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Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of Okoubaka Aubrevillei Collected from Iwo, Southwestern Nigeria

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Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of Okoubaka Aubrevillei Collected from Iwo, Southwestern Nigeria Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 7 Issue 3 Article 11 Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of Okoubaka Aubrevillei Collected from Iwo, Southwestern Nigeria Oluwatoyin Opeyemi Akintola Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected] Adeboyin Funmi Aderounmu Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Isaac Oluwaseyi Abiola Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria Kolawole Emmanuel Abodurin Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan Tunde Adeniran Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Botany Commons, and the Other Forestry and Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Akintola, O. O., Aderounmu, A. F., Abiola, I. O., Abodurin, K. E., Adeniran, T., Agboola, F., & Olokeogun, O. S. (2020). Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of Okoubaka Aubrevillei Collected from Iwo, Southwestern Nigeria, Journal of Bioresource Management, 7 (3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.0202.0146 ISSN: 2309-3854 online (Received: Jun 7, 2020; Accepted: Sep 6, 2020; Published: Sep 30, 2020) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of Okoubaka Aubrevillei Collected from Iwo, Southwestern Nigeria Authors Oluwatoyin Opeyemi Akintola, Adeboyin Funmi Aderounmu, Isaac Oluwaseyi Abiola, Kolawole Emmanuel Abodurin, Tunde Adeniran, Festus Agboola, and Oluwayemisi Samuel Olokeogun © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or Journal of Bioresource Management’s prior written permission. This article is available in Journal of Bioresource Management: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm/vol7/ iss3/11 Akintola et al. (2020). Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of O. Aubrevillei, Southwestern Nigeria J Biores Manag. 7(3): 131-142 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN BARKS AND LEAVES OF OKOUBAKA AUBREVILLEI COLLECTED FROM IWO, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA OLUWATOYIN OPEYEMI AKINTOLA, ADEBOYIN FUNMI ADEROUNMU, ISAAC OLUWASEYI ABIOLA, KOLAWOLE EMMANUEL ABODURIN, TUNDE ADENIRAN, FESTUS AGBOOLA AND OLUWAYEMISI SAMUEL OLOKEOGUN Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Okoubaka aubrevillei is an indigenous and sacred tropical tree in Africa. It is rare with allelopathic properties and has relatively little information available in terms of what is responsible for its usage for medicinal and traditional usage. The phytochemical screening and quantitative analysis of the compounds in the barks and leaves of Okoubaka aubrevillei was determined to ascertain and establish its earlier claimed usage as traditional and modern medicine. The most important classes of secondary metabolites (phytochemical compounds) specifically alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinnes, mucilages, oses, holosides, coumarin and glycosides were detected in both, the leaves and barks of the tree. Quantitative determination of the phytochemical compounds found in the barks and leaves of the tree revealed that the leaves of O. aubreville tree had significantly higher values of alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides than barks. Saponins and anthraquinnes were found to be significantly more in barks than in leaves. However, there was no significant difference found in the values of tannins, mucilages, oses and holosides and coumarin in barks and leaves of O. aubreville trees. Keywords: Phytochemical compounds, quantitative analysis, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloid. INTRODUCTION flavonoids, carbohydrates and steroids among others that can offer significant The resistance of bacteria to physiological actions in the human body antibiotics and antimicrobials over the (Choo et al., 2014; Dua et al.,2013; Farhat years has become a major challenge for the et al., 2013; Adefega and Oboh, 2012; healthcare sector (Mbaeyi-Nwaoha and Chlopicka et al., 2012). Onwuka, 2014). With the increase in Phytochemicals are naturally occurrence of lethal and widespread occurring chemical, biological and active infectious diseases, there is a need for compounds found in plants that are of urgent and continuous discovery of new benefit to human health apart from those antimicrobial compounds. Recently, the that act as macronutrients and use of plants for medicinal purposes is micronutrients (Jasiem, 2016). These gaining more attention due to the presence compounds shield plants from disease, of secondary metabolites environmental damage such as (phytochemicals). In the past, parts of contamination, stress, drought, pathogenic plants such as herbs, leaves, root, bark of attack and contribute to fragrance, color trees, vegetables and fruits etc. have been and flavor (Kotche et al., 2016). The used for cure of various diseases. various compounds (phytochemicals) Studies have shown that some especially secondary metabolites such as plants have a diverse variety of bioactive flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, glycosides, compounds such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, anthraquinnes, 131 Akintola et al. (2020). Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of O. Aubrevillei, Southwestern Nigeria J Biores Manag. 7(3): 131-142 mucilages, coumarin, oses and holosides with a wooden batten, and no metal found in plants have anticancer, materials such as knife, cutlass and axe antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, should be used on the tree (Field survey, antitumor, analgesic and many other 2019). The paucity in its native range and properties (Rahaman et al., 2017; Erum et little or no information about its scientific al.,2015; Abdelwahab et al., 2010). The authentication for the plant’s medicinal fundamental means of their usage for usage draws the attention of this study. medicine is due to their bioactive This work carried out a preliminary properties which are used as substrates for phytochemical screening and biochemical and enzymatic reactions determination of their total content in (Samell et al., 2018; Dillard and German, barks and leaves of Okoubaka aubrevillei 2000). tree collected from Amera village near Iwo Okoubaka aubrevillei, is an town in Osun state, Southwestern Nigeria. indigenous and sacred tree in Africa. It has allelopathic properties. It is a tropophilous MATERIAL AND METHODS plant tree that grows up to 40 meters high with trunk as wide as 3 meters (Borokini, Geographical Location 2014). The tree has a huge shaggy crown, cylindrical and straight bowl; and reddish- Okoubaka aubrevillei is a tropical brown coarse bark surface (Borokini, tree species majorly found within the 2014). Leaves of these trees usually do not Central and West African countries wither, though they sometimes shed leaves (Figure 1) (Borokinni, 2015; Poorter et al., into cobwebs. Samples of this plant can 2004). The location of the studied tree is in only be collected using the traditional Amere village near Iwo town, Osun State ways of the locals. For this purpose, bark Southwestern Nigeria (Figure 2). The of the tree must be harvested during the study area is geographically located on day or at night and not when the sun is set within 7º 43´ 0´´ N and 4º 13´ 0´´ E in Ola- or just rising and can only be harvested Oluwa near Iwo town, Osun State. Figure 1. Map of distribution of Genus Okoubaka in West and Central Africa (Borokini, 2014) 132 Akintola et al. (2020). Phytochemical Compounds in Barks and Leaves of O. Aubrevillei, Southwestern Nigeria J Biores Manag. 7(3): 131-142 Figure 2. Location map of the Okoubaka aubrevillei tree with the sample of the leaf and tree Sample Collection allowed to stand for 48 hours with sporadic shaking. The suspension was The dried leaves on the ground filtered with filter paper and the filtrate floor of the trees were handpicked based was exposed for evaporation in a soxhlet on the traditional method for sample apparatus for 10 hours using absolute collection, while the harvested barks were methanol. The solvent, the crude ethanolic collected from the tree. Both the leaf and extracts of leaf and bark of the tree the bark samples of the tree were labeled recovered were kept in desiccators at 4 º C accordingly. for further analyses. Sample Preparation Qualitative Determination of Phytochemical Compounds Barks and leaves of O. aubrevillei collected from tree worship place were The ethanolic extracts of bark and rinsed with tap water followed by distilled leaf of O.
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