was
Aimé Le Medec. Francis MacKay, a local pilot, boarded the ship to help her get
into the harbour.
The Imo was leaving the Bedford Basin on this morning. It was going to
New York. The Imo was a Belgian relief ship. The captain was Haakon Fron. The
local pilot was William Hayes.
The Imo left the Basin and started going through the Narrows. At the same time, the Mont Blanc was coming in toward the Basin. An American tramp steamer entered the Narrows on the wrong side. The Stella Maris, a tug towing two barges,
234 Events was behind the steamer. The Stella Maris turned so she would not hit the Imo coming her way. When the Stella Maris did this, she was in the way of the Mont
Blanc. The Imo hit the bow of the Mont Blanc. This happened at 8:45 a.m.
The Mont Blanc caught on fire. The crew of the Mont Blanc got off the ship and went to Dartmouth harbour by rowboat.
At 9:05 a.m., the explosion occurred. Pieces of metal flew everywhere. An oily soot fell too. The ship’s cannon was thrown three kilometers.
My family and I lived in the North End of Halifax. I had gone to the doctor at 8:30 that morning and was walking back to school with my mother. It was nearly nine o’clock. At 9:05, I heard the loudest sound I had ever heard. They say it was heard two hundred miles away.
I looked down the street and saw huge waves coming up the hill of the North
End of Halifax. The waves were four and a half meters high. I saw the waves recede, bringing back hundreds of people into the harbour to drown.
The oily soot covered my mother and me. A sharp piece of metal pierced my jacket and grazed my forearm. I screamed in pain. Two pieces of metal flew into my mother. She fell to the ground, bleeding.
My mother and I managed to get to the Camp Hill Hospital. There they bandaged my wounds. My mother’s wounds were deeper than mine. The sharp
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 235 metal pieces had just missed her vital organs. We were very lucky to be alive.
While we were at the hospital, I saw some things I will never forget. Some people had been blinded by glass that flew in their eyes. Others were covered with blood.
The Halifax Explosion had caused twenty million dollars worth of damage.
Even worse, some say it killed three thousand people. Nine thousand people were hurt.
236 Events The day the Halifax Explosion occurred was sunny. During the night, it snowed, and on the next day, there was a blizzard. This made it hard for rescue workers to help the injured people. The weather was terrible for the next few days too.
Twenty-five thousand people were homeless. My family was among them.
Our home had been completely destroyed. Fortunately, no one had been home at the time. My family and I lived with relatives until we were able to find a new home.
Many people believed the Halifax Explosion was caused by the Germans.
The local newspaper implied that the Germans were to blame. There had been rumours of German spies in Halifax. This made it difficult to get the real story known.
The Halifax Relief Commission helped rebuild the city. Four hundred and fifty men took three months to clean debris on the North End streets. Permanent housing was erected in 1918.
I still remember December 6, 1917, well. I will never forget. Every day I look at the scar on my forearm and remember my 10th birthday – the day of the
Halifax Explosion.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 237 “The Halifax Explosion” Comprehension Questions
1. On what day did the Halifax Explosion occur?
2. What is the Narrows in the Halifax Harbour?
3. What caused the explosion?
4. The story says, “I saw the waves recede.” What does “recede” mean?
5. What kind of damage did the explosion cause?
6. What made it difficult to help the hurt people?
7. Who helped rebuild the city?
Reading Between the Lines
1. Why do you think the local paper implied that the explosion was caused by the Germans?
2. Amy says that she will never forget the Halifax Explosion. Do you think the only reason she will not forget is because she has a scar from that day?
Trivia Question
Do a bit of research.
1. The State of Massachusetts helped the City of Halifax after the explosion. What is sent to the City of Boston every year to give thanks for this help?
238 Events “The Halifax Explosion” Multiple Choice
Select the correct answer.
1. What does man-made mean?
a) Made by man b) Hated by man c) Made for man d) Enjoyed by man
2. The Halifax harbour looks like an hourglass. This means the harbour is: a) like a circle b) wide, narrow, and then wide c) long and narrow d) clear
3. The Mont Blanc had cargo that was very explosive. Explosive means: a) tasty b) stolen c) would explode easily d) cost a lot
4. The tug was towing two barges. What is another word for towing? a) pulling b) pushing c) running d) cleaning
5. The metal pierced my jacket. What other word could you use for “pierce”? a) touched b) cut c) wrinkled d) dirtied
1. Vital organs are organs that are: a) unnecessary b) full of life c) needed to live d) work fast
2. Another word for blizzard is: a) wind b) waves c) sky d) storm
8. What does “implied” mean? a) inside b) hinted c) lied d) wrote
9. The word “debris” in the story means the: a) leaves b) leftover food c) snow d) wreckage
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 239 The information for the following story is from Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea and the following Internet sites: http://www.cuna.org/data/cu/research/irc/archive3_1.html http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/assignment1/1928antigonish.html http://www.stfx.ca/stfx/introducing/history.html
Words to Preview business advantage Tompkins president Saint Francis Xavier university industries control encourage communities educate resources finances extension director organize cooperatives executive secretary Bergengren economic method Antigonish
The Antigonish Movement
What was life like in the 1920's in eastern Nova Scotia?
The people were poor. They were the poorest in Canada. Businessmen were taking advantage of the fishermen and farmers.
Who started the Antigonish Movement and why?
The Antigonish Movement was started by Father James J. Tompkins. Father
Tompkins was the vice president of Saint Francis Xavier University. He believed that the farmers, miners, and fishermen needed to take control of their industries.
For example, he would encourage the fishermen to open a cannery to process their own fish.
240 Events How did the Antigonish Movement start?
Father Tompkins thought that Saint Francis Xavier University should go into the communities to educate people on how to take control of their resources and finances. In 1928, the university set up an extension department for this reason.
Father Moses Coady, Father Tompkins’ cousin, became director of the new department. The university offered courses on how to solve problems and organize cooperatives.
What are cooperatives?
Cooperatives are organizations of people who get together to form a joint company to buy and sell products.
What else did Father Coady do?
Coady organized meetings in fishing villages.
Sometimes he set up four meetings a day. Six hundred people attended the first meeting he organized in the late 1920's. During the summer of 1930, he organized a meeting in Halifax with 200 people from Nova Scotia fishing communities. The people at the meeting formed the United Maritime Fishermen.
It was a marketing cooperative. Father Coady also organized study clubs. There
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 241 were 1,300 study clubs in the 1930's.
Did credit unions start at this time?
Yes. In 1931, Angus MacDonald invited the executive secretary of the Credit
Union National Extension Bureau to come to Saint Francis Xavier University to talk about credit unions. Roy Bergengren was happy to come. The provincial credit union act was passed in 1932 by Nova Scotia Parliament. Bergengren returned to help organize the first credit union. They opened one in Broad Cove and one in Inverness. There were 170 credit unions in the 1930's.
Did the Antigonish Movement work?
Yes! The people of Antigonish and around the province were taught how to work together, solve their own problems, and market their products. This allowed them to take charge of their economic activities. The Antigonish Movement has affected adult learning around the world. Workers from the Coady Institute at Saint
Francis Xavier University have traveled to poor countries around the world to pass on the methods of the Antigonish Movement.
242 Events “The Antigonish Movement” Conflict and Resolution
1. In the story on the Antigonish Movement, there was a conflict. A conflict can be between two people, groups, or within one person. What was the conflict in the story? Who was it between? ______
2. When a conflict is resolved, the people have found a resolution. What was the resolution in this story? ______eeeeeeeee
This following question is for you to think about. You do not have to share your answer or write anything down.
Can you think of conflict in your life that you resolved? Think about the conflict and your resolution.
Trivia QuestionsQuestionsTrivia
Do a bit of research.
Saint Francis Xavier University was a Catholic university founded in 1853 in Arichat. It then relocated to Antigonish in 1855.
1. Saint Francis Xavier University is also known as: a) Saint FU b) Saint FX c) Saint XU
2. The symbol on their school rings is: a) “F” b) “FX” c) “X”
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 243 The information for the following story is from Ted R. Hennigar’s Rum Running Years and Lesley Choyce’s Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea. This factual story of events of rum running history surrounds fictional characters and boats.
Words to Preview especially prohibition kilometres rum runner medicinal Coast Guard prohibited necessity throttle smuggled schooner maximum abiding transfer hollered opportunity naval destroyers grazed consumed designed exhaust forbid authorities nervously intoxicating deckhouse eluding
Rum Running
My name is William MacKaskel. Today’s date is July 3, 1950. This time of
year reminds me of my life about twenty-four years ago.
In the 1920's, I made my living fishing the Nova Scotia coast. Fishing
along the south shore of Nova Scotia was getting to be a hard business. The price
of fish had dropped by half. This made it hard to make a living. Especially when
you had a family to feed. I needed to find another way to make money. That’s
when I met Jack.
Jack Hick was a man who was making a small, fast fortune in Halifax. He
was working as a rum runner. A rum runner was a person or a ship that engaged in
244 Events bringing prohibited liquor ashore or across a border. Usually rum was the liquor that was smuggled.
Jack made the job sound exciting, and it was a way to make good money.
My friends and I had always followed the law. Rum running was an illegal business, but we had mouths to feed. We had the chance to make good money and have an adventure doing it. This would be the first time for me and many others to become law-breakers, maybe you could even say criminals. We would be rum running to the United States.
The Temperance society was a group of people that would put limits on or forbid the use of intoxicating drinks. Temperance societies found that the large amounts of rum being consumed had caused many problems. They felt there was a need for these limits. So prohibition was put into place. This meant that the law would forbid the sale or making of alcoholic beverages.
Prohibition took effect in the
1920's. Before prohibition, many people drank rum like water. It started out being used as a social drink or for medicinal purposes.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 245 But soon rum became a necessity, especially for those who had become addicted.
So many people still were finding ways to drink alcohol, even though it was against the law.
The U.S. Coast Guard had rebuilt some of their old naval destroyers to be able to track and catch the rum runners. Jack’s previous rum run to the United
States was in a schooner. The schooners were too slow. Jack said we needed a faster ship to transfer our cargo.
The next trip to the United States would be my first rum running experience.
We had a new boat made especially for rum running.
In 1926, the boat builders in Nova Scotia had designed new boats for rum running. The boat builders had made twenty-five of these specially made boats.
They were used in various Nova Scotia ports.
The new boats for rum running were long and low. When they were low in the water, this meant the ship was loaded with cargo. They were usually painted grey, so it would be hard for the U.S. authorities to see. The boats were wooden and had low deckhouses. The average length of a rum runner was around 31.5 metres. The new boats were still not as fast as the operators would like them to be, but they could hold a lot of cargo.
It was a foggy night when we left Halifax. Jack told me he felt a little
246 Events relieved to be aboard the new rum runner. Our ship was called the Scotian Steam.
I felt nervous. Some of the crew had made their livings as fishermen before. We talked and were not sure how to feel about what we were doing. But we did take a lot of pride in the job we were about to do, despite it being illegal.
An American ship was going to meet us 4 kilometres off the U.S. shore. As we got closer, we could see the boat waiting for us in the distance. We had to move quickly to meet the ship and get our boat unloaded. We were almost to the U.S. boat and we heard them hollering. “Hurry up! We just got word that the Coast
Guard is on their way here. They will be here in about an hour and a half!” We took our positions so we could unload as quickly as possible. I remember Jack muttering that this kind of thing had not happened to him before. We quickly formed a line and started passing the cases of booze along. The time flew by as we unloaded. Next thing I knew, Jack shouted, “I see them! Let’s go, let’s go!” We had nearly one third of our cargo still aboard our ship. Jack yelled, “Pull this boat around and let’s get out of here. Right now!” Our boat turned around, and the throttle was to the maximum.
Jack hollered to the captain, “Get this boat going and fast! Move it, move it!”
My heart went up in my throat when I heard Jack say, “It doesn’t look good for us.”
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 247 The Scotian Steam was not as fast as we wanted it to be. And the Coast
Guard was getting closer. A shot from the American Coast Guard hit the stern of the boat. Luckily it didn’t hit anyone, and it just grazed the edge of the boat.
Just then, one of the crew members, Paul, said, “ Start stuffing those oily rags into the engine exhaust. It will make a smoke screen; it should give us enough time to get to the Canadian border!”
Paul remembered hearing about another rum runner who did the same thing.
It worked. The smoke was so thick it was almost impossible for the Coast Guard to track us after that. It barely gave us the time we needed to get into Canadian waters.
Jack fell to his knees and the big smile on his face showed his relief. “I thought we’d had it,” he laughed nervously. Jack liked to live dangerously, and I think he got a big thrill out of the chase.
When we returned, Paul was a local hero to the other rum runners. I decided to find a different job. Almost getting caught by the American authorities was frightening. I knew that men lost their lives doing this work. I had a family and I had to find work that kept me safe.
Eventually, rum running stopped. Many believe it was just getting too dangerous, and people were risking their lives doing it. Eluding the authorities was
248 Events getting harder to do. Some people moved out west to find work while others remained in the area to find something else to do.
I will never forget my one trip as a rum runner. It was an experience of a lifetime. One that I was proud of and will never forget. Someday, I will enjoy telling my story to my grandchildren.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 249 “Rum Running” Comprehension Questions
1. What was going wrong with the fishing industry that made William
MacKaskel want to find another job?
2. What is a rumrunner?
3. What was prohibition?
4. What was the U.S. Coast Guard doing in order to be able to track and capture the rum runners? 5. What year did Nova Scotia boat builders start designing new boats for rum running? Describe the boat. 6. What was Paul’s plan to outwit the U.S. Coast Guard? Did it work? 7. What were William MacKaskel’s feelings about rum running after his first trip? Would he do it again? Reading Between the Lines 1. Why would Mr. MacKaskel be a little unsure about working as a rum runner? 2. Do you think some of the fishermen felt that they didn’t have a choice about breaking the law as rum runners? Why?
Trivia QuestionQuestionTrivia
Do a bit of research.
1. Around what years did rum running end?
250 Events The -ing Ending
qRemember this rule: You drop the silent e and add -ing to words like bake, love, drive, etc. Examples: bake ÷baking love ÷loving drive ÷driving
Add the -ing ending to the following words.
1. live ÷ ______2. fish ÷ ______3. make ÷ ______4. work ÷ ______5. bring ÷ ______6. excite ÷ ______7. find ÷ ______8. do ÷ ______9. tell ÷ ______10. intoxicate ÷ ______
Fill in the blank with the new words you formed.
1. Jack yelled, “What are you ______? 2. We were _____ it hard to make a living. 3. Rum running was an ______adventure. 4. I used to make my ______fishing off the coast of Nova Scotia, 5. The boat builders were ______special boats for rum running. 6. I could not continue ______as a rum runner. 7. ______was becoming a hard business to make money. 8. Paul was ______us about his plan. 9. Rum was very ______. 10. We were ______illegal alcoholic beverages to the United States.
252 Events Answer Key
“Viking Explorers” (Page 2)
1. Stone, hoax, over, ago, so, explore, know 2. Vikings 3. Norway 4. The lettering was re-chiselled around 1887, making it impossible to determine when it was originally done. 5. It meant the Norse were not afraid to explore far away from their homeland.
“Mi’kmaqs” (Page 7) Comprehension Questions
1. Some believe from the south, others believe north of the Maritmes. 1. Maritime provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. 2. Men- hunting, fishing, gathering food Women- gathering food, fishing, sewing, cooking, and caring for children. 3. Moose, caribou, and porcupine. 4. Animal hides / Moose tendons 5. Magic bone. Medicine men and older women would make medicines from herbs / praying to the gods.
“Mi’kmaqs” (Page 7) Trivia Question - Micmac
“Mi’kmaqs” (Page 8) True or False
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. True
“John Cabot and Jacques Cartier” (Page 13) Comprehension Questions
1. They were looking for a shorter route to the East. 2. He gave him and his sons permission to become governors of any lands they found. 3. The Cabot Trail. 4. Fish. 5. In 1534. St. Malo. 6. No.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 253 “John Cabot and Jacques Cartier” (Page 13) Trivia Question - spend a winter
“John Cabot and Jacques Cartier” (Page 14) Syllables explorer 3 permission 3 plentiful 3 world 1 Newfoundland 3 king 1 believe 2 turn 1 water 2 flat 1 ship 1 voyage 2 money 2 record 2 history 3
“John Cabot and Jacques Cartier” (Page 14) Vowels
1. play, ploy 2. new, now 3. sin, son, sun 4. was 5. one 6. wand, wind 7. name 8. reward 9. my, me 10. land, lend 11. fish 12. mouth 13. around
“The Jesuits” (Page 17) Questions
1. A Spanish soldier named Ignatius Loyola founded the Jesuits. 2. The Jesuits were known as the schoolmasters of Europe. 3. The Jesuits wanted to teach their ways to the natives in North America. 4. The Mi’kmaqs welcomed the Jesuit priests. 5. Later, in 1625, the Jesuits returned to New France, North America. 6. In 1763, the British put a ban on the teachings of Jesuit religion. They were not allowed to get people to join their religious society.
“Samuel de Champlain” (Page 25) Comprehension Questions
1. Champlain was born in Brouage, France in 1567. 2. Pierre du Gua de Monts. 3. A sheep fell overboard in that area. 4. The winter was terrible. The snow fell heavily, the food was frozen, and many were dying of scurvy. They went to Port Royal next. 5. Membertou was the leader of the Mi’kmaqs. 6. They had heard about the harsh winters. 7. Marc Lescarbot was a lawyer and poet who came to the new world. He wrote a play to lift the spirits of the settlers. 8. Mathieu d’Acosta. He knew the language of the Mi’kmaqs, so he was a translator. 9. The Order of Good Cheer was a club or society formed at Port Royal to help the settlers.
254 Answer Key Each member took a turn preparing a feast for the others. They also sang and invited the local Indians to participate in the festivities. Lescarbot and Champlain created it.
“Samuel de Champlain” (Page 25) Trivia Question
1. Some things they ate were fowl, moose, caribou, otter, bear, rabbit, beaver, raccoon, and wildcat. They also used a lot of herbs and spices.
“New Scotland - Nova Scotia” (Page 31) Comprehension Questions
1. King James knew that John Cabot had founded the land before the French, so he thought that made him more deserving of the land. 2. A charter is an official document granting rights or privileges (as to a colony, town, or college) from a sovereign or a governing body. 3. Nova Scotia also included the lands of New Brunswick, and the land lying between New Brunswick and the Saint Lawrence River. 4. They tried to sell “titles,” you paid money for land and you were granted the title of Knight Baronet of Nova Scotia. 5. Lord Ochiltree settled the colony of Baleine, near Louisbourg. Sir William settled in Port Royal. 6. Lord Ochiltree’s colony was destroyed by a Frenchman named Daniel. The entire colony was taken to St. Ann’s as prisoners. 7. Nova Scotia flag, coat of arms, the name “Nova Scotia.”
“New Scotland - Nova Scotia” (Page 31) Trivia Question - bagpipes
“New Scotland - Nova Scotia” (Page 32) it, is, in
1. in 2. in 3. it 4. is 5. it 6. in 7. in 8. in 9. in 10. it 11. in 12. in 13. is 14. is 15. in
“The Irish in Cape Breton” (Page 35) Comprehension Answers
1. England and France. 2. They trusted France more than England and they both practised the same religion. 3. No. 4. Roman Catholic. 5. Clergy, fishermen, servants, merchants, tradespeople, and soldiers. 6. New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 255 7. Potato Famine
“The Irish in Cape Breton” (Page 35) Trivia Question - four leaf clover
“The Irish in Cape Breton” (Page 37) Fractions and Percentages
1. ½ x 2= 1 tsp. of baking powder (Multiplication) 2. ½ x 3/1 = 3/2 = 3 divided by 2 = 1 ½ cups of butter 3. 4/10 = 40/100=40% 100-40= 60% left 4. 1/4 divided by 2= 1/4 x ½ = 1/8 tsp. of nutmeg 5. To find 60% of twenty, so you multiply 20 x 60% or 20 x 0.60 = 12; 12 pieces eaten ˆ8 pieces left. 6. Tripling the recipe
“Germans in Nova Scotia” (Page 42) Comprehension Questions
1. John Dick was hired to convince the Germans to settle in Nova Scotia. 2. Many of the foreign Protestants came for the free land they were offered. Others came to get away from the high taxes in their country. They also feared another war in Europe. 3. Lunenburg had a good harbour, excellent farm land, and was close to Halifax. They arrived on June 8, 1753. 4. Each man was given a town lot, garden lot, and farm land. 5. A brazier was an open pan filled with hot coals. It was used to heat their homes. 6. The boys helped their fathers plant and harvest the crops. The girls helped their mothers weave, knit, spin, make clothes, cook, clean, and tend the animals. 7. 80 cows, some sheep, goats, and pigs.
“Germans in Nova Scotia” (Page 42) Trivia Question - Merligash
“Germans in Nova Scotia” (Page 43) -ly, -er, -est endings
1. lately, later, latest. I have not seen him lately. 2. poorly, poorer, poorest. He was the poorest man in town. 3. hardly, harder, hardest. My work was harder than his work. 4. easily, easier, easiest. I thought the test was the easiest I had ever taken. 5. happily, happier, happiest. I happily told him he got the job. 6. closely, closer, closest. He was the closest to me. 7. nearly, nearer, nearest. I was nearer to him than the door.
256 Answer Key “The Welsh”(Page 48) Comprehension Questions
1. Wales is part of the United Kingdom (UK). 2. Shelburne is on the South Shore of Nova Scotia. 3. The barracks was the first choice, but they were not fit to live in. The second choice, an island in Roseway River, was inhabited by Mi’kmaq families. They finally found a place on the western side of the Roseway River. 4. Welshtown was first called New Cambria. 5. David Thompson mapped the Canada-US border almost by himself and wrote many books about it.
“The Welsh”(Page 49) Math
1. 130 feet 2. 144 square feet 3. 18 feet 4. 72 square feet
“Evangeline” (Page 52) Questions
1. Fictional means not true. 2. Famous means well-known. 3. Embraced means hugged. 4. 92 years
“John Patch - Yarmouth Inventor” (Page 54) Questions
1. Two bent fans. The Royal George. 2. The double action propeller. 3. He wanted to get money for his inventions.
“Searching for Freedom” (Page 59) Comprehension Questions
1. The American Revolution was a war between the people who wanted to live in America under British rule (Loyalists) and people who wanted to become independant (Rebels). 2. The Black Loyalists had fought for the British during the war, and the British had promised them freedom in Nova Scotia in return. 3. The Black Loyalists arrived in Birchtown in 1783. 4. The problems the Black Loyalists in Birchtown were as follows: They didn’t have enough time to build huts and gather food since winter was coming; they weren’t used to the cold; Birchtown was rocky and not good for farming; the promised farm lots were not granted until three years after they arrived, and they were five miles away; there
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 257 was a lot of competition for jobs in Shelburne; and they were often still treated like slaves. 5. Sierra Leone is in West Africa. The Black Loyalists went there because there was little for them in Nova Scotia, and they were offered free passage to Africa and free land once they got there. Africa was home to many of them.
“Searching for Freedom” (Page 60) Spelling
1. Birchtown 5. Loyalist 9. Roseway 2. American 6. slave 10. Africa 3. Revolution 7. Black 11. voyage 4. Rebel 8. free 12. Freetown
“Loyalists Life” (Page 66) Comprehension Questions
1. The Loyalists were loyal citizens of the British government. 2. To escape the American Revolution. 3. They came from New England. 4. He named it Shelburne. A British official. 5. Some businesses in Shelburne were sawmills, inns, and stores. 6. Some reasons were there were many merchants and not enough buyers, Shelburne was too isolated, and the harbour would ice up in the winter.
“Loyalists Life” (Page 66) Trivia Question - By drying and salting the food.
“Loyalists Life” (Page 67) Paragraphs
1. Page 64 - Paragraph 2 2. Page 61 - Paragraph 2 3. Page 64 - Paragraph 3 4. Page 63 - Paragraph 6 5. Page 61 - Paragraph 1 6. Page 64 - Paragraph 4 7. Page 64 - Paragraph 5 8. Page 61 - Paragraph 3 9. Page 63 - Paragraph 5 10. Page 63 - Paragraph 4
258 Answer Key “Samuel Cunard and the Steamship” (Page 70) Questions
1. Cunard was born in Halifax on November 21, 1787. He died in London in 1865. 2. A shipping business. 3. Cross the Atlantic by steam. 4. 12 days.
“Joseph Howe - A Nova Scotia VIP” (Page 72) Questions
1. The Nova Scotian. 2. The freedom of the press. Yes. 3. From 1860 to 1863.
“Sir Charles Tupper” (Page 74) Exercise
1. Non-fiction. 2. One syllable: in, to, a, for, the, was, etc. 3. Two syllables: until, become, riding, etc.
“William Hall - A Nova Scotian Hero” (Page 76) Questions
1. William Hall’s father came to Nova Scotia from Africa aboard a slave ship. 2. William Hall joined the Royal Navy in 1852. 3. Two ships he served on were HMS Rodney and HMS Shannon. 4. William received the Victoria Cross by firing a blast that knocked down a wall of a city in India where Indian soldiers were fighting against the British. The blast fired by Hall allowed the British to get inside the city and free the British people. 5. William Hall made history by being the first Black Canadian to receive the Victoria Cross.
“Joshua Slocum” (Page 79) Questions
1. ------2. Near the Fundy Shore in Nova Scotia. 3. Sail around the world alone. 4. 74,000 km. The Spray. 5. Sailing Alone Around the World.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 259 “Anna Swan - The Giantess” (Page 85) Comprehension Questions
1. Anna was extremely tall. 2. P.T. Barnum. 3. Normal School - Teacher’s College. 4. She thought she could further her education while she made money. 5. It caught on fire and was destroyed. 6. Martin Van Buren Bates - Kentucky Giant. 7. A diamond cluster ring, a wedding dress, and gold watches. 8. Yes, two children. Both died shortly after birth. 9. Anna Swan died of heart failure.
“Anna Swan - The Giantess” (Page 85) Trivia Question - January 1919 in Seville, Ohio.
“Anna Swan - The Giantess” (Page 86) Homonyms
1. At the age of four, Anna’s father brought her to Halifax for an exhibition. 2. Anna had a herd of sheep; she heard them from across the field. 3. The week she delivered her baby, Anna became very weak. 4. Their infant son was ill; the Bates were there when he passed away. 5. The sun was shining the day their son was born. 6. Two of Anna and Martin’s friends came to their home in Seville. 7. In London, there was a special inn where Anna and Martin stayed.
“Maud Lewis” (Page 88) Questions
1. She was born with the disease polio. 2. She started painting to earn extra money. 3. She started painting Christmas cards and selling them. 4. Maud Lewis always painted outdoor scenes. 5. Her home was disassembled and put back together in The Nova Scotia Gallery of Art for display.
“Thomas Raddall - A Nova Scotian Author” (Page 91) Questions
1. Thomas Raddall was born in Hythe, England. He moved to Liverpool, Nova Scotia when he was a young boy. 2. He began writing on Sable Island. 3. His Majesty’s Yankees, Roger Sudden, Pride’s Fancy.
260 Answer Key “Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck” (Page 95) Comprehension Questions
1. Telephone. 2. Educator of the deaf. 3. He came in 1885 for a vacation. 4. They returned every year from spring to fall for the next 33 years. Beinn Bhreagh. 5. Aeronautics. 6. The men were Casey Baldwin, Douglas McCurdy, Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge and Glen Curtiss. They were part of the Aerial Experiment Association.
“Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck” (Page 95) Trivia Question - He met her at the school he opened for the deaf and hearing children.
“Alexander Graham Bell in Baddeck” (Page 96) Spelling
1. school / deaf 9. mark / Breton 2. experiments / Baddeck 10. Mabel / remembered 3. For / thirty 11. Aerial / Association 4. couple / would 12. founded / library 5. Alexander / carried 13. Home / Association 6. Aeronautics / science 14. Graham / August 7. Hubbard / valuable 15. allowed / property 8. successful / flight
“Portia White” (Page 100) Where, Who, What, When, Why
1. Who/What 2. Who; where/when/why 3. Why 4. where/when/why 5. when 6. What 7. When 8. Where/What 9. what 10. Who/What 11. why
“Portia White” (Page 100) Reading Between the Lines
1. White was her mother’s maiden name as well. 2. $30.00 ÷ $3.50 = 8.5714 hours.
“Port Royal and Fort Anne” (Page 107) Comprehension Questions
1. Port Royal was founded in 1605 by the French. 2. Captain Samuel Argall raided the habitation in 1613.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 261 3. King James I gave Sir William Alexander the right to settle in Nova Scotia. 4. The fort changed hands seven times. 5. In 1710, General Francis Nicholson captured Port Royal for the British for the last time. 6. Yes they tried, but they were not successful.
“Port Royal and Fort Anne” (Page 107) Trivia Questions
1. The First Acadian Convention was held in 1881. 2. August 15th is National Acadian Day.
“Port Royal and Fort Anne” (Page 108) Reading Maps
1. Route 8. 2. Highway 101. 3. Route 12. 4. The Maine ferry leaves Yarmouth and the St. John ferry leaves Digby. 5. Take Route 10 then go west on Highway 101. 6. Kejimkujik National Park.
“The Fortress of Louisbourg” (Page 113) Comprehension Questions
1. 1713 by the French. 2. The salt in the sand kept the mortar from setting properly. The large amount of sandstone kept it weak. The weather kept the mortar from drying quickly, which made it even worse. 3. It was easy to enter and defend and did not freeze during the winter. 4. Large ships from France did the “wet” fishery; they salted the cod they caught and brought it back to France. With the “dry” fishery, cod was brought to shore to dry on flakes. Flakes were wooden drying racks. 5. Europe and the West Indies. 6. So the French would not return.
“The Fortress of Louisbourg” (Page 113) Reading Between the Lines
1. My walls saw...
“The Fortress of Louisbourg” (Page 113) Trivia Question - Livre
262 Answer Key “The Fortress of Louisbourg” (Page 114) Percentages
1. 700 ÷ 3000 = 0.2333333333333 or 23% 2. Portion is 42 years. Total is 47. 42 ÷ 47 = 0.89361702127... or 89% 3. 1 ÷ 5 = 0.2 or 20%
“Halifax” (Page 122) Comprehension Questions
1. Halifax was founded in 1749 by Colonel Cornwallis. It was named after the Lord Halifax. 2. -The settlers had been promised good farming land, but they were only allowed land within the new town. All the good farm land was further away. Also, 191 families were never given the land they were promised. Many settlers moved to New England. -People were also scared of being attacked by the Mi’kmaqs and the French. -Many of the settlers who came across on ships died or had diseases caused by the lack of ventilation on the vessels. 3. The settlement was divided into blocks. A rectangular piece of land was the centre of the town. Halifax had 12 streets. The streets of Halifax were bumpy with rocks and tree stumps in them. They were muddy in the spring and fall and dusty in the summer. People dumped their human waste and garbage wherever, so the town was smelly. 4. There were carnivals, curling, yacht racing, tennis matches, horse racing, and sleigh rides. 5. The two decades after World War I were tough. The depression was hard and poverty and unemployment were common. Shipyards were laying off most of their workers. Many of the factories ruined during the Halifax Explosion were never replaced. Markets for fish and coal didn’t exist or were very competitive. 6. The VE Day riot. 7. Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford are the “new” Halifax and 350,000 reside in this municipality.
“Halifax” (Page 122) Trivia Question - Alcohol
“Halifax” (Page 123) Sequencing
1. The Sphinx arrived in Halifax. 2. The first hospital was set up. 3. Twenty-two thousand military people came to Halifax to prepare an attack on Louisbourg. 4. Halifax was incorporated as a city. 5. The first street railway was founded.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 263 6. The first covered skating rink was opened in Halifax. 7. The first telephone system was installed. 8. World War I began, and many male university students were sent to war. 9. The Halifax Explosion took place. 10. World War II began. 11. The VE Day riot took place. 12. The Halifax International Airport opened.
“Dartmouth” (Page 128) Comprehension Questions
1. At first, Dartmouth was 11 oblong shaped blocks. These blocks were about 400 feet by 200 feet. A wooden wall was built for defense. 2. Nantucket Whaling Company, grist mill, chocolate company, foundries and forges, Starr Manufacturing Company, Imperial Oil Plant, shipbuilding businesses. 3. People traveled by horse and buggy. They heated their homes with coal and wood stoves. 4. Most of the men were gone to war. 5. It was built in 1955. “Dartmouth” (Page 128) Reading Between the Lines
1. If the current year is 2001, it was 249 years ago. In 2002, 250 years ago, etc... 2. C) 50,000 “Dartmouth” (Page 128) Trivia Question - 75 cents a pair
“Dartmouth”(Page 129) Select the Correct Word
1. full 2. defend 3. settlers 4. oldest 5. exists 6. transport 7. prosperous 8. population 9. wood 10. demand 11. explosion 12. produces, products 13. living
“Coal-mining in Pictou County” (Page 136) Comprehension Questions
1. William MacKay and the Reverend James MacGregor were given credit for finding coal in Pictou County in 1798. 2. In 1826, King George IV gave his brother Frederick a 60-year lease on all the mines in Nova Scotia. Frederick was the Grand Old Duke of York. King George IV was trying to help Frederick pay off his debts. Frederick owed a group of London jewelers. They were
264 Answer Key members of an English company, the General Mining Association (GMA). The General Mining Association owned all the mining rights in Nova Scotia by 1828. Local people were angry. 3. Many plants wanted to be near their fuel. 4. Munitions are military supplies, like guns, equipment, and ammunition. 5. Coal cutter machines took the place of hand picks. Horses were replaced with small steam engines. Gunpowder was replaced with explosives derived from dynamite. Cap bickets were replaced with safety lamps. 6. Coal gives off methane gas. When methane is mixed with oxygen, it can be very flammable. A spark can set it on fire. 7. Draegermen are rescue workers. 8. Coal was being replaced by cheaper oil. The high costs of shipping also made Nova Scotia’s coal a less popular choice.
“Coal-mining in Pictou County” (Page 136) Trivia Question
1. The canaries were more sensitive to the coal gases than the miners. If the canary got sick, the miners knew they had to get out of the mine fast.
“Coal-mining in Pictou County” (Page 137) M or N
1. near 2. cone/come 3. mine/nine 4. given 5. time/tine 6. demand 7. now/mow 8. children 9. county 10. cane/came 11. month 12. certain 13. month 14. small 15. steam 16. burn 17. down 18. hand 19. open 20. mine/mime
------
1. September 2. county 3. English 4. continue 5. lightning 6. underground 7. community 8. beginning
“Hockey Night in Windsor” (Page 140) Comprehension Answers
1. Hurley. 2. Windsor. Long Pond. 3. Thomas Chandler Haliburton’s book, “The Clockmaker” was the first ever to talk of boys playing the game on a pond in Windsor./ Nova Scotian newspapers followed when ice hurley evolved into ice hockey. 4. Thomas Chandler Haliburton/“The Clockmaker.”
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 265 “Hockey Night in Windsor” (Page 140) Trivia Question - Halifax
“Hockey Night in Windsor” (Page 141) Root Words
1. refer 2. love 3. play 4. evolve 5. cheer 6. use 7. introduce 8. hundred 9. get 10. locate
The Oak Island Mystery (Page 143) Questions
1. Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia. 2. A treasure. No. 3. It means that a trap is set to catch anyone who disturbs the area.
The Story of Africville (Page 148) Comprehension Questions
1. Africville was located on the edge of Halifax, at the north end. 2. Former American slaves. 3. Rockhead Prison, Halifax’s night soil disposal pits, Infectious Disease Hospital, bone- meal plant, and the city dump. 4. This made their properties have less value. 5. No, many did not want to move. 6. Between 1964 and 1969. 7. They took the land and tore down the buildings.
The Story of Africville (Page 148) Trivia Question - African Village
The Story of Africville (Page 149) Was or Were
1. was 2. was 3. were 4. was 5. were 6. was 7. were 8. were 9. was 10. was 11. were 12. were 13. was 14. was 15. was 16. were
“Transatlantic Cable in Guysborough County” (Page 153) Comprehension Questions
1. Opened in 1884 and closed in 1962. 2. Business people knew that cable was good for business. 3. The Titanic’s distress call.
266 Answer Key 4. Direct United States Cable Company in Tor Bay and the Western Union Company in Canso.
“Transatlantic Cable in Guysborough County” (Page 153) Trivia Questions
1. Across or over. 2. A German man, Sir Alexander Siemens, made the cables at his factory in Woolwich, England.
“Transatlantic Cable in Guysborough County” (Page 154) Spelling
1. business 2. company 3. Ireland 4. right 5. important 6. between 7. message 8. fifteen 9. station 10. activity 11. content 12. reason 13. organize ------B, P, G, D
company open cable built point between Europe ago business been sad/sag/sap distress Guysborough message organize employee play part/dart land important around being today long
“St. Peters Canal” (Page 157) Questions
1. It is in Richmond County, Cape Breton. It was opened in 1869. 2. Nicholas Denys was a merchant from France. 3. The canal replaced a road they used to pull ships on. 4. An isthmus is a thin piece of land that separates two bodies of water and joins two larger pieces of land.
“St. Peters Canal” (Page 158) Hard and soft “c”
county, Cape Breton, cut, Atlantic, Canada, craft, continue
“St. Peters Canal” (Page 158) Antonyms
1. small 2. thin 3. started 4. opened 5. pull
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 267 “The First Canadian Lighthouse” (Page 161) Exercise
1. C) The history of the first lighthouse in Canada. 2. - Located in Cape Breton - First lit in 1734 - Light was an oil lantern that could be seen 18 nautical miles - Lighthouse caught on fire in September on 1736. It was later repaired. - Reflectors installed in 1751 - Lighthouse damaged when British attacked Louisbourg. It was left to fall apart.
“Citadel Hill and the Town Clock” (Page 164) Research Exercise
York Redoubt: On a high hill at the entrance of the Halifax Harbour Prince of Wales Tower: Point Pleasant Park Georges Island: On a small drumlin in the middle of the Halifax Harbour Fort McNab: On McNabs Island near the mouth of the Halifax Harbour
“Halifax’s Holy Landmark” (Page 168) Comprehension Questions
1. It is known for being Canada’s first and oldest Protestant church. 2. King George. 3. Charles Inglis / British Colonies. 4. No, it was based on the design of a church in London, England, called St. Peter’s Church. 5. The timbers were cut in Boston and shipped to Halifax. The other materials were found locally in Halifax and surrounding areas. 6. Halifax Explosion. 7. The day of the Halifax Explosion, a huge blast took place. Rev. Jean-Baptiste Moreau, an assistant at St. Paul’s, was said to have been thrown out of the window and the broken glass that remained around the window sill strongly resembled the reverend’s profile.
“Halifax’s Holy Landmark” (Page 168) Trivia Question - Memorial tablets.
“Halifax’s Holy Landmark” (Page 169) Fill in the Blank
1. historical 2. located 3. beautiful 4. design 5. wood 6. broken 7. appears 8. military 9. rich 10. reminds 11. declared 12. found
268 Answer Key “Fort Beausejour - Fort Cumberland”(Page 172) Questions
1. Between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, on land called The Isthmus of Chignecto. 2. The English wanted control of the fort. 3. The French. 4. Fort Cumberland. “A Peace Treaty”(Page 174) Questions
1. The French and the British. 2. The Seven Years’ War. 3. The British ruled Nova Scotia. 4. The Indians were on the side of the French. 5. The French ruled Quebec. The British captured Quebec. 6. The Indians later made peace with the British.
“Nova Scotian Privateers”(Page 178) Questions
1. A privateer was an armed ship. The captain and crew were also called privateers. 2. Nova Scotia was surrounded by the sea. 3. Prize money was the money which came from the goods that were sold from the enemies’ ships. 4. The privateers blocked American ports in the War of 1812.
“Tusket’s Court House”(Page 183) Comprehension Questions
1. The Argyle Township Court House & Gaol. It was built in 1805. 2. The ground floor contained the jail cells and the second floor was where the court facilities were located. 3. It was a fire hazard. 4. They only had a part-time jail keeper. 5. 1805. 6. 1925, Town of Yarmouth. 7. Municipal offices. 8. To restore the courthouse to its original state. 9. It is the oldest standing courthouse in Canada.
“Tusket’s Court House”(Page 183) Trivia Question - small stove, bed, dishes to feed prisoners, handcuffs, and billy clubs.
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 269 “Tusket’s Court House”(Page 184) Adjectives
1. loud 2. small 3. dark 4. restless 5. small 6. solid 7. secure 8. municipal 9. vacant 10. federal / original 11. little
“The Titanic” (Page 186) Questions
1. A ship. 2. New York. 3. An iceberg. 4. 1985.
“The Bluenose”(Page 192) Comprehension Questions
1. The racing vessels had to be saltbankers that had worked on the Grand Banks for at least one season. 2. The Esperanto. 3. The Bluenose was 143 feet long. It was launched on March 26, 1921. 4. Captain Angus Walters. 5. He didn’t want to see the Bluenose go. 6. The Bluenose hit a reef by Haiti and was lost. 7. The Oland Brewing Company.
“The Bluenose”(Page 192) Trivia Questions 1. Black. 2. The Bluenose was on the Canadian stamp.
“The Bluenose”(Page 193) Past Tense
1. The saltbankers worked on the Grand Banks. 2. They agreed with Captain Walters. 3. The competition took place in Halifax. 4. The Canadians were happy. 5. William designed ships. 6. The models showed the ships position at sea. 7. Her owners saw no future for her.
270 Answer Key “Historic Causeway”(Page 200) Comprehension Questions
1. The Cape Sable Island Causeway. It officially opened on August 5, 1949. 2. Yuba, Oyama, and Colonel Ralston. 3. It was the first natural waterway completely closed off in Nova Scotia. 4. Armstrong Brothers Construction. They left before the job was complete because the only quarry they had did not have enough rock fill to complete the project. They returned about a year later in August 1948. 5. A small hut nicknamed “Sea Breeze Hotel.” It had a rustic oil drum heater inside and was used to keep the workers warm in cold weather. 6. Mostly local men hauled stones in their own trucks from local surrounding beaches. 7. The project was completed on April 29, 1949. The cost of the causeway was just under $600,000.
“Historic Causeway”(Page 200) Trivia Question - Cape Sable Island Boat
“Historic Causeway”(Page 201) Change the Last Letter
1. be 2. it 3. rob 4. bag 5. am 6. way 7. now 8. lint 9. on 10. send 11. sew 12. had 13. fist 14. they 15. swan 16. tune 17. cap 18. jog
“Shipbuilding in Nova Scotia” (Page 207) Questions
1. Between 1830 and 1880. 2. He made a small model of half of the ship’s hull. 3. Blacksmiths, skilled woodworkers, and woodcarvers. 4. A figurehead is the carved figure on a ship’s prow. 5. They were designed to carry cargo. 6. It was the largest wooden ship in Canada. 7. shipbuilding, blacksmith, woodcarver, figurehead.
“The Expulsion of the Acadians” (Page 214) Comprehension Questions
1. Allegiance means loyalty to your sovereign. In the story, the Acadians were asked to be loyal to Britain. 2. A) 1713 B) 1754 C) 1755
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 271 3. Richard Philipps allowed the Acadians to remain neutral. 4. In all, six thousand Acadians were deported.
“The Expulsion of the Acadians” (Page 214) Trivia Question - le grand derangement (the great disturbance)
“The Expulsion of the Acadians” (Page 215) True or False
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. False
“The Expulsion of the Acadians” (Page 216) Capitalization
1. I, Acadia, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec 2. It, Colonel, John Winslow, Acadian, Grand Pré 3. The, British 4. The, Monday, August 5. The, English, Richard Philipps, Acadian 6. Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, France 7. The, Acadians, Massachusetts, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, Georgia 8. The, Acadians, French 9. They, Britain, French 10. On, July, Governor, Charles Lawrence, Halifax, Acadians 11. Charles Lawrence
“The Hector’s Journey” (Page 218) Questions
1. The Hector was a ship sent to Scotland in search of new settlers for Pictou, Nova Scotia. 2. Scotland. 3. Smallpox broke out, killing 18 children, and they sailed into a storm that set them back two weeks. 4. Around 200 people left for Pictou.
“A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways” (Page 223) Comprehension Questions
1. The first railway was in Stellarton, Pictou County. 2. Peter Crerar made the plans for the railway. He was in charge of building it. 3. The track was opened on September 19, 1839. Two thousand people came to the opening.
272 Answer Key 4. Samson, Hercules, and the John Buddle. 5. The canal was only open a few months a year. 6. $1.35 for adults and 87 ½ ¢ for children. 7. There was 1,400 miles of main line in the 1900's.
“A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways” (Page 223) Trivia Question - Samson and Albion
“A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways” (Page 224) Consonant Blends
there first steam close changed plan each strong wharf mouth free private track three grew shape
“A Brief History of Nova Scotia Railways” (Page 224) Long O Vowel Sound
Long O Vowel Sound: no, coal, open, load, so, locomotive, told, also
“Moose River Mine Disaster and the CBC” (Page 228) Comprehension Questions
1. Between 1890 and 1909. 2. Mr. Herman Magill and Dr. David Robertson. 3. Many of the roof supports in the mine were weak. 4. At the 43 meter level. 5. Magill died of pneumonia. The other two men were saved. 6. J. Frank Willis reported live for three days from the scene of the disaster. 7. 708 radio stations.
“Moose River Mine Disaster and the CBC” (Page 228) Trivia Question - On April 23, 1936 at 12:45 am.
“Moose River Mine Disaster and the CBC” (Page 229) Rhyming
1. moose, loose 2. mine, fine 3. slow, flow 4. took, look 5. gold, hold 6. soon, moon 7. place, race 8. thing, sing 9. still, will 10. three, free 11. men, ten 12. well, sell ------1. cat, bat, that, hat, mat, pat, rat, sat 2. chop, hop, lop, mop, sop 3. leak, beak, meek, reek, seek
Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 273 4. fix, mix
“The Steel Industry” (Page 232) Questions
1. They were the first to make steel in British North America. 2. Railway axles, track spikes, and marine forgings. 3. To make gun mounts and shells. 4. realized, employee, see, steel, people, eastern.
“The Halifax Explosion”(Page 238) Comprehension Questions
1. December 6, 1917. 2. The place in the harbour where it is only 450 meters wide. 3. The Imo hit the bow of the Mont Blanc. The Mont Blanc caught on fire and exploded. 4. Recede means to go back. 5. The Halifax Explosion had caused twenty million dollars worth of damage. Even worse, some say it killed three thousand people. Nine thousand people were hurt. Twenty-five thousand people were homeless. 6. During the night, it snowed and the next day was a blizzard. This made it hard for rescue workers to help the hurt people. The weather was terrible for the next few days too. 7. The Halifax Relief Commission.
“The Halifax Explosion”(Page 238) Trivia Question - A Christmas tree.
“The Halifax Explosion”(Page 239) Multiple Choice
1. a) 2. b) 3. c) 4. a) 5. b) 6. c) 7. d) 8. b) 9. d)
“The Antigonish Movement” (Page 243) Conflict and Resolution
1. The conflict was that the businessmen were taking advantage of the fishermen and farmers. Also, the fishermen and farmers had financial problems. Therefore, the conflict was within each individual fisherman and farmer and between the fishermen and farmers and the businessmen.
2. The resolution was all the methods used by the Antigonish Movement – forming cooperatives, attending meetings and study clubs, workers educating themselves so they could be in control of their economic activities.
274 Answer Key “The Antigonish Movement” (Page 243) Trivia Questions
1. B) Saint FX 2. C) “X”
“Rum Running” (Page 250) Comprehension Questions
1. The price of fish had dropped by half, making it difficult to make money. 2. A rum runner was a person or a ship that engaged in bringing prohibited liquor ashore or across a border. 3. Prohibition was a law that would forbid the sale or manufacture of alcoholic beverages. 4. The U.S. Coast Guard was rebuilding some of their former naval destroyers to be able to track and capture the rum runners. 5. The Nova Scotia boat builders started designing new boats in 1926. They were made specially for rum running. The wooden boat was long and low. The boat was low when loaded with cargo. It had a low deckhouse, and the average boat was around 31.5 metres in length. 6. Paul’s plan was to stuff oily rags into the engine exhaust. This would create a smoke screen. Yes, it worked, giving the Canadians barely enough time to cross into Canadian waters. 7. William MacKaskel felt the rum running trip was an experience of a lifetime. It made him feel proud, and he looked forward to telling his story to his grandchildren someday. No, he found another job.
“Rum Running”(Page 250) Trivia Question - Early to mid 1930's
“Rum Running”(Page 251) The -ing Ending
1. living 2. fishing 3. making 4. working 5. bringing 6. exciting 7. finding 8. doing 9. telling 10. intoxicating
1. doing 2. finding 3. exciting 4. living 5. making 6. working 7. fishing 8. telling 9. intoxicating 10. bringing
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Our Ocean Playground - A Nova Scotia History Manual 285