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Pour Le Remèdes Traditionnels Sacrés Des Amérindiens Du Nord UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES FACULTÉ DE PHARMACIE Année 2013 N° 050 THÈSE Pour le DIPLÔME D’ÉTAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Par Sabrina BENOIT Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 07 Octobre 2013 Remèdes traditionnels sacrés des Amérindiens du Nord Président : Mme Gaétane COLLIN, Maître de Conférences en Chimie Générale et Minérale Directeur de thèse : Mme Karina PETIT, Maître de Conférences en Pharmacognosie Membre du Jury : Mme Sophie TARIEL, Pharmacien Remerciements A Mme Gaétane COLLIN, Maître de conférences en chimie générale et minérale Pour l‟honneur que vous me faites de présider cette thèse, veuillez recevoir l‟expression de ma sincère reconnaissance. A Mme Karina PETIT, Maître de conférences en pharmacognosie Pour avoir accepté d‟encadrer ce sujet, pour les heures consacrées à ce travail et pour ses différents conseils. Recevez mes sincères remerciements. A Mme Sophie TARIEL, Pharmacien d‟officine à Rennes. Pour avoir accepté de faire partie du jury, veuillez trouvez l‟expression de ma reconnaissance sincère. Je vous remercie également pour votre implication au cours du stage de 6ème année, pour tout ce que vous m‟avez apporté durant ce stage et pour votre gentillesse. Ces 6 mois ont été très enrichissants. Mes remerciements vont également : A mes parents, pour m‟avoir encouragée et soutenue moralement depuis le début de mes études, y compris après mon BP de préparateur en pharmacie pour continuer vers la faculté de Pharmacie. A mon frère, Ludo, pour son précieux soutien et ses différents messages d‟encouragements tout au long de ces études. A ma belle sœur, Anaïs, pour son soutien. A mes amis, Emilie JOSSERAND et Benoît HUCHEDE, pour leur précieux conseils, leurs diverses relectures et surtout pour leur soutien tout au long de ce travail. A mon binôme, Pierre NAHAN, pour son amitié et pour tous les moments partagés au cours de ces études. A ma marraine, Natacha Marsollier, pour nos échanges, ainsi que pour tous les moments que nous avons partagés à la Pharmacie de la Tortière à Nantes. A mes autres amis au sein de cette promotion Annaïg, Elsa, Fanny, Sya, Claire, Maïder. Ainsi qu‟à l‟ensemble de l‟équipe de la pharmacie Tariel à Rennes : Annette, Karin et Lucie, et à ceux de la Pharmacie de la Tortière à Nantes : Mr Pahud, Patricia, Isabelle, Olivia. 3 Table des matières REMERCIEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 2 TABLE DES MATIERES ........................................................................................................ 4 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................ 7 PREAMBULE ..................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 10 PARTIE 1 : REGARD DES AMERINDIENS SUR LA SANTE. .................................................... 15 1. LA NOTION DE SANTE/ MALADIE ET L’ESPRIT DE GUERISON. ......................................................... 16 2. LA NOTION D'HOMME MEDECINE OU CHAMAN ......................................................................... 17 2.1 Qu’est-ce qu’un chaman ? .......................................................................................... 17 2.2 Historique .................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Le lien avec les esprits. ................................................................................................ 19 2.4 La connaissance des plantes médicinales. .................................................................. 20 3. LES METHODES DE TRAITEMENT ............................................................................................. 20 3.1 Les prières et la spiritualité ......................................................................................... 21 3.2 Les rêves ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 La chaleur et les massages. ......................................................................................... 23 3.4 La visualisation ............................................................................................................ 24 3.5 Les sons et les mouvements ........................................................................................ 25 3.6 L’alimentation ............................................................................................................. 25 PARTIE 2 : LES REMEDES UTILISES PAR LES AMERINDIENS................................................ 27 1. LES REMEDES PSYCHOTROPES.................................................................................................... 28 1.1 Qu’est ce qu’une plante psychotrope ? ....................................................................... 29 1.2 Usages des plantes hallucinogènes. ............................................................................ 30 1.3 Les plantes et champignons utilisés ............................................................................ 32 1.3.1 Le peyotl ............................................................................................................... 32 1.3.1.1 Botanique ...................................................................................................... 34 Au niveau macroscopique ...................................................................................... 34 Au niveau microscopique (histologie du peyotl) ................................................... 37 Reproduction ......................................................................................................... 38 Culture .................................................................................................................... 38 1.3.1.2 Historique ...................................................................................................... 38 1.3.1.3 Principaux constituants de la plante ............................................................ 40 La mescaline ........................................................................................................... 40 L’hordénine ou anhaline ........................................................................................ 42 La pellotine et l’anhalidine ..................................................................................... 43 4 L’anhalonidine ........................................................................................................ 43 La lophophorine ..................................................................................................... 44 1.3.1.4 Action physiologique .................................................................................... 44 1.3.1.5 Toxicologie et dépendance ........................................................................... 47 1.3.1.6 Usage de la plante et cérémonie .................................................................. 49 Le caractère sacré .................................................................................................. 49 Approvisionnement ............................................................................................... 50 La cérémonie .......................................................................................................... 50 Son usage ............................................................................................................... 51 1.3.1.7 La loi autour du peyotl .................................................................................. 51 1.3.2 L’amanite tue-mouche ......................................................................................... 52 1.3.2.1 Mycologie ...................................................................................................... 53 1.3.2.2 Historique ...................................................................................................... 54 1.3.2.3 Principaux constituants du champignon ...................................................... 54 La muscarine .......................................................................................................... 54 Le muscimol ........................................................................................................... 55 L’acide iboténique ...................................................................................................... 56 La muscazone ............................................................................................................ 57 1.3.2.4 Action physiologique .................................................................................... 58 1.3.2.5 Toxicologie .................................................................................................... 59 1.3.2.6 Usage ............................................................................................................. 59 1.3.3 L’acore odorant. ................................................................................................... 60 1.3.3.1 Répartition .................................................................................................... 61 1.3.3.2 Botanique ...................................................................................................... 61 Feuilles et rhizomes ..............................................................................................
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