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High-Frequency Sequences Within the Lower Mississippian Allensville Member, Logan

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High-Frequency Sequences Within the Lower Mississippian Allensville Member, Logan High-frequency Sequences within the Lower Mississippian Allensville Member, Logan Formation, South-central Ohio A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Trey O. Klopfenstein August 2018 © 2018 Trey O. Klopfenstein. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled High-frequency Sequences within the Lower Mississippian Allensville Member, Logan Formation, South-central Ohio by TREY O. KLOPFENSTEIN has been approved for the Department of Geological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Gregory C. Nadon Associate Professor of Geological Sciences Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT KLOPFENSTEIN, TREY O., M.S., August 2018, Geological Sciences High-frequency Sequences within the Lower Mississippian Allensville Member, Logan Formation, South-central Ohio Director of Thesis: Gregory C. Nadon The Allensville Member of the Logan Formation (Late Tournaisian; 345 – 349 Ma) in south-central Ohio is an anomalously coarse-grained unit deposited in a shallow marine setting at a time when tectonic subsidence rates were low and after the onset of Late Paleozoic glaciations. The Allensville Member mainly consists of interbedded very fine- to very coarse-grained arenites with small amounts of laminated mudstone and coarse-grained laminations in finer-grained sandstones. Less common are well sorted and well rounded, granule to pebble conglomerates. Average grain size is 0.9 mm with a maximum clast size of 3.0 cm. Vertical grain size trends in the measured sections show similar trends of coarsening and fining upwards that can be correlated along strike for 30 km. Fossils within the member consist of crinoid columnal molds and rare brachiopod shell molds. Vertical burrows that are filled with coarse-grained sand and granules from overlying beds and which are present at the same stratigraphic position within each measured section are interpreted as the Glossifungites ichnofacies. The presence of the Glossifungites traces combined with the textures of the sandstones and conglomerates are interpreted to be the result of deposition as storm deposits and transgressive lags, respectively. Vertical changes in grain size, texture, and concentrations of fossils were used to subdivide the interval into systems tracts that represent two 4th order sequences in 4 which deposition was controlled by high-frequency, high magnitude glacio-eustatic sea- level fluctuations. 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Greg Nadon, who has been so critical to my success in the past few years, through undergraduate and graduate school, and has guided me through the journey that was this project. I am much appreciative of the Ohio University Department of Geological Sciences as a whole, for providing such a friendly atmosphere and shaping me into a proper geologist. I would also like to thank the Ohio University Geological Sciences Alumni for awarding me a Graduate Research Grant and Summer Research Fellowship, and the Crane Hollow State Nature Preserve for granting me a permit to conduct my study in the Hocking Hills region. Lastly, I want to acknowledge all of the wonderful friends I’ve made throughout my journey here at Ohio University, who have delivered me social bliss, and my family members, who have been so supportive of my endeavors. Thank you, all. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ...........................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................5 List of Tables...................................................................................................................7 List of Figures .................................................................................................................8 Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................9 Chapter 2: Previous Work .............................................................................................. 13 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................ 22 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Field Methodology ............................................................................................ 22 3.3 Laboratory Methodology ................................................................................... 27 Chapter 4: Results.......................................................................................................... 28 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 28 4.2 Lithofacies ........................................................................................................ 32 4.3 Facies Associations ........................................................................................... 45 Chapter 5: Discussion .................................................................................................... 54 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 54 5.2 Transgressive Lags, Storm Deposits, and Erosion Surfaces ............................... 54 5.3 Sequence Stratigraphy ....................................................................................... 58 5.4 Glacio-eustasy................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 6: Conclusions .................................................................................................. 69 References ..................................................................................................................... 70 Appendix A: Measured Sections .................................................................................... 82 Appendix B: Cross-sections ........................................................................................... 93 7 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Facies table. .............................................................................................. 33 Table 2. Ichnogenera within the Glossifungites. ...................................................... 41 Table 3. Facies associations. ................................................................................... 46 8 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Study location. ......................................................................................... 11 Figure 2. General stratigraphic column ................................................................... 14 Figure 3. Isopach map (previous work) ................................................................... 16 Figure 4. Paleolocation ........................................................................................... 17 Figure 5. Tectonic model ........................................................................................ 20 Figure 6. Mississippian sea-level changes ............................................................... 21 Figure 7. Section locations from previous work ...................................................... 23 Figure 8. Poor outcrop character ............................................................................. 25 Figure 9. Good outcrop character ............................................................................ 26 Figure 10. Isopach map ........................................................................................... 29 Figure 11. Isopach map (present study and previous work) ..................................... 30 Figure 12. Isolith map ............................................................................................. 31 Figure 13. Laminated mudstone (Facies 1) .............................................................. 35 Figure 14. Normally graded bedding character (Facies 2) ........................................ 37 Figure 15. Diagenetic iron cement (Facies 2) .......................................................... 38 Figure 16. Crinoid columnal molds (Facies 2) ......................................................... 39 Figure 17. Vertical burrows of the Glossifungites ichnofacies (Facies 2) ................. 40 Figure 18. Substrate control on ichnofacies ............................................................. 41 Figure 19. Coarse-grained sandstone (Facies 3)....................................................... 43 Figure 20. Conglomerate (Facies 4) ........................................................................ 44 Figure 21. Shelf model ............................................................................................ 47 Figure 22. Erosion surfaces model .......................................................................... 48 Figure 23. Facies associations cross-section ............................................................ 51 Figure 24. Storm deposit model .............................................................................. 56 Figure 25. Storm deposit thickness and distribution (Hurricane Carla) .................... 58 Figure 26. Depositional model ................................................................................ 62 Figure 27. Sequence stratigraphic model ................................................................
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