5496 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 11, 1987 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS REGIONAL COOPERATION You also know-if you didn't before this would be people with the stature to create BETWEEN ISRAEL AND EGYPT conference-that the program is working. It new constituencies of support, and raise has established long-term joint projects in funds from private, foundation, and corpo­ several fields, including health, agriculture, rate sources. HON. LEE H. HAMILTON and marine science. Most of you have heard Such an arrangement would cost the U.S. OF INDIANA about the tangible results it has produced­ Treasury no more than it currently spends IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the strains of salt-tolerant fruits and vegeta­ for Regional Cooperation­ bles, livestock better suited to the desert, Wednesday, March 11, 1987 about $5 million year. This would guarantee controlling shoreline erosion, protecting the continued U.S. role as an equal partner Mr. HAMIL TON. Mr. Speaker, I would like to lakes, and of course, the brilliant work in epidemiology. in the program, while ensuring it is led by bring to the attention of my colleagues re­ people with a vision of how Regional Coop­ marks made by our colleague, HENRY Just as important as these science gains have been the remarkable personal ties eration should expand, and the wherewithal WAXMAN, of California, on regional coopera­ built between these two nations. We see fur­ to make that happen. tion programs in the Middle East. ther evidence of that in this conference. I would hope such an entity would not Congressman WAXMAN has provided sus­ But now that Regional Cooperation has limit itself to scientific exchange, but would tained leadership in the Congress over the proven itself, we must become more ambi­ eventually aim to stimulate a variety of last several years in support of the Middle tious. For the fact is that the present pro­ joint projects. There are many areas of East Regional Cooperation Program which gram is tiny. It has reached only a few hun­ health, agriculture, rural and economic de­ seeks to bring Israelis and Arabs together on dred scientists. Its budget of $5 million a velopment in which Egypt and Israel have year represents only one one-thousandth of scientific and technological cooperative ef­ complementary resources, where joint work the $6 billion the U.S. gives annually to can bring great benefits to both nations. forts. This small program has generated much Egypt and Israel. support in Israel, Egypt, and the United As its reputation grew, such a Foundation Regional Cooperation must begin to could become a magnet for practical bridge­ States. The annual expenditures have aver­ behave in a more activist way-not simply building projects of all kinds, and for donors channeling money to the same projects year aged less than $5 million but Members should who want to help build them. If an initia­ be aware of the scope and promise of this ac­ after year, but reaching out to new partici­ pants, new fields. It must begin to act more tive as grandiose as the 'Marshall Plan' pro­ tivity and the key role played by the Congress posed by Shimon Peres and others ever in fostering and promoting it. Congressman like the Brandeis Center, with a vision of what should happen and the commitment comes about, the Foundation would perhaps WAXMAN is to be commended for his continu­ to move it forward, and less like a routinized have provided a testing ground for some of ing leadership on it. His suggestions for the bureaucracy. its ideas. future of this program and its future expansion Such a change is not likely to happen Let me assure those of you with a strong deserve consideration. while the program remains in its current interest in this program, and strong opin­ Congressman WAXMAN's remarks of Febru­ form. The AID structure which now houses ions about how it is organized, that I pro­ ary 6, 1987, at Brandeis University follow: it has been crucial in choosing solid projects pose nothing as a fait accompli. I lay this to begin the program and in overseeing REGIONAL COOPERATION: A LOOK TO THE out to stimulate discussion, and invite your their success. But as a large bureaucracy, comment on it. I welcome any other ideas FUTURE AID simply does not offer the active, entre­ (By Eenry A. Waxman) you may have for expanding the program in preneurial approach needed to break a time of shrinking U.S. budgets. (Introduction by Susan Miller, Brandeis) through the many barriers Regional Coop­ Whatever the final outcome, the keystone Thank you very much, Susan. It is a tre­ eration faces. of this activity is, and must remain, the rec­ mendous pleasure, and gives me great per­ Furthermore, AID is unable-through no ognition that peace is not, by itself, a pro­ sonal pride, to be here. I have already fault of its own-to put the additional funds talked quite a bit with some of you here, into this program that it is going to need in gram. The program is development. Raising and a warm welcome to those who have just order to expand. Like all agencies of the productivity; improving infrastructure, man­ joined us. federal government, AID's budget is under aging natural resources; improving health; I'd like to begin ·by thanking Joe Califano, attack because of our massive budget defi­ advancing the general welfare-these are Baruch Levy, Leonard Houseman, Susan cit. Indeed, AID's budget will be cut far your mandates. These goals transcend reli­ Miller, and all the people at the Center for more than most agencies. In a time when gion and nationality; they are shared by all Social Policy in the Middle East at Brandeis the allotments for many of our other people everywhere. It is in pursuing these who are responsible for putting this confer­ strongest allies are slashed by as much as fundamentally practical aims that we ad­ -ence together. You have worked for years in 50%, it is simply not realistic to seek to vance the loftier objective of peace. su.pp

e This "bullet" symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor. Matter set in this typeface indicates words inserted or appended, rather than spoken, by a Member of the House on the floor. March 11, 1987 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5497 TRIAL OF CZECHOSLOVAK JAZZ One such person who believes that success "I'm always criticizing American. manage• SECTION starts with competitive products is Akio Morita, ment rather than the American work chairman of the Sony Corp. By stressing prin­ force," Morita, 65, said. . "The American ciples such as mutual respect between man­ work force is very good. They ean produce a HON. STENY H. HOYER good product. They have high merale, and' agers and the workforce, better attitudes OF they work hard. create better products, and an attitude that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "You [Americans] should give more incen­ we're all in this together, Sony's products tive to management to run corporations Wednesday, March 11, 1987 have become very competitive. In fact, they with much longer viewpoints, instead or Mr. HOYER. Mr. Speaker, today, five mem­ have become so competitive that the rest of short-term profit. Give management more bers of the jazz section of the Czechoslovak the world is trying to catch up. security to run companies. At the same. Union of Musicians were sentenced to prison It appears that the theory which has blos­ time, you should discourage matiagement, terms ranging from 8 months, suspended for 3 somed in other parts of the world might just from taking profit away." years, to 16 months. They were charged with work in the as well. Our empha­ PROMOTING HIS BOOK illegal business activities, but their "crime" sis should not be placed on building the best The white-haired, charming Sony chair­ was providing cultural alternatives independ­ walls but rather on producing the best goods. man has been touring this country in recent·, ent of Czechoslovak Government control. The I hope that my colleagues will read this article weeks promoting his new book, "Made: im section has answered the need of Czechoslo­ by David Crook on Akio Morita's thoughts on ." vak citizens to discover art of all genres and American business. It's an account-written with a Japanese: styles by and for themselves. [From the , Nov. 1, 1986) journalist and an American journalist-of Why should we care about what happens to four decades on the front line in what some· SONY CHIEF SAYS U.S. FIRMS NEED To TAKE see as a contest between Japan and: the a band of music lovers in a far-away country? LONGER VIEW United States for world-wide industrialJ su­ First, these individuals are being persecuted CBy David Crook) premacy. for exercising their rights as set out in the Clip this article and send it to ypur boss. It's a contest that, Morita believes_,, the· Final Act of the Conference on Security and Better yet, send it to his or her boss. Better Americans are losing, often without. firing a Cooperation in Europe. Principle VII of this act still, send it to the bosses of bosses, the shot. specifically provides for states "to promote chairman and the board of directors. "In Japan today there are more makers of and encourage the effective exercise of civil, Akio Morita thinks most of them are civilian industrial products than in any political, economic, social, cultural, and other doing a lousy job, especially in the huge country on earth, including the United rights and freedoms." international consumer-electronics market States," Morita notes in a chapter titled, Second, the persecution of the jazz sec­ for television sets, radios, stereos, videocas­ simply, "Competition." sette recorders, compact-disc players and The secret of Japan's industrial might. and tion-which enjoys widespread support other high-tech equipment that his and its economic ascendancy, he continues, "lies beyond its 7,000 members-is symptomatic of other.Japanese firms dominate. on the shelves and the showroom floors of a general crackdown in , even Morita, chairman and one of the founders stores all around the world: good quality as we see hopeful signs of change in the of Sony Corp., Japan's $7-billion-a-year products that people want and in such vari­ . It raises fundamental questions post-World War II success story, said in a ety that any consumer whim can be satis­ of how far Mikhail Gorbachev's campaign of Lost Angeles interview last week that what's fied. "openness" will spread into Eastern Europe. wrong with American industry in the 1980s "This is how Japanese goods mamaged to And third, the Helsinki Final Act obliges us to are its managers and stockholders. take so much of the U.S. market.. _ . We Their short-term views of quarterly prof­ did not 'invade' the American market as it is care about the freedom of all citizens to exer­ its and annual dividends sap their compa­ sometimes charged; we just sent our very cise their rights without fear of punishment. nies of creativity and innovation, Morita be­ best products to America." The Helsinki Final Act makes events even in lieves. Morita's and Sony's electronics vanguard far-away countries the business of us all. American electronics companies, he said, was a 1946 wire audio recorder, a knock-off have given up their leadership to the point of a machine that the occupying Americans that even products bearing the names of had brought with them to war-devastated EARNING OUR WAY INTO THE leading U.S. firms-RCA, Zenith and Japan. Sony, then known as Tokyo Tele­ WORLD MARKET others-rarely are manufactured here. They communications Engineering Co., · soon are built in foreign plants and shipped back learned that the wire recorder was inferior HON. PHILIP M. CRANE to the United States with the names of to newer tape-recording machines. American companies. Still to come were the transistor radio, the OF ILLINOIS "Today, most of our [Sony] TV sets are high-quality state-of-the-art Sony color-TV IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES made of U.S.-made components, including sets, the videocassette recorder and the Wednesday, March 11, 1987 the picture tubes," he said. "The only ubiquitous Walkman. Sony's latest entry is things we send over are the electron guns the compact audio disc player, the first suc­ Mr. CRANE. Mr. Speaker, with the issue of and some special integrated circuits. So you cessful use of laser technology in a con­ international trade and U.S. competitiveness can say that any so-called 'American-made' sumer product and one now threatening to rapidly becoming one of the most active pur­ TV set is about eight y percent foreign-made make vinyl records extinct. suits of the 1OOth Congress, we must search and that ours is more truly American than The CD, with neither grooves nor stylus, for ways to enhance our prosperity. As our theirs." is the "second innovation [in audio] since trade deficit is looming in the vicinity of $170 MYOPIA AT THE TOP Edison made the first record," declared billion, many Americans are calling for Con­ But Morita does not limit his criticism to Morita, and is right in line with the mission gress to erect a trade shield in the form of that one area of America's former industrial that Sony's founders set out for their com­ might. pany 40 years ago: To "utilize the most ad­ protectionist legislation. But as Secretary of vanced technology for the general public." Commerce Baldrige points out, "trade legisla­ Throughout American industry, Morita believes, the people at the top of corporate That mission, which Morita insists is con­ tion which would only deal with the massive pyramids are short-sighted and insecure. veyed to every one of Sony's 40,000 employ­ trade deficit by imposing barriers to imports They demand quick financial returns and ees world-wide, manifests itself not only on would lead to foreigners quickly retaliating." annual bonuses that drain corporations of the technological cutting edge. It also shows To prevent this may I suggest another the capital necessary for innovation and ex­ in Sony's . and other Japanese firms' im­ school of thought which would place U.S. in­ pansion. "They cannibalize companies with provements to established technologies. dustry on the offensive rather than the defen­ hostile takeovers and 'golden parachute' Morita is especially proud of Sony's work sive. I support the argument that Americans deals." They encourage employees to "work in what he termed "mecha-tronics," the should break through the walls of protection­ only for money" and not for the greater combination of mechanical devices with good of either the corporation or society. electronics. ism by being efficient at managing and pro­ They treat employees like "tools," whose "The strength that a Japanese consumer­ ducing. Americans concerned about the trade primary function in life is to produce profit. electronics company has is this combina­ deficit should first concern themselves with And they oversee an industrial economy tion," Morita said. "That's the only way we the efficient production of the best goods in that, Morita says, grows "weaker and can produce video [cassette players] and . . the world. weaker" by the year. compact discs." 5498 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 11, 1987 Morita is quick to point out that his and Mr. Speaker, even during times when na­ who calls the police about a burglary in his other Japanese high-tech firms have pros­ tions stand ideologically miles apart, it is still house should be severely punished, while the pered without the help of a huge defense in­ the sharing and exchange of music that brings burglar is free to take the good silver. dustry, with its virtually unlimited budgets us closer to the people of other nations. for research and development. The constitu­ Zumwalt and Bagley distill this issue to its tion imposed on the Japanese by the Ameri­ I would like to ask my colleagues in the U.S. essence: "The first true test of Soviet compli­ cans after World War II puts limits on the Congress to join me in extending our best ance ought to be whether the (ABM Treaty) Japanese military, and the country has vir­ wishes to the Cumbelaires for a successful deal that the Senate was led to believe it was tually no defense industry. and enjoyable trip. approving in 1972 has, in fact, been adhered In recent years, however, a debate has I would like to enter into the CONGRESSION­ to by the Soviet Union. It clearly has not. The raged there about establishing a defense in­ AL RECORD a list of the young ladies who are second true test ought to be whether U.S. se­ dustry. It is a debate to which Morita has on the tour. Ms. Donna Dee Hardy is director curity has been harmed by Soviet violations. It been a frequent contributor. of the Cumbelaires. Members of the Cumbe­ Morally, he said, he supports defense as clearly has." I commend the entire Zumwalt/ long as it means "not attacking other laires include: Betty-Sue Gerfin, Debbie Ledig, Bagley column to my colleagues' attention: Susan M. Markel, Rhonda Ricker, Kristi people." FLA WED REPORT ON ABM "Defense power is the power to avoid Snyder, Judy Topper, Laura Allnutt, Jean war," he said. "From that meaning-backing Creamer, Jennifer Deutsch, Cora Scott, Carrie (By Elmo Zumwalt and Worth Bagley) a defense industry- I don't feel any moral Goodlander, Mary Tosten, Deb Clark, Susan A report released last week by a subgroup problem." From a business and engineering Cover, Amey Fisher, Leigh Ann Weakland, affiliated with Stanford University's Center point of view, however, Morita makes an in­ and Diana Depp. for International Security and Arms Con­ teresting distinction-one he believes that trol is rebuking the Reagan administration's American high-tech firms have failed to ap­ position that the Soviet Union has consist­ preciate. WORLD HUNGER ently violated arms control agreements with "In the defense business, if you create a the United States. fantastic weapon, cost doesn't mean any­ The report contends that U.S. and Soviet thing," he said. "So the target [product] is HON. LAWRENCE J. SMITH compliance with existing agreements, over­ more important than the cost." OF FLORIDA all, has been "good" and lambastes the The laser-based compact disc, he noted, is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES White House for "creating" the recent per­ only the most current example of a high­ Wednesday, March 11, 1987 ception that it has been otherwise. technology invention fostered, if not devel­ Let us endeavor to put this report into oped, with U.S. defense funds, that Ameri­ Mr. SMITH of Florida. Mr. Speaker, the perspective. can firms have failed to bring to consumers. Lorne Greene Celebrity Tennis Classic to End One would assume a study conducted by a The transistor was another, developed by World Hunger will be held in Pompano Beach, group affiliated with a prestigious universi­ Western Electric in the late 1940s and early FL, on April 3 to 5, 1987. All the proceeds ty-such as Stariford-would strive to incor­ '50s. The American firm-thinking that the from this event, which is attracting about two porate a broad range of views on such an best possible use for the device was in hear­ dozen well known TV, movie, and sports important topic as Soviet arms control com­ ing aids-granted Sony a license for it. Sony, pliance. It appears no effort was undertaken instead, developed the transistor radio. stars, will go directly to plant self-help food to do so in this instance. "Defense has created fantastic technolo­ gardens in south Florida. The gardens bring The study, conducted by a group of indi­ gy," Morita said. "But [in America] it's not the homeless and hungry together with vacant viduals who have historically supported used as an industry to compete with Japa­ land in their community so they can grow their arms control at any price, of course, was nese industry. Why doesn't American indus­ own fruits and vegetables. predisposed toward "apologizing" for Soviet try take advantage?" Work to end hunger in south Florida arms control violations at the outset, seek­ The man from Tokyo is rich, traveled, through unique self-help efforts must be com­ ing to dismiss even the most serious viofa­ opinionated. He's a bit brash, perhaps, but mended. tion as being of "little military significance brazen from pro1onged and, he believes, sus­ by itself." tainable success, the kind that Americans That description was attached to the only understand, intuitively. ADMIRALS ZUMWALT AND actual violation the group acknowledges­ "If you [Americans] decide to go into serv­ BAGLEY EXPOSE SOVIET ABM the construction of a large radar near Kras­ ice industries, you must not complain of the noyarsk which, they agree, violates the 1972 trade imbalance," Morita said. "You need TREATY VIOLATIONS Anti-Ballistic Missile

91-059 0 -89-34 (Pt. 4J 5500 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 11, 1987 Bloc. These publications vary in their sub­ In commemorating Lithuanian Independ­ Foundation is spending approximately 100 ject matter from documentation of human ence Day, I was privileged to add my name as times as much on structural ceramics and rights violations to philosophical essays and a cosponsor to House Joint Resolution 129, a plastics composites research as it is on steel proscribed literature. While armed resist­ bill amended and approved by the full House product research. While these technologies ance has for the most part ceased, other forms of active resistance have been adopt­ of Representatives to designate February 16, are extremely important, we must examine ed. Petitions protesting arbitrary and illegal 1988, as Lithuanian Independence Day, and a carefully whether we have the proper balance Soviet policies have circulated throughout copy of that legislation follows: in research between these newer materials the countryside and hundreds of thousands H.J. RES. 129 and the metals they seek to replace. We have of signatures have been collected belying Whereas February 16, 1988, is the 70th an­ much to learn about steel-related products Soviet claims that Lithuanians have acqui­ niversary of the declaration of independ­ and great improvements can be made in esced to the Russian Communist occupa­ ence in Lithuania; them. I commend Mr. Kruger's article to my tion. Such petitions smuggled out to the Whereas on February 16, 1918, the Coun­ colleagues as we begin to rethink whether West have focused world opinion on the ty­ cil of Lithuania, the sole representative of steel product research is getting its fair share rannical policies of the Soviet regime. the Lithuanian people, in conformity with On other occasions mass demonstrations the recognized right to national self-deter­ of the materials research budget. have expressed the underlying hope of the mination, proclaimed the restoration of an FEDERAL SUPPORT FOR STEEL PRODUCT people that they will one day rid themselves independent and democratic Lithuania and TECHNOLOGIES of the dreaded foreign occupation. The ended all ties that formally subordinated

Railroad Station and the 1904 Kolb Studio, the nation's most important research: the NSF a five-story photographic work space on Subcommittee on Science Research and The National Science Foundation, under Bright Angel Trail. Both are vacant and in Technology, with responsibility for the Na­ the jurisdiction of the subcommittee that I basically sound condition. tional Science Foundation; the Subcommit­ chair, comes in as a "winner" in the Admin­ While viewed as regionally and nationally tee on Health & the Environment, having istration's budget, at $1.9 billion-a 17% significant, according to historical architect jurisdiction over the National Institutes of jump over the previous year. The 1988 re­ Billy Garrett, neither building is appropri­ Health and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and quest includes a 16% increase for science ate for use as Park Service offices or Mental Health Institutes; and two energy and engineering education. museum space. So Garrett is looking outside subcommittees of both the Science and the park for a solution. Technology and the Energy and Commerce IMPACT OF REAGAN RESEARCH PRIORITIES Hugh Miller says he'll feel better about Committees. I am fortunate to have had Those are the raw numbers, but we have the future of the parks if Congress okays a this opportunity for multiple perspectives to ask ourselves why this heavy bias toward Reagan Administration proposal to dedicate and to learn about the country's varied and military R&D is not in the nation's interest. park admission fees for natural and cultur­ pressing research needs. Certainly we need defense research, we need al-resource management. The proposal, My testimony today will focus on what I to be farsighted, and our military readiness backed by the Conservation Foundation, view as a tremendous overemphasis on mili­ must continually be nourished. But my mes­ would net the parks an estimated $30 mil­ tary research and development in the 1988 sage today is that this favoring of military lion a year, money that now goes to the proposed federal budget at the expense of research over other types of research repre­ Treasury Department. other R&D, such as basic science, health, sents misplaced priorities, that it in fact has But ask Miller about specific projects; and and energy. This phenomenon has been some serious negative effects on our nation it's hard to detect much optimism in his called by some the "remilitarization" of fed­ and our economy. outlook. Unfinished work, he'll tell you, eral R&D because this skew favoring the Limited economic spinoff limits access to Hamilton Grange National military over other R&D has occurred dra­ Memorial, the New York City home of Alex­ matically since 1981. Much of defense research that concen­ ander Hamilton; aqueducts are deteriorating National Science Foundation figures show trates on highly-sophisticated weapons sys­ at the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National that between 1977 and 1987, while overall tems does not translate readily into com­ Historical Park in Sharpsburg, Md.; at the federal support for R&D increased 40% in mercial activity in the general economy or Maggie Walker home in Richmond, Va., two constant dollars, military R&D increased into commercial technologies. Only a small secondary but important structures may be 106%. portion of military R&D is devoted to the beyond repair in five years; and at the Na­ Between 1981 and 1987, military R&D in­ advancement of general technology, such as tional Maritime Museum in San Francisco creased 71 % in constant dollars, while lasers. In fact, from 1980 to 1984, military Bay, the steam schooner Wapana has been during the same period, civilian R&D de­ funds spent on areas with the greatest com­ in dry dock for four years, with no current clined 6%. Since 1980, DOD's R&D budget mercial application, grew only 34% while prospects for repair. has more than doubled. It is now 70% of the that for strategic (nuclear weapons) pro­ The depressing list goes on and on. Says total federal R&D budget; in 1981, it was grams increased by over 350%. Miller, the backlog of historic structures 51%. Military R&D is concentrated in the aero­ needing repair "looks like the national 1988 REAGAN R&D BUDGET space and electronic industries, contributing debt." little to the rest of the economy. Military The Administration is to be commended R&D money "runs around" into a relatively for its attention to research and to the im­ confined economic sphere, with little ripple A BALANCED RESEARCH PRO­ portance of a strong research base in re­ effect in the economy in general. As for job GRAM: CRITICAL TO COMPETI­ building the nation's competitiveness. The creation, some jobs result, but the question overall FY 1988 budget is up 1%, but R&D is what kind of jobs are created? Again, jobs TIVENESS overall is up 8% to $62.4 billion in the Presi­ dent's proposal. My quarrel is with the pri­ created by military research are concentrat­ HON. HOWARD WOLPE orities reflected in the Administration's re­ ed in a relatively small number of indus­ search budget. tries, according to a 1985 study by the Coun­ OF MICHIGAN cil on Economic Priorities, notably aircraft, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DOD radio and TV equipment, ordnance, nonfer­ Wednesday, March 11, 1987 DOD research shows an increase of 18% rous metals and electrical industrial equip­ or $6.8 billion, up to $43.7 billion. As I men­ ment. Mr. WOLPE. Mr. Speaker, as public officials tioned, Pentagon research consumes 70% of In fairness, I should say that there is of all persuasions call for steps to restore the federal research budget. Of the $40 bil­ some beneficial spinoff. The jet engine for American competitiveness, Congress cannot lion requested, $37 billion of this is for de­ commercial airplanes came from military ignore the misplaced priorities of the research velopment. Only $996 million is slated for versions. DOD led the way in computer time basic research, with a remaining $2,636 bil­ budget proposed by the Reagan administra­ sharing and advanced computation with ci­ lion for applied research. Between 1977 and vilian applications. But by and large mili­ tion for 1988. 1987 in fact, DOD increased development tary R&D dollars have limited commercial President Reagan is asking Congress to funding by 300%, with basic and applied re­ application. make defense research 72 percent of the Na­ search going up 167% and 96% respectively. Take the case of the coffee pot. The tion's research budget. In 1981, military re­ DOE $7,400 "hot beverage unit" for the C-5 air­ search was 51 percent of the Federal R&D At the Department of Energy, the Admin­ craft has over 2,000 custom-made parts and budget. istration proposes increasing military R&D is designed to work in gravitational forces In my view, this heavy concentration of re­ by 11 % while cutting energy conservation, greater than the crew or aircraft could sur­ search effort in the military at the expense of fossil and solar by a whopping 50%. As a vive. The P3 Orion submarine-hunter plane has a $12,000 three-cubic-foot refrigerator civilian research has several adverse results. I percent of DOE's overall budget, military to store the crew's lunches. It is designed to would like to share with my colleagues testi­ R&D has gone from 38% in 1981 to 65% in the 1988 proposal. meet "rigid vibration standards," survive mony presented by my colleague DouG WAL­ NIH crashes, and operate in an unpressurized GREN before the House Budget Committee, in cabin. One has to ask if this is "overdesign" which he argues for better balance in the Na­ For the National Institutes of Health, the or "gold-plating" in the days of limited Reagan Administration requests $5.5 billion, budgets and what benefits do they give us tion's research priorities. compared to $6.1 billion which Congress ap­ STATEMENT OF CONGRESSMAN DOUG WALGREN on the civilian world? The consumer really propriated for fiscal 1987. This is a 10.5% re­ doesn't need a refrigerator that can with­ TO THE HOUSE BUDGET COMMITTEE, FEBRU­ duction. NIH-the center of the nation's ARY 11, 1987 stand vibrations and crashes. effort to eradicate disease and disability, to As military science becomes more exotic I appreciate the opportunity to speak to prolong and improve life-with its $6 billion and arcane-and more classified-we have to you today as you develop Congress' FY 1988 budget represents 10% of the nation's re­ wonder what relevance it has in the non­ budget. Your task is not easy. Congress' role search effort. I cannot leave the subject of military world most of us live and work in. in setting-and in the case of the Reagan NIH without nothing that the increase In short, the notion that there is great eco­ 1988 budget, reshaping- the nation's prior­ alone in Pentagon research for 1988 is nomic spinoff in the general economy is a ities is a fundamental one, not to mention a larger than the entire NIH budget. More different case to make. critical one. federal dollars are spent on the defense For ten years, I have been privileged to R&D budget in 15 months than the total Absorbs scientists serve on four different subcommittees of spent on biomedical research since NIH's es­ Another detrimental result of this skew the House with jurisdiction over some of tablishment-$50 billion since 1937. toward military R&D is the drain on our sci- March 11, 1987 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5527 entific personnel away from the civilian R&D dollars into defense, Japan puts 2.8%. The report emphasizes "the black commu­ sector to the military. About one-third of all As we make exotic weapons systems of limit­ nity's values as a basis for action," then U.S. engineers and scientists are involved in ed commercial application, Japan makes cal­ turns to the black community itself as the military projects. For example, CBO found culators, cars, and televisions that reap eco­ "agent of change," and to the government that of all aeronautical/astronautical engi­ nomic ripples several-fold. to meet its responsibility in addressing "new neers, 47% are in defense. This is matched I hope that as you develop the budget res­ challenges"-loss of jobs, educational defi­ by actual shortages in many civilian fields, olution for 1988 that you will join me in re­ ciency, childhood poverty and welfare de­ such as computer specialists. One study ordering our priorities in this area. In my pendency facing the nation as a whole and showed that 28% of all college graduates in view, it is critical to the nation's economic blacks disproportionately. science and engineering take jobs in the de­ future. After all, what is national security if The scholars advocate "a judicious, con­ fense industry. In my view, these numbers it is not a constructively employed, healthy current, and sustained mix of both black represent a substantial diversion of our best people in a productive economy? self-help efforts and public and private as­ scientific minds away from the creation of sistance from the nation as a whole to meet new civilian products and new technologies. the complicated problems that have pro­ If the military continues to drain our tal­ REPORT OUTLINES NEW duced a so-called black underclass." The ents, we will continue to face an uphill DIRECTIONS FOR BLACKS report acknowledges the "genuine progress" battle in regaining our competitiveness in blacks have made, but its emphasis is on the the world economy. HON. MERVYN M. DYMALLY one-third of blacks who remain poor. Ad hoc economic policy OF CALIFORNIA The Committee begins its review focusing on the "value traditions of the black herit­ Finally, this overconcentration in the mili­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tary represents an ad hoc industrial policy age" which it finds "especially relevant to conducted by our government. With little Wednesday, March 11, 1987 black people during this period." It cites as economic planning and coordination, the Mr. DYMALL Y. Mr. Speaker, today I re­ core values that have been "fundamental to black survival, the primacy of family, the vast military research program allocates re­ ceived a news release that I think deserves to sources, affecting everything from engineer­ importance of education and the necessity ing school curricula to profit and invest­ be noticed by my colleagues. The Joint Center for individual enterprise and hard work." It ment rates. The Pentagon directs a large for Political Studies has become a center for calls on black "religious institutions, civic chunk of the economy almost by default. If the study of black people and the advance­ and social organizations, media, entertain­ we accept the fact that we have limited fed­ ment of black people in society. The news re­ ers, educators, athletes, public officials and eral dollars-and I do-we have to acknowl­ lease concerns a report just issued by the other community leaders to more actively edge that dollars spent in the military center in which the some of the leading black promote these values." The Essay cites as sector are dollars not spent in the civilian scholars in the country review the present po­ examples of the special value structure of blacks, " the extended family system [that] sector. Inadequate investment in civilian re­ sition of blacks in our country and suggest a search takes its toll, often surfacing down flourishes today, and historical and existing the road, in large trade deficits, personnel program of efforts on the part of black people examples of the self-help tradition . .. so shortages, understaffed schools and col­ and on the part of our government to improve embedded in the black heritage as to be vir­ leges, and less economic activity in general. the lives of black people. The report points tually synonymous with it." WHAT' S NOT BEING DONE out a growing problem in the black communi­ The report sorts out work that the black community can do-much of which "contin­ I cannot leave this SlJ.bject without point­ ty, that of the widening gulf between blacks who are prospering and those who are not. ues unheralded today"-from tasks that re­ ing out that from my perspective there are quire government action. For the communi­ many needs going unaddressed by our gov­ One-third of those in the black community live in poverty. I request that the news release be ty, the report cites as an "urgent" need "to ernment today. I will highlight two areas, develop more effective bridges between the health and science research. included with this introductory statement in the urban poor and the new black middle class As I mentioned, the NIH appropriation CONGRESSIONIAL RECORD so that our col­ outside the ghetto." for FY 1987 was $6.1 billion, the highest in leagues may avail themselves of the informa­ But the Essay also analyzes actions that its history, yet problems cry out. NIH funds tion in this important report. are well beyond the capacity of blacks or only one-third of approved projects. 855,000 any single community to resolve. These in­ Americans are diagnosed each year as REPORT OUTLINES NEW DIRECTIONS FOR BLACKS clude the role of government in restoring an having cancer; half will die. One of three In a far reaching report issued recently, a economy of moderate skill, and decent babies born will develop cancer during its paying jobs, as well as "the deteriorated in­ lifetime. 3.5 million Americans are disabled group of prominent black scholars clarify "public discussion and confusion" about frastructure of the cities that provides the by stroke. 2 million Americans have Alzhei­ physical framework for the ghetto and for mer's disease. 2 million children have black community directions. Entitled "Black Initiative and Governmental Responsibil­ ghetto conditions." mental disorders so severe they require care. The scholars contrast the long history of 60 million people suffer from cardiovascular ity." the report takes issue with "one-sided emphases and single minded approaches" past and continuing black self-initiated con­ disease. We do not have a cure for AIDS, tributions, to government action which it multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, Huntington's and instead advocates a combination of h eightened efforts by blacks themselves and says has been " important, but both recent Disease. and modest." Especially since 1981, the fed­ In another area, the science and math il­ increased, more focused government action. Co-chaired by Duke University Historian eral government " has retreated on all literacy and undereducation of our people is fronts, deepening black problems." frightening. 30% of all secondary school John Hope Franklin and Georgetown Uni­ versity Professor of Law Eleanor Holmes The report details six program priorities teachers of science and math are unquali­ which it says are suggestive of the kind of fied or underqualified to teach those sub­ Norton, the Committee on Policy for Racial Justice consists of 30 distinguished black action government should take: The conver­ jects. One in four students does not finish sion of the welfare system to a training, high school. 30% of our high schools offer scholars from around the nation who meet periodically under the aegis of the Joint education and jobs program; the replication no courses in physics and 17% offer none in of successful models to address the "alarm­ chemistry. Internationally, in geometry, Center for Political Studies to review the condition of blacks in American society. ing" spread of structural unemployment, es­ U.S. students rank in the lowest quartile. The Committee offers a tripartite frame­ pecially among black men; the creation of a The U.S. graduates one-fifth as many engi­ work for the "new agenda" which black or­ comprehensive child development program neers as the Soviet Union. ganizations are debating: to prevent costly problems of pre-natal and From 1965 to 1968, NSF appropriations The need for blacks to draw more explicit­ early childhood health and underachieve­ for science and engineering education aver­ ly and openly upon the rich and vibrant tra­ ment; the design of a set of school-to-work aged $123 million. In terms of 1987 constant dition of black values that continue to sus­ transition strategies that respond to dra­ dollars, the $115 million requested for fiscal tain them; matic workplace changes in order to avoid year 1988 is less than one-half the Congress The need for blacks to mobilize and, in the high dropout and jobless rates among provided in the late 1960s. This does not some instances, redirect the strong self-help black teenagers; the expansion of innovative quite qualify as a national assault on science tradition that is hard at work but too often strategies for improving performance levels and math illiteracy. hidden from public view; and in schools and colleges; and the re-introduc­ CONCLUSION The need to lay out the much obscured tion of strong enforcement of antidiscrimi­ In my view, this overwhelming dominance case for government's responsibility for dis­ nation efforts which have been "deliberate­ of the military in our R&D budget is a de­ advantaged citizens in a stable democracy ly abandoned." bilitating misuse of our fiscal and our and indicate specific steps that government However, the scholars stress that the human resources. As we put 70% of our should take. black community must take the lead in de- 5528 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 11, 1987 fining its "new and continuing problems" Council. Mr. Pratt serves on the policy com­ TAIWAN' S DRAMATIC CHANGES AND ITS and in "both prescribing and initiating solu­ mittee of the Business Roundtable and is a FUTURE tions with at least the vigor and resourceful­ member of the Business Council. ness with which it pursued the civil rights CBy Winston Yang, Ph.D.) revolution when government was either pas­ He is a member of the board of trustees of After an absence of several years I recent­ sive or hostile, as it often is today." the American Enterprise Institute, a trustee of ly had a chance to return to Taiwan. During The Essay credits civil rights and black Duke University and a member of the board of the last week of December and the first community organizations with success in re­ overseers of the Wharton School of Com­ week of January I held wide-ranging discus­ ducing barriers. This success has exposed merce and Finance. sions with a number of academicians and government officials, collected data for a many "novel" and "ferocious" problems Mr. Pratt is chairman of the Business Coun­ that require blacks to help their institutions specialized book on Taiwan and visited Hsin­ "adjust to new circumstances and chal­ cil of New York State and chairman of the chu Science Park and factories in Kaoh­ lenges" and increase their financial support United Way of Tri-State. He is a member of siung. I was so deeply impressed by what I to them. the board of the New York Chamber of Com­ heard and saw that I have now completely The Essay stresses that, "self-help can merce and Industry, and the New York City swept away my previous misconceptions have only a limited impact on the economic Partnership. He is a trustee of the Committee about Taiwan. environment" but acknowledges that it can for Economic Development and the U.S. Taiwan's first dramatic change was its de­ "encourage action and teach behavior that velopment from a poor. backward, underde­ can pay handsome dividends for blacks and Council for International Business, and a veloped U.S. aid-dependent island country for the nation as a whole." Seeking a bal­ member of the National Industrial Advisory on the verge of collapse into a prosperous ance the scholars say has been missing from Council of Opportunities Industrialization Cen­ economic giant on its way to become a de­ current debate, they conclude that "the in­ ters of America. veloped nation with a foreign reserve of excusable disparities between whites and I know that my colleagues join me in con­ more than 50 billion U.S. dollars. I clearly blacks that continue today were not created gratulating Ed Pratt and the American Man­ recall what Taiwan was like when my rela­ by blacks and cannot be addressed by blacks tives and I fled the Chinese mainland in alone." agement Association. 1949. We were often hungry. Young chil­ dren

91-059 0-89-35 (Pt. 4) 5532 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 11, 1987 remember that those lucky few who are al­ The Department of the Treasury officials SUPPORT WALLOP-BREAUX, A lowed to emigrate should not divert our atten­ have indicated that they intend to issue pro­ SUCCESSFUL USER FEE PRO­ tion from those who must stay behind. posed regulations relating to this problem in GRAM We must make it clear in repeated efforts the immediate future. We are very concerned on behalf of the many refuseniks that it is in that the Department of the Treasury will inter­ HON. LES AuCOIN the Soviet Government's self-interest to do pret the statutory language of this provision in OF OREGON more than to simply grant a few requests in such a way that thousands of homeowners well-publicized cases. will unpleasantly be surprised to find that they IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES We must make it clear to officials of the have been denied the benefit of the higher Wednesday, March 11, 1987 Soviet Government that we see through its limit on the home mortgage interest deduction public relations campaign. Mr. AuCOIN. Mr. Speaker, today I am intro­ and are subject to IRS penalty and interest We must remind Soviet officials that, in ducing a resolution to support the continued assessments because of the denial of the de­ spite of their claims that new emigration laws enhancement of our sport fishing resources duction. have made it easier to leave, it appears that through the Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund. Gener­ these laws have, in fact, made it more difficult, We urge our colleagues to support this leg­ ated by excise taxes on sport-fishing equip­ based on the cases of these two Leningrad islation and respectfully request that the com­ ment, a portion of motorboat gasoline taxes, families and thousands of other cases. mittee grant the immediate consideration of and import duties on fishing equipment and And finally, we must remind Soviet officials this matter in order that this inequity may be pleasure boats, the Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund that we view these people as individuals with resolved in the near future. is a user fee program with more than a 30- individual rights and not simply names on a year history of success. Millions of people list. who enjoy fishing pay these fees to ensure TRIBUTE TO TARAS that fishing resources will continue healthy SHEVCHENKO and growing for themselves and their children. HOME MORTGAGE INTEREST Ironically, the very success of this program EDUCATION appears to have made it a target for a raid by HON. WILLIAM 0. LIPINSKI the administration. The President's budget HON. ROBERT T. MATSUI OF ILLINOIS proposes to transfer $25 million from the OF CALIFORNIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wallop-Breaux Trust Fund to another account IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for gener­ Wednesday, March 11, 1987 al activities. For the Congress to accept this Wednesday, March 11, 1987 Mr. LIPINSKI. Mr. Speaker, I wish to bring to proposal would be to surrender hard-won Mr. MATSUI. Mr. Speaker, today, Congress­ the attention of my colleagues that on March gains in sportfishing resource programs and man SCHULZE and I are introducing legislation 9 of every year Americans of Ukrainian de­ would also break faith with those who have to correct the uncertainly surrounding the al­ scent salute Taras Shevchenko, Ukraine's paid the fees. lowance of the home mortgage interest de­ freedom-fighting bard. Born in 1914, Shev­ Every State uses funding from Wallop­ duction on the refinancing of any type of loan chenko rapidly gained recognition for his cour­ Breaux for projects ranging from habitat resto­ secured by a personal residence. age to speak out against czarist oppression by ration and hatcheries to boating access facili­ The uncertainty affects only homeowners way of his poetry. By the age of 33, his ties to research and education. In Oregon, a who prior to August 16, 1986, had mortgage significant portion goes to the Salmon Trout poems written in the native language and re­ debt secured by their home that exceeded the Enhancement Program [STEP] in which volun­ calling the Ukrainian past attracted so much cost basis plus the cost of any improvements teers and students by the hundreds build in­ popularity that Shevchenko was arrested, tried made on the property, that is, grandfather pro­ stream structures to create habitat, maintain and sentenced to 10 years of exile by the czar vision. As you may recall, the conference streamside hatchboxes, and assist in research agreement limits the home mortgage interest with express orders forbidding him to read, and education efforts. Approximately $135 mil­ deduction that can be taken by an individual write and sketch. Shevchenko is still remem­ lion is expected to be available through the to interest on debt secured by a home or bered today as one of the most powerful sym­ fund in 1987. Oregon's allotment of approxi­ second residence, not to exceed the cost bols of Ukrainian freedom and independence. mately $3 million assists in maintaining and basis for the residence plus improvements To understand Ukraine today is to see a enhancing a sport fishing industry that is and qualified medical and qualified education­ country in danger of losing its national identity. worth well over $300 million to the State each al expenses. Like the forced-famine genocide that occurred year. The statutory language of the conference under Stalin in 1932-33, a genocide-by-Russi­ Mr. Speaker, I believe the anglers in this agreement appears to suggest that those per­ fication is occurring right now in Ukraine. country understand how this user fee program sons who are eligible for the August 16, 1986, Ukrainians make up the majority of the coun­ works not only for them and for the economy grandfather provision might lose thousands of try's population but are being denied cultural but also for a healthy environment, and that is dollars in mortgage interest deductions if they and social freedom. Knowledge of the Rus­ why they support it. Let us not disappoint refinance their indebtedness on the property sian language and assimilation into Russian those who paid the fee fully expecting reve­ to take advantage of lower interest rates. culture are mandatory if one wishes to seek nues to be dedicated to sport fishing en­ This problem is a result of the phaseout of any kind of prominent position in Ukraine. hancement. I urge my colleagues to support the consumer interest deduction and the at­ Shevchenko represents the spirit that is still this resolution and to reject the administration tempt to prevent taxpayers from circumventing alive in the hearts and minds of all Ukraini­ transfer of funds proposal. this provision by making consumer purchases ans-the hope for freedom, justice and inde­ The House resolution I am introducing and taking the interest deduction through the pendence. Certainly that was on the mind of reads as follows: use of home equity loans. It appears that the young Ukrainian sailor Myroslav Medvid when H. RES. 118 statutory language was drafted in such a way he plunged into the Mississippi River last year. Whereas the Congress established the that the Department of the Treasury may in­ Ukrainians today long for the time when they Sport Fish Restoration Account in 1950, terpret the new provision to mean that a through the Federal Aid in Fish Restora­ can once again speak, assemble and worship homeowner refinancing to take advantage of tion Act

TABLE 3.-AVERAGE EXCISE TAX FOR EXPENDITURES SUBJECT TO FEDERAL EXCISE TAX, BY INCOME CLASS, 1985

$10,000 to $20,000 to $30,000 to $40,000 to All incomes Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $19,999 $29 ,999 $39,999 $49,999 $50,000 or more

Average combined excise tax ..... $252 $113 $129 $201 $267 $317 $353 $439 As a percent of income ...... 0.95 4.89 1.74 1.36 1.08 0.92 0.79 0.61 As a percent of all expenditures .. . 110 1.17 1.19 1.24 1.18 1.14 1.04 0.93 Share of combined excise tax ..... 100.0 4.1 7.6 19.1 19.4 16.9 11.8 21.2 Average gasoline excise tax ...... $93 $37 $43 $73 $102 $121 $137 $161 As a percent of income ...... 0.35 1.62 0.58 0.50 0.41 0.36 0.31 0.22 As a percent of all expenditures ... . 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.43 Share of gasoline excise tax ... 100.0 3.6 6.8 18.8 20.0 17 .4 12.4 21.0 Average beer excise tax ...... $17 $9 $9 $14 $19 $23 $23 $28 As a percent of income ...... 0.06 0.37 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.07 0 05 0.04 As a percent of all expenditures ... 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 Share of beer excise tax ... 100.0 4.5 7.4 19.8 19.7 17.6 11.2 19.9 Average wine excise tax ... $4 $2 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $8 As a percent of income ...... 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 As a percent of all expenditures ... 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Share of wine excise tax ... 100.0 4.0 6.3 17.3 17.8 16.5 12.5 25.7 Average liquor excise tax ...... $39 $17 $18 $29 $40 $50 $54 $76 As a percent of income ...... 0.15 0.76 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 As a percent of all expenditures ...... 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.16 Share of liquor excise tax 100.0 4.0 6.7 18.0 18.7 17.1 11.6 239 Average tobacco excise tax ...... $46 $24 $33 $42 $52 $58 $58 $52 As a percent of income ...... 0.17 1.05 0.44 0.29 0.21 0.17 0.13 0.07 As a percent of all expenditures ... 0.20 0.2 5 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.17 0.11 Share of tobacco excise tax 100.0 4.8 10.6 22.1 20.9 17.2 10.6 13.8 Average telephone excise tax ...... $26 $14 $15 $21 $26 $32 $36 $47 As a percent of income ...... 0.10 0.61 0.21 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 As a percent of all expenditures ...... 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 Share of telephone excise tax .... 100.0 48 8.6 19.0 18.2 16.0 11.5 21.8 Average airfare excise tax $27 $10 $10 $18 $24 $29 $39 $67 As a percent of income ...... 0.10 0.43 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.09 As a percent of all expenditures ... . 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.14 Share of airfare excise tax ...... 100.0 3.4 5.7 16.3 16.8 14.8 12.5 30.5

Source: CBO tabulations based on data from Consumer Expenditure Survey: Interview Survey, 1982-83. Income and expenditure data have been aged to 1985 and adjusted for underreporting of taxable expenditures. Income includes individual excise tax liabilities. March 11, 1987 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5535 CANCER PATIENTS second is to increase public awareness and A CHANCE AT GREATNESS: EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS ACT understanding of this disease and, ultimately, AMERICA'S ROLE IN WORLD the employability of cancer survivors. TRADE HON. MARIO BIAGGI I ask all of my colleagues to join me in sup­ OF NEW YORK port of this critically needed legislation. Last HON. GEORGE C. WORTLEY year both the House and Senate expressed IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF NEW YORK Wednesday, March 11, 1987 their opposition to these discriminatory em­ ployment practices by passing a resolution I IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, today I am proud authored to provide cancer survivors fair and Wednesday, March 11, 1987 to introduce legislation on behalf of a very equal treatment in the workplace. That resolu­ special constituency-our Nation's more than Mr. WORTLEY. Mr. Speaker, as leaders tion was a first and firm step toward passage from business, labor and government grapple 5 million cancer survivors. This large and of this legislation-legislation to provide them ever-growing population has endured much with proposals to improve America's ability to equal protection under the law. compete in the international marketplace, a and triumphed over many obstacles. Yet trag­ We reveal our cruelest side as a society ically, they continue to be victimized and stig­ few voices stand out from the crowd. Mobil when we allow discrimination of this kind Corp. is such a voice, and I submit the follow­ matized in our Nation's workplace. This is a against cancer survivors. Unless we are pre­ grave injustice and one that must not be al­ ing remarks by Allen E. Murray, the chairman pared to take legislative steps to combat it, lowed to continue. It is time we provide these and CEO of Mobil, for the benefit of my col­ we simply sanction its continuation. The need courageous conquerors fair and equal treat­ leagues. I do not share Mr. Murray's support for a Federal law specifically outlawing em­ ment in the workplace-and equal protection for a new consumption tax, but his emphasis ployment discrimination against persons on under the law. on the need to preserve the international trad­ the basis of cancer history is clear-and long My legislation, the Cancer Patients Employ­ ing system-with some necessary modifica­ ment Rights Act, will prohibit employment dis­ overdue. Quite simply, our Nation can no tions-and to lower the budget deficit are im­ crimination against persons on the basis of longer afford to lose the productivity and con­ perative challenges for Federal lawmakers. tributions of these special citizens-"modern cancer history. It is a fight I have been actively A CHANCE AT GREATNESS: AMERICA' S ROLE IN involved in for almost 3 years. During this profiles in courage." WORLD TRADE time, I have learned of the great indignities Ninety-nine times out of a hundred, a cancer survivors have suffered in our work­ speaker will begin by telling you how glad place ranging from job denial to wage reduc­ TOBACCO ADVERTISING: CON­ he is to be with you, and I'm certainly no tion, exclusion from and reduction in benefits, STITUTIONAL RIGHT, OR exception. But I've got to admit that coming WRONG? back to t he oil patch these days is a source lost promotions, and even outright dismissal. of mixed emotions. I'm genuinely happy to This is an outrage affecting one out of every see so many old friends. At the same time, I four cancer survivors in this Nation. HON. JOHN J. DUNCAN share your concerns and your hopes for the There is good news on the medical front OF TENNESSEE energy industry that will emerge after the with respect to the fight against cancer. We trauma of restructuring is behind us. have spent millions of dollars on cancer re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES But that's not really my topic today. I de­ cided a long time ago that I can't control search and that investment is finally paying Wednesday, March 11, 1987 off. Today, in fact, 51 percent of people diag­ the price of oil. So what I will talk about is nosed with cancer will be cured. By the year Mr. DUNCAN. Mr. Speaker, much has been something all of us, as concerned citizens written in past years about legislation banning with the right to speak our minds, can hope 1990, 1 out of every 1,000 children reaching to influence. I want to share some of my the age of 20 will be childhood survivors of the advertisement of tobacco products. Those of us who were in the Congress in 1971, re­ concerns about American economic policy. the disease. This medical progress is expect­ And I'd like to compare America's policies ed to continue and the ranks of cancer survi­ member well the debate surrounding the ban with those of some foreign countries, and vors will continue to increase by the hundreds on cigarette ads on television and radio. Many see what happens because of the differ­ of thousands each year. Yet why have we Members and special interest groups, now ences. spent an astronomical sum of money on support a total ban on tobacco advertising, To my mind, talking about international expanding the present prohibition on televi­ economic policies is really talking about cancer research, if our society does not international trade. I can't think of a single permit those benefiting from the research­ sion and radio to include magazines and newspapers. Even sporting and charitable nation anywhere, at any time, that has at­ namely cancer survivors-full recovery and tained a leadership role in world affairs and complete rehabilitation. Our Nation must pro­ events, whose primary sponsors are tobacco achieved a satisfactory standard of living vide persons with a cancer history fair and product manufacturers, would be prohibited for its people without foreign trade. In fact, equal treatment in the workplace. from advertising the participation of the tobac­ I'd go another step and say that today, as in Under my legislation, an individual has the co industry. the past, the nations we call the great na­ right to bring civil action against as employer if At the very heart of the debate is the cor­ tions, at least in the free world, owe their status in no small measure to their success the employer engages in the following unlaw­ nerstone of this country's most revered consti­ tutional amendment, the right of free speech as trading nations. ful employment practices: This was true in ancient times of the and a free press. Any ban on tobacco adver­ Fail or refuse to hire an individual or deny a Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. It was true promotion to a person because of a cancer tising is such an enfringement, plain and of the Phoenicians. It was true of the great history; simple. In fact, this enfringement could lead to city-states of Venice and Genoa. It was true Limit, segregate, or classify employees in the prohibition of advertising for a wide variety to Holland, Spain, and Portugal. It was cer­ any way because of cancer history; of products which may be found offensive by tainly true of Britain. Require that an individual meet medical other special interest groups. America didn't play a lead role until after standards unrelated to essential job require­ The American Bar Association has recently the first World War. Up until then, trade wasn't too important to us. We were a big ments or require any individual to reveal medi­ rejected proposals to lend support to efforts country, with lots of natural resources, and cal information unless necessary to reveal banning tobacco advertising, precisely be­ wary of foreign entanglements. We had a qualifications essential to job performance; cause of the first amendment arguments. continent to tame and to build. We didn't Retaliate against an employee if that person Other organizations rejecting such legislation have to give foreign trade the same high has opposed these unlawful practices or par­ include the American Advertising Federation, priority as the Europeans. ticipated in an investigation or hearing; the American Association of Advertising Agen­ But today, we're neither as young, nor as Fail to make reasonable accommodations cies, and the Association of National Advertis­ self-sufficient, as we once were. The newest ers. kids on the block, in economic terms, carry for an employee to fulfill essential job requir­ names like Japan, and Korea, and Brazil, ments. At no time is it advisable for the Congress and Taiwan. Most of them don't have our My bill has two major purposes. The first is to take steps limiting the first amendment. size or our resources. So they're dead seri­ to outlaw employment discrimination against Such legislative proposals should be soundly ous about the role trade has to play in order persons on the basis of cancer history. The defeated. for their people to prosper. 5536 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 11, 1987 America, meanwhile, seems to view itself The budget gap, because it boosts interest ago. It's a program to clean up orphan waste as it used be be. World trade is something rates, also acts to keep the dollar higher dumps that will cost nine billion dollars over our leaders largely seem to ignore-until than it ought to be, and that's another the next five years. To help pay for the new some industry gets pinched by foreign com­ handicap for American business. So to cut giant-sized version, the tax on a single in­ petition and screams for protection. Or until the trade deficit you must cut the budget dustry-oil-was raised by more than 13 somebody does some bookkeeping and real­ deficit. times, to two- and-three-quarter billion dol­ izes that we have a huge trade deficit. The I know the dollar has fallen sharply lars over five years. No other industry was proposed answer is usually an even louder against the yen and the mark. But it hasn't asked to pay anything close to this amount. cry for tariffs, or import quotas, or some dropped against all currencies. It has re­ This congressional proclivity to look other protectionist measures that would mained fairly constant with the South toward special taxes to meet societal prob­ only make matters worse by triggering retal­ Korean won, and the Brazilian cruzado, and lems tells me several things. It tells me that iation, trade wars, and the possibility of a the Canadian dollar, to cite just three. So some of our political leaders have lost sight worldwide depression. Am I being too grim? our trade imbalance hasn't improved as of fairness-of the concept that all of us Well, the scenario I just outlined isn't very quickly as we'd like. It's gotten better, and should pay for those things that benefit us far from what occurred after Congress will improve even more. But that budget all. It tells me that some of our political passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930. deficit still hangs over what could be a leaders are willing to yield their duties of I'm not saying America should roll over much rosier picture. proper oversight, review, and supervision and play dead in matters of international The trouble is, hardly anybody seems over earmarked funds. Instead, the funds trade. There has to be reciprocity-what's ready to trim the deficit. In the closing days are controlled by bureaucracies with their come to be called the level playing field. But of the Congressional session, anxious to own priorities, direction, and momentum. I am saying that trade is far too important leave town and hit the campaign trail, Con­ Most important, it tells me how America's to America-and the world economy-for gress did vote a budget that managed to hip-shooting and the quest for the quick fix. lawmakers regard America's role in the slow the annual increase in spending from world economy. The fact is, America does have the means the level we've been accustomed to. But to protect itself. Like our trading partners, Our lawmakers seem to have the attitude from what I read in the papers Congress that if nobody worries about bolstering for­ we have statutes to enforce the GATT pro­ didn't devote nearly as much time, thought, hibitions against dumping and export subsi­ eign trade, why should they. They discern or effort to the deficit crisis as it did to re­ no political constituency for jobs in export dies. We have Section 301, which gives the vamping the tax code. Furthermore, the President broad authority to retaliate industries. new tax bill, because it had to be "revenue Our lawmakers sometimes seem imma­ against trade practices by foreign countries neutral," won't do a thing to narrow the which are unfair, unreasonable, and dis­ ture. They cling to the earlier image of a deficit. What it will do, however, is weaken Fortress America. They seem to think criminatory. In fiscal '86 alone, duties were the ability of American industries to com­ imposed in 36 cases, 21 for dumping and 15 American business can keep paying tax pete against their foreign counterparts. after tax after tax and still whip the West involving subsidies. I'm sure most of us would agree that a tax We have also chosen to negotiate trade Germans, Japanese, and South Koreans. hike of 120 billion dollars over the next five They seem to forget John Wayne doesn't differences, as witness the recent semicon­ years can't help the competitive posture of ductor agreement with Japan. That's per­ live here any more. American industry. I'm equally sure that Our lawmakers still prefer a piecemeal, fectly proper; GATT itself is the product of the capital-intensive industries in particular ongoing negotiations. The agenda for the politically expedient approach when they will be weakened by the loss of the invest­ attack a societal or environmental problem. current round of talks is particularly rele­ ment tax credit, less favorable depreciation, vant to U.S. needs, because such topics as Just add a brick to the load business has to and the alternative minimum tax. And they carry, and never mind the foreign competi­ non-tariff trade barriers, agricultural prod­ happen to be the very industries facing the ucts, barriers to international investment, tion. and the broad issue of counterfeiting are all stiffest competition from overseas. So much for the problems. How about the included. To me, it hardly makes sense to The multinational companies are hit espe­ cially hard by the tax bill, in areas involving solutions? How do we get Congress to focus send our negotiators off to the GATT talks on the trade implications of its actions? to the accompaniment of a loud protection­ the foreign tax credit and the allocation of interest expenses. That's particularly coun­ To its credit, Congress has cut spending, ist chorus here at home. although it's still at a near-record percent­ My answer to the protectionists is to state terproductive, because the multinationals provide assured customers of American ex­ age of GNP. The budget approved in mid­ a fact they seem to ignore, namely that October seems to restrain defense expendi­ American businessmen, if given the oppor­ ports through their foreign affiliates. So if you weaken the ability of the multination­ tures, and limit everything else to a one per­ tunity, are no slouches at international cent hike. But that isn't going to make a trade. Yes, we do have a trade deficit that's als to operate effectively abroad, you also directly eliminate some jobs in the U.S. real dent in the deficit. currently running at an annual rate of some I happen to think there's still room for $150 billion a year. Yes, we do have a trade But here's the ultimate irony in the tax bill: Consumers with more money to spend more spending cuts. But if for political or deficit with Japan, every protectionist's fa­ other reasons they can't be made, then the vorite whipping boy. But the fact remains because of lower individual tax rates could well use that cash to buy imported products, only other way to narrow the gap is that America, and not Japan, is the world's through additional revenue. I don't think leading exporting nation. And in spite of because American companies may be less able to compete. So we'll be hearing more that revenue will come from higher income our trade imbalance with Japan, we sell taxes-not after the lengthy reform process. more American products to that country protectionist cries, leading to more threats of retaliation, and we'll be back at the brink But the money will have to come from than to any other country in the world, somewhere. except Canada. of a rash of trade wars. If that isn't Catch In fact, U.S. merchandise exports all over 22, what is? Last summer, some sentiment was voiced the world between January and June of this What saddens me most is that Congress for a consumption tax, which I personally year directly accounted for almost five-and­ acted with no apparent thoughts to the re­ feel is our best hope to reduce the deficit. a-half million American jobs. If you count alities of the world marketplace. Other The idea seems dormant now, but when the the jobs that are indirectly linked to the countries favor their domestic industries. next budget message is due in February, my export trade, the count encompasses more Our leaders often demand a level playing hunch is the consumption tax will surface than six percent of the American workforce. field-and then tilt it against us. In Japan, again. It's the only tax that captures reve­ Why, then, if we're such great traders, is for example, the tax laws make it cheaper nue from the under-ground economy. More the trade imbalance so huge? The trade def­ for companies to raise capital. They encour­ important, it remains the most logical way icit is part and parcel of the huge budget age individuals to save in tax-free accounts, to reduce the deficit without hurting the deficit-which was 220 billion dollars in the and provide favorable tax treatment of divi­ nation's economic posture as a world com­ fiscal year just ended. The budget deficit dends at the corporate and individual levels. petitor. It's levied on domestic consumption, keeps real interest rates in the U.S. higher But the tax bill is only one way in which including imports, but not levied on ex­ than they should be, so we can keep attract­ Congress seems to ignore the fact that ports-perfectly acceptable under GATT ing foreign capital to help finance the defi­ American industry operates in a global mar­ rules. Maintaining our world role is, to me, cit. But that also means foreign companies ketplace, and not in a vacuum. Whenever among the most important challenges we can borrow at lower rates than their Ameri­ there's a problem that requires money to face. can competitors and gain an edge in world solve, Congress enacts a special-purpose tax, But it won't be an easy battle. In order to markets. The interest rates charged to in­ aimed at an industry it rightly or wrongly get our leaders' attention, we've got to dustrial producers are lower in places like considers wealthy enough to pay. create a constituency for international West Germany and Japan than they are Consider, for example, the Superfund trade-and for America's position as a here. measure passed and signed only a few weeks world-class trading power. March 11, 1987 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 5537 That means spreading the message about STATUE OF LIBERTY FEE BILL MRS. HELEN BENTLEY HON­ the role trade plays in our economy. To our ORED BY U.S. PROPELLER employees. To our shareholders. To our cus­ CLUB tomers. To our vendors. To our students. HON. FRANK J. GUARINI And, most important of all, to our political leaders. OF NEW JERSEY HON. LINDY (MRS. HALE) BOGGS I've said in the past, tongue-in-cheek, that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES we ought to build huge scoreboards, in both OF LOUISIANA Houses of Congress, to keep a tally of how Wednesday, March 11, 1987 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES every bill that's discussed affects America's Mr. GUARINI. Mr. Speaker, for over a cen­ Wednesday, March 11, 1987 competitive stance. I know such scoreboards tury now the Statue of Liberty has symbolized Mrs. BOGGS. Mr. Speaker, one of our col­ aren't about to be built. But if the business the freedom which all Americans enjoy. I con­ and academic communities can get vocal leagues, HELEN DELICH BENTLEY, of Maryland, sider the imposition of a fee at the entrance of enough about world trade, and if we make was honored this week by the U.S. Propeller this national inappropriate and cheap­ enough people aware of its importance to Club in its annual salute to the Congress. American jobs and America's future, then ening. we'd get the attention of Congress. We'd HELEN is only the third recipient of the award, The American public has contributed gener­ sharing this honor with former House Speaker become the scoreboards-the vocal constitu­ ously to renovate and restore the Statue of ency for world trade that the country so Tip O'Neill and former Senator Russell Long. badly needs. Liberty. It now stands in the forefront of our Recognized as an international authority on When that happens, America won't have country's national symbols as a place truly be­ the merchant marine, HELEN BENTLEY'S opin­ to worry about the West Germans, or the longing to all our Nation's citizens. Genera­ ions and expertise is eagerly sought by the Brazilians, or the Japanese, or the Koreans. tions of Americans, countless immigrants, and many supporters of this historic industry. Her We won't be handicapping ourselves, and millions of newcomers to our shores have em­ speech on Tuesday night contained so many hurting ourselves. We've handled competi­ braced this monument to the opportunity tion before, and we'd handle it again- on insights on the plight not only of the maritime that fabled level playing field. which our land possesses. There is indeed a and its allied industries, but also on the erod­ part of every American in this statue. ing industrial base that I feel it imperative that It is inappropriate to put a price tag on Lib­ the House have the benefit of her thoughts on CALIFORNIA MILITARY LAND erty, and impose a fee at this focal point of this critical issue. WITHDRAWALS OF 1987 national consciousness. Last month an en­ Mr. Speaker, I am submitting the complete trance charge of $1 was imposed on each vis­ text of Congresswoman BENTLEY'S speech for HON. BEVERLY 8. BYRON itor to the statue. Mr. Speaker, this is a slap in the RECORD today. the face to all those who reached into their MARITIME INDUSTRY SALUTE TO CONGRESS OF MARYLAND pockets to support the Centennial Commis­ AWARD ACCEPTANCE SPEECH GIVEN BY THE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sion's plans to renovate Lady Liberty. HONORABLE HELEN DELICH BENTLEY I am not taking issue with the establishment Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. It is Wednesday, March 11, 1987 a great honor to be named as the recipient of entrance fees at other national parks. The Mrs. BYRON. Mr. Speaker, today, I am in­ of the Maritime Industry Salute to Con­ 1987 appropriations bill made it clear that troducing legislation which would withdraw gress Award, especially in light of the high certain Federal lands in California from public there is a need to generate revenue for the esteem in which I hold both the maritime upkeep of large nonurban parkland. The industry and this award. land laws for military purposes. These lands Tonight's event is a wonderful opportuni­ are within both Chocolate Mountain Aerial Statue of Liberty is distinctly a National Park Service facility in one of the most densely ty for all of the representatives of American Gunnery Range and China Lake Weapons maritime and port interests to see old Center. The bill would rewithdraw these lands populated urban areas of the United States. friends and meet new ones. It is quite no­ for a period of 15 years. While both of these The public should not be restricted from visit­ ticeable that as the years go by, this mari­ areas have been used by the Department of ing this monument which provides residents in time group seems to become smaller and the Navy since World War II, congressional this great metropolitan area with needed rec­ more exclusive. I guess only the toughest approval of a withdrawal of these lands ex­ reational space. ones survive. As you all know, I am not one to miss a pired in the 1970's. For several years now, un­ In addition, the Statue of Liberty should rep­ golden opportunity to discuss maritime successful attempts have been made to help resent the bounty which our Nation makes issues. However, I will make my remarks the needed legislation find its way out of the available to all its citizens. This gift from short and sweet-Helen Bentley style. recesses of the administration's bureaucracy France was intended to commend our Na­ I've been around the maritime industry a and into Congress. Now that it has, I believe tion's founders for their perpetual commitment long time. I can vividly recall when I started that the time has come for Congress to act. to the principles of freedom. Any restrictions to cover Congressional hearings thirty-seven years ago-how everyone in Washington was As a member of the Committees on Interior on public access to this place simply will not and Armed Services, I introduced H.R. 1790 in lamenting the decline of the American mer­ do. chant marine and complaining that govern­ the 99th Congress which allowed the military Today I am joined by my colleagues from ment agencies and bureaucrats were indif­ to rewithdraw six different ranges located both sides of the aisle and both sides of the ferent to that industry's problems. throughout the Western United States for mili­ Hudson River in introducing legislation which Everywhere I went, I heard the same tary purposes. After a series of negotiations will prohibit the collection of an entrance fee litany: we must re-vitalize our merchant among all the interested parties, the bill was marine because it is our fourth arm of de­ at the Statue of Liberty. We recognize that the passed by both Houses under unanimous fense. We must develop and implement a Statue of Liberty holds a unique place among consent during the final days of the 99th Con­ national maritime policy. gress. the sites held in trust by the National Park When I was elected to Congress in 1984 Service. As a gift commemorating our Found­ and returned to Washington, I really was In order to remain true to my commitment not surprised to hear the same woeful re­ to the agreements made last year, my new bill ing Father's commitment to the principles of freedom, as a symbol of the bounty which frain that I heard thirty, twenty, and ten contains much of H.R. 1790's compromise years ago: "We must re-vitalize our mer­ language. Some of the identical language in­ America offers to its people and as a promi­ chant marine because it is our fourth arm of cludes a 15-year withdrawal, a draft environ­ nent park in our Nation's largest urban area, defense. We must develop and implement a mental impact statement which must be com­ we oppose any restriction on admission to the national maritime policy. pleted no later than 12 years after the law's Statue of Liberty. Mr. Speaker, I respectfully I could stand up here tonight and repeat enactment, and a requirement for ongoing de­ urge my colleagues' support of this worthy that same litany that you've all heard so many times before and probably get away contamination efforts. Mr. Speaker, for once, I legislation. with it because misery loves company. Let's believe that I can say at the beginning of the face it, the maritime industry is definitely process that this bill is already consensus leg­ experiencing its worst depression in years. islation at its best. I urge my colleagues to I could get away with it because each of support its passage. you here tonight almost expects to hear the 5538 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS March 11, 1987 same song-each of you here knows that I being unpatriotic and hurting their country embracing all aspects of the alarming de­ can not offer any quick solutions. because they are slowly destroying a vital cline of America's industrial base has yet to With the exception of the Nixon Adminis­ segment of an integrated system. be fully addressed. tration-which did make a commitment to a They must realize that eventually­ Oblivious to our accelerated slide into an shipbuilding program to build 300 commer­ sooner, or later-once they have done seri­ economic quagmire, entrenched bureaucrat­ cial ships in U.S. shipyards over a ten year ous damage to the maritime industry, the ic and economic "experts" working in com­ period-all of the other seven administra­ adverse impact upon our total economy will partmentalized government agencies contin­ tions during my maritime years have ig­ also hurt their special interests. ue to make arbitrary decisions which consti­ nored the problems of the maritime indus­ Initially, we tried to fight this hostility by tute a threat to both our economic health try. We can spread the blame around, be­ dealing with individual personalities within and national security. cause both Republican and Democrat ad­ the agency. Cajoling and attacks through On February 17, The Baltimore Sun car­ ministrations are guilty. the media failed. Attempting to educate en­ ried a story on its business page that illus­ Well, when I returned to Washington as a emies of cargo preference also didn't work. trated the scope and magnitude of govern­ Congresswoman in 1984, I realized the possi­ Nothing did! ment indifference. It noted that an advisory bilities of any new subsidies. and significant Gradually, it became apparent that we body to the Department of Defense in a 103- domestic construction programs or· any sig­ were not just up against a few obstinate in­ page report warned the United States is nificant new national maritime policy were dividuals suffering from tunnel vision. It losing its competitive edge in semiconductor beyond reach-especially in view of the was something far more ominous . . . we chip technology and manufacturing know­ budgetary restraints and economic realities were fighting a collective mentality, an how. The report found and I quote: "that a we must face today. inbred, generations-old bureaucratic hostili­ significant number of the chips used in So, instead of fighting windmills and ty that was programmed to think in narrow some of the newest weapons systems are making futile attempts to accomplish the self interests and took a "to hell with every­ either entirely made, packaged or tested impossible, I tried a piecemeal approach. body else" attitude. abroad, potentially putting the United Concluding that some relief to our maritime Because I now comprehend the full enor­ States at the mercy of foreign sources." industry would be better than none, I did mity of the problem, I am here tonight to The same report also stated that expertise some research and attacked those govern­ tell you that what we are up against con­ needed to manufacture other important ment agencies that were guilty of ignoring cerns far more than just our maritime in­ weapons system devices, including those and even violating our Cargo Preference dustry. used in radar, surface warfare systems and laws. The decline of the maritme industry fore­ laser-guided bombs is now almost complete­ After gathering hard evidence of cargo shadowed the decline of America's industri­ ly anchored in Japan and Korea. preference violations, I went public with my al base, and our nation is already in the Because of the need for a national debate charges. Many of you here tonight are second phase of a true crisis. and a national consensus on the direction aware of the fight that ensued between So, tonight, instead of just talking to you this country is taking as we move toward myself and certain bureaucrats in certain about the maritime industry, I am going to the 21st Century, I am urging the formation federal government agencies. I was aston­ talk about all American industries because of a commission of the best and most inno­ ished-not only at the indifferences shown we are dealing with a root cause that affects vative minds from our private sector to by these agencies towards the problems of them all. create a Marshall Plan for America. Such a the maritime industry, an industry which is I am seriously concerned about the loss of group would not only be responsible for ad­ so essential to our economy and our defense America's industrial base, and if any of you dressing national economic problems-it posture, I was astonished to discover a bel­ have been following my recent speeches and should and must raise the level of conscious­ ligerence, an animosity directed at the mari­ actions, you are probably aware that I con­ ness in this country as to the critical need time industry that was difficult to under­ sider this problem a threat to the basic stand. for establishing broad national economic It is an animosity that has become so en­ foundation of our nation. priorities and for long-range plans to imple­ trenched that it is now institutional in In GNP growth this past year, America ment those priorities. nature. I am constantly amazed how each was at the bottom of the list of industrial­ Almost forty years ago, the United States succeeding administration views its obliga­ ized nations. trailing even Sweden and embarked on a plan to restore and re-vital­ tions and priorities. It seems to have become Norway, strong bastions of socialism. Indus­ ize the war-torn economies of Europe and a moral imperative to cater to the whims trial rot is epidemic in America. Once thriv­ Asia. Named for Secretary of State George and wishes of everyone except the American ing U.S. plants stand empty and shuttered. C. Marshall who created it, the Marshall taxpayer-the ones who supply the grease In my own Congressional district, Bethle­ Plan became a spectacular success. It was an for the pork barrel. hem Steel Corporation's vast sprawling steel integrated economic plan designed to re­ A case in point. The Agency for Interna­ mills and its adjacent Sparrows Point ship­ build the destroyed manufacturing facilities tional Development. The acronym is A.l.D. yard-once major employers of skilled and infrastructures of our World War II en­ or "aid" as it is known to its friends-at highly paid workers-are operating far emies; it re-instituted labor unions and least, those overseas. below capacity and struggling to survive. guilds and implemented a trading struc­ 22 U.S.C. Section 292 states, " not- This local picture is a microcosm of a na­ ture-the General Agreement on Trade and withstanding any other provision of this or tional crises. Tariffs