iwww.ineco.estransporEnglish editionte Journal of transport engineering and consultancy 20 1 1 Issue 1
Railways AVE routes to Levante Aeronautical Seven Latin American airports checked Tunnels Under the Cantabrian mountain range Transport studies Rabat, ticket to 2020 ports Works on the Port of Valencia R&D OPTIMAL Project sustainability The lynx freeway Editorial
W e are proud to publish the first edition of our magazine itransporte English Edition and to share the projects we have been developing both at home and abroad with our clients and friends. It is a great opportunity to be able to coincide this first edition with the inauguration of the new high-speed train line to Levante. You can now travel the 438 kilometers (272 miles) between Madrid and Valencia, Spain's third largest city, in just one and a half hours. With this inauguration, as of December 2010 Spain already boasts 2,060 kilometers (1,280 miles) of high-speed lines, the third highest figure in the world. The participation of Ineco right from the beginning in the development of high-speed lines in Spain has been an important factor in the growth and expansion of the company; we are today a team of more than 3,000 professionals in consulting and engineering for the transportation industry. We have taken advantage of our drive and know-how to enter deep into the international market, a terrain in which we have many years of experience. We complement this work with our national projects and our shareholders, the Spanish state-owned companies Adif, Aena and Renfe. We have participated actively in the modernization of airports and roads, as well as in many emblematic projects in Spain; particularly noteworthy in this edition are the projects of the expansion at Malaga Airport, the construction of the Pajares Tunnels, the expansion of Atocha Station in Madrid, the commissioning of the first subway line in Seville and the developmental work on the train in Tenerife. The experience that we have gathered over time and the trust that our international clients place in us has led us to sign important new agreements with countries such as Mexico, Algeria, Turkey, Egypt, Kuwait, Costa Rica, Morocco or Jamaica. We hope you enjoy this magazine as much as we do.
Ignasi Nieto Chairman & CEO of Ineco
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ITRANSPORTE 215x280.indd 1 30/09/10 16:22 Table of contents Volume 1 | Issue1 | 2011
NEWS From Buenavista to Cuautitlán 24 aeronautical TRANSPORT STUDIES Suburban trains aimed at 100 million passengers per year The latest headlines and news photos 6 Seven Latin American airports checked 48 Emergency measures to improve traffic 64 Mexico Airport infrastructure test Transport plan for the Romagna region of Forli RAILWAYS Italy on the move 26 South America Italy A long road leading to great results 10 Metropolitan area tramway and subway A plan for the future of tourism in Jamaica 52 Rabat, ticket to 2020 66 The Spanish high-speed rail network just reached Italy Ineco has drawn up the Master Plan for Sangster New urban transport Master Plan 2,060 kilometers in service Two cities, one tram 28 International Airport Morocco Spain Tenerife develops its future rail network Jamaica Can you spare a minute, please? 68 AVE routes to Levante 12 Spain New 26,000 m2 area 54 Ineco trains its fieldwork research teams Unique features abound in the new high-speed line The subway that transformed Seville 30 Additional space for domestic flights in Valencia International Spain Ineco project participation Spain Shorter distances in Galicia thanks 16 Spain Preparations for 2020 55 PORTS to a new series of viaducts Belgrade modernizes its infrastructure 32 Expansion of Alicante Airport Essential improvements to the port 70 Works on the high-speed Ourense–Santiago corridor First light metro line Spain infrastructure Works on the Port of Valencia Spain Serbia 'Smile. You're in Kenya' 56 Spain 'SUV' trains 20 Desert train 34 Review of the expansion and upgrading project Implementing the S120 and S130 Ineco configures the country's rail plans of Nairobi´s international airport R&D Spain Kuwait Kenya Solutions for sustainable and efficient 72 Interoperable language to protect trains 21 Atocha doubles its size 36 EMAS: emergency braking 57 growth Validation of the ERTMS railway system Phase one of the expansion project First installation in Europe Advanced approach and landing procedures Spain Spain Spain Europe New look for São Paulo's suburban 22 Taking care of the Eastern tracks 40 TUNNELS Controlling our skies 76 rail network Safety and comfort for the Mediterranean Technology by Aena, a European pioneer Ineco is part of the metropolitan region transport Railway tunnels in Spain 58 and Levante corridors Spain modernization project Major projects Spain Brazil Spain Making the impossible become possible 78 From Djibouti to the heart of Ethiopia 42 High technology on the tracks Under the Cantabrian mountain range 60 Spain A vitally important connection A challenge for Spanish engineering Ethiopia Spain Virtual tunnel, real life 80 INECO Increased safety with 3D simulators www.ineco.com The Jujuy train returns 43 First complete hydrogeological study 62 Editorial Offices: Paseo de la Habana, 138, 28036 Madrid [Spain] Railway study in Argentina Spain Tel: (34) 91 452 12 56 of Pajares Web: www.revistaitransporte.com Argentina Pioneering work by Ineco General Manager International & Development Area: Javier Cos SUSTAINABILITY International Director: José Anguita Great routes to the future 44 Spain The lynx freeway 81 Editor-in-Chief: Bárbara Jiménez-Alfaro / [email protected] The aim of the Trans-European Networks is Editorial Staff: Lidia Amigo / [email protected] The new A-32 freeway will incorporate Adrián López / [email protected] to connect all regions of Europe 24 special passageways Advertising Manager: Henry Pryzbyl / [email protected] Europe Production: BrikoTaller Editorial, S.L. Spain c/ Bausa, 8 – Portal 2, 3ºN, 28033 Madrid [Spain] Tel. 619 50 68 74 What is ‘interoperability’? 47 All the articles included in this English Edition have Printed by: Rivadeneyra been previously published in the Spanish version of the magazine. Legal Deposit: M-26791-2007 Moving towards the convergence of the European rail network Each article clearly displays the number corresponding Copyright © Ineco. All rights reserved 2011. For reprint articles please Europe to the original, which is available at www.revistaitransporte.es contact the Editor-in-Chief. Translation from Spanish into English: Treeloc 4 it 5 Jamaica Expansion of the Montego Bay Airport International news The private consortium MBJ Airports, which operates Sangster International Airport at Montego Bay (the second most important city in Jamaica), Algeria entrusted Ineco with drawing up the expansion project for its airfields and A modern and efficient the adaptation of its facilities to ICAO safety standards. This is the second project for Ineco at the airport, after completing in 2009 the Master Plan. transportation system According to the new document, this Jamaican airport currently welcomes three Ineco leads the public consortium carrying out the project out of every four visitors to the island, and could see passenger figures rise from the for the renovation of Algeria’s National Transportation Plan current 3.3 million to 4.7 million in 2028. The consortium MBJ Airports has a 30-year (PNT), which includes Spanish firms such as Consultrans, franchise to run the airport and a subsidiary firm of the Spanish Abertis group owns a 74.5% Imathia and FIIAPP, as well as Algerian ones, such as AIC. majority stake in it. More information on page 52 . Javier Cos (in the picture), Ineco’s general manager for In the picture above: Ignasi Nieto (right), presidente of Ineco, and Fernando Bosque, CEO of MBJ Development and International, signed the contract in Airports, signing the contract on October 2010. May 2009. The Plan will define the investment and projects required for the different modes of transport until 2025. ➔ Egypt Cooperation with the Government of Mexico Ineco is awarded with the renovation of the Ineco will carry out air navigation system a study on three Mexican expressways Ineco won the international tender held by the Egyptian Holding Company for he project consists of a study Airports and Air Navigation (EHCAAN) for into improved signaling in three developing a modernization strategy for Texpressways of the National the country’s air navigation systems. The Infrastructure Fund, whose fiduciary is the project, which was entitled Development National Bank of Public Works and Services Strategy of Air Traffic Control Infrastructure of the country (Banobras S.N.C). and Management, is primarily aimed The expressways in question are Mexico at analyzing the current CNS/ATM City–Veracruz, Mexico City–Irapuato y of patier (renfe archive s ) (renfe patier of courte s y infrastructure in Egypt, proposing a new and Mexico City–Acapulco. The project The Spanish high-speed train network arrives in Valencia network of airways for its airspace and is result of the cooperation agreement The Spanish high-speed rail network continues to grow with a new line joining Madrid, Cuenca, implementing the specifications for a new signed in 2010 with Banobras, with which Albacete and Valencia from December 2010. The 438-kilometer link between the Spanish capital air traffic control system for theC ontrol the Mexican Government is planning an and its third most important city brings two economic centers together. The project has been a Center in Cairo. It is Ineco’s first project in ambitious improvement plan for transport challenge in engineering, consisting of 160 viaducts, 50 tunnels and digging works, 8 new stations Egypt, which was awarded in October 2010. infrastructure over the coming years, and the remodeling of Atocha Station in Madrid. Ineco has participated in all of the different phases with more than a hundred projects with a making up the project: from preliminary studies, to facilities and systems, environmental studies and combined value of e35 billion. King Juan Carlos I (center of the picture), next to construction project management. More information on page 12 . the Minister for Development, José Blanco (right) Turkey Costa Rica and the President of Aena, Juan Lema Devesa. Spanish supervision Ineco will develop the Malaga Airport will continue to grow in 2011 of the new high-speed National Transport Plan with the construction of a second runway rail construction Costa Rica entrusted Ineco with developing It is the fourth biggest airport in Spain for the airport with the city centre, located The Turkish State Railways (TCCD) awarded its National Transport Plan, with the objective volume of traffic, and when the current 8 kilometers away. Ineco the contract for the supervision of the of analyzing the current rail, airport, ports and expansion process (which Ineco has been Throughout all of these projects, the state track improvement project on the section urban transportation situation and to plan involved in since 2001) is finished, it will body Aena has relied on the cooperation Köseköy–Inönü and the track which joins further development until 2035. In parallel have the capacity to receive 30 million of Ineco, which has also participated in Istanbul to Ankara. The goal of the Turkish and in conjunction with another Spanish passengers, compared to the current figure the operational transition to the new Government is to adapt this conventional company (Iberinsa), Ineco also developed of 12 million. On March 15, 2010, the facilities, carrying out preliminary testing track to be able to handle speeds of up to throughout 2009 a large study for the King and Queen of Spain inaugurated the before starting the service to make Alonso García Tamés, CEO of Banobras. 250 km/h and to link it up to the future tunnel Costa Rican Institute for Rail Transportation third terminal (T3), which covers an area sure that everything ran as smoothly as under the Bosporus. The Spanish companies (INCOFER) on the country’s entire rail of 250,000 m2. In September 2010, the possible. Ineco is also responsible for the OHL (which constructed the first section) network of 414 kilometers, with a view to its new suburban rail access line came into environmental impact of the construction and CAF have taken part in the project. revitalization. New ATC tower at El Cairo Airport. service, which runs under the second runway work and has planned the new rail access (currently under construction) and connects to the airport. 6 .tr .cr 7 International news
atc and afis Ineco, air navigation services provider Ineco received the certificates from AESA (the Spanish Air Safety Agency) that formally authorises it as an air navigation services provider to give Airports Air Traffic Services (ATS) and Aerodrome Flight Information Services (AFIS). The cerficates were obtained on June 2010 (AFIS) and November 2010 (ATC), in accordance with applicable requirements of the Single European Sky regulations, and are essential requirements to becoming an AFIS and ATC services provider for a specific aerodrome in Spanish airspace. After Aena, Ineco is the first company to be awarded these certificates in Spain. In the picture above, the room simulation at SENASA facilities in Madrid (Spain).
➔ Kuwait and Oman The Office of Consultation and Career Development of Kuwait has contracted Ineco as international consultant to revise the Master Plan of the Industrial Area of Shadadiya and the preparation of tender documents for its design and construction. The objective is the development of a new 4 km2 industrial area located south of Kuwait City. Ineco will also participate in the tender and the selection of the contractor who will design and construct the infrastructure planned by the Kuwaiti Public Industrial Authority. In parallel, the Sultanate of Oman awarded the Master Plan for the new Musandam Airport, a strategic enclave in the Persian Gulf, to the consortium made up of Ineco, GOP Architects and TRIAD Oman Consultants International. Spain backs rail freight transportation The Spanish Ministry of Development announced in September 2010 its Strategic Plan for the Promotion of Rail Freight Transportation, the main measures of which were decided upon by all 17 regional administration bodies during a meeting of the sector in Madrid (see picture above). Ineco has worked closely with the Government in its preparation, including an analysis and assessment of a sector which in Spain only transports around 4% of freight, whereas the European average is 12%. This situation is set to change over the coming years with the measures proposed in the Plan, which are directed both towards improving management and infrastructure, as well as planning logistical nodes and intermodal connections and the From left to right: J.M. Llorente, project lead; definition of a basic rail network destined for freight transportation. Javier Cos; Adam Al Mulla, director of OCCD, The goals are to increase the efficiency and reliability of the sector, promote its development and Hussain Al Sayegh, Ineco sponsor in Kuwait. and support a form of transport which is considered to be more environmentally-friendly.
Ineco opens a new local office in India In association with the Spanish are underway, such as Algeria, firmP rointec, Ineco has opened Mauritania or Turkey, among a new office in Delhi, which others. On Spanish soil, apart from joins offices inM exico City and the Madrid headquarters building, São Paulo (Brazil), in operation there are regional offices in the for over a decade now. Besides most important cities: Barcelona, these permanent offices,I neco Valencia and Seville. Ineco added also has staff onsite temporarily recently another regional office in countries where projects in the Basque Country. Picture: Carlos Franco, manager of the new Delhi office. 8 9 Railways | SPAIN | High-speed A long road leading to great results ( )R The Spanish high-speed rail network just reached 2,060 kilometers
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In February 2008, the first There are currently four corridors operating: in executing the high-speed network has been commercial high-speed trains the Southern Corridor (Madrid–Cordoba–Sevi permanent. From the railway access project to made the long-awaited connection lle, Madrid–Cordoba–Malaga and Madrid–To Andalusia (southern Spain), and its transfor ledo, with 655 kilometers), the North/Northeast mation into the high-speed line, to the latest between Madrid and Barcelona Corridor (Madrid–Valladolid, with another openings and the sections currently under a reality. This finally occurred 209 kilometers) and the Northeast Corridor construction, Ineco engineers have been in- almost 11 years after the Spanish (connecting to the Madrid–Guadalajara–Za volved in all developmental phases of the Government awarded the project ragoza–Lleida–Tarragona–Barcelona and Spanish high-speed lines. Their tasks included for the construction of the Zaragoza–Huesca lines, with a total of 805 all reports, from prior viability, demand and kilometers). The fourth line was added in 2010, financing studies, to information surveys and high-speed line between Madrid, the Eastern Corridor, which connects Madrid construction plans, both for civil engineering, Barcelona and the French border. to Cuenca, Albacete and Valencia. electrification and signaling works. These lines have a total length of 2,060 kilo They have executed station designs and city spanish high-speed rail network t has been a long road for the Spanish meters in service. Construction work will be planning operations for access routes to cities, A Coruña Bilbao high-speed railway, embarking on its continued to extending the North and North- performed technical assistance and works ma Ijourney with the opening in 1992 of the west corridors, as well as the Mediterranean nagement, and provided support to logistics Madrid–Seville line. This was when the term and Levante corridors, and also a connection operations and project management. Finally, Valladolid AVE (Alta Velocidad Española or Spanish to Portugal on the cards. they have received rolling stock, test equip- Barcelona High-Speed) appeared for the first time. AVE ment and help with the start-up of the infras is now a popular acronym known worldwide, Ineco has been involved in the development tructure. We could say that our joint work on Madrid referring both to the high-speed network itself of the Spanish high-speed railway since its the development of the Spanish high-speed Valencia and the services that have gradually started inception. Back in 1974, the company drafted rail network continues to be the area with the Albacete
to weave together for the whole of Spain. This an initial viability study and preliminary plan greatest volume of activity for Ineco. n in service important milestone for the country marks for a high-speed line between Madrid and Bar- Our professionals have devoted our greatest Seville ❚❚ Under construction the consolidation of the high-speed network celona and its extension towards the French effort to this endeavor, surpassing 10 million n Planned / Project Malaga in Spain. border. Starting at that time, its participation working hours in the last 30 years. n Under Study Japanese origins High-speed comes to Spain The history of high-speed trains is relatively kilometers of tracks, with planned growth high-speed lines in the world* > 1974 characteristics would be changed to adopt operative in the Southern Corridor, and a further recent. The first line, Tokyo–Osaka (Japan), of approximately 300 kilometers per year. km 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 The year INECO started drawing up the first the international standard width and section 1,400 kilometers of new construction was 515-kilometer long, opened in 1964 to be Countries like the United Kingdom, Belgium, China draft project for the future high-speed line features adapted to high-speed, thus allowing planned. These were distributed between the ready for the Tokyo Summer Olympics. Europe Netherlands and Italy have joined the network, Japan between Madrid and Barcelona. From that point, new developments to be integrated with the Northeast Corridor (Madrid–Barcelona–French would have to wait until 1991 to enjoy the whose interoperability has been a concern Spain its participation in the high-speed network has Trans-European High-Speed Network. border), with the Zaragoza–Pamplona–French advantages of this mode of transport, the of the EU. They have principally used the France never stopped. border axis declared as a priority; the Northwest year in which the Paris–Lyon line opened European Railway Traffic Management System Germany > 1993 Corridor (Madrid–Valladolid) and the Eastern (410 kilometers). Later, Germany (1991, (ERTMS), which means the end of borders due Italy > 1987 Year in which the Infrastructures Master Plan Corridor (Madrid–Cuenca–Albacete–Valencia). Hannover–Würzburg line, 327-kilometer to the different railway systems on the Old South Korea It could be said that the Spanish Railway (PDI) was approved for 1993-2007, outlining Finally, a study was made for a future long) and Spain (1992, Madrid–Seville) would Continent. Spain commits to an open technical USA Transport Plan approved in 1987 was the a 1,800-kilometer high-speed rail network, connection with Portugal. This, however, is join the elite club of countries with this architecture and was the first country to Taiwan beginning of AVE’s journey into Spain, which structured around corridors. It is coherent with still pending the signing of the pertinent railway infrastructure. Today, the European implement advanced levels of ERTMS, wich Turkey included the development of NAFA (New Rail the high-speed scheme defined by the European international agreement between the two high-speed rail network has close to 6,000 enable interoperability between suppliers. Belgium Access to Andalusia). Subsequently, its technical Union. The Madrid–Seville line was already countries.
Holland * In service Source: UIC (December 2010) 10 11 Railways | SPAIN | High-speed AVE routes to Levante ( )R Unique features abound in this new high-speed line
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Electrification, train signaling exclusive parallel platform is also planned. The phase (providing executive management and and protection systems and line will be 943 kilometers long, leaving Ma- technical assistance to worksite managers). communications make railway drid and going towards Cuenca and Motilla del Ineco has executed electrification works on madrid Palancar (see map on the opposite page). From all sections, encompassing electric substations, operations possible. Ineco provides this town, one section will continue on to Va- overhead contact lines, automatic monitoring its extensive experience on the lencia and another will split off to Albacete and and control systems and electric and remo Torrejón de Velasco line that connects Madrid, La Encina. From this nucleus, one section will te-control dimensioning studies, among other Aranjuez Tarancón cuenca Castile-La Mancha, Community lead to Xàtiva and Valencia to connect with the works. Ocaña of Valencia and the Murcia region. high-performance Mediterranean Corridor be- tween Valencia and Barcelona. Another section new destinations will run towards the southeast, to Monforte del VALENCIA. The arrival of the AVE entails a great Motilla del Palancar he high-speed network continues to Cid, splitting into two sections, one directly to boost for the city’s revitalization project, which is Madrid–Seville Valencia grow and railway access to Valencia Alicante and another to Murcia. undergoing a stage of unprecedented economic requena Tand Albacete its a reality since De- Ineco, a pioneer in applying the new systems recovery in the region. cember 2010. Ineco is also participating on for high-speed lines, will continue providing ALICANTE. The busy beaches of the Spanish the transport hub linking Madrid to Castile-La its services to Adif (the Spanish administrator Costa Blanca will end up even closer to Madrid Mancha, Valencia and, in the near future, the of railway infrastructures) in the unfolding with this connection, planned for 2012. albacete Xàtiva Murcia region. phases of the Levante Eastern Axis. It will be MURCIA. The extensive golf courses dotting the Trains on this line start at Madrid Atocha, and involved in everything ranging from the design region are its main tourist allure, as well as being will initially share the Madrid–Seville infras stage (with the drawing up of the functional, a genuine catalyst for Murcia’s economy. tructure to Torrejón de Velasco (KP 28). Another basic and construction plans) to the works La Encina, Villena
Monforte del Cid alicante Elche
murcia
Ineco’s work Unique elements construction is the La Cabrera tunnel, which is different facilities to prevent risks and to avoid in drafting projects The line required the construction of two new 7,157-meter long and employs a double-tube incidents. They are also equipped with evacuation Ineco has drawn up the facilities projects stations in Cuenca and in Utiel–Requena, as well composition, making it the longest on the line. systems. Civil protection and security facility for the sections depicted on this map in green: as the remodeling of the stations in Albacete, projects were executed were needed in each of Albacete–Monforte del Cid–Alicante–Murcia Valencia, Alicante, Elche and Murcia. Unique >Protection in tunnels the tunnels on the line in accordance with the and Albacete–La Encina–Valencia. features abound, such as a railway viaduct with Railway tunnels require special attention to TIS (Technical Interoperability Specifications) on IN SERVICE the network’s longest arch, in Contreras, with obtain adequate levels of protection and safety. safety in tunnels in conventional and high-speed a span of 261 meters. Another noteworthy For this reason, each one has been equipped with trans-European railways. project phase
12 it 13 Ineco has drawn up the functional and construction projects for the high-speed line to Valencia. It also acted as executive manager and provided technical assistance to the works management for the systems whose main characteristics are described on these pages.
Electrification Fixed and mobile communications Prior to drafting the electrification projects, using the features of the different sections, (preventing ice or snow from obstructing There is an increasingly-pronounced trend communications, the implementation of running to Valencia and Albacete, 110 Ineco created and drew up the electric leading to an increase in overall project needle changes), lighting and electricity in in fixed communications towards a single, the GSM-R (Global System for Mobile BTS (base transceiver stations) and 73 dimensioning studies for the entire Levante quality. In addition to the catenary, with 1,203 tunnels, as well as the construction of eight multi-purpose IP network, due to its numerous Communications-Railways) is essential for booster stations were installed. In parallel, Eastern Axis. With regard to catenary projects, kilometers of overhead contact lines with traction-power substations and 38 automatic technological and economic advantages. With interoperability. It is being installed across the the infrastructure was built so that public the introduction of the CATMASTER system 13,838 poles, the associated systems were transformer stations. The voltage supply to regard to works, 2,500 kilometers of fiber entire high-speed network, both to offer voice mobile telephony operators can install their merits mention. It is employed for design installed in the sections in question. These the catenary is 2x25 kV, equal to the latest optic cables will be laid and over 300 SDH coverage and to support data for Level 2 of equipment and provide voice and 3G services automation and construction plan generation included the heating of point switches high-speed lines in service. transmission systems will be installed. In radio ERTMS/ETCS. In the Eastern hub sections to passengers.
Train signaling and protection Technical buildings The majority of signaling and protection electronic interlockings. It will also include countries that meet the established The great challenges for this section included commitment to provide a suitable technical execution time and consisted of ‘in situ’ systems were already introduced in previous Level 1 and Level 2 of the ERTMS/ETCS requirements will also be able to travel on this the high number of buildings which had to be response and architectural quality in line foundation laying, prefabricated projects, such as the high-speed line train protection system. Planning for Level 1 line. The Control and Reporting Center (CRC) accommodated, their geographic dispersion with the importance of the infrastructure. reinforced-concrete structural panels and Madrid–Zaragoza–Barcelona and the line includes the installation of 2,790 signaling in Albacete is equipped with the same systems and extremely tight delivery periods. Over the Significant earthmoving and contention works hollow-core slabs. These buildings house the Madrid–Segovia–Valladolid. In the initial balises. Level 2 will have a total of 6 radio as other existing CRCs. The back-up equipment length of the 450 kilometers of line, a total of were required in some cases to prepare the signaling, telecommunications and electrical sections of the Levante Eastern Axis, there block centers (RBC). As this system is fully at the Madrid-Atocha CRC will provide control 23 technical buildings, 27 signaling cabins and locations. The construction process employed a equipment, as well as a LOP (Local Operations are 1,423 track circuits, 504 signals and 13 interoperable, trains from other European and reporting redundancy. 38 tunnel cabins were installed. This covers the high degree of industrialization that shortened Panel).
14 it 15 Railways | SPAIN | High-speed Shorter distances in Galicia thanks to a new series of viaducts R Works on the high-speed Ourense-Santiago corridor ( )
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Their height, length and slimness are surprising. The viaducts used by the future high-speed line between Ourense and Santiago represent a real challenge to nature.
he difficulties of the terrain represent a challenge for engineers and construc- Ttors. The Ourense–Santiago corridor is an excellent example of the effort invested through the use of the most advanced tech- 1 niques in order to bring together technology, safety and environmental beauty. On behalf of Adif (Spain’s railway infrastruc- tures administrator), Ineco has implemented the different environmental directives and has provided consultancy and support to the project and site management on geological, geotechnical and structural issues. The stretches that have been completed so far fully comply with all the most advanced high-speed specifications, with 6,000 me- ters curved radii, 2x25 kV electrical current, GSM-R communication systems and ERTMS 2 Level 1 and Level 2 security. SUMMARY OF VIADUCTS Sáramo Viaduct Rego das Cabirtas Viaduct Abeleda Viaduct Covas Viaduct n Total length of high-speed line: 87.10 km. Length: 1,484.80 m (1) (2) Lenght: 975.20 m n Total length of viaducts: 19.07 km. KP-KP 11+655.321 – 13+140.121 KP-KP 4+327.24 – 5+302.44 Length: 580 m Lenght: 368 m n Number of viaducts: 35. Distribution of arcs and spans: KP-KP 1+713 – 2+293 KP-KP 3+038 - 3+406 Number of piers: 15 n Maximum height piers: 116.884 m (Ulla). 46.40 m + 24x58 m + 46.4 m Maximum pier height: 83.80 m (pier 7) n Max. span between piers: 75 m (Deza). Number of piers: 10 Number of piers: 6 Curve Alignment R= -6,000 m Average pier height: 54.20 m n Maximum length: 1,484.8 m (Sáramo). Maximum pier height: 60.98 m Maximum pier height: 48.752 m (pier 4) Lengthwise slope -0.739% Number of arcs: 16 Average pier height: 29.8636 m Average pier height: 30.515 m Number of piers: 25 Maximum arc: 66 m Number of arcs: 11 Number of arcs: 7 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE Maximum pier height: 70 m Minimum span: 30 m n 16 viaducts with self-supporting falsework Maximum arc: 55 m Maximum arc: 55 m Average pier height: 36.46 m Minimum voussoir length: 66 m Minimum span: 40 m Minimum span: 44 m panel construction. Number of arcs: 26 Maximum voussoir length: 66 m Minimum voussoir length: 29 m Minimum voussoir length: 44 m n 5 viaducts with push-panel construction. Maximum arc: 58 m Maximum voussoir length: 56 m Maximum voussoir length: 55 m n 6 viaducts with conventional falsework. Minimum span: 46.4 m n 7 viaducts using prefabricated beams. Minimum voussoir length: 35.86 m n 1 mixed structure with cranes and carriages. Maximum voussoir length: 58 m 16 it it 17 The route for the new high-speed line between the two Galician cities will mean a reduction in length compared to the current railway line of more than 40 kilometers.
1
2
Barbantiño Viaduct O Eixo Viaduct Viaduct over the River Deza Lenght: 1,176 m (1) (2) KP-KP 2+030 – 3+206 Lenght: 1,224.4 m Length: 1,175 m Number of piers: 17 KP-KP 3+789.5 - 5+013.9 KP-KP 2+419.5 - 3+594.5 Maximum pier height: 97.98 m (pier 7) No of piers: 23 Number of piers: 16 Average pier height: 57.18 m (24, if the span is considered to be a pier) Maximum pier height: 96.5 m (pier 12) Number of arcs: 18 Maximum pier height: 82 m Average pier height: 45 m Maximum arc: 67 m Average pier height: 53 m Span arc: 150 m Minimum span: 52 m Number of arcs: 25 Height at keystone: 106 m Min. voussoir length - voussoir 1: 16.70 m Maximum arc: 50 m Number of arcs: 18 Max. voussoir length - voussoir type: 33.50 m Minimum span: 31.9 m Maximum arc: 75 m Minimum span: 42.5 m Minimum voussoir length: 20 m Maximum voussoir length: 35 m
18 19 Railways | Spain | High-speed Railways | Spain | High-speed ‘SUV’ trains R Interoperable language to protect trains r ( ) Software Implementing the S120 and S130 Validation of the ERTMS railway system
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These are the first trains capable could operate across the whole network. The power sources. In order to move about on the In just a few years, ERTMS has of traveling throughout Spain using aim of purchasing these goods is to be able to existing network, both are fitted with different moved from being merely described maximize the use of existing lines, as well as signaling systems, such as several levels of either of the two gauges available in public European specifications to the lines that are currently being designed or ERTMS and the new ASFA Digital. They also without needing to stop. Ineco has built, with a view to improving journey times have a GSMR exterior communication system. being implemented and in operation. been working for years with the between cities that are connected by stretches The consortia Talgo-Bombardier (S130) and Renfe and other European railway train operator Renfe on defining and of track with different gauges. CAF-Alstom (S120) are manufacturing these companies signed in Madrid an implementing the S120 and S130. As part of the expansion and modernization trains. agreement in the year 2000 to process, Renfe has purchased self-powered Ineco is working with Renfe providing tech- establish the specifications. Spain ith the advances being made in de- electric trains fitted with a gauge-change sys- nical support during the monitoring phases of pioneered its approval and since its veloping Spain’s rail network, where tem. This means they can roll on both Iberian the functional and construction design, manu- Wstretches of Iberian gauge (1,668 and International tracks. They have capture facturing, testing and document management, creation, Ineco has worked towards mm) and Internationa l (UIC) gauge (1,435 and drive systems that can operate with as well as evaluation during the processes of implementation across the entire mm) coexist, rolling stock was needed that 3 kV direct current and 25 kV alternate current obtaining authorizations. European network.
his interoperable system can be installed S130 gauge. The S130 is pulled by two locomotives. on other automatic train protection Each locomotive has a main transformer that Tsystems, as well as different signaling >High end is mounted under the chassis, un-centered on components. It can be adapted to many dif- Series 130 trains consist of two power cars and the lengthwise axle of the vehicle for reasons ferent forms of operating and is valid for con- 11 Talgo 7th-generation coaches (3 are first of load distribution between the rows of ventional and high-speed railways, as well as class, 7 are second class and 1 is a dining car). wheels. The variable gauge technology on the lines that have high-density and low-density Total capacity is 299 seats and the train is 180 S130 enables the gauge to be changed without traffic. meters long. Two units can also be coupled to having to stop, and can be done at 15 kph. This The complexity and flexibility of the The create an eight-coach train. It is a self-powered avoids the coupling and uncoupling maneuvers European Railway Traffic Management Sys- sliding dual-voltage electrical rolling unit, with that are currently needed for the ‘Altaria’ tem (ERTMS) requires robust, well-defined a maximum commercial speed of 250 kph on models (entailing a minimum of 20 minutes validation and verification processes that are This is the first time that ERTMS has been ‘International’ gauge and 220 kph on ‘Iberian’ waiting time). subject to European regulations. This process installed in a high traffic-density environment, the largest test in europe involves independent bodies guaranteeing the with many different signaling systems, com- The railway environment that Ineco currently second class and 1 for passengers with reduced certificate of interoperability and the safety plex stations and interlocking systems with faces in Spain represents Europe’s largest S120 mobility). The carriage structure is made of evaluation of the ERTMS components. high management capacity. The validation interoperability test, also due in part to the >The ‘Alvia’ aluminum and incorporates an anti-knock processes need to be reviewed, taking into ac- fact that all the companies that make up The S120 is a self-powered sliding protection system. This model has a distributed Resolution of potential problems. Spain has count current conditions. Backward compati the Signaling Companies Union (UNISIG) are dual-voltage electrical rolling unit, with a traction system with a main transformer met the challenges of commercial operation bility of specifications needs to be monitored represented in ERTMS developments. The maximum commercial speed of 250 kph on located in the MIP coach and one traction with Level 2 ERTMS/ETCS supervision on sec- and laboratory testing needs to be strength- union was created in 1998 and today is made ‘International’ gauge and 220 kph on ‘Iberian’ inverter per car that acts on the car’s two tions of lines that are in service with Level 1, ened using real data and reliable environments. up of the following multinational companies: gauge. Each train consists of 4 coaches, and 2 traction engines via a cardan joint. The engines and installing Level 1 and Level 2 on local rail- This requires the use of new tools for obtaining Alstom, Ansaldo, Bombardier, Invensys, further units can be coupled to create an are controlled via IGBTS power electronics way systems. To do this, potential problems starting data, testing data and field simulation Siemens and Thales. Ineco professionals work on an ongoing basis eight-coach train using automatic coupling switches. The engines also provide regenerative had to be resolved in terms of integrating environments. It is also increasingly important with Adif, Renfe and the Spanish Ministry controlled from one single cabin. It has a and rheostatic electric braking, which is different manufacturers’ infrastructures and to involve testing laboratories in order to re- of Development on validating and accepting capacity for 238 people (81 in first class, 156 in supplemented by pneumatic disc brakes. cross-testing tracks and trains. duce any impact on existing operations. ERTMS.
20 it 21 railways | brazil | Public transport expansion plan New look for São Paulo’s suburban rail network ( )r Ineco participates in the metropolitan region transport modernization project
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São Paulo’s Metropolitan Region is unable to cope adequately. This means that The bulk of these activities are focused on (RMSP) is one of the three-largest the region suffers from chronic traffic jams the São Paulo Metro and suburban rail network. and a growing saturation of public transport. The e3 billion invested in the CPTM for net- urban agglomerations in the world. On some lines on the underground system and work modernization should enable 3-minute It covers 8,000 km2 and is home the CPTM (São Paulo Metropolitan Train Com- intervals between trains on the 6 existing lines. to almost 20 million people. The pany) densities of 9 passengers per square me- Work will be carried out on all the railway sub- most important of its 39 municipal ter are seen. This situation is intensified by the systems: infrastructure and track, stations, areas is the city of São Paulo, with healthy rate of growth of Brazil’s GDP and the electrification and substations, signaling, tele expansion of fare-integration policies across communications and control facilities, rolling 11 million inhabitants. the different modes of public transport. stock and maintenance equipment.
he RMSP has undergone a real demo- At the end of the last decade, local authori- graphic explosion in the last 50 years ties started to become aware of the need to Brazil’s real economic motor T–from a population of barely 2 million promote railways as a way of resolving the The importance of the RMSP to Brazil’s economy to close to 20 million. This growth often took problems of mobility in São Paulo. Initiatives is striking: around 20% of national GDP is place in a disorderly way, meaning that new such as Projeto Sul were started, which con- directly generated in this region, which is home neighborhoods lack adequate infrastructures sisted in constructing a new underground to almost 20 million people and many of whom and services. Furthermore, transport invest- line and modernizing a suburban railway line use public transport every day to go to work. ment focused on building high-speed railroads (Ineco was also involved in this), and PITU, A further e5 billion is planned for the São Paulo and urban motorways to the detriment of the which established transport planning for the underground system, which will see increased underground system and, in particular, subur next 20 years for the region. capacity on lines 1, 2 and 3, and new lines 4 and bo nnelly
ban rail systems. s . More recently, the Metropolitan Transport 6 coming into operation, as well as extending The economic and demographic importance Secretary has drawn up a Metropolitan Trans- lines 2 and 5. This plan of investment will enable p e dro y
of São Paulo means that there is an incredible b port Expansion Plan, which plans investments rail demand to double and will see rail playing a number of journeys undertaken every day (39 of up to e10 billion in the public transport greater role in the region’s mobility.
million in 2002). The current transport system pict u r e system up until 2014. Viability study and financial structuring As part of the expansion plan, Ineco carried n Technical, economic and legal structuring of out and capacity increases across the system, of energy substations, installing compensated expansion plan objectives out a viability study and financial structuring a PPP (public-private partnership). demand practically doubles. Therefore, in terms overhead power cables, electronic interlocking Company 2006 2010 2014 for CPTM’s modernization program in 2008. of the tracks, it is planned to abandon the systems, sizing for railway circuits to allow Total capacity CPTM 96,000 167,000 200,000 This work has helped define the role of the The study identified a large pent-up demand standard American AREMA gauge and move to for 3-minute intervals between trains and (passengers/hour) Metro 159,900 234,700 265,700 CPTM transport system for the next 25 years. within the CPTM. This is backed up by the the ‘International’ (UIC) gauge, which offers integrating train, electrical substation and Total 255,900 401,700 465,700 Activities included the following: high passenger/square meter ratio and the greater flexibility in terms of operations as well track control systems in one centralized traffic Demand on weekdays CPTM 1.49 2.78 2.92 n Functional analysis. high percentage of journeys undertaken on as improvements in passenger comfort. centre at Brás station. (passangers/day, in millions) Metro 2.66 4.00 4.44 n Study of demand. foot: these represent 33% of all daily journeys From the point of view of operations, the most From the user perspective, the most significant Total 4.15 6.78 7.36 n Simulation of train circulation and study of despite the large distances to be covered in important work is the doubling of the size of activities will be those that relate to stations Share (%) of total CPTM 7 11 13 railway operation. the region. Furthermore, on the outskirts of Estação da Luz terminal station, where 4 lines and rolling stock. Replacing trains with more public transport Metro 16 19 19 n Simulation of electricity consumption. São Paulo there are no alternatives that can will merge. For the rest of the subsystems, up-to-date models that offer improved Total 23 30 32 n Study of maintenance for fixed facilities. be compared to the suburban rail services. This equally important activities are being carried acceleration, braking power and comfort is Average lenght CPTM 33 28 25 n Inventory of activities. means that as soon as modernization is carried out –such as increasing the number and power essential for the success of the program. (minutes) Metro 18 11 9
22 23 Railways | Mexico City | Suburban trains From Buenavista to Cuautitlán R Suburban trains aimed at 100 million passengers per year ( )
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A 26-kilometer long suburban CAF throughout the preparation of the bid, 7 stations, 6 of which are completely new. The railway is the first step in an carried out specific technical studies and track crosses an area of high demand, which ambitious project to provide coordinated the rest of companies involved includes a major industrial zone, this being the in the tender process. Ineco coordinated reasons why it is essential for the transporta- Mexico City and its suburbs with and managed contracts, and headed the tion of passengers. a modern train system. Ineco general technical support right up to the In order to complete the project, Ineco had provided the coordination, moment of the commissioning of the line. a team of more than 50 professionals from management and general technical This work included supervising the drafting different disciplines. The commissioning of the support for this project, led by the of projects, construction project manage- suburban train line required the reconstruc- ment and technical support for both the tion of railway infrastructure, which in turn Spanish railway manufacturer CAF. civil engineering works and the supply, required the implementation of technological assembly and commissioning of the elec- equipment to meet the needs and specifica- The new double electrified track. ore than 4.5 million residents already trification and catenary subsystems, the tions of such a project. Furthermore, as many enjoy a fast and sustainable transport signaling works, telecommunications and of the population centers are located some Msystem in one of the most densely- ticketing. distance from the train line, the restructuring populated industrial areas of Mexico. With the Ineco also took charge of the reception of and adaptation of urban transportation lines opening of the final stretch to Cuautitlán, it is rolling stock and the coordination of preope- was fundamental in order to bring passengers now possible to travel in just 25 minutes what rative testing, as well as the preparation of the to the train stations. used to take around two and a half hours. Operation and Maintenance Plan and the su- Six interchanges (known as Centros de In August 2005, the Mexican Ministry pervision of the Guidance and Training Plan. Transferencia Modal – CETRAM) were built. The of Communications and Transportation project was completed in two phases. Phase I Buenavista station awarded the 30-year tender to construct The works were carried out on an existing corresponds to a stretch of 18 kilometers bet- Ineco ran an office from Buenavista station to and operate this suburban train line bet- goods track from Buenavista station in the ween Buenavista and Lechería, and includes complete the work entrusted to it since January ween Buenavista and Cuautitlán to the bid Federal District to the municipality of Cuau- the stations Fortuna, Tlalnepantla and San Ra- 2006. More than 50 people, both local professionals headed by the Spanish company CAF. Sin- titlán in Mexico State. The track, 26 kilometers fael. Phase II is 8 kilometers long, consisting of and experts from Spain, made up the team. The Traffic Control Center (CCT) in Pantaco. ce 2004, experts from Ineco have advised long, consists of a double electrified line and the stations of Tultitlán and Cuautitlán. Spanish involvement Completed activities Participating Companies_The Spanish and rail construction projects, as well as SYSTEM 2 AND SYSTEM 3 On the Track n Supply of a fleet of 20 electric trains of n Two workshops for both major and minor railway manufacture CAF relied on the their subsequent execution. Later on in the As a result of the System 1 Tender, Ferrocariles n Renovation of existent railway infrastructure. four cars each. maintenance jobs on the trains. expertise of leading companies for the project, the Mexican construction company Suburbanos (owned by CAF) acquired the rights n Construction of new stretches of track to n Renovation of the current traction n A 1,000 meter long test track. infrastructure and construction of railways. Marhnos completed the construction work on to operate three extensions to the track between separate passenger and goods transportation. substation in Tultitlán. n An interior and exterior train-wash system. the Pantaco workshops. The rolling stock was Buenavista and Cuautitlán. System 1 is part of n Construction of two railway bridges in n Project management, construction and n A painting cabin for trains. Activities completed_Abengoa was constructed in the CAF workshops in Beasain the framework of an ambitious transport project Vallejo and Lechería, of 700 and 800 meters installation of a second traction substation n Renovation and refurbishment of the responsible for the electrification (energy (Basque Country, Spain) and is made up of which also includes two other systems: System 2, respectively. situated next to Fortuna station. parking area. and catenary), Thales took on signaling 20 trains of 4 cars each. The configuration running between Jardines de Morelos and Martín n Construction of six new stations with a n Renovation of the buildings in which the and railway communication, and Indra was of the units is M-T-N-M (with ‘M’ being the Carrera station for a length of 20 kilometers, central platform (Fortuna, Tlalnepantla, San In the Pantaco Yard Traffic Control Center (CCT), training rooms entrusted with the system for automatic motor car with cab, ‘T’ the trailer car and and System 3, the main stretch of which, from Rafael, Lechería, Tultitlán and Cuautitlán). and Workshop and administrative areas are housed, as ticket issuing machines and access control. ‘N’ the motor car without cab). Finally, Adif Chalco to Nezahualcóyotl, is 30 kilometers long. n Installation and fitting the line with The project management, construction well as general spare-parts warehouses and With respect to the civil engineering works, participated in the training of personnel and Both systems are currently at the tender phase signaling, electrification, communications, and installation were completed for the other service buildings, such as canteens and OHL was contracted to draw up the civil helped with questions regarding regulations. and Ineco has been advising CAF during the ticketing and CCTV. following: restrooms. preparation of the bid.
24 it it 25 railways | bologna and milan | Transport plans Italy on the move ( )r Metropolitan area tramway and subway
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Bologna and Milan railway projects years and systems are operating in European n Historic Center: The tramway crosses the his- are part of Ineco’s portfolio of cities with environmental and topographical toric center of Bologna from Via Indipendenza work in the boot of Europe. features similar to Bologna. to Piazza Maggiore. The decision was based on an analysis of the Rizzoli street n New high-speed station: This station sig- Local authorities seek industrial urban infrastructure, forecast traffic demand nificantly improves access to downtown and, Via Indipendenza and cultural city development. and the level of service required: the line runs Elevator together with the opening of eight new re- connection completely underground in the downtown between platform gional lines, highlights the role of railways in neco has once more been working in one of area and above ground in the suburbs. The and street suburban and regional areas. the most prosperous regions of Italy. Follow- tramway solution offers a service that runs at New station hall created n Ospedale Maggiore: The city’s main hospital by redesigning the existing underpass Iing the experience acquired after developing a suitable commercial speed, while enabling Access has excellent connections to the center and shaft the overall transport plan for the Forli region the system to be steadily extended. between the suburbs, offering easy and convenient (see pages 64-65), this article focuses on new The first line is 7,860 meters long. The stretch station access. hall and projects that local authorities are using to drive excavated by tunnel boring machine is 5,636 platforms industrial and cultural city development. meters long, while 190 meters were excavated The route is around 5 kilometers long, mainly Bologna is located in a strategic position in using traditional methods and 514 meters are over viaducts running at an average height the center of Italy. It is the most important city an artificial gallery. It has 12 underground sta- of around 5 meters. There are two points of in the Roman region of Emilia, with 375,000 tions and another above ground, as well as 11 special interest: one, when crossing the Bo- inhabitants. Apart from its great cultural and air shafts. It is located in a highly-developed Platform logna–Venice railroad track; and the other, when trading traditions, it is one of northern Italy’s area of the city that has increasing mobility, as crossing the Reno River. In order to promote most important business centers. As a result of well as links to other parts of the city. an integrated use of different means of trans- the significant development taking place in Bo- Elevator connection port and reduce time when changing between between platform and street logna and, following years of studies, proposals n Fiera-Regione: In this area, the project is them, the main Metrotranvia station stops and designs, the local city authority (Comune completed with the final development of the (train station and Marconi Airport) are fully di Bolonia) decided to develop a metropolitan convention center complex, together with a Tunnel excavated by TBM integrated into the station and airport. There (Tunnel Boring Machine) area tramway (Metrotranvia). There has been new toll highway that will connect the con- Platform Underground station in Bologna is an intermediate stop (Lazzaretto) which pro- an increase in the use of tramways in recent vention center with Parcheggio Michelino. vides access to the university district.
New train processing center in Gallaratese MILAN, the financial SCHEDA DEI DATI QUANTITATIVI DI PROGETTO Ineco was involved in the Milan–Limbiate is being extended is in the north part of the Superficie complessiva capital of the country Superficie a verde
tramline upgrade work and expanding the current depot and will involve the construction Nuova edificazione Officina Manutenzione (capannone) At the Gallaratese depot, the planned expansion Officina Manutenzione (uffici)
Nuovo Deposito depot (coach workshops) in Gallaratese of a new maintenance office, in line with the Locali D.L. is around 16,800 km2, in addition to the existing Nuovi Spogliatoi (Milan). This metro tramline is one of the characteristics of the new rolling stock. The Nuovo Depuratore 2 Nuova Centrale Termica 14,700 km . The new train processing center in 2 maintenance center oldest in the city and is currently being planned expansion is around 16,800 m , in Nuova cabina Elettrica Capannone Mezzi Ausiliari Milan will enable more flexible maintenance and 2 upgraded to modern requirements. It is addition to the existing 14,700 m . Superficie coperta Volume totale increased capacity for dealing with the new fleet around 13 kilometers long, starting at Via The extension work means that the existing Cunicolo expansion area of metropolitan trains. Ineco’s work to expand Vincenzo da Seregno and ending at Limbiate infrastructure can be modernized while SUPERFICI ESISTENTI this facility became necessary due to the increase Hospital. improving maintenance efficiency. The Palazzina servizi Sotto stazione elettrica in the number of trains. train processing center Capannone deposito The need to expand the train processing capacity for processing trains will be increased Milan is an important international trading center at Gallaratese arose because of the and there will be greater flexibility in terms of and industrial center, as well as Italy’s financial need to deal with the expected increase in traffic, essential given the forecast increase in capital. Located in the north, this is one of the the fleet of metropolitan trains. The area that rolling stock. Draft project of the train processing center richest cities in Europe, with a population in the expansion in Milan, a work done by Ineco. New train processing center. metropolitan area of around 7 million people. 26 27 Railways | SPAIN | Revival of the light rail train and tram Two cities, one tram R Tenerife develops its future rail network ( )
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The second tram line that links every day, with 13 million users for the entire known as guaguas. Consequently, the Tenerife Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal de year of 2008. Government (Cabildo) calculated that the island la Laguna has more than 4,500 The network continued expanding with the now has one of the highest indexes of private entry into service of the new Padre Anchieta vehicles per inhabitant in the entire European users per day. This line represents junction in San Cristóbal de La Laguna. The Union, with a total of 550,000 automobiles. one more step towards the creation new station has an area of over 5,000 m2 that This has entailed large-scale environmental, of a network on the island, whose are distributed over three different levels. It economic and road congestion problems. only precedent was the electric will permit exchanges between all different Growing traffic congestion is profiled as a tram, defunct since 1957. modes of transport: tram, bus, taxi, private global trend, converting trams and, in general, vehicles and the future railroad. railroads, into the best bet for European, State Other medium-term projects include ex- and local administrations in order to provide a he train-free island lost this status tending Line 1 of the tram, from Avenida de more sustainable and efficient mode of trans- on June 2, 2007, when the first tram La Trinidad to Los Rodeos, and extending Line port. It also represents a type of transport that Tline was inaugurated in Tenerife. The 2 from Tíncer to La Gallega neighborhood and is affordable for citizens with mobility diffi- La Trinidad–Intercambiador line had a 12.5- the Santa Cruz coastline. culties. According to the Cabildo, 25% of its kilometer long route, with 21 stops. The towns 886,033 inhabitants belong to this group. of Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal de La Laguna Decades after their abandonment, the revi For all of these reasons, Tenerife, like Gran were once again connected half a century af- val of the light rail and tram is an irrefutable Canaria and other islands, has put great effort ter the disappearance of the former tram. It fact both in Spain and in other European coun- into constructing a rail network that offers a linked the largest urban concentrations on the tries. However, it is particularly relevant for the viable alternative to cars and buses. This net- island, with a total of 400,000 inhabitants. Canary Islands. Trams’ generalized slide into work is not only made up of tram Line 1 and The second line, La Cuesta–Tíncer, was put decadence at the end of the 19th century and Line 2, but also of the future North and South into service on May 30, 2008, with 4 new stops first half of the 20th century deprived Tenerife train lines. Projects for these trains are cur- and 3.6 new kilometers. Since then, usage has of the only railway infrastructure it had. Thus, rently being drawn up, coordinated by Ineco, surpassed all of its managers’ expectations: its internal transportation system was depen- which is also a shareholder in Metropolitano more than 4,500 travelers rode the new line dent on private vehicles and regular bus lines, de Tenerife. From horse-drawn omnibus to light rail Chronology The first electric tram on Tenerife in the Tram use was in a downward spiral due to >1999 vehicles, and the first works on the new >2009 Canary Islands was first inaugurated on technical and financial woes. The tracks The initiative to build a modern tram is line are started up. On May 30, Line 2 is opened and the works April 7, 1901. Like its modern-day started to be removed from the streets officially presented. >2005 for the new junction interchange in La equivalent, it linked the towns of Santa Cruz in 1957. Meanwhile, different private >2001 The first tram unit arrives on the island Laguna are awarded. and La Laguna. A stage in transport between companies started covering road–transport Basic planning is finished in the metropolitan and track testing begins. >2010 both municipalities thus opened up, which demands in the 20s. They would merge in area and the company Metropolitano de >2007 Ineco is established as a strategic partner of until that point had only had horse-drawn 1978 when Transportes Interurbanos de Tenerife (MTSA) is founded. On June 2, Line 1 opens and the works the island Government for the start up of omnibuses. The line was expanded in 1904 Tenerife was established (now TITSA). >2003 for Line 2 are awarded. the Tenerife rail network, working jointly in to Tacoronte. Initial ownership was the Spanish rail Ineco’s technical services A period to submit tenders is opened for >2008 developing the rail infrastructures for the At the beginning of the 20th century, the operator Renfe and the Tenerife Cabildo. Ineco is an MTSA (Metropolitano de Tenerife) works and provision of rolling stock. Works start on Line 2, which will connect north and south of the island. number of automobiles registered on the It changed hands to the Government of shareholder and has provided technical services >2004 the towns of La Cuesta and Tíncer. Line 1 At present, Ineco is coordinating the South island was only a few dozen, although this the Canary Islands in 1986 and became at the facilities: catenary, energy, fixed and The Tenerife Government (Cabildo) awards has carried more than 13 million passengers Train project and writing the Special number had jumped to 5,000 by 1950. exclusively owned by the Cabildo in 2007. mobile communications, video and integration the works, as well as the supplying of tram by year end. Territorial Plan for Infrastructure Planning. of the command post.
28 29 Railways | SPAIN | Construction of a new metro network The subway that transformed Seville R Ineco project participation ( )
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Equipped with the latest design encompasses three large population hubs: Cutting-edge technology Haute couture trains and safety advances, the city’s Dos Hermanas, San Juan de Aznalfarache Tetra Radiotelephony creates Seventeen units that were specially state-of-the-art subway, which and Mairena de Aljarafe. At present, nearly communications between the central manufactured by CAF make up the fleet. 228,000 users already have a metro stop less started running in April 2009, command post and the trains, supervisors The design of this rolling stock was created than 500 meters from their home. and watchmen, using exclusive by Seville fashion designers Vittorio and entailed significant technical The first 18 kilometers of the network’s communications lines. Lucchino, who also created the uniforms challenges. Ineco provided its route started running to coincide with the Railroad signaling incorporates two for the conductors and personnel. The experience in all the phases of city’s massively attended festivities, including last-generation systems. trains can accommodate 250 passengers the project and construction Holy Week and the Feria de Abril, exceeding all ATp (Automatic Train Protection) controls and are comprised of multiple articulated forecasts for demand. Through mid-2010, the process, and will continue to do the maximum speed of the trains, preventing vehicles made of five modules, three of them subway had transported an average of 50,000 any possible problems between the two units supported by a rolling system. Due to being so during the network’s expansion. travelers on work days, accruing a total of running on the same track. vehicles one hundred percent low floors, 16.5 million passengers since it opened. ATo (Automatic Train Operation) improves accessibility is facilitated both for people he sixth-largest subway system in The Autonomous Government of Andalusia commercial speed, optimizing journey times with reduced mobility, the elderly and people Spain is now a reality in Seville. This (Junta) calculates that both the subway and between stations. with baby carriages. The vehicle is continuous Tcity, with almost 700,000 inhabitants, suburban trains will provide service to 40% Station control manages the subway inside, with wide intercommunication is the fourth largest in the country (surpassed of the metropolitan area’s population. More network operation in real time, from corridors, uses a traveler visual and acoustic only by Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia). The than 580,000 of Seville’s residents will have train traffic, station equipment remote information system and has video surveillance new Line 1 connects the Andalusian capi- a stop within 800 meters of their homes or control, energy control in substations, to from the central control post via Wi-Fi and tal to an extensive metropolitan area that workplaces. communications. SIM telephony. A long road Top engineering for Line1 Seville’s subway is the result of efforts made Ineco audited the works and supervised the Platform doors Rolling stock by the Autonomous Government of Andalusia construction of Line 1, which crosses Seville Given that the platform height is low technical specifications and the city of Seville since the 70s, when the from west to east. There are 22 stations compared to the tracks, platform doors were Dimensions first project was conceived with three lines. in service. With light subway features, the installed. This innovative system employs Width 2,650 mm Works started, although they were frozen route is about 60% underground, primarily Seville fashion designers Vittorio and Lucchino 3-meter-high partitions that are synchronized in 1983. The future subway was stalemated within the city of Seville. Ineco has executed were responsible for the design of the rolling stock. to open along with the trains. Ineco provided Length 31,260 mm until 1999, when the project was taken up geotechnical reports on the actions of the technical advisory services for the assembly VEHICLE HEIGHT 3,390 mm again. The complexity of the works on the tunnel boring machine and geotechnical that also required the installation of Floor height 350 mm city’s subsoil, along with a slew of planning issues that arose during construction. It also automated connection systems with the trains. incidents, led to the modification of parts of created reports related to the electrified Essential for automated driving, the objective Features the route and increased execution periods. double tracks with 750-volts, ‘International’ of the system is to improve safety. Doors per side 6 The total timeline ended up being five years. (UIC) gauge (1,435 mm) and fully built Maximum speed 70 kph The execution of the construction tasks on slabs. Other tasks included suitability Total capacity 250 passengers involved significant technical challenges. verifications and review of the construction Different systems were used to excavate projects and processes, executing Equipment 13 kilometers of tunnels under the city: concessional legal-financial reports, Air conditioning in the passenger hall 4.5 kilometers with a tunnel boring machine, technical advisory services on rolling stock Information on destinations 7 kilometers with reinforced-concrete screen and electric installations, and assembling the (optical and acoustic) and 265 meters used shafts. platform doors. ATP
30 31 railways | SERBIA | General Transport Plan Belgrade modernizes its infrastructure ( )r First light rail line
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A new bridge over the Sava River the General Transport Plan in 2003. The plan City Council, contracted Ineco’s services in this period, Ineco worked with three local with wide avenues and buildings characteris- in Novi Beograd that is connected to the rest and a tunnel under the historic will make the city one of the most modern in 2004 to draw up the pre-viability study and subcontracted firms: Juginus (transport and tic of its socialist past, with a clear influence of the line via an access corridor, along which city center are just a couple of the Eastern Europe with respect to infrastructure. general design for the first light rail line in urban planning specialist), CEP (architecture from French architect Le Corbusier and mixed there will be three surface stations. Belgrade (Beograd or “White City” in Serbian) Belgrade. This is one of the city’s most impor- and urban planning specialist) and Duodec (a with modern, more recently-constructed The planned operation for the Y-shaped challenges that were considered is the capital of the Republic of Serbia, located tant projects with regard to urban transport. structures specialist). buildings. The line then crosses the heart of infrastructure is via two lines that will be su- when incorporating a light rail to at the convergence of the Danube and Sava Years later, in October 2006, the agency once Belgrade, Stara Grad, a district with significant perimposed in the middle part of the route the city. Ineco has been involved in rivers. again awarded Ineco a project, this time for The importance of the City Council’s Trans- cultural and commercial activity, to finish in to attend to the higher demand of travelers. the overall project since its inception. With 2021 on the horizon, the city will managing the works prior to constructing port Plan led to its being awarded the “City of Ustanicka, a residential zone in the old city, One of the unique features of this section is have an urban transport system that will this light rail line, as well as its coordination the Future” in 2007, along with other cities. pending urban renewal. The line will be 14.6 precisely the need to operate with a shared ast population growth and sorely-de revolutionize the quality of its services for and supervision and technical assistance in This honor was awarded by the prestigious kilometers long, with a total of 25 stations, 10 platform between the light rail (1,435 mm ficient infrastructures after years of its more than 1.6 million inhabitants. In light decision-making. British newspaper Financial Times. of them underground. wide) and the existing tram system (1,000 mm Fserious conflict were the engines that of this objective, the Agency for the Urban The budget for this consultancy agreement One end point of the line is Novi Beograd, The project also outlines the construction wide). The use of a third lane is planned to drove the Belgrade City Council to start up Development of Belgrade, a division of the was e4,213,000 for a three-year term. During the most modern district in the city, laid out of a warehouse and vehicle maintenance area cover this need.
Stari grad Academia Tvornicka Trg Republike
Stari Mercator new bridge Varos Kapija Trg Lion Kluz Opstina Novi Beograd Posta Olimp Djeram Nikole Batutova Pasica Hyatt intermodal station Sava Pravni Fakultet Vukov Spomenik Cvetkova Pijaca Novi Mercator Arena Hala Arena River (suburban trains) Ustanicka underground intermodal corridor Belgrade first light rail line Blok 41 Blok 22 station Blok 39 Surface section (suburban buses) Railway stationNovi grad warehouse Underground section and vehicle maintenance area Technical challenges Jobs entrusted to Ineco The greatest technical challenges imposed both riverbanks, particularly long from The Varoš Kapija Station is located at the Ineco has also been working on better management model for the operation of the THE SAVA RIVER and the city by this project were the construction of a the Novi Beograd side. The total planned exit of the tunnel and right before the bridge defining the rolling stock and assessing the light rail. A permanent office was opened The Sava divides Belgrade into two very bridge over the Sava River and a tunnel that length is 800 meters. The complexity of over the Sava. It will be one of the unique specific conditions for the section and for in Belgrade for works execution that was to different regions, both with respect to the will traverse the city center. According to the the traffic driving in downtown Belgrade points of the line, as it will be visible from the the city of Belgrade. In accordance with remain in place through mid-2010. urban planning model and land use model. study, the bridge will run parallel to Brankov makes it necessary to have part of the route opposite shore of the river, particularly when the forecasts made during preliminary In addition to in-house consultancy experts, The large transport demand between both Most, which currently has three lanes of underground. A 3,465-meter-long tunnel accessing the historic city center from the works, the fleet should have 46 mobile units railway, geology and tunnel, infrastructure banks turns the existing bridges into veritable traffic in each direction. The light rail will with seven underground stations will be Branko Bridge. The station must be integrated accommodating 300 passengers each. and track, railway facility and system, bottlenecks. The new light rail line will be located downstream from, yet near, this constructed in the old part of the city, Stari with the most characteristic profile of this Among the jobs entrusted to Ineco as part of conventional line, material and technology substantially decrease traffic problems. avenue and adapted aesthetically to the Grad. There will be underground corridors at district of the city. It includes both the the project are the definition of the financing specialists have all taken part in the project Belgrade is the most populated city in the existing structure. It will have a 260-meter some points along the route to avoid several Kalemegdan Fort, close where the Danube model for the investments required both –a multidisciplinary team that demonstrates Balkans, as well as one of the most ancient.f central passageway, two 76-meter lateral congested intersections. The total length of and Sava rivers cross each other, and the for constructing the infrastructure and for Ineco’s skill in providing the proper technical The first settlements date back 7,000 years ago, passages and structures to approach it from tunnels planned is 4,585 meters. Orthodox Saborna Crkva Cathedral. material procurement. It is also designing the personnel for the job at all times. although it would be the Romans who founded the city of Singidunum in the 3rd century BC.
32 33 Railways | Kuwait | Railway Master Plan Desert train ( )r Ineco configures the country’s rail plans
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There is no railway in Kuwait. tan area of approximately 80 km2. Nearly ‘Kuwait Railway Master Private vehicles are responsible 35% of inhabitants are Kuwaitis, while the NEW SUBWAY NETWORK Plan’, an original project for 99% of mobility. However, in remaining 65% is comprised of residents from On this picture, the project for a future subway neighboring Arabic countries, Europeans and network in Kuwait City, that will link the downtown n 2007, Ineco finished two master plans a country where automobile and a large workforce from Pakistan, India and area to the airport, the marina and the mosques. for the Kuwait Ministry of Transportation petrol prices are absurdly low the Philippines. Iand Communications. The objective was to compared to the West, forecasts configure the country’s entire rail system. The reveal that the road transportation The alternatives outlined by Ineco engineers two plans are the Kuwait Rapid Transit Master system will collapse within 10 years are based on two innovative projects: on the Plan and the Kuwait Railway Master Plan. The one hand, the construction of a national rail first covers the metropolitan region for the if no alternatives are provided to way to connect Kuwait to its neighbors Irak, subway, while the second develops the strategy meet increased demands. Saudi Arabia and other countries in the region, for the future national network, both for freight and, on the other, the creation of a subway and passenger transportation. fter fully overcoming the Gulf crisis, network in the metropolitan area. There are A committee was set up among the Government Kuwait has experienced population plans for 244 kilometers of railway lines to of Kuwait to execute the two studies, led by Agrowth above 3.5% annually, one of link the country’s northern border to Iraq and the Minister of Communications and the the highest rates in the world. This situation the southern border to Saudi Arabia. Lines will undersecretaries of all administrations involved reflects the return of expatriates after the war also run from the metropolitan area of Kuwait in the development of these infrastructures and the constant inflow of immigrant wor City to the new cities that the Government (Ministry of Public Works, Municipality of Kuwait, kers towards one of the principal petroleum plans to erect in upcoming years to absorb Directorate General of Roads, Directorate General exporting nations. But not everything is pe demographic growth. of the Environment, Public Port Authority and the troleum. The capital is also one of the most Along with the track sections running to Directorate General of Civil Aviation). important financial and business centers in marinas and a possible connection to the west, After an initial analysis, the strategic objectives the Middle East. the rail network would be 505 kilometers. In were outlined that must be followed in each area. Kuwait’s population is almost 3 million turn, the subway system will have four lines This joint planning of all rail system designs will inhabitants, distributed across a metropoli and a total length of 165 kilometers. lead to excellent synergies. Why this new network? A modern rail system Irak Iran n It is a modern, quick, safe and sustainable North/South Corridor THE CITY n Double tracks to increase security and n Maximum speeds of 350 kph for passenger transportation system. The Kuwait Government will implement a public allow more traffic. trains and 120 kph for cargo trains. Abdali Bubiyan n It will link the new urban centers and their transportation system to improve communications n Slab tracks with the highest performance High-security systems (ERTMS Level 2). outskirts to Kuwait City. Kuwait Bubiyan link between the new urban hubs and their outskirts and quality to reduce maintenance costs. n Maximum cargo capacity according to n It will put Kuwait in a privileged position through a fast, modern and safe system. n Mixed traffic (passenger and freight) to modern standards, in line with the viability Doha to link to its neighbors in the Gulf and its Kuwait City Calculations forecast that close to 11% of citizens maximize use of this new infrastructure. study of Bubiyan Island. future rail networks. Airport link will use the future rail network. n Electrified network permitting the n It will make the marinas of Kuwait into implementation of the latest high-speed The main objective of using the rail network Marina THE FUTURE West Corridor international cargo distribution centers. Arabian The fact that the majority of citizens (65%) technologies. is for it to be more profitable than using Gulf residing in Kuwait City are from neighboring private vehicles. Automobile and gas prices The subway network will have four lines and Al Wafrah Arabic countries has led the Government to These requirements will comply with in Kuwait are astoundingly low. For this different sections will be built in parallel to readdress communications issues. There are plans the specifications of the Arab Countries reason, to maximize the use of public lead to the marinas, the airport and, possibly, Saudi Arabia North/South Corridor for 244 kilometers of railway track that will link International Railway Agreement transportation by train or subway, travel the western region of the country. Kuwait to Saudi Arabia (south) and Irak (north). (Arab MASHREQ). times must be less than by car.
34 35 Railways | SPAIN | Planning and development of railway stations Atocha doubles its size R Phase one of the expansion project ( )
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The end result Breakdown of phase one
ARRIVALS HALL ROAD REORGANIZATION IN THE STATION HIGH ROOF OVER THE NEW FOOTBRIDGE MOTORCYCLE & BIKE ROLLING CONNECTION PARKING LOT CORRIDOR SOUTH SECTOR ADAPTATION OF PRESENT LOW CEILINGS DEPARTURES TERMINAL (NORTH)
EXPANSION OF ATOCHA SUBURBAN TRAIN STATION
NEW CROSS-THROUGH STATION NEW PUBLIC SQUARE
NEW ARRIVALS TERMINAL (SOUTH)
NEW ROAD
PLATFORMS ADAPTED WORKS ON TRACKS FOR PEOPLE WITH FUTURE URBAN REDUCED MOBILITY ARRIVALS CONNECTION FOOTBRIDGE
Madrid’s historic station will holds the status of being an important urban canías (suburban trains) terminal was built entail its radical transformation. Train move- Notable increase in capacity double its spaces to become the fixture due to its size, central location in the by world-renowned Spanish architect Rafael ment in each direction and every day will jump Thanks to the comprehensive development There will also be 4 cross-through tracks of city framework and the enormous flow of pas- Moneo, who is also in charge of the current from the 128 current services to over 212 on of the new railroad complex, designed by ‘International’ (UIC) gauge (1,435 mm) and high-speed unifying hub of Spain. senger traffic it accommodates. expansion. A passenger interchange was also the horizon by 2025. The number of annual architect Rafael Moneo, Atocha will soon two 400-meter-long platforms, with natural Ineco participates in the planning Built over the remains of the former Medio constructed to connect it to the subway net- travelers will double in this same period. For be equipped to welcome transit of up to 36 lighting and ventilation. and development of the project’s día Station at the end of the 19th century, it work, buses and taxis. The third key element this reason, the Spanish Government, through million travelers per year. This figure represents different phases. was remodeled and expanded for the first time of this initial expansion was the Puerta de the railway infrastructure management entity a 100% increase in annual capacity. FUTURE RAILway OPERATING MODEL between 1985 and 1992 for the Universal Expo Atocha Station, with the first high-speed line Adif, started up the comprehensive remode AT PUERTA DE ATOCHA_ The current single in Seville and the opening of the first Spanish in Spain. ling project at the end of 2008. New cross-through station_ The terminal, in which arrivals and departures he present-day Atocha Station complex, high-speed line from Madrid to Seville. These Ineco is playing an essential role in this construction of a new cross-through station at converge, will be transformed into a double in the heart of Spain’s capital, is the works quadrupled its capacity. This is how the Today, the high-speed network continues project, in charge of the design and coordi- Atocha is also planned for future phases of the terminal: a departures hall (north sector) Tnerve center for the Spanish rail net- current railway complex was created. In addi to grow and has made the new expansion nec- nation of the first phase of works. The archi- project. It will run under street Méndez Álvaro and arrivals halls (south sector), with work (high-speed, medium and long distance, tion to reviving the old warehouse designed essary. It will convert the Atocha complex into tectural and conceptual design is being done and tracks 14 and 15, and will share halls, separation of traveler flows. There will be and Madrid suburban trains). The building also by a disciple of Gustave Eiffel, a modern Cer- the unifying hub for the new lines and will once again by Rafael Moneo. His innumerous accesses and services with Puerta de Atocha. 15 tracks of ‘International’ (UIC) gauge. ➔
36 37 The Spanish Ministry of Development plans to invest a total of e520 million in transforming the station. Train movement in each direction and every day will jump from the 128 current services to over 212 on the horizon by 2025.
C C
C AVE North & Northwest High-Speed Rail CHARMARTIN COMPLEX
New UIC tunnel Nuevos Ministerios
1st tunnel Moving walkway (conveyor). (Recoletos) 2nd tunnel (Sol) Recoletos Sol
ATOCHA COMPLEX AVE Andalusia Aragon C Catalonia Levante C C C The high-speed tunnel between Atocha and Chamartin is already under construction. The total Future footbridge and arrivals hall. A different view of the arrivals hall. New arrivals hall. budget is e206 million. ➔ awards include the 1996 Pritzker Architecture with a third tunnel allocated to the new high- be improved. Routes without stops will be A roof with personality Prize and the 2001 Mies Van der Rohe Prize. speed lines, which will also run under the city established to facilitate transit for all users most relevant initiatives INECO’S PARTICIPATION The new roof of the arrivals terminal, for He is the artist responsible for the expansion center. through the facilities. In short, this is a key n To construct a new footbridge and arrivals Adif, the Spanish rail infrastructure manager, which engineer Leonardo Fernández Troyano of the Prado Museum in Madrid, the Kursaal initiative at a crucial hub for the city. hall, as well as a moving walkway (conveyor) awarded the expansion project to Ineco, contributed to the design, has entailed a Palace in San Sebastian, the Stockholm Mu- Double passenger terminal. To assimilate The objective of phase one works is to reor- to connect them. which is working jointly with Rafael Moneo’s genuine challenge due to the enormous seum of Modern Art and a slew of other works increased numbers of travelers, a new arri ganize the flows of travelers and users of the n To convert the present conventional-gauge architecture studio. In addition to scheduling technical complexity. However, it will imbue throughout the world. vals terminal will be built and the existing one station, as well as the flows of trains. This will (1,668 mm) tracks (from tracks 12 to 15) to all actions, drawing up the basic and the overall station with great expressive Since the 1970s, Madrid’s rail system has will be remodeled for departures. It will be increase their capacity to meet the demand for ‘International’ (UIC) gauge (1,435 mm) for construction projects for this expansion, energy (see pictures in this double-page connected the main railroad hub of Atocha, in finished off by reorganizing accesses and the high-speed services. To do so, a new arrivals high-speed. as well as coordinating and managing the spread). the south of the city, with Chamartin Station, surrounding urban services. Moreover, a new terminal will be constructed, according to the n To widen the platforms to facilitate mobility multidisciplinary team who has participated interconnection point_ After all actions in the north, via a tunnel that traverses the cross-through station will be created. Even future operating model based on separating for disabled persons. in drawing up the project. have been finished, Puerta de Atocha will entire city. It was first expanded in 2008 with Atocha Cercanías will benefit from this glo- the arrivals and departures areas –currently n To cover the south side of the platforms with have been converted into the connection a second underground network for Cercanías bal initiative, as the station will be equipped concentrated at the same point– to optimize a new high shelter. hub for the different high-speed corridors services. The future system will be completed with two more tracks and accessibility will usage of the existing facilities. n To reorganize the entire road network inside originating and terminating both in the north the station. and south of the Iberian Peninsula.
38 39 Railways | SPAIN | Maintenance of railway infrastructures Taking care of the Eastern tracks ( )R Safety and comfort for the Mediterranean and Levante corridors
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The Mediterranean and Levante The presence of Ineco teams in maintaining maintenance is to decrease costs and extend corridors are the most complex these corridors dates back to the final cons the useful life of materials. rail infrastructures in Spain. truction phase of the Mediterranean Corridor The centrepoint on which the maintenance in November 1995. It took part in the work of the corridors has been sustained have been Long-distance, regional, commuter by the state operator Renfe of the track and the dynamic and geometric auscultations of and freight trains travel on detour of 200 kph section that the Spanish the tracks, as well as the ultrasonic ausculta- them, generating intensive cargo Ministry of Development constructed at that tion of the rails. Interventions with heavy ma- traffic. Ineco has been involved in time. Given the specificity of the facilities built, chinery in necessary cases have completed the maintenance works on the corridors Ineco participated in their adjustments and basic mandates for preventive maintenance. fine tuning since the start of the Euromed Corrective maintenance, when occurring, since 1995. service (June 1997). has basically been due to structural defects At present, under Adif guidance, Ineco con- in materials (almost impossible to detect), the ifferent types of superstructures and tinues to actively participate in maintaining end of their useful life and due to undesirable infrastructures coexist on the Medi- the superstructure and infrastructure of the impacts and solicitations of rolling stock. Dterranean and Levante corridors, with Mediterranean and Levante corridors, as well different electrification, signaling and safety as the rest of the lines included within the Adif systems. This variety is related to the adapta- Eastern Conventional Network. tion of many sections on the old routes from 160 kph to 200 kph. An extensive start-up Since the original start up at 200 kph, corri schedule for the successive improvements dor maintenance works have been based on executed has also contributed to this diversity the principles and techniques of what would and complexity. In short, the rail infrastruc- later be called maintenance according to con- tures on these corridors reflect the successive dition. Its essence compared to traditional redrafting of objectives, which are increasingly cyclical maintenance is to provide a variety ambitious, for rail relations between Madrid of solutions for the pathologies of differ- The main objective of this type of maintenance is to decrease costs and extend the useful life of materials. and the Spanish Mediterranean coastline. ent tracks. The main objective of this type of
Proper diagnosis high occupancy lines_The Levante Madrid Tarragona Successfully maintaining track geometry so, spreadsheets for each 2-km section are Inventory of the lines Corridor 1 links Madrid with the Bif. Calafat Salou Resource optimization throughout the process of consolidating the employed that permit easy identification of Keeping the railroad line inventory and Tortosa Real-time information on the works done Spanish Mediterranean coastline. The L’Aldea embankments and transitional segments conflictive areas. The consolidation process for information about engineering structures Aranjuez Mediterranean Corridor 2 runs parallel with heavy machinery and their technical caused by passing loads. Proper diagnosis of the embankments and transitional segments updated guarantees movement safety. This to the coastline. characteristics is fundamental for the overall the track parameters involved is essential along the corridors has been impeccable in essential work is done via an information Oropesa management of the superstructure. To achieve for this, as well as the use of the suitable general terms. system implemented by Ineco, with the VAlencia Catellón this objective, there is a superstructure works topography and heavy machinery. Controlling The great advances that have taken place in contribution of an alarm system on the Alcázar de San Juan Sagunto information system (SITRAS). It was developed Silla the frequency of hits and the ballast technologies such as dynamic and geometric inspected bridges. Furthermore, completing Cabanyal jointly with Adif (the state body that manages Socuéllamos Valencia
altitudes under the railroad ties in conflictive auscultations of the tracks or ultrasonic the geo-referencing of the tracks and different Sea Mediterranean Silla rail infrastructures) and implemented by Ineco, Albacete Bif. Alcudia consolidations is absolutely imperative. auscultation of the rails, along with experience facilities of all the lines on the Eastern Xátiva based on the work reports generated by the Bif. Vallada Bif. Alcudia Xátiva This strictly determines the suitability of rail topography and solvent technical analyses, Delegation contributes, among other things, Chinchilla Villa office’s regional management and headquarters. de Chinchilla La Encisa Bif. Vallada opening way to other actions related to the were basic elements for properly diagnosing to improving the ‘mileage’ and linking it La Encisa The system also verifies the performance of infrastructure or track dismantling. To do track defects and their suitable treatments. automatically to instruments like SIGPAC or Sea Mediterranean heavy machinery, helping Adif to optimize Alicante Google Earth. 1 2 resources. 40 41 Railways | ethiopia➀ | Railroad restoration Railways | argentina➁ | Preliminary studies From Djibouti to the heart of Ethiopia The Jujuy train returns ➀ r ( ➁ ) A vitally important connection Railway study in Argentina
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The Djibouti–Ethiopia railroad is the Ilg convinced emperor Menelek II of the disad managed to finally finish the line to Addis In 2010, Ineco finished the only route that provides access from vantages of the 6-week journey by mule. The Ababa in 1917. preliminary studies required for Ethiopia to the ocean, with a direct line’s creation was replete with difficulties and The railroad starts in the city of Djibouti at the restoration of the line running internal conflicts due to financing issues. The sea level and finishes in Addis Ababa at an connection to the port through the first commercial trip was made in 1901, when altitude of some 2,800 meters. The restoration between the towns of Salvador Republic of Djibouti. Ineco and the the English and French were managing it. The project encompasses 144 kilometers, including de Jujuy and La Quiaca, the only Italian company SPT were in charge opposing commercial interests of each na- a large number of bridge repairs. Five kilome railroad link between northwest of the project management and the tion drove the company into bankruptcy in ters of track cross over the Metehara Lake, for Argentina and Bolivia. technical assistance. 1906. Two years later, the The Imperial Rail- which the old track was dismantled and the way Company of Ethiopia (often referred to new one constructed. The Addis Ababa station he rail section that connects Jujuy and ith a population of over 75 million by its French name Compagnie Impériale des will see an increase in the number of users La Quiaca runs through Quebrada de inhabitants, Ethiopia is a founding Chemins de Fer Éthiopiens) was created, which owing to this new railroad line. THumahuaca, the only valley declared Wmember of the African Union (AU), World Heritage by UNESCO due to its great stablished the United Nations headquarters on natural and cultural value. Sculpted over mil- the African continent and was one of the 51 lions of years by the Rio Grande, the torrential original members of the UN. Scourged by wars, river waters displace dangerous floods of mud, droughts and mass population movements, it which have even buried entire villages. lost all outlets to the ocean after Eritrea gained The railroad tracks, constructed in 1907, have independence in 1993, becoming one of the practically disappeared (the last train service world’s 43 countries without a coastline. As a was in 1993). For Rosino Cortés, project mana consequence of the multiple confrontations ger, this is a “unique and complex project”. The with Eritrea, Djibouti became the only outlet actions being executed on the 122 kilometers to the ocean for Ethiopian products. of the ravine have the challenge of resolving The construction of the railroad between the “tough conditions throughout the route, Ethiopia and Djibouti dates back to the end of along with the environmental respect de- the 19th century, when Swiss engineer Alfred manded of a specially-protected region”.
A shared project Eritrea Extensive experience bolivia Since 2007, Ineco and the Italian company THE RAIL ROUTE SudAn Red Sea Ineco’s experience in adverse mountainous must climb a hefty 1,000 meters in only 100 Jujuy SPT have been running project administration The single track 781 kilometers railway yemen terrains was decisive in being awarded kilometers, with slopes exceeding 6%. La Quiaca and supervising the works for restoring has a 1,000 mm gauge. It traverses the study in 2006 by the Secretariat of To perform the first diagnostic on Djibouti the line for CDE (Ethio-Djibouti Railroads). densely populated areas and important Djibouti Regional Integration of the Province of infrastructures, a team of Ineco engineers and Argentina Gulf of Aden The works have been financed by the EU, industrial zones, including the capital Jujuy (Argentina). Works were executed in local topographers (including railroad project Abra Pampa which earmarked close to e50 million for of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, and the cities two phases and finished in mid-2010. San specialist Santiago Espinosa) had to travel Addis Ababa somalia the project in 2006. The Djibouti–Ethiopia of Dire Dawa (some 472 kilometers Dire Dawa Salvador de Jujuy is 1,259 meters above the distance between San Salvador de Jujuy jujuy Humahuaca railway is part of the Ethiopian Government from Addis Ababa) and Metehara (in Metehara sea level, 1,623 kilometers from Buenos and La Quiaca either in SUVs or even bicycles, Tilcara plan to lay down 5,000 kilometers of track the Oromia Region). This is the only Aires. La Quiaca is located 298 kilometers given the inaccessibility of the terrain. The along seven different routes of economic connection and outlet to the ocean for Ethiopia to the north, on the border with Bolivia. It is inspection not only included the route, but Purmamarca Volcán importance. The picture above shows the Ethiopia’s 75 million inhabitants (see map 3,442 meters high and rests on an immense also the facilities and buildings related to panel of works depicting the construction to the right). The complete journey lasts plateau on the Altiplano. The route is beset rail operations (stations, sidetracks, storage Barcena San Salvador companies and works supervisors. more than 24 hours and the average speed Somalia by large changes in altitude and the railroad warehouses, etc.). de Jujuy of the train is 30 kph. Kenya Argentina
42 43 Railways | EUROPE | Transport corridors Great routes to the future ( )r The aim of the Trans-European Networks is to connect all regions of Europe
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➔ The Europe of the future will be Priority axes and projects woven together by a network of Reykjavik supranational routes that shape a complex mesh. These are essential 15 12 for the development and good Oslo Helsinki operation of the single market, as Tallin Stockholm 27 12 Moscow they guarantee the free movement Riga 14 Copenhagen Roads of goods, people and services. Vilnius Railroads Dublin 26 11 Minsk The concept of a multiple modal goods 9 23 27 Motorways of the Sea 20 transportation corridor is linked to 13 Berlin Waterways Amsterdam Warsaw 25 Kiev the Trans-European Networks (TENs) London 2 5 1 00 Routes M 23 Prague that appeared at the end of the 1980s in re- Brussels Luxemburg Galileo 28 Chisinau sponse to the single market proposed at that 21 30 18 Paris 4 Bratislava time. The aim of the TENs is to connect all re- Vienna Budapest 24 17 22 18 Ljubljana gions of Europe via a modern infrastructure Bern 18 that goes beyond the simple juxtaposition of 10 6 Zagreb Bucharest the national networks. The priority objective 3 Belgrade 22 Sofía of European transportation policy is to cre- 8 1 Sarajevo Skopje 16 Ankara 3 Rome ate conditions that guarantee the efficiency Lisbon 7 8 Madrid Tirana of trans-European transport modes. Underly- 19 ing objectives consist of adopting a common The Øresund combination train-road bridge 16 29 21 Nicosia Athens initiative to resolve problems whose solution is the longest in Europe and connects 16 1 is less rational if done individually for each Copenhagen to the Swedish city of Malmö. 21 Algiers member state, region and city. Tunis Pan-European corridors: Trans-European Networks: Europe in the 21st century beyond just the EU Railroads a Priority The TENs encompass three activity sectors: routes. This centers EU financial assistance financing. The EU proposes that each member Expansion to Central and Eastern European Out of the 30 priority projects identified by TEN-Energy (TEN-E) –that cover the on the projects with the greatest added participates in at least one international countries reinforces the importance of the the Decision 884/2004/CE (sse map on the electricity and natural gas sectors– value for the community. Each corridor corridor by 2012. TENs by extending its coverage to the entire opposite page), 18 are for railroads and two TEN-Telecommunications (ETEN) and is made up of a series of elements, such The Trans-European Network label lets European continent. Furthermore, effective are for inland transport and sea navigation. TEN-Transportation (TEN-T), including road as infrastructures, systems and services transportation corridors benefit from EU connection to the networks in third countries In this way, preference has been given to the and rail transportation, navigable routes prone to new development, expansion and financial support. A large number of projects located further east and south represent a transport methods that are most respectful and seaports, as well as the high-speed rail. improvement projects. They will contribute to will benefit from the community’s budget factor for balance and economic development to the environment. The European transport Intelligent transportation management increasing the capacities and interoperability via the TENs budgetary line, the European by establishing connections between the policy clearly states that the railways as an systems are also part of this category, as of different passenger and freight transport Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the main EU hubs and non-community countries. environmentally friendly transport mode should well as Galileo, the European satellite radio modes. The member states are responsible for Cohesion Fund, the European Investments The 10 PAN corridors were defined in the become an alternative to congested roads. They navigation system. funding and executing the projects. Inclusion Fund (EIF) and from structural funds. transportation conferences held in Prague have to, however, provide customers with a TEN-T directives define EU priorities by of a corridor gives them access to TENs The European Investment Bank (EIB) also (1991), Crete (1994) and Helsinki (1997). reliable, high-quality and safe travel path, which placing the network label on specific funds, as well as other sources of European contributes to the financing of these projects. is the purpose of the unfolding of the ERTMS.
44 45 To harmonize ERTMS implementation Railways | SPAIN | Integration of rail systems on railway corridors a coordinator What is ‘interoperability’? R was appointed, who proposed ERTMS Moving towards the convergence of the European rail network Networks deployment over six corridors. Published in itransporte 5
➔ In order for trains to travel Advantages ERTMS: The six longest Main railroad corridors and routes indistinctly over any section of the n Rail operators will increase their market money. It is also dependent on knowing how goods railroad hubs Stockholm European network, works must be potential. With the disappearance of to properly plan the transition, heeding the he unfolding of the European Rail technical and operational barriers, travel implications it may have on aspects related done that are aimed at integrating TrafficM anagement System (ERTMS) times can be reduced, using their material to safety of all train journeys. This entails all the different rail technical Trepresents an important European North Sea resources more efficiently and increasing the changing from one country-wide operational industrial project, like Galileo in the sphere of Flensburg and operative systems existing in range of services offered. setting with different legislation and satellite navigation. Directive 96/48/EC is an the EU. This is interoperability. n European manufacturers can offer the standards to another in which the rules of play Warsaw essential component for the interoperability Hannover Berlin same product in each country, promoting are agreed upon at a European scale. Rotterdam of the EU priority rail projects, which is espite the lack of interoperability, no- economies of scale that will subsequently Spain started convergence towards Dresden Terespol derived from treaty provisions related to Antwerp Duisburg body questions the advantages of rail lead to lower costs, greater competition and interoperability long before a community the Trans-European Networks. Title XV, Dtransportation. Commuter trains move a wider range of goods on offer. legislative framework existed, introducing UIC articles 154, 155 and 156, establishes a Mannheim Prague millions of people every day in big cities. But However, there are not only advantages. This gauge when constructing its first high-speed Bratislava legal framework that requires the use of the Munich transportation by rail could offer more services convergence is not only a matter of time and line between Madrid and Seville in 1992. ERTMS since November 2002 for all new Dijon than it provides today, which entails elimina Basel Innsbruck high-speed lines on the Trans-European Atlantic Ocean Budapest ting the barriers that prevent sharing and in- Network or when they renew signaling. Lyon Milan tegrating existing networks via their technical Ljubljana A ineco’s involvement For conventional railways, similar Verona and operational harmonization. Ineco has participated both nationally and Turin Rotterdam–Genoa requirements are applied. On March 17, Genoa B Convergence towards integration and inter- at a European level in introducing rail Stockholm–Naples 2005, the European Commission and the Perpignan C operability of the rail networks is not a simple interoperability, supporting the Spanish Ministry rail industry (manufacturers, infrastructure Tarragona Antwerp–Basel–Lyon task. For every service category (passengers and of Development, Adif and the operator Renfe managers and rail operators) signed a D goods on high-speed and conventional lines) at all times. The great experience it obtained Naples Valencia–Lyon–Ljubljana Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), E there are similar convergence processes. These by participating in different European projects establishing the principles of a strategy for Valencia Dresden–Prague–Budapest include the publication of the appropriate Eu- (such as ERTMS/ETCS and TEN-R) led to its the correct deployment of ERTMS rail traffic F ropean Directive that defines the objectives advantageous positioning in different projects Mediterranean Sea Duisburg–Berlin–Warsaw–Terespol in the EU within a 10 to 12-year period. and the legal framework for each category; and works that the Government is promoting. transposing the Directive to each state after e500 million for the deployment of the ERTMS adapting the legal framework that is affected; In the 2007-2013 TENs budget, e500 Valencia, including access to the ports TRAFFIC CONSOLIDATION publication of the pertinent technical specifi- Interoperability in the aeronautics sector million were earmarked for facilitating of Valencia and Tarragona, and the next AND OPTIMIZATION cations for interoperability (TSI) and European The main international specialized body is matters of international civil aviation. the deployment of the ERTMS both extension from Ljubljana to Budapest, where Different Ineco departments are actively specifications, and, finally, application of theSI T the International Civil Aviation Organization There are also procedures for air navigation on-board and on tracks, up to a maximum it will link to Corridor E. participating in a range of projects that are to infrastructures and trains in each country. (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations services (PANS) and supplementary regional of 50% of the eligible project cost. Corridors The objectives for Corridor A are to double closely related to the Trans-European Networks, Interoperability highlights the EU desire to founded in 1944. At present, it has 190 procedures (SUPPS). A, C and D (see map above right) must be the transported volume by 2020, reducing particularly with regard to technical and revitalize the railroad as an efficient and safe contracting states and is responsible At a European level, EUROCONTROL completed by 2015-2017. The other three transportation time by 20%. In absolute operative interoperability. Several projects mode of transport via the creation of a single for watching over the safe and orderly (European Organization for Air Navigation by 2020. Corridor A is the most advanced: terms, this is equal to 28 billion tons annually stand out that are aimed at consolidating trans-European rail network. This solution will development of all issues related to Safety), with 38 member states, has the it should be finished by 2012, except the transported by railway and taken off roads. ERTMS specifications (EMSET Project, pilot increase efficiency, reduce costs and provide international civil aviation. To do so, the ICAO fundamental objective of developing a section between Oberhausen and Mannheim Expressed differently, it is equivalent to line Albacete–Villar de Chinchilla) or aimed at improvements and more varied passenger and draws up and maintains a series of standards common ATM (Air Transit Management) (planned for 2015). Corridor D was initially trucks with 27-ton loads departing every 37 harmonizing ERTMS operating rules (HEROE goods services. This qualitative and quantitative that constantly change, known as Standards System in Europe. This involves states, going to start in Barcelona and finish seconds, 24 hours a day every day of the year Project) or optimizing traffic in the main leap will allow rail to compete with road traffic and Recommended Practices (SARPS). These airlines, airports, military entities, industry, in Ljubljana. Then it was extended until along the 1,300 kilometers of the corridor. European corridors by applying the ERTMS and aviation under the best conditions. deal with all technical and operational etc. In short, any user of air space. (OPTIRAILS and OPTIRAILS II projects).
46 47 47 AERONAUTICAL | South America | Competitiveness analysis Seven Latin American airports checked ( )A Airport infrastructure test
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➔ A thorough study conducted by situation of each airport and their regulatory Ineco for the Andean Development and institutional bodies, as well as analyzing airports included in the test Corporation (Corporación Andina the economic and environmental situations. Study results outline drawing up a deve Panama de Fomento, CAF) performs an lopment plan for each airport, highlighting 1 in-depth analysis of the Andean Guyana investment needs. To develop the Evaluation venezuela Community’s main airports. Program of the Main Airports in the Andean Suriname Colombia Atlantic The project investigated the Region, the infrastructures, facilities and ins French Guiana Ocean 2 infrastructures, airport processes titutional framework of each airport were completely reviewed. and regulations at each facility. 3 In a second stage, quality surveys were con ecuador ducted of passenger services, airline companies assenger demand will grow by 6.6% per and cargo companies. To finish, spokespersons 4 year in Latin America for the next 20 for the airport logistics chain were interviewed Brazil 1_Maiquetía Pyears, according to data published by in the different countries. These included air Caracas the International Civil Aviation Organization lines, chambers of commerce, town councils, peru 2_El Dorado Colombia (OACI), The Air Transport Association (IATA) and The project, financed by the Spanish Mi airline company associations, handling and BogotA 5 3_Mariscal Sucre Boeing Market Forecast. This increase will only nistry of the Economy and Finance, analyzed cargo companies, tourist offices, customs Quito El Dorado (Bogota) be surpassed by China, with an 8.8% growth infrastructures, airport processes and regu houses, involved administrations, air naviga Bolivia 4_J.J. de Olmedo With 9.7 million passengers and nearly rate. To adapt to this situation and be able to lations at seven regional airports: Maiquetía tion providers, airport operators, etc. This was 6 Guayaquil 600,000 tons of cargo transported, this airport handle challenges related to air transport in (Caracas), El Dorado (Bogota), Mariscal Sucre done as an essential step to complement and 5_Jorge Chávez has the greatest volume of movement of all 7 some of the countries in the Andean region (Quito), José Joaquín de Olmedo (Guayaquil), clarify the proposed initiatives. Pacific Lima those analyzed. Located some 15 kilometers (Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador and Bo Jorge Chávez (Lima), El Alto (La Paz) and Viru All of this information was used to perform Ocean 6_El Alto west of the city center, El Dorado is the nation’s La Paz livia), CAF hired Ineco in February 2007 as an Viru (Santa Cruz). a competitiveness analysis for each airport and primary international gateway, accounting for Paraguay 7_Viru Viru expert consultant in all fields related to air A multidisciplinary team worked in the to identify detected bottlenecks and areas for Chile 49% of the total air traffic in the country. Santa Cruz transport. different countries, determining the current improvement. Argentina Access problem A tough location
The only road linking Maiquetía Airport to Mariscal Sucre Airport–named after Caracas crosses El Ávila mountain range, Venezuelan born Antonio José de Sucre, which towers in the northern region of a hero of Ecuadorian and Latin American the largest city in Venezuela. This area has independence–, is located in the center of imposing geological difficulties that have Quito, forcing its replacement by a new even forced the airport’s closure at times. airport that should be up-and-running in The search for a second road is absolutely 2011. This is the only solution for absorbing essential. Based on a survey carried out forecast traffic growth and increasing safety by more than 30 international airlines, parameters for all aircraft operations. At Maiquetía is the fifth most expensive 2,800 meters, it is one of the world’s highest airport among 32 air terminals in the region, airports. Ecuador’s main airport serves with an average cost of $650. approximately 2.5 million passengers a year. Access road to Maiquetía Airport, Caracas (Venezuela). Mariscal Sucre Airport, Quito (Ecuador).
48 49 The complicated mountainous terrain and great distances make air transport fundamental in order to develop these countries.
Airports of the Andean Sub-region (ASAND) objective: to improve infrastructure management atin American airports have efficiency Transportation Service Operators in the problems that make their function Andean Community. It was approved Las trade promoters and connection by the Andean Aeronautical Authorities points difficult for the integration of Committee. countries in this region. The complicated mountainous terrain and great distances The content primarily deals with users’ make air transport a fundamental transport and air carriers’ rights and duties. Out of mode in order to develop these countries. all the common sites where these rights To change the situation and foster this and duties are reconciled, everybody development, Latin American authorities agrees that the airport is undoubtedly the need a preliminary study of the situation in most important. Thus, CAF (the Andean each country that will help determine the Development Corporation) took the Peru Venezuela Ecuador Bolivia most suitable strategies in each case. Article initiative to analyze airport behavior in this 104 of the Cartagena Agreement of 1969 Andean sub-region. This is in line with its Jorge Chávez (Lima) Maiquetía (Caracas) J.J. de Olmedo (Guayaquil) El Alto (La Paz) established the design of joint initiatives as statutory goals, which include sustainable The Peruvian capital’s airport moved more It is the only airport whose management is It moved 3.2 million passengers in 2007 The concession is held by SABSA, as are the an objective to strengthen infrastructures promotion for the region’s economic than 8.8 million passengers in 2009, a growth not under concession. Also known as Simón and concession is held by TAGSA, which is country’s other two main airports in Santa and services that would favor the development. of 6% over the previous year. The concession Bolívar International Airport, it reports to supervised by the Guayaquil Airport Authority. Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba. sub-region’s economic integration. CAF assessed that improving resource is held by LAP (Lima Airport Partners), which the Autonomous Institute for Maiquetía Pursuant to this article, the Committee of management is the key piece to fully profit believes that passenger flow in 2010 will reach International Airport (IAAIM). It has two Mariscal Sucre (Quito) Viru Viru (Santa Cruz) the Andean Community adopted decision from the actions aimed at the region’s social nearly 9.05 million for a growth of 4% to 5% terminals which look after approximately Replacement by a new airport is underway, It moved close to 1 million passengers in 2007. 619 on July 15, 2005 in Lima. Its title is development. These must be applied with over 2009. 7 million passengers annually. whose construction is being done by QUIPORT. SABSA is also in charge of its management. Standards for the Harmonization of Rights the greatest equity possible and have a and Obligations of Users, Carriers and Air suitable financial balance.
Japanese design Conclusions The design of Viru Viru was executed by The primary objective of this ASAND (Airports Japanese engineers in the 80s, with a totally of the Andean Sub-region) study is to deepen symmetrical airfield structure and enough knowledge about the basic elements that space to grow as much as necessary. The comprise all aspects of airports’ production altitude of the airport is 600 meters, so chains. This is so that they can be optimized that there is no type of weight restrictions. and the weaknesses can be sought out in order Viru Viru is able to handle even the largest to promote improvements that lead to the commercial jets, with a 3,500-meter long successful application of transportation policies runway. Despite the fact that Santa Cruz enacted by the Andean Community. is only the second largest metropolitan area in Bolivia, its airport became the most important in the country after it opened. Viru Viru Airport, Santa Cruz (Bolivia). El Alto Airport, La Paz (Bolivia).
50 51 AERONAUTICAL | jamaica | Infrastructure analysis A plan for the future of tourism in Jamaica ( )A Ineco has drawn up the Master Plan for Sangster International Airport
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The Master Plan drawn up by Ineco ourism contributes 27% to Jamaica’s rous forecasting of growth in demand while Traffic analysis and forecasts analyzes the airport impact on the GDP and accounts for 276,000 jobs ensuring that airport capacity is in line with The Master Plan took as its starting point States as an originating market (70% of the (-0.9%, 1.9% and 3.1%) and the activity national economy, with expected T(24% of the national total). The Sir Do that demand in the short, medium and long the current situation with regard to airport total), and the fact that January to April of Air Jamaica. In the medium and long nald Sangster International Airport, located in term. The Plan took an integrated and overall activity, including a detailed analysis of shows the greatest levels of activity. term there is greater uncertainty, so three growth in demand. It puts forward Montego Bay, is one of the great engines of perspective, with a time horizon through 2028. traffic. A number of factors were taken into Having looked at the current situation, the analysis methods were used: first, applying actions over the next 20 years to Jamaica’s tourist industry. Alone, it employs This document analyzes the airport’s economic account in preparing the Plan: the historical most important factor in determining the the econometric model used for short-term strengthen its position as the ‘entry 4,000 staff and contributes $18.1 million to impact and its relationship to the surrounding development of the airport between 1978 future image of the airport –and, therefore, forecasting; secondly, trend line; and thirdly, door’ to one of the destinations with the Jamaican economy. area. It also forecasts future growth in traffic and 2008, the type of operations, aircraft and the activities required to ensure that its benchmarking. As part of this, airports with the greatest potential in the Caribbean. MBJ Airports Limited, the private consortium and included proposals for the development operators, originating markets and seasonal capacity is adequate– is the traffic forecast. characteristics similar to Sangster were used that manages the airport with a 30-year con of infrastructures with different alternatives in factors. The document notes the influence of In the short term, the Plan follows a as reference: being an island, international cession, commissioned Ineco in 2008 to draw terms of execution, along with corresponding the main operator, Air Jamaica (with 40% statistical model based on two variables: the traffic and competition from other nearby up a Master Plan that would enable more rigo cost estimates. market share), the importance of the United growth of U.S. GDP between 2009 and 2011 destinations.
Land use plan
simulations for the immigration control area On the left is the current configuration. Above, the same control area with two new counters, which would speed up average processing time.
4.7 million passengers in 2028 Comprehensive planning The results are consistent and indicate that annual growth of 3.9%– would arise if the development alternatives Ineco has extensive experience in drawing long-term (over a period of 5, 10 and 20 Accordingly, Ineco’s team started working in the overall average annual growth in traffic airport followed an expansion path that is Some of the proposals included in the Master up master plans for airports. These, in line years). Although flexible and subject to December 2008 on a consultation process and at Sangster for the next 20 years will be similar to the reference airports studied, Plan are: the relocation of the control tower to with International Civil Aviation Organisation adjustment, this comprehensive planning contacting agents involved in or connected 1.7%. This takes account of the zero growth in particular if markets, such as the Asian, avoid limiting the airport’s future development (ICAO) guidelines, represent a planning tool is essential for ensuring that airport to the airport’s activity. These included for the upcoming five years due to the global could be opened up, while maintaining and lengthening the runway by 408 meters. The for the maximum development of an airport infrastructures are ready to meet forecast Jamaica’s airport and civil aviation authorities financial crisis. In the medium term (2013 to existing markets. On the other hand, the total length would be increased from the current structure, bearing in mind both aeronautical demand as well as facilitating the process (JAA and JCAA), the national tourist board 2018), average growth of 2.25% is expected. low scenario –based on no improvement 2,662 meters to 3,130 meters and a RESA and non-aeronautical aspects (environmental, of decision-making. At the same time, it (JTB), its client MBJ Airports, representatives Lastly, for the final 10-year period, three work or development of tourism– forecasts (runway end safety area) would be installed social, commercial, integration of the territory gives the whole airport community an overall from the Ministry of Finance, immigration, possible scenarios were defined, which an average growth of 1.81%. The scenario at the 25 header. This entailed moving the 07 and others). perspective of the development of the airport, airlines, tourism operators, handling agents, would develop depending on the different considered most likely, however, sits in threshold and purchasing 8.7 hectares of land. Taking the current situation as their in one single document. hotels and the local Chamber of Commerce. factors included in the Master Plan. The high between: an average growth of 2.22% Sangster is very close to Montego Bay and starting point, master plans forecast growth Sangster Master Plan includes distribution The document was presented to the airport scenario –which would mean an average (4.71 million passengers a year in 2028). parallel to the coastline, surrounded by buildings requirements in the short, medium and of information as part of its planning. community at a public meeting in May 2009. and areas of high environmental value.
52 53 AERONAUTICAL | SPAIN➀ | New terminal building AERONAUTICAL | SPAIN➁ | New Area Terminal (NAT) New 26,000 m2 area Preparations for 2020 ➀ a ➁ Additional space for domestic flights in Valencia Expansion of Alicante Airport ( )
Published in itransporte 13 Published in itransporte 7
Due to the increase in passenger numbers in recent years, Valencia Airport is to have a new terminal for domestic flights. Working with architectural studio Efebearquitectura, Ineco has prepared this design for Aena.
alencia airport recorded traffic of almost 6 million passengers in 2007, a 19% Vincrease compared to 2006. In order New air bridges. to cover increased demand, plans include ex- panding the passenger building by construct- ing a new terminal on the east side to handle domestic traffic. The project is for an infrastructure that sup- plements what is there already, both in terms of the current and regional buildings. Key to this refurbishment is the compromise between the architectural, operational and business aspects of the airport. The aim is to enhance its use and make it attractive to concessions, while also providing the necessary facilities for airport Safety and coordination with the other areas staff and the companies that operate there. and infrastructures has been one of the priorities. The NAT will cover a total area of 333,500 m2. Parking extension. Safety and coordination with the airport’s other areas and infrastructures have also been a prio produce the transition from the current build- The objective of the work is for from the current 9 million a year to 20 million the extension of the apron and taxiway, and rity for this project. ing to the departure gates area, which will de- PARALLEL PROJECT ACTIVITIES Alicante airport to become one passengers by 2020, a 122% increase. Traffic improvements to the electrical system, which termine the final area via a largedouble-height n Adapting the airside ramp and of the main ‘entry gates’ for has doubled during the last decade and today will be changed from the current 3 kV to a The T2 Terminal will connect with the cur- volume defined by the glass curtain wall and 80% of the airport’s flights are international. 20 kV distribution. urbanization works. international tourism in eastern rent building on the west side so that spatial an aluminum skin. This will include the neces- n Construction of a hangar for Spain’s Along with Valencia Airport, Alicante is the The NAT project covers the construction of communication is open, with continuity of the sary space for departure halls, separated by National Traffic Authority (DGT) of Spain. Ineco is involved in this port of entry for foreign tourism to the east a new processing building which will have a departure and arrivals lounges being main- a metal screen. The way that the roof curves approximately 2,000 m2 with capacity process, which will expand the of Spain. total of 28 boarding gates, enabling 16 air- tained, as well as allowing a fluid flow between down to the ground gives the perception of a for four helicopters. current airport capacity to 20 The Alicante Airport expansion work was craft to be handled via 14 air bridges, two of n passengers and other users of the airport. wider space, since the whole building and the Construction of a number of exit roads million passengers per year by 2020. approved in 2001. It started with the apron be- which are double. The existing parking area The envelope structure of the new building surroundings are on display. from the airport onto the national ing expanded, traffic islands being paved and is also being extended and once finished will enhances the sense of continuity with the Aesthetically, the new building will be a Manises Highway. multi-disciplinary Ineco team for the new provisional passenger processing area have two modules, with capacity for over present and regional terminals, providing a continuation of the regional aviation termi- Thanks to the design and functional Alicante Airport is responsible for (currently T2) being constructed. The terminal 4,200 cars. Between this and the processing finishing touch to both buildings. Removing nal, using the same materials. However, it will solutions, the new terminal building Aproviding technical support, control, came into service in 2007 as soon as New Area building a 13,000 m2 61-bay bus station is the dividing wall of the T1 Terminal gives a flu- incorporate solutions that strengthen the exis will ensure that the new structure fully monitoring and supervision services for the Terminal (NAT) work was concluded. This is the also planned, as well as access to the future id, organic and continuous look. Different skins ting architectural concept. integrates with existing structures. expansion works that will increase capacity most important of the works, which include railway station.
54 55 AERONAUTICAL | Kenya | International consulting AERONAUTICAL | Spain | Technical assistance ‘Smile. You’re in Kenya!’ ( )A EMAS: emergency braking A Review of the expansion and upgrading First installation in Europe Innovation project of Nairobi´s international airport Published in itransporte 17
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The Jomo Kenyatta International This review was awarded to Ineco in Februa By implementing the recommendations out Madrid-Barajas is the first airport in Airport in Nairobi (Kenya) is the ry 2008. Works included a forecast of traffic lined by the company, the general conclusion Europe to install the EMAS system, eighth largest in Africa by annual demands through 2030; computer simula was that the proposed expansion could handle which uses porous concrete blocks to tion of passenger, luggage and aircraft flows; demand of up to 9 million passengers per year. passenger volume (more than assessing and proposing recommendations for This level is deemed reachable by about the help slow down aircraft in the event 5 million in 2009) and the second optimizing capacity and functional viability, year 2018. With respect to airspace/airfield, the of an emergency at the end of the in air cargo volumes (over 275,000 economic-financial assessment, and architec existing procedures limit capacity more than runway. Ineco ran the project and tons per year). In Spain, only tural and operating safety recommendations airport infrastructures. Thus, improvement ini provided technical assistance for the Madrid-Barajas manages a higher for the expansion project. tiatives would allow greater advantage to be control and monitoring of the works. After the new demand forecast was esti taken of the single existing runway. volume of air freight. mated, based on an ARIMA model, and the flight programming for a typical traffic day for he construction of the new braking ar airobi airport is the true gateway to the years 2014, 2018 and 2024 was done, air Sector liberalization eas on runways 33R and 33L has given Kenya, as it manages 80% of interna space and airfield simulations were made using Air transport on the African continent is facing a TMadrid-Barajas Airport a system to slow Ntional passenger traffic and 90% of air the SIMMOD program. Passenger and luggage vital process for guaranteeing its competitiveness down aircrafts in the event of an emergency, cargo. In the last five years, it has experienced a management in the terminal was simulated in the medium and long term. Sector thus avoiding a worse incident as a result of n j big increase in traffic, largely due to the libera using the WITNESS planning tool. liberalization started off with the Yamoussoukro coming off the runway. When the wheels enter and
lization process of the air transport sector in Decision, whose official name is the Decision the EMAS (Engineered Materials Arresting Sys ny
Africa –which started with the Yamoussoukro The analysis of simulation results, along on the Implementation of the Yamoussoukro tem) zone, they sink into the porous concrete of Decision in November 1999. This situation put with the experience of the working team, re Statement on the Liberalization of Access to Air blocks, the aircraft loses energy and gradually pressure on the airport manager, Kenya Air sulted in a series of recommendations that Transportation Markets in Africa. It was adopted slows down to a complete stop within the safe aut h ority ports Authority (KAA), so it decided to review modified the project. These changes were in November 1999 at the conference of African ty zone (see picture to the right). This avoids the expansion project it had planned and primarily related to handling international- ministers responsible for civil aviation in the city damage to the fuselage and landing gear. port of whose first phase was completed in 2008. The international traffic, as well as designing the bearing the same name (Yamoussoukro) in the The EMAS system was installed in 2007 in KAA decided to review the project’s functional aircraft apron. A complete review of the bag Ivory Coast, under the auspices of the United the end safety area of each runway, in line with viability when faced with the latest demand gage handling system was also proposed (the Nations Economic Commission. the airport’s Master Plan and Ineco’s design. courtesy forecasts. weakest point of the project). Ineco was also responsible for checking and Given the importance of drainage to ensure monitoring the works. the effectiveness of the system, two different Safer runways of the work and their commitment to the drainage systems were installed on each side This new EMAS technology, developed in the New terminal model Updating proposal. 2 After drawing this conclusion, the design client, their seriousness and compliance How it was installed. The EMAS solution was of the runways: on the 33R, a pipeline system United States in the 1990s, was supported by of a new terminal model was deemed urgent, with all deadlines. All these factors led to 3 installed within the runway end safety area was used; and on the 33L, a North American the FAA in order to improve runway safety. 2 served by a single runway, but expandable to successfully finishing the work and the 1 (RESA), approximately 10 meters from the drainpipe was used. The main requirement un EMAS came about through work done jointly the future concept of two parallel runways, company’s presentation with top credentials LOCalizer antenna. The first step was to pre der this standard is that there cannot be more between the University of Dayton, the New as planned by the airport‘s Master Plan. in a market that will bear fruit in the near pare the ground to ensure that it had sufficient than a quarter-inch difference in level between York and New Jersey port authorities and the 4 With respect to recommendations about future. Yes, so we are smiling, we are in Kenya. load-bearing capacity. It was then built up with two points of the platform. American firmE SCO (part of the Zodiac group). operational safety undertaken by the two layers: the lower one is a 12-22 centime According to Federal Aviation Administration The first trial was conducted in 1996 with Aeronautics Systems Division, 14 potential 1_New Arrivals building ters thick high modulus hot mix asphalt layer, (FAA) data, EMAS is currently installed on 44 a Boeing B727, although the first time that risks were identified and the appropriate 2_Interconnecting buildings and the upper one is a wearing course type runways at 30 airports in the United States and the system was used successfully in a real- mitigation measures were proposed. 3_Improvement of units 1, 2 y 3 5 T-30 (Spanish specifications) gap graded mix there are plans for it to be installed on a further life situation was three years later, when a The Ineco team was congratulated by Erastus 4_New unit 4. Domestic flights with polymer modified bitumen, ranging in 10. There’s also an airport in China where the SAAB 340 came to a halt without suffering K. Mwongera, KAA President, for the outcome 5_New parking lot thickness between 5 to 10 centimeters. EMAS system was installed in 2006. significant damage.
56 57 tunnels | SPAIN | Construction techniques Railway tunnels in Spain t Major projects ( )
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Modern societies are characterized long small-section tunnels (constructed in Projects of all kinds by the high level of complexity and mountainous areas with limited access) and Spain occupies a prominent position globally specialization of their transportation the complexity of offshore sewage outfalls. with regard to underground construction Those years of intense activity have meant that projects. The table below lists the 12 longest systems. This has meant that tunnels there is a wide range of specialized professio tunnels in the world. A range of different are the solution for many projects nals and companies able to run a large number techniques has been developed that have been and, consequently, there has been a of highly-complex subterranean projects. applied to underground civil engineering works. big development in the technologies Ineco is one such company, particularly in However, it is tunnel-boring machines (TBM), such as the one shown in the big picture to the used on underground work. the rail industry, for which the company has developed projects since its early days. Ineco’s left, that have undergone the greatest degree most recent work has been related to site ma of development during the last decade. arge tunnels are under construction all nagement and technical support on the Gua around the world. Spain is no exception darrama and Pajares tunnel projects. Prefabricated voussoir. longest railroad tunnels Land, in fact, is in a prominent position in 1 Gotthard (Switzerland) 57,072 m terms of this type of construction work. This is 2 Brenner (Austria-Italy) 55,000 m due mainly to the country’s geographical posi 3 Seikan (Japan) 53,850 m tion and the economic development of past 4 Mont D’Ambi (France-Italy) 52,110 m decades. Spain has already finished the cons 5 English Channel (UK-France) 50,450 m truction of two of the longest railroad tunnels 6 Lotschberg (Switzerland) 34,577 m (Guadarrama and Pajares), as well as many 7 Korlam (Austria) 32,800 m shorter tunnels used on high-speed lines. 8 Guadarrama (Spain) 28,377 m Tunnel construction in Spain is being closely 9 Taihang (Japan) 27,848 m watched internationally. Yet we should not for 10 Hakkoda (Japan) 26,455 m get the highway construction work that was done in the 1980s and 90s involving many 11 Iwate (Japan) 25,810 m Works in the Guadarrama tunnel. Guniting process. large-section tunnels, the water projects with 12 Pajares (Spain) 24,667 m
Ongoing development in construction techniques to Ineco’s activities Building large tunnels is no longer done using OPENING OF GALLERIES_The opening of A-LA-CARTE DESIGN number of upervision
traditional and dangerous techniques. These galleries that are secondary to the main section Tunnel-boring machines (TBA) are only effective High-speed railway line length tunnels Basic studies D esign construction Project supervision A rchitectural management S upport architectural management S and coordination days, highly industrialized and safe processes of the tunnel tend to be done using conventional when the site to be worked on is well known and Madrid-Cordoba-Seville 471 km 14 are used. However, not all underground work is excavation techniques. the machines are designed in accordance with the Cordoba-Malaga 150 km 7 the same, nor is it easy to standardize. GUNITING_The process of spraying liquid cement site’s characteristics. In some cases, conventional Bobadilla-Granada 112 km 4 onto tunnel linings makes the excavated area excavation methods are the most appropriate. Madrid-Zaragoza 327 km 19 INSPECTION TECHNIQUES_Geology is a safe from minor landslides. Zaragoza-Barcelona 315 km 24 fundamental inspection technique. This means MODELING THE PROCESS_It is important to SAFETY MEASURES_In the event of a potential On-site voussoirs Barcelona-French border 132 km 16 understanding the structure of the terrain from contrast real situations with those anticipated evacuation, long tunnels present a safety There have been major developments in Madrid-Valladolid 200 km 5 Murcia-Almeria 33 km 5 surface level and making visual inspections of in the construction specifications. For this problem. Properly managed exit routes and propping techniques, like projecting concrete Vitoria-Bilbao 60 km 65 any samples that can be obtained at depth. purpose, calculation programs are used that sealed self-rescue chambers are important without the need of formwork but with Leon-Asturias (Pajares Bypass) 50 km 12 There are sophisticated prospecting methods, perform highly-accurate simulations of measures that must be maintained in optimal adequate resistance. Prefabricated voussoirs Medina del Campo-Ourense 350 km 59 but conventional geology is always necessary. behavior inside and around the tunnel. conditions throughout the duration of the work. enable highly-industrialized processes to be Ourense-Santiago 82 km 26 applied when tunnel-boring machines are used. Madrid-Valencia 430 km 20 58 59 tunnels | SPAIN | Construction techniques Under the Cantabrian mountain range t A challenge for Spanish engineering ( )
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The full opening of the first Pajares Three priority objectives: technology, tunnel in 2008 was a significant step safety and environmental protection in this enormous project that will or Ineco engineers, the dual-tunnel Lot 2, Folledo-Viadangos (Leon), and Lot 3, allow the high-speed train to travel configuration and the galleries were Viadangos (Leon)-Telledo (Asturias), in the underground for 25 kilometers. Fvery important due to safety reasons. East Tunnel; Lot 4, Viadangos-Telledo, in the This means that if there is an incident in West Tunnel. The tunnel drilling and lining fter the tunnels under Pajares had been one of the tunnels, the other can be used was done using five tunneling machines. excavated, waterproofing and platform as an ancillary route and for evacuation. Four of these were single-shield and the Aworks were executed, along with safety, Other fundamental safety measures are other was double-shield, approximately track and electrification installations. Ineco also provided, such as preferential stopping 9.5 meters in diameter. Manufacturers teams worked with Adif in different areas: site points to facilitate the evacuation of people. were NFM-Wirth for Lots 1 and 3; Duro management, technical assistance and geolo From a geological viewpoint, the Pajares Felguera, Mitsubishi and Robbins for Lot gical/geotechnical consultancy, hydrogeologi Tunnels cross an area of the Cantabrian 4, and Herrenknecht for Lots 1 and 2, the cal study of the mountain mass, environmental mountains where there is a high degree latter being the double shield. The machines management, and the Pajares Tunnels Infor of variety in terms of rocks. These include excavated and fitted a lining of rings made mation Centre, set up to organize visits. This almost every type of carbonate and up of seven reinforced concrete voussoirs center also includes the team responsible for siliciclastic material. The technicians point that were pre-manufactured on site. Each of computerized inventory and for supervising the out that the mountain maximums (distance these rings is 1.5-meter long, 50-centimeter standardization of As Built projects, for the pur AVANT-GARDE TECHNOLOGY between the tunnel key and the surface) thick and 8.5-meter interior diameter, with poses of subsequent line maintenance. Eleven construction companies working are in the section of the tunnel under Cueto 40, 50, 60, 75, 80 y 110 MPa resistance to Once the project is completed, it will enable together under four joint ventures were Negro (1,005 meters). cope with land thrust along the stretch of
the new Leon–Asturias high-speed line to pass involved in this complex project, together neu stadt l o pab the tunnel. through the Cantabrian Massif. It will have a with two site managers and the Ineco platform, by Tunneling machines. The work for the When the line goes into operation, it will double track throughout and will reduce the geo-technical and environmental specialists. stretch was tendered under four different represent a reduction of some 33 kilometers
current route from 83 kilometers to 50. pict u r e s lots. Lot 1, La Pola de Gordón-Folledo (Leon); between Leon and Oviedo. Five tunneling machines Technical support to Adif Ineco’s work Excavating the Pajares tunnels required an electrical substation, stocks of rings and transported to controlled inert waste BASIC TUNNEL DETAILS Geology_Management and coordination of n Direction of works. five tunneling machines. In the East Tunnel, different materials, an area for downloading depots. At the northern end (Asturias), the The Pajares Tunnels are part of a longer project the geological cartography, along with the n Environmental management of the three TBMs were used: a NFM-Wirth in excavated material and so on. Environmental Impact Statement required called the Pajares Bypass. There is a total of necessary prospecting work. works carried out under joint venture with the southern part (Lot 1), a double-shield Voussoirs_Tunnel props were also that transportation between the set of tracks 50 kilometers of high-speed line enabling the Geotechnical_Advising project management Euroestudios. Herrenknecht in the central stretch (Lot 2) manufactured on site, with one voussoir and the depot be done via transporter belts, current distance to be reduced by 35 kilometers. on resolving geotechnical incidents. n Geological/geotechnical consultancy during and another NFM-Wirth in the northern part manufacturing plant per Lot. Each lining thus avoiding trucks travelling on the road. Two single-track tunnels. Construction Method_Technical review the excavation: teams of advisers in the areas (Lot 3). These machines enabled the tunnel ring consists of seven 50-centimeter-thick Excavation fronts_Excavation of the Total lenght of each tunnel: 24.6 kilometers. of the processes of execution. of geotechnics and tunnels, machinery and boring to progress at 600 meters a month. voussoirs, with resistance varying between 40 Eastern Tunnel was tackled from three Continuous lengthwise slope of 16.8 millesimals, Surveying_Review of topographical and structures. and 110 MPa. The rings were then transported different fronts: Lot 1 excavated 9.9 down towards Asturias. geodesic criteria. Checking alignment data. n Hydro-geological study of the massif. Mouth_This method of using tunneling to the TBM where they were put in place to kilometers from the southern mouth, Lot 3 Circular section: 8.5 meters diameter. Information System for Underground n Technical assistance, control and machines requires an extensive facilities zone fully finished each section. excavated 10.3 kilometers from the northern Total area: 52 m2. Works (SIOS)_A suitable tool for managing monitoring of the four project lots under outside the tunnels. This includes tracks for Waste management_All material mouth and Lot 2 excavated a central stretch Connecting galleries: each 400 meters. the volume of information required by a joint venture with Geoconsult. trains in production to run along, workshops, extracted during excavation work is of 4.4 kilometers. Distance between the axes of both tracks: project of this magnitude. n Information Center for the Pajares Bypass. 50 meters inside the massif.
60 61 tunnels | SPAIN | Technical studies First complete hydrogeological study of Pajares T Pioneering work by Ineco Study
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Adif has entrusted Ineco with the undertaken in other stretches of the Spanish Most important conclusions from the study 3. Hydrological Impact hydrogeological study of the Pajares high-speed railway system. The hydrogeologic impact can be summarized on aquifers. However, the Pajares Tunnels have Tunnel project. The company will be After a series of incidents in which conside- 1. water Flow and Currents as a general and dramatic drop in the proven that more detailed studies are required rable amounts of water seeped into the tunnels Most of the water flow occurs in areas in the reason for the first major water problem groundwater level for all the aquifers crossed. for complicated projects. This hydrogeological following through the initial stage to during their construction, Adif entrusted this tunnel in contact between different geological encountered during the building of the The aquifers have sometimes been changed to study was one of the first, if not the first, such monitor the region for several years complex study to Ineco. The one-year study formations, i.e. when moving from aquifuge to tunnels. Furthermore, karstic cavities, as flow towards the base of the tunnels, certain study in Spain with these characteristics. once the tunnel is in operation. covers an area of 209.6 km2 surrounding the aquifer. Joints from layers of rock of different the preferred route of water, are responsible natural springs and outlets have reduced flow Adequate knowledge of the effect of water alignment of the tunnels, which are situated in age and geological significance are also a for the rapid drop in ground water levels to the surface, including some which provide on tunnels and the impact those tunnels he complete hydrogeological study of the Cantabrian mountain range. From a hydro- source of water. A third factor which must be observed by the passing tunneling machines in local towns with drinking water, and the might have on the surrounding area can be the Pajares Tunnels is the first of its kind graphical point of view, the zone is situated taken into account is the powdering of the some calcareous regions, for certain sinkholes reduction in flow of some rivers. gained with hydrogeologic studies. It would Tin this geographical region. The study is between the Duero Basin and the Northern so-called Barrios Quartzite to sand masses. leading the water from streams directly into The experience gained throughout the whole be interesting to include such a study in all also innovative: in such a large-scale project, Basin. Despite the fact that the region does Another geological factor present in the tunnels and the impact of the tunnel on project is something which can be used in tunneling projects, even if this is not the it is very unusual to study more than just the not have any large hydrogeological features, the region is karstification. It should be aquifers several kilometers away. the future, due to its complicated geological current regulation, especially in regions where effect of ground water on the construction and it does contain various ground water systems remembered that large karstic underground Most of the sudden water problems were and hydrogeological structure. In the past, the groundwater can refill the aquifers only operation of the tunnels, but also, in this case, (the study, in fact, described 20 different sys- caverns can form on the continent in a encountered in fractured, karstified regions similar studies used to be based on the possible very slowly and such considerable drops in the impact of the tunnels on the groundwater tems) with a modest storage capacity and ge- saturated area, i.e. a region under the water or due to the influence of the tunnel on influence of groundwater on the construction the level of the water table might be caused. was also be investigated. In this sense, the work nerally reduced permeability. The ground water table. Karstification is sizeable in some areas aquifers, which were sometimes situated quite of tunnels and possible difficulties during the Hence, the impact of construction work can be is pioneering and is already being planned or resources are, however, used quite widely. and with some formations, and was the far from the alignment. project, rather than the effect of the tunnel evaluated beforehand. East Tunnel groundwater systems (South-North)
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROFILES 2. Chemistry of water 4. Automatic Hydrogeological Control OF THE TUNNELS What most stands out from the chemical this water, which attacks concrete, meant that The hydrogeologic control is intensified during instruments for making the measurements In the image above, one can see a profile of the tests on the groundwater is that the samples archway structures made of sulphate-resistant the summer months and new studies are to and controlling the groundwater level. The path of the tunnel (blue line) as it cuts through generally contained a very low composition of concrete had to be used for some sections of be performed on the rivers and surface water. instruments can measure the exact water flow the rock. In the study, up to 20 different dissolved minerals. This is due to the extremely the tunnel, something which had not been The installation of an automatic hydrogeologic through the tunnels and therefore the level of groundwater systems were described, despite fast flow of the water underground, with anticipated in the project. control network inside the tunnels will allow water seepage; this information will be used to the fact that there are no large water resources minimal contact time (contact between the The hydrochemical study concluded that the the constant, precise flow of water taken from measure the water level around the tunnel. in the area. This groundwater plays a very water and the rock). One exception which water with a high percentage of dissolved each aquifer system through which the tunnel The control network, particularly that in the important role in the smaller towns throughout should be mentioned is a region with a high sulphate was due to the existence of a deep passes, and the hydraulic pressure exerted tunnels, will be necessary for the evaluation the region. The map to the right shows the 20 rate of dissolved sulphate (dry residue of 2 g/l) fracture which let sulphate-bearing water rise on the tunnel to be established. A series of of the effectiveness of any future corrective groundwater systems surrounding the Pajares detected in one flowing well. The existence of to the surface. sections of the tunnel were equipped with measure aimed at alleviating problems. Tunnels (the tunnel alignment is also shown).
62 63 transport studies | ITALY | Regional transport system analysis Emergency measures to improve traffic ( )TS Transport plan for the Romagna region of Forli
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The study, commissioned by the plan does not cover only the short and medium locate the nautical leisure district in this area Forli (Italy) City Council, covers a term (from 2012 to 2015), but also a more was already presented and will attract a signi detailed analysis of each mode of ambitious, longer-term timeframe in which ficant range of operators. In seeking a suitable the region, due to its geographically strategic strategic platform, the proposed multi-modal transport on offer, how they align position, becomes an essential stepping stone model looks line by line at the type of vehicle with existing demand and forecasts for connecting to the major trans-European used (capacity, speed and consumption), in traffic flows, both for passengers routes through Venice and Modena. frastructures, times of day, waiting times, cost and freight. It also considers its This particular land configuration has meant effectiveness and potential interactions. evolution over time, taking account that local authorities are seeking an integrated A detailed public and private transporta solution for all forms of transport between tion network is being constructed, including of immigration and birth rates. the cities, which are about 20-30 kilometers pedestrian and bicycle options, with all their apart and with low population densities. In possible connections. Forli train station. his work, which was carried out by Ineco this context, accessibility and mobility are two and the Italian companies Sintagma decisive factors in increasing competitiveness. TMetropolitana Milanese and Systema This is the case with sea transport at the Port tica, underlines the huge importance of integra of Ravenna, one of Italy’s most important after ting different transportation systems (rail, Genoa, and a competitor to Trieste, Livorno subways, road and sea) to serve a constantly and Venice. developing population of more than 335,000 inhabitants with a high cultural level. At 14 kilometers long, with 18 terminals The objectives of improving traffic and local and major transportation and loading activity, infrastructures include giving a boost to emer Ravenna is a key hub for distributing construc ging industrial activity and helping improve tion materials and agricultural and metallurgi citizens’ quality of life within a framework of cal products to nearby regions. The heart of environmental protection, while enhancing its the port area is currently undergoing a major Forli Airport. Port of Ravenna. enormous cultural heritage. However, the work transformation. The preliminary draft plan to
Some details of the transport plan The Romagna triangle area > Forli Airport > Regional Access of the infrastructures between the major daily share by mode An award-winning project The Forli Airport, also known as Luigi Ridolfi While not directly affected by the European road hubs of the A14 and the E45, together The project received the ‘Urbanistica’ Award RAvenna Porto Airport after a famous Italian aviator, is transport corridor, the Romagna triangle with the Emilia Highway and the highway Corsini 2,4% from Italy’s Department of Public Works under located 4 kilometers south of the historic area (form by the cities of Forli, Cesena and link to Ravenna (in the direction of the 18,1% its S.I.S.TE.M.A (Sviluppo Integrato Sistemi A14 2,6% Adriatic Sea Territoriali Multi Azione) scheme. Forli City city center and has undergone significant Ravenna) has a high level of infrastructure A14). This analysis creates an access system Adriatic 1,7% growth in recent years, partly due to the density that is complex and specific, with that becomes a new multi-modal network Highway Council’s initiative was selected from almost 1,3% 100 national projects that were put forward growth of low-cost airlines. The study raises much of it of national interest. In parallel connection element. faenza ss16 66,3% 2,7% the need to develop a common strategy with with the development of the Trans-European for the award, which was presented in Venice Forli 5,0% the other regional airports and establishes a Networks (TENs), this infrastructure is at the opening of Urbanpromo 2007. The event > Port Airport was attended by representatives from the series of medium and long-term commercial expected to take on an important role in For Ravenna, the transformation and Cesena Rimini Sintagma-Ineco-MM-Systematica joint venture, agreements with these companies, such as the connecting both the existing and planned regeneration of the city dock represents a Private car Intercity bus recognized for its work in designing the project Italian Windjet, the largest operator at the major logistics centers within the network. decisive part of its urban planning, along Motorcycle City bus along with members of Forli City Council who Forli Airport. The area studied is bounded by the crossroads with the capital’s green belt. ss67 E45 Walking and others Tram promoted the project. Private bus Train 64 65 transport studies | morocco | Mobility solutions Rabat, ticket to 2020 ( )TS New urban transport Master Plan
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The economic and social Temara. Together, they represent two thirds of ginality of the vast majority of the rest of the development of Rabat will not be the total population of the urban area. population means that, if the proposals put possible without a transport service The Rabat-Salé-Temara Urban Area Trans- forward are to be successful, there needs to port and Traffic Master Plan offers an inte- be a consensus among the different branches that the inhabitants of neighboring grated perspective of the region’s transport, of Government and an awareness among cities can access. Ineco conducted a planning and socio-economic development. Its authorities when considering priorities for study that offers mobility solutions aim is to define interventions that adequately projects. There is also a need to show that they and development opportunities in a meet the population’s mobility requirements act as catalysts for the local population’s social, rapidly growing region. taking a timeframe up to 2020. By then, the economic and human development. population is forecast to have grown from the current 1.9 million to 2.6 million. The study neco conducted an urban transport study will therefore be used as a strategic planning Objectives achieved Urban public transport network. in Morocco financed by the Spanish Gov- tool, not just for defining the guidelines for The specific objectives achieved in developing Iernment through the FEV (Fondo de Estu- the activities, but also for guiding the program this study consist, on the one hand, in presenting dios de Viabilidad of the Fondo de Ayuda al of investments. proposals for creating an inter-modal public Desarrollo) fund. The result is a strategic plan transport network: bus, subway, tram, suburban that offers a whole range of specific solutions The study’s extensive database and analysis train, pedestrian areas, cycle lanes and so on. to the overall problem of organizing and plan- of the current situation will enable future re- These include suggestions about how to plan ning the transport system in the city. quirements and investments to be identified and manage these modes of transport in order The aim is to contribute to the economic in terms of urban planning and transport, so to improve economic and social returns. On the and social development of a region where the that it effectively meets the economic, social other hand, private transport management and majority of the population has no access to and environmental development needs of traffic is handled with proposals for specific works public transport. Rabat’s aspiration to become the region, thus reducing social and territo- to be carried out on the road network together a modern capital city that drives the country’s rial inequalities. with ideas for re-planning urban traffic and the economy cannot be achieved without the de- The major contrasts that exist between the availability of both public and private parking. Rabat main train station. Expected load of the road network by 2020. velopment of two neighboring cities, Salé and more developed areas of Rabat and the mar- Basis of the plan developed by Ineco More than 6,000 household surveys A powerful tool The ‘Rabat-Salé-Temara Urban Area Transport creating an integrated public traffic-calming measures, ‘30 zones’, specific This plan is a highly valuable tool for strategic the first time this work has been carried out The study incorporates an essential tool and Traffic Master Plan’ is structured into transport network_Pedestrian network, traffic management program, regulating assessment and planning as it analyses a large in Rabat and it has generated some 300,000 for analyzing and planning the transport 14 chapters and covers a total of 53 programs bicycle network, urban and suburban bus parking areas. quantity of data relating to the availability of items of data on urban mobility. Cordon system. Using the EMME3 software package, and 197 actions, with planned deadlines and network, tram network, light-rail subway line, A total investment of 35.2 billion dirhams transport infrastructures and services as well surveys, screens and seating capacity on the a transport model was developed. Having appropriate budget estimates, for execution metropolitan railway, transport interchanges, (around e3.2 billion) is planned for as demand for mobility. Local management bus network and at the main intersections established the forecast Origin/Destination between 2009 and 2020. We highlight the network of bus lanes, fare framework, creating implementing the 14 programs. Of this, 11.5 organizations currently do not have this data, were conducted, along with pedestrian and matrices for 2020, different scenarios can following proposed activities: public park-and-ride lots. billion is from private financing, 9.7 billion an essential tool for making an accurate bicycle counts at various points. be modeled and evaluated, both with regard setting up a Single Transport Authority Regulating private vehicles_A road from public financing and 14 billion is from assessment of existing transport problems and The results of the different phases paint a to mobility behavior as well as transport for the urban area _One single voice for network adapted to future requirements; mixed financing. The viability of the proposals optimizing the relationship between resources picture of an unstructured urban area in infrastructures and services (the images above making decisions is absolutely necessary. connecting Rabat and Salé in order to ‘sew up contained in the plan for an under-resourced invested and results achieved. terms of its public transport network and show different screenshots from the tool). Legal framework_Regulating the taxi the river breach that divides the two cities’; population requiring this type of investment The main source of information for the study urban fabric, with authorities overlapping The study highlights the inadequacy of the industry, regulating freight distribution, creating a hierarchy for the road system, will depend essentially on the political will was the more than 6,000 household surveys and those in charge suffering from a lack system and waste in a region that has scarce applying environmental regulations. working on the main intersections, introducing and courage of those in authority. conducted throughout the study area. This is of integrated perspective. access to public transport.
66 67 TRANSPORT STUDIES | INTERNATIONAL | Surveys Can you spare a minute, please? TS Ineco trains its fieldwork research teams Data
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More than 7,000 home surveys in specific transport issues. Mobility and traffic vehicles were monitored by gathering license Morocco, 9,000 telephone surveys and other issues are studied that are related to plates on video. in Galicia (Spain) and nearly planning and management of all transporta Without being objective or principle-based tion modes, both passenger and goods, urban per se, the fact of performing these measure 200,000 annual personal interviews and interurban, etc. ments with in-house resources and under the of Spanish airplane users are regular n Large-scale polls: execution of large-scale supervision and control of the same team per figures in demand research. This is surveys and/or with complex methodologies. forming the study, a multidisciplinary team basic and necessary work to develop These include, for example, Home Surveys on has been comprised over time. This team is planning studies and manage Mobility (HSM) and stated preference surveys, capable of tackling both studies with a set among others. objective and fieldwork studies for supporting New polling technology transport sectors. n Service quality: support for clients in diffe the execution of other studies, whether they Surveys by personal interviews (face-to-face) rent transportation sectors on service quality are for consultancy or for other areas of the that were traditionally done using printed any consultancy studies –and some management, by assessing perception from company. This team works in any city in Spain questionnaires are now being done with the engineering studies– require quan the client/user viewpoint. and is made up of specialists who receive spe help of pre-programmed mini-computers Mtitative research, focused mainly on cific training courses. (CAPI system: Computer Assisted Personal obtaining better knowledge of the reality of Other methods. Other types of measurement Interviewing). the problem to be faced in developing them. merit mention, which are aimed at analyzing Although conventional methods are also They are generally measurements based on somewhat more specific issues. Thus, an inter Working systems employed for sending out questionnaires statistical inference theory, taken by direct esting study was performed about transit times Other methodologies are frequently used in (post and fax), ‘distance’ surveys often observation and data collection or, most fre in the baggage collection process in the new the field of sociological research. Thus, focus use telephone interviews (CAT I System or quently, personal surveys. This research activi Terminal T4 at the Madrid-Barajas Airport. groups are held for qualitative purposes in order Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing) ty can be summarized along the following Vehicular capacity studies are also frequent to design questionnaire contents. A program is or e-mail. More recently, online surveys are lines of action: at intersections for analyzing road capacity also being executed, called Mystery Shopping, to performed, with the interviewee accessing the and supporting traffic models. For the ve assess compliance with quality directives in Iberia questionnaire via a link or personal hyperlink n Capacity and other measurements: primarily hicular traffic study and in the framework of passenger services. received via e-mail (CAWI System: Computer aimed at detailed and precise knowledge of the Madrid-Northwest high-speed line study, Assisted Web Interviewing). Some projects > Master Transport > Comprehensive > Mobility in Air Mode designs of Stated Preferences merit special survey-based research How is a survey conducted? and Driving Plan Transport Plan The EMMA (Mobility in Air Mode) survey has mention that were programmed into the CAPI The outline to the left clarifies, in broad In the framework of executing the study As support in drawing up the study for the been conducted annually at all airports in the system. These results are used in analyzing strokes, the execution process for research for the so called ‘Master Transport and ‘Comprehensive Transport Plan for Galicia’ AENA network, using the CAPI system (some modal competency. This methodology was surveys. With regard to methods, different Selection of Sampling Driving Plan for the Rabat-Salé-Témara (PITGAL), a HSM was done using the CATI 90,000 surveys/year). Surveys were done at applied, for example, in the market study and survey type plan modes are employed depending on the planned Agglomeration’ (Morocco), more than 7,000 system in 9,000 homes in this autonomous main airports in Spain. social-economic and financial profitability objectives: location of the individuals to be Home Surveys on Mobility (HSM) were done via region. To obtain this large sample size, over > AENA airports study for the Madrid-Northwest high-speed Questionnaire interviewed, information to collect, sample size, personal interviews in this metropolitan area 80,000 contacts needed to be made and a Since 2002, different surveys for the AEQual line and its effects on the conventional line. design research costs, etc. Fieldword (see pages 66-67). The survey questionnaires total of 250,946 phone calls. The average study have been conducted at all Aena > Renfe were also written in French and the Moroccan conversation time to complete an HSM was airports. Passengers were interviewed with Since 1990, yearly capacity campaigns have dialect of Arabic, and then conducted by a 19 minutes. This represents 3,500 hours of print questionnaires and via the CAPI system been done in Madrid Cercanías-Renfe hubs professional team of 150 interviewers, all of telephone conversations (including surveys (125,000 surveys/year) and airline agents via that mobilize a 600-strong regional team for data collection them residents of these Moroccan cities. that were classified as invalid). the CAWI system (700 surveys/year). The survey several research days. and analysis
68 69 ports | SPAIN | Coordination and technical assistance Essential improvements to the port infrastructure P Works on the Port of Valencia ( )
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With the opening of a road traffic and detouring of rail traffic across the metal second segment, which runs perpendicular to underpass below sea level, the drawbridge. the first, is 56.60-meter long. And from here, Port of Valencia has substantially The new road traffic underpass was exca- the third 184.66-meter stretch starts, in line vated as a watertight compound between with the west corner of the Scrapyard Dock improved its communications, by screens of around 30-meter deep, anchored (to be completed during a second phase, also connecting the northern area with in a layer of clay and made up of two 150-me involving Ineco), topped with a closing break- 2 the southern zone. Ineco’s work on ter-long ramps and a 240-meter covered area. water following on from the third section. 4 this project involved coordination A reinforced concrete bi-cellular drawer is In calculating the bollards and guards, the and technical assistance. positioned between both screens, with each design of the POST-PANAMAX container ship tunnel or frame having a two-lane road. Once was considered (320-meter-long and 14.5-me- 1 opened, this gave trucks direct access to the ter maximum draft). The structure of the dock Traffic roundabout towards the underpass. onnecting north-south traffic forms North and East docks, and separated heavy is made up of three sections of light concrete part of the project Connection be- traffic from other vehicles coming into the casings, which have been strengthened on a Ctween Crossings for Inter-port Traffic passenger terminals. bench consisting of an all-in-one core, with and Reposition of the Berthing Line, put out its base at -23 meters elevation. This entailed 3 6 to tender by the Port Authority of Valencia. Ineco has also worked with the Port Au- first dredging a thickness of about 7 meters This project, which ended in May 2009, arose thority of Valencia on the Extending the East of sandy clay. out of the need to delimit the space for the Dock Project, providing technical assistance Ineco’s relationship with the Port Authority 5 Interior Harbor for the 2007 America’s Cup and coordination of health and safety. This of Valencia came from its involvement in rail- and rerouting heavy traffic. work to extend the dock created an additional way works within the port in 2004, when a new The rerouting and expansion of the berthing 20,000 m2, which was used to free up parts railroad access was constructed to free up the line between the East and West docks was of the area occupied at the time by the 2007 Valencia shore from the railroad infrastructures completed in 2007, along with the exten- America’s Cup. The area gained with the new that crossed it. At the time, Ineco provided ba- sion of the existing passenger gangway to East Dock is delimited by three stretches. sic technical assistance for the project to adapt a new position, a traffic roundabout at the The first stretch involved extending the the rail network in the southern area to provide Road traffic in the underpass. start of the root of the site, and cancellation current dock to a length of 84.81 meters. The new access to the port.
Valencia: a leader in container traffic Spanish ports with the Expansion process Spain is the EU country with the longest Gibraltar (69.7 million tons), Barcelona highest levels of freight traffic outstanding works The Port of Valencia is currently going coastline (more than 8,000 kilometers). (42.9 million tons), Valencia (57.7 million in the port of valencia through an expansion process that will A Coruña Avilés Its geographical position close to major tons), Bilbao (32.18 million tons) and Bilbao France 1_Expansion of the berthing line in the East double its current size. It will involve the ocean routes makes it a strategic country Tarragona (31.5 million tons). The Port of Vigo Gijón Dock, which created an additional area of construction of a dam that will go 3.3 for international maritime transport and a Valencia is the leader in terms of container 20,000 m2. kilometers out to sea and will increase Barcelona logistics platform in Southern Europe. The traffic. Of the 11.7 million TEUs (one TEU 2_New entrance channel to the Interior Harbor its surface area by 1,530,000 m2, to add state-owned Spanish ports and harbours represents the cargo capacity of a standard Portugal Spain for the 2007 America’s Cup. 301 hectares and surpass the Port of Hong system is made up of 44 ports of general intermodal container, 6.1 meters long and Valencia 3_Interior Harbor for the 2007 America’s Cup. Kong, the world leader in container traffic interest, managed by 28 Port Authorities. 2.4 meters wide) recorded throughout 4_Príncipe Felipe’s Dock and public container The port authorities have their sights set Palma In 2009, Spain’s ports with the highest levels Spanish ports in 2009, Valencia topped the de Mallorca terminal. on 2015, when they aspire to become the of freight traffic, according to Puertos del list with 3.6 million, followed by the Bay of Bahía 5_Royal Sailing Club of Valencia. main inter-modal logistics platform in the de Cádiz Málaga Estado (Spanish National Ports and Harbours Gibraltar (3 million), Barcelona (1.8 million) 6_Connection between crossings for inter-port Mediterranean. More than 140 regular lines This recently-built machine has Authority) were the following: Bay of and Las Palmas (1 million). Las Palmas Algeciras traffic and reposition of the berthing line, a operate at the Port of Valencia. been used for dredging different Ceuta Melilla project ended in May 2009. areas of the Port of Valencia. Sta Cruz 70 71 R&D | EUROPE | OPTIMAL Project Solutions for sustainable and efficient growth ( )R&D Advanced approach and landing procedures
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➔ Airports suffer from ever greater also restrict possible expansions to airport fa ICAO’s CNS/ATM. This means that airport ca capacity restrictions due to the cilities and their operations. Forecasts reveal pacity must be efficiently increased while res increase in traffic. The European that this regulatory situation will extend over pecting environmental sustainability and cost time to the entire ECAC (European Civil Avia effectiveness, upholding or improving current OPTIMAL Project, led by Airbus tion Conference) region. When it is applied, security levels. To do so, the different players and with Ineco playing a leading current traffic models may start to generate need to develop new advanced procedures, role, proposes methods to improve congestion in airports that, at present, do not new operational concepts, new technologies operability in airport settings. have capacity problems. and systems, both on-board and for assisting In the future, the aforementioned environ navigation and air traffic control systems. mental protection requirements are expected With the aim of proposing and providing high number of the largest interna to become one of the most significant res solutions and responding to future environ tional airports and hubs are now trictions to traffic growth with respect to mental regulations –particularly in terms of A operating at maximum capacity for commercial aviation. If these restrictions are noise reduction, fuel consumption and emis increasingly longer periods each day, with not managed suitably and in time, they could sions– and providing tools for all the parties many of them even reaching their operating cause substantial local risk to sustainability, participating in the different fields of air trans limits. Moreover, while aircraft have become both with regard to airport expansion and port, the OPTIMAL (Optimised Procedures and less noisy and less contaminating in the last traffic growth. Techniques for the IMprovement of Approach two decades, the increased number of move and Landing) Project was launched in 2004. 2007 Rep or t ments in longer periods of the day and night Processes and measures. At the request of Ineco has played a leading role in OPTIMAL, Re v iew have entailed increases both in disturbances to ECAC transport ministries, Eurocontrol actively participating and contributing in all its the population (particularly in terms of noise) (ATM) has developed the strategy for the years phases and coordinating one of the essential and environmental impact. 2000+ (ATM2000+ Strategy), which describes working packages for defining and developing For this reason, the use of many airports the processes and measures that must be taken new procedures for final approaches. is highly-regulated by environmental poli so that forecast demands can be met. Updated The goal is to attain the objectives set forth cies and initiatives. Their aim is to limit these in 2003, this strategy fully coincides with the for the project of upholding or improving cur Scope of the OPTIMAL project
problems although, unfortunately, they often regional and global planning framework of rent security levels. In light of this, OPTIMAL P e r f or ma n ce Euro c on t rol 58-month planning period OPTIMAL was founded within the European control and management systems. Within Sample charts Commission Sixth Framework Programme and the scope of the project, a large number of The images to the left show some of has the aim of complying with the directives flight simulations and tests were carried out the procedures analyzed in OPTIMAL. of the AT M2000+ Programme. It started in order to evaluate the operating capabilities Specifically, here are several LPV and GBAS in February 2004 and finished in December and benefits of each procedure. approach charts to the airports of San 2008. During these 58 months, OPTIMAL The lessons learned in OPTIMAL provide Sebastian and Malaga (Spain), designed by has covered the complete chain. The tasks valuable information to other research Ineco within the framework of the OPTIMAL ranged from defining operating concepts projects in the field of air traffic management Project. and the design, development and validation (ATM), such as SESAR, contributing to the of completely new approach and landing achievement of its objectives in terms of procedures to the development of new increased capacity, reduced environmental functions that will allow these procedures to impact, increased safety and improvement be managed, both on-board and for air traffic of the cost and efficiency of operations.
72 73 Ineco has played a leading role in OPTIMAL, actively participating and contributing in all its phases, and coordinating one of the essential working packages.
➔ has proven that new procedures can be used New advanced procedures 4-axis group Benefit that make the present precision navigation aids for approach and landing (ILS, MLS) Advanced Continuous Descent Approach (ACDA) Aircraft Noise and emissions reduction more flexible. This can also be applied to new Dual / Displaced Threshold (DT) Operations Increased capacity, reducing separation satellite-guided systems (GBAS, SBAS, ABAS), due to turbulent slipstream more precise navigation methods (RNP AR Enhanced Vision System (EVS) Enablers Improved visibility in approaches executed with RN P<0.3), improved on-board systems in low-visibility environments, providing a decrease and improved ground functions to support air in minimums for non-precision approaches traffic control (ATC). Localizer Performances Approach with vertical Enablers / Performance Increased safety on runways not equipped During project execution, the benefits ob guidance based on SBAS or ABAS (LPV) with LPV systems to aid in precision navigation tained from new crew operating procedures Increased capacity and cost and environmental (EVS) and flight operating procedures (A-CDA) impact reductions during final approach were also proven beyond doubt. To mitigate Ground Based Augmentation System Enablers Increased capacity and cost reductions operational restrictions (speed restrictions for precision approaches (GBAS ) Improvement in efficiency and environmental impact faster aircraft, etc.) that are present in scenari Required Navigation Performance Authorization Performance Avoid sensitive noise areas, providing more os in which there is mixed air traffic comprised precise guiding of fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft, the first Required approach (RNP AR) Improvement in accessibility in an environment project of its kind studied the behavior of IFR with obstacles procedures for simultaneous approaches of Improved safety and capacity in complex airports both aircraft types (SNI). at which simultaneous operations are executed The timeframe proposed for the operational or in environments where there are nearby airports implementation of the procedures developed Microwave Landing System Enablers Increase in capacity in OPTIMAL is 2010+. Thus, it would contribute Approaches (MLS) to reaching the objectives of increased airport Approach by EVS. Detail of the symbols used in the ‘head-down Rotorcraft Simultaneous Non Interfering Operations Increased passenger capacity, letting helicopters land capacity identified in ATM2000+ and in the display’ during an approach executed in low-visibility environments. Instrument Flight Rules (SNI IFR) at airports with heavy traffic, using IFR procedures ACARE Strategic Research Agenda. independently of fixed-wing aircraft traffic Saturated skies 14 All forecasts show growing air-traffic PROCEDURES Aircraft/ATC Operations trends in Europe in upcoming years. There were many different procedures analyzed A-CDA 12 The largest airports already suffer from Traffic 10.1 Million in OPTIMAL. The evaluation performed in LPLD capacity restrictions, which translate into 10 2008 Forecast the initial project phases led to classifying DT significant delays. At present, some 45% TRAFFIC the procedures into four different groups: SNI PA of AFTM delays originate in airports, 8 operations, performance, geometry and enablers. ILS MLS DME/DMEGPS SBAS GBAS ABAS FMS EVS N APV PA RNP RNAVperformances causing frustration and difficulties, both This classification is now known as the ‘4-axis’ for passengers and aircraft operators. 6 (see figure to the right). Enablers Straight-in Final Approach The graph to the right depicts the evolution Segmented with Straight-in Final Approach 4 and forecast for increased air traffic Curved with Straight-in Final Approach
included in the annual official statement year per flights Million 2 Segmented Final Approach entitled ‘2007 Eurocontrol Performance Curved Final Approach Review Report’. 0 Increased Glide Slope (IGS) Geometry 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 74 75 R&D | spain | Automatic Air Traffic Control System (SACTA) Controlling our skies R&D Technology by Aena, a European pioneer ( )
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SACTA, an advanced Spanish tion and testing activities. SACTA’s role is to (periods of less than 2 seconds) and connec air traffic control system, was integrate, automate and improve air traffic tion to new airside multilateration monitoring implemented for the first time control function processes and equipment to sensors (Wide Area Multilateration or WAM), meet the objectives for increased capacity and as well as presenting these within control more than 20 years ago. Today it safety required by users of air space. Having positions. is used in all airfield control towers, a single system for all control centers means all ‘En-route’ control centers (Area that En-route, Terminal Maneuvering Areas Another new feature is the change that ena Control Center) and approach centers (TMAs) and tower controllers have access to bles full availability to be obtained for a dif (Terminal Maneuvering Areas). the same functionalities properly adapted to ferent conflict alert function forEn-route and specific traffic characteristics. This applies to air terminal environments, based on the traffic ACTA’s (Automatic Air Traffic Control aircrafts that are cruising, climbing, descen needs that they control. Improvements were al System) simultaneous implementa ding, taking off and landing, as well as those so included in all horizontal areas of the system, Stion throughout Spain and its capac moving on the ground. such as dynamic simulation, system supervision, ity to incorporate constant updates without Each SACTA version is designed in the set adaptation data and data processing. interrupting operations has made the system ting of growing traffic demands and also to The second phase involves putting into ope Testing room a model and an example to be followed. satisfy an increasingly-stringent European ration the additional functionalities of SACTA The SACTA Experimental and Development Since starting operations in 1990, SACTA has regulatory framework (Single European Sky) 3.Z5, grouped together under the name Func- Center (EDC) testing room at Aena headquarters been updated 16 times (versions), in response in which safety, standardization and intero tional Configuration 2 (CF2). They have already in Madrid (Spain) has ATC servers, controller to changes in traffic demands. New versions perability are essential. The new functions and been implemented at the Canary Islands Area working positions and supervision positions. have included additional and advanced func improvements included in the latest version Control Center (ACC) and implementation at All testing prior to implementing each new tions, new standards and means of avoiding (3.Z5) have been designed to be operational the remaining ACCs was planned during 2010. system version is carried out here. Replicas technological obsolescence. in two clearly different phases. This is one of the changes with the great can be created at the EDC, which are flexibly Ineco has worked with Aena (the public The first includes everything related to the est impact for controllers in SACTA’s history, configured for testing theA CCs and TMAs in business entity for airports and air navigation) architecture and technical aspects of the sys given that it offers significant improvements Madrid, Canary Islands, Palma de Mallorca, since 1998 on operational transition work for tem, together with new features in the areas of and advances in terms of operating control Barcelona, Seville and Valencia. This can be done the system, as well as taking part in specifica processing and presenting radar monitor data positions. for any airfield control tower in the country. The transition to SACTA 3.Z5, a new version without interference High-impact advances Final testing is done at the control centers in procedure itself. Load testing checks the that on transition day, two weeks later, New flight labeling_Essentially, a label is authorized and managed using labels has been managing horizontal, vertical and order to ensure successful implementation. functioning of the system under conditions process reliability is guaranteed. In order the summary information about a flight that redefined. directional speed restrictions_New of maximum pressure in terms of the input to provide support for these tests without accompanies the presentation of the aircraft functionality for entering restrictions on implementation_Implementation of interface (more than four times the peak affecting operational service, a significant provided by the radar and viewed on the coordination and transfer via the flight label via editable panels in the SACTA’s operational transition to its new load recorded in the previous year). improvement in transition testing was put control position screen. This information has the system_When an aircraft moves control towers and ACCs, through which the version 3.Z5 was done in the Canary Islands into place. An environment parallel to the been considerably extended with ‘Functional from a sector controlled by one controller controller is able to modify the value of any air navigation region. After verifying that the rollback transition test_After operational environment was set up at each Configuration 2’ (CF2), so that the controller to another sector, the conditions under of the restrictions associated with aircraft it ran properly, it was then rolled out to checking that the system works at the center. It involved installing a replica of has access to standard flight plan data which the transfer takes place need to be defined in the system. mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands. operational level it is rolled back to leave the control system on different, isolated without the need to look anywhere else but coordinated. CF2 incorporates new in-system it in its original state, i.e. the old version. equipment together with version 3.Z5. This the screen. silent coordination and message transfer. alerts relating to dangerous the transition strategy_It consists of This is how the procedure is examined and was done without interfering either with the This increases the efficiency of the process airspace in special areas_An information three procedures: load testing, transition how potential problems within the new operational system or the control provided to operating levels_The way in which and reduces the use of oral communication field alerts controllers that an aircraft is close testing (roll back) and the transition version found during testing are fixed so aircraft via that system. transfer flight levels can be planned, between controllers. to prohibited or dangerous airspace.
76 77 R&D | spain | Gauge changers Making the impossible become possible R&D High technology on the tracks ( )
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Due to the different track widths Automatic gauge changers enable trains rich. After the first high-speed line opened be- New dual changer used on mainland Spain, gauge to transfer from Iberian gauge tracks to In- tween Madrid and Seville, gauge changers were system in Antequera changers are essential if trains are ternational gauge tracks, or vice versa. These installed in Madrid (1992), Cordoba (1992) and systems work by varying the distance between the Sevillian town of Majarabique (1993). The 1_Train centering counter to reach their destination. Ineco has the wheels without the axles or bogies having purpose of these was to allow trains to travel worked jointly with Adif to develop rail to be changed. This is done automatically, as trouble-free on the Barcelona–Madrid–Seville, This ensures that when the train comes into a gauge changer that uses new the train passes through the facility. Madrid–Cordoba–Malaga–Algeciras and Ma- the facility it is properly centered with regard technologies, providing maintenance As the train passes through the gauge drid–Majarabique–Cadiz/Huelva lines. to the track’s axis. services and maneuverability on changer, the weight is taken off the wheels This type of gauge changer can only be used 5 of the train and the coach is supported on by Spanish Talgo trains. In 2001, the state rail- 3 2_Support guides high-speed lines. This article looks raised lateral tracks. Once the weight has been way company Renfe purchased new trains These support the weight of the carriages as at the progress made with gauge taken off the wheels, the bolts that prevent any from the Alstom-CAF consortium, using CAF 2 they pass through the changer. changers throughout their history. lateral movement are released. As the train variable-gauge technology fitted with Brava 3_Bolt release guides wheels roll, the tracks converge or diverge, bogies. To ensure unbolting of gauge-changer moving the wheels to their new position. They Although similar to the technology used by mechanisms before change maneuvers take hen high-speed lines started out, all are then re-locked. This whole series of ope Talgo trains, this new technology has signifi- 1 place and subsequent bolting before the new infrastructures were designed rations are done automatically by mechanical cant differences that mean that it cannot be wheels come back into contact with the track. Wand built to international width. drivers that the train encounters as it passes used on the same platform. For this reason Adif Spain has three types of railway gauge: Iberian through the facility. (Spain’s railway infrastructures administrator), 4_Centering bolts (1,668 mm), International or UIC (1,435 mm) jointly developed a gauge changer with Ineco To ensure that the platform does not move as and narrow (1,000 mm). Thus, a mechanism The first facilities are still used. Until 1992, that would allow both Talgo and CAF changers the train passes through the facility. was needed that would allow trains to travel there were only two facilities of this type in to be used within the same pit. This minimized 4 5_Lateral displacement on different gauges in order to reach their Spain, at the French border: Irún-Hendaya and the use of space, shunting, track, electrification destinations. This flow across the networks Portbou-Cerbere. Both are still used today by the and so on, thus considerably reducing railway guides is made possible thanks to gauge changing Talgo trains that connect Madrid to Paris and infrastructure construction and maintenance These guides force the wheels to move to their facilities. Barcelona to Montpellier, Paris, Milan and Zu- costs. new position as the train moves. Generational renovation Numerous adventages The technical features of today’s trains and management and remote control systems Ineco’s role The dual changer system conforms to the two the difficulties in the international railway for the lines on which they are installed. Ineco provides maintenance and maneuverability approved technologies: Talgo RD and CAF market have led Adif to work in close n Incorporation of the necessary safety services for gauge changers on high-speed lines. Brava. This means that use of space, track and cooperation with Ineco to develop a new systems for the new mechanisms and This includes any work required for ensuring the electrification is minimized, while increasing generation of gauge changers for passenger changer movement. functioning of the facilities, such as cleaning or reliability and offering higher traffic capacity, trains. These enable: n The advantage of this type of changer checking wear and tear of components. thus reducing waiting and maneuvering times. is that, apart from the pit or unit, it can Part of Ineco’s commitment to continuous n Trains based on Talgo and CAF technology be moved from one place to another improvement is its computer application MACAVI, Testing zone to use the facility; in both cases, they can depending on how the lines are advancing which enables the maintenance of all changers The image A (far right) shows the prototype be towed or self-propelled. or operational needs. This means that to be managed online while optimizing the use of collapsible dual gauge changer which started n Incorporation of electric voltage and the changer stops being a fixed part of materials and human resources at the facilities. operating in 2001 as part of an experiment signaling system transition capability. the railway infrastructure and becomes a All of this provides customers with access to full (on the Olmedo to Medina del Campo section n Connection to the communications, moveable item based on requirements. information, thus speeding up decision-making if of test track). problems arise. A 78 79 R&D | Spain | Innovative systems sustainability | SPAIN | Environmental protection Virtual tunnel, real life R&D The lynx freeway s Increased safety with 3D simulators Simulation The new A-32 freeway will incorporate ( ) 24 special passageways Published in itransporte 21
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Ineco has developed an innovative special design system that takes into account A total of 24 passageways will avoid the ‘barrier effect’ caused by the new A-32. different critical factors in the They will be a minimum of 12 meters wide by 3 meters high and will be covered with event of an accident, recreating vegetation to encourage the animals to use them. In addition, anti-noise screens real-life scenarios in the tunnel, will be installed, viaducts will be used instead of embankments, and 2.5-meter high and enabling safety conditions to hunting fences will be installed with escape devices and tubes for rabbits. be improved.
assenger safety is an essential factor in designing and operating railway in Pfrastructures. A fire on a train in a tun nel is the incident that presents the greatest challenges in terms of evacuation and getting passengers to safety. Knowing the exact evacuation time required is essential for optimizing the design of the facilities and defining the actions that must be followed. Given that the amount of time depends on a variety of factors (infrastructure, type of train, characteristics of the fire, number of people, and so on), a comprehensive ap method, the problem is tackled by integrating However, while reducing this distance might To build an infrastructure to 2009 an investment of e8 million to protect the Keys to survival proach must be taken to tackling the problem the dynamics of the fire, 3D scenario modeling not necessarily provide an advantage from a connect Andalusia to Levante while Iberian lynx, whose territory crosses through The Iberian lynx is the only cat in the world that in order to obtain optimal results. and human behavior simulators, along with safety viewpoint, it may involve an increase in minimizing the impact on the only 32 kilometers of the 225-kilometer freeway. is at critical risk of extinction. It is endemic to the As part of its R&D program, Ineco has deve the infrastructures and protocols for actions the overall cost of the project. The new road will connect Andalusia to the Iberian Peninsula, where there are only around loped a study methodology that combines all in the event of an incident. wild population of Iberian lynx: Levante. Ineco’s work on the project involves 200 specimens remaining. The conservation and these factors by generating real-life scenarios this is the challenge resolved by managing and monitoring the works on the recovery of this species is based partly on breeding and using specific simulators. Thanks to this Maximum safety levels. When designing Harmonizing Values the new Linares–Albacete freeway. second stretch (Ibros–Úbeda) which, together programs in captivity with a view to reintroducing system, the use of facilities can be optimized new tunnels, full details of the facilities re In order to harmonize technical and The Spanish Ministry of Development with the first stretch (Linares–Ibros), records them into the natural environment, and partly on and those that improve safety can be defined, quired are carefully defined in order to achieve administrative requirements, European will invest e8 million to protect the highest density of traffic (10,500 vehicles conserving their habitat. with the pertinent cost-benefit analysis. maximum safety levels: optimum distance regulations establish general minimum safety a day). The current route was selected because Avoiding the ‘barrier effect’ caused by major the world’s most threatened cat. Given that tunnel safety is directly related to between emergency exits, ventilation system values for all tunnels in the European Union. it has the least environmental impact. infrastructures is essential to preventing lynx the facilities with which it is equipped, these performance and optimal course of action, as Ineco’s design goes further: it calculates the According to the Environmental Impact populations from becoming isolated and therefore will ideally be decided upon in the design phase well as the state and condition of evacuation optimum safety values in each tunnel. ombining the need for infrastructures Statement (EIS) approved in 2006, the unused in-bred which, in turn, leads to deterioration in given that this stage represents the least tech routes. This ensures maximum safety while When designing new tunnels, the most with protecting the environment is a tracks will not go to waste as they will become genetic diversity and, ultimately, the extinction nical and financial disruption in implementing achieving a compromise in terms of financial important activities, and those that involve Ccomplex task that requires a lot of effort. part of a rural road. The EIS also establishes of the species. According to the assessment report them. In the case of tunnels that have already factors. the greatest planned investment, are If the survival of a unique species is at risk, as specific measures for protecting the imperial on the lynx for the Natura 2000 network, the been built, the safety plan needs to consider For example, for each specific tunnel, de as follows: building emergency exits is the case with the Iberian lynx, then environ eagle. These include using only the road to EIS for the new freeway shows that being hit the facilities so that each and every one of pending on its operating conditions, there will (34%); ventilation, fire detection and fire mental measures are even more important. access the site and a ban on locating landfills, by automobiles is an important cause of death the actions to be carried out in the event of be a maximum distance between emergency extinguishing systems (18%); adapting the As part of the new Linares–Albacete A-32, the earth stockpiles or ancillary facilities outside among lynxes and, for this reason, there will be an incident is the most appropriate. With this exits, which will optimize evacuation time. structure and drainage (14%), and lighting, Spanish Ministry of Development announced in the site. 24 passageways specially designed for them. control facilities and signaling.
80 81 Corporate actions Looking at society Ineco’s social commitment
Spanish Railway Association
Ineco is a company that reports Campaign for Haiti MoreMore thanthan 6464 SpanishSpanish companiescompanies to the Spanish Ministry of and other actions Development. Its shareholders are Ineco with Haiti_In February 2010, the fromfrom thethe railwayrailway industry,industry, public companies responsible for company and its employees donated close to the complex management of Spain’s e78.000 to the Spanish Red Cross for Haiti’s workingworking inin allall fieldsfields ofof activity:activity: transport systems. earthquake victims. In 2009, Ineco signed a collaboration agreement with this NGO. neco’s quality commitment extends not only to technical performance, but also to Euro Solidarity Campaign_Through the Ithe whole society. The company aims to ‘Euro Solidarity Campaign’ that Ineco rolled out contribute to societal growth by developing for the first time in 2009, employees can make its corporate policies: supporting solutions a monetary contribution, deducted directly TrackTrack material.material. for clients and employees, collaborating with from their salaries, to an annual solidarity non-profit organizations (NPOs) and by pro- project. The funds donated are tallied up by the RollingRolling stockstock material.material. moting technical and scientific debate through company. In 2010, the donations were allocated Ineco’s headquarters in Madrid (Spain). initiatives such as Aula Carlos Roa, a forum to Doctors Without Borders. SignallingSignalling andand electrification.electrification. comprised of a multidisciplinary group of transport and engineering experts. (NGOs), such as Aldeas Infantiles, the Niemann Operación Kilo-Food bank_In collaboration EngineeringEngineering andand consultancy.consultancy. In the NPO field, there are several outstan Pick Foundation and the Apsuria Founda- with the Madrid Food Bank, in 2009 and ding collaboration agreements that merit tion, which assist disabled and unprivileged 2010 the company organized food collection mention, such as those signed with Engineers groups. Furthermore, the company supports campaigns in its main buildings in Madrid, InfrastructuresInfrastructures construction.construction. without Borders (ISF), Intermón Oxfam and the Lealtad Foundation in its work to promote named ‘Operation KILO’, for its distribution the Spanish Red Cross. Ineco has also worked social action and build trust in Spanish society to underprivileged groups through food banks Maintenance.Maintenance. with other non-governmental organizations towards NGOs. for the homeless, food programs, etc. Others.Others. awards and recognition A good place to work European Business Awards mafex associates For the third consecutive year, Ineco has been chosen as aceros moldeados alaveses · actia videobus · aesa · albatros · alte transportation · ametsis · Ineco received a 2010 Spain Top one of Spain’s 25 national amurrio ferrocarril y equipos · aquafrisch · arcelormittal · ardanuy · aries ingeniería y sistemas · Employers award from the CRF representatives by the prestigious isf
Institute. Top Employer promotes European Business Awards, which of arteche · auxim · ayesa · caf · calmell · danobat railway systems · dimetronic · dsta · eyher · companies that genuinely excel, recognize and promote excellence, felguera melt · ferralca · fundiciones garbi · gamarra · getinsa · guivisa · hicasa · icer rail · providing their employees with good practices and business co u rtes y icon multimedia · idom · ikusi-ángel iglesias · impregna · indra sistemas · industrias e díaz · the best benefits and quality of Plan Integra) to promote gender innovation within the EU. development of various projects life (see picture to the right). equality among employees, to in Africa and Latin America. ineco · infoglobal · ingeteam traction · itk ingeniería · jez sistemas ferroviarios · kelox · klk manage integration of diversity active collaboration In the image above, drinking electro materiales · la farga lacambra · leading enterprises · manufacturas vental · manusa · Equality for everyone and the disabled, to maintain a The company actively collaborates water in Mozambique supplied maquivías · metalocaucho · mgn transformados del caucho · nem solutions · patentes talgo · The company has specific healthy work-life balance and to with the Spanish NGO Engineering by Engineering Without Borders, programs (Plan de Igualdad and prevent sexual harassment. Without Borders (ISF) in the with the support of Ineco. redalsa · revenga ingenieros · rover alcisa · sener · sti global · suncove-sunsundegui · tafesa · talleres alegría · teknorail systems · telvent · thales · trainelec · traintic · vossloh
82 83 More than 2.000 kilometres of high-speed rails interweaving Spain and making us world leaders in building and planning high-speed railway lines. Kilometre upon kilometre linking clients with suppliers, friends with friends, grandmothers with grandchildren, lives with lives. Over 2.000 kilometres of future, respect for the environment, convenience, development and safety. More than 2.000 kilometres of experience we are willing to share with the world. www.adif.es