Dipartimento Di Civilta' E Forme Del Sapere Corso Di

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Dipartimento Di Civilta' E Forme Del Sapere Corso Di View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive - Università di Pisa DIPARTIMENTO DI CIVILTA' E FORME DEL SAPERE CORSO DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN STORIA E FORME DELLE ARTI VISIVE, DELLO SPETTACOLO E DEI NUOVI MEDIA TRA PERSISTENZA E CAMBIAMENTO LE ARTI A SIENA DURANTE LA SIGNORIA DI PANDOLFO PETRUCCI RELATORE CANDIDATO Chiar.mo Prof. Vincenzo Farinella Massimiliano Pacini Anno Accademico 2013-2014 Alla mia Mamma, a Federica e a Samuele..... Veduta di Siena dalla Basilica dell'Osservanza dove si trova la cripta di Pandolfo Petrucci e dei suoi familiari. Un ringraziamento particolare al Prof. Vincenzo Farinella per la cura, la passione e le piacevoli “chiacchierate” con cui mi ha accompagnato.......... INDICE Introduzione.........................................................................................................pag. 5 CAPITOLO 1 ARTE ED IDENTITA' CIVICA: ISTITUZIONI POLITICHE E MECENATISMO PRIVATO NELLA SIENA DI FINE QUATTROCENTO 1.1. Il rapporto tra politica ed arte nel Rinascimento senese...............................pag. 9 1.2. Le nuove tendenze stilistiche a Siena prima dell'età dei Petrucci..............pag. 31 1.3. Finalità politiche e dinastiche nei nuovi modelli iconografici sul finire del XV secolo.................................................................................................................pag. 48 1 CAPITOLO 2 LE ARTI A SIENA DURANTE LA SIGNORIA DI PANDOLFO PETRUCCI: INTERVENTI PUBBLICI E COMMITTENZA PRIVATA 2.1. Il concetto di magnificenza ed il nuovo volto della città............................pag. 75 2.2. Pittori "stranieri" a Siena: Pinturicchio, Luca Signorelli e Gerolamo Genga alla corte del Magnifico............................................................................................pag. 92 2.3. La "Camera Bella" di Palazzo Petrucci: l'analisi degli affreschi superstiti.............................................................................................................pag. 98 2.4. La "Camera Bella" di Palazzo Petrucci: modelli iconografici degli affreschi dispersi.............................................................................................................pag. 134 2 CAPITOLO 3 IPOTESI CRONOLOGICHE ED ICONOGRAFICHE NELLA RICOSTRUZIONE DEI CAPOLAVORI DELLA "CAMERA BELLA" 3.1. Metamorfosi e Fasti: l'importanza dell'epica mitologica ovidiana nel soffitto del Metropolitan Museum di New York................................................................pag. 145 3.2. Carri mitologici ed i Trionfi del Petrarca: la decorazione dei pannelli esagonali del soffitto........................................................................................................pag. 179 3.3. Cronologia e collocazione degli affreschi all'interno della "Camera Bella": una possibile ricostruzione.....................................................................................pag. 204 3 Conclusioni......................................................................................................pag. 230 Bibliografia......................................................................................................pag. 235 Elenco delle illustrazioni finali........................................................................pag. 259 Tavole...............................................................................................................pag. 266 4 INTRODUZIONE Nel corso del Rinascimento Siena, al pari di molti centri italiani, è protagonista di una trasformazione del linguaggio figurativo che giungerà a compimento con una certa gradualità e lentezza dovendosi continuamente confrontare con la tradizione artistica della repubblica medievale, in cui per lungo tempo si è identificata l'ideologia civica della città. Ad accompagnare questa transizione due fattori, nel corso del Quattrocento, diventeranno decisivi nel mitigare le divisioni interne e le lotte fra fazioni: l'iconografia politica e quella religiosa. Naturalmente anche in età medievale l'interessamento di soggetti istituzionali, ordini religiosi e confraternite sulle arti si era dimostrato consistente sotto forma di commissioni per il decoro urbano o per la devozione religiosa. Quello che avviene, soprattutto nella seconda parte del XV secolo, è una vera e propria influenza sulle tendenze stilistiche, sulla scelta degli artisti e su un'apertura a nuovi modelli iconografici che le nuove elites andarono via via imponendo. Per questo punto di partenza indispensabile resta l'analisi politica delle vicende cittadine sia sotto l'aspetto della propria alterità rispetto a Firenze sia per l'instabilità politica che in questa fase risulta un fattore determinante delle varie componenti della società civile. 5 Questo processo si inserisce in uno scenario ben preciso, in cui la committenza privata delle famiglie patrizie, nucleo della più antica nobiltà senese, aveva determinato sia un'apertura a modelli più vicini alla cultura umanistica già affermata in molte corti italiane sia un diffuso interesse per artisti “stranieri” portatori di un lessico rinascimentale già maturato altrove. Si cominciano così a diffondere nuovi repertori iconografici accanto ai tradizionali modelli della Vergine, del Buon Governo e dell'età comunale che denotano comunque una certa persistenza in opere pubbliche e commissioni private. Con sempre maggiore frequenza i riferimenti e le fonti letterarie diventano le opere degli antichi, i modelli raffigurati sono tratti dalla storia greca e soprattutto dalla storia repubblicana di Roma ed il contenuto ruota attorno alla celebrazione delle virtù di personaggi mitici o di eroi dell'antichità che si sono distinti per aver anteposto il bene comune al proprio interesse privato. E' in questo contesto che si inserisce la presa di potere di Pandolfo Petrucci che si dimostra capace di trasformare le aspirazioni sociali delle aristocrazie cittadine escluse dal potere in un'opportunità politica, riuscendo a dar vita ad un sistema in cui arte, politica e religione, interagendo ed influenzandosi, fossero in grado di portare alla formazione di una nuova identità civica cittadina in grado sia di rispecchiare le icone e le glorie della repubblica medievale trecentesca sia di preparare la città all'avvento di una nuova forma di governo signorile. 6 Da questo punto di vista lo spirito di magnificenza cui è improntata l'intera produzione artistica nel periodo della Signoria del Petrucci sia civile che religiosa, sia pubblica che privata, risponde proprio all'esigenza di uniformare e di pacificare le diverse contrapposizioni cercando, al tempo stesso, di legittimare un potere non dinastico davanti a Dio ed agli uomini. E' importante passare in rassegna i diversi interventi pubblici compiuti da Pandolfo in un periodo in cui le ristrettezze economiche e l'imperversare di guerre avevano determinato un forte calo delle risorse destinate al decoro urbano, rendendo necessario la presenza di una grande ricchezza privata alla base di una forma di potere signorile. Ma l'espressione compiuta, a livello artistico, della sua ideologia politica resta la costruzione e la decorazione della sua residenza privata in cui sembrano darsi appuntamento le nuove tendenze stilistiche e i nuovi modelli iconografici, ma anche l'abilità e l'opportunismo politico del Petrucci tra motivi autocelebrativi e finalità dinastiche. 7 All'interno del palazzo particolare riguardo merita l'analisi della “Camera Bella” non solo perché ai lavori presero parte alcune delle personalità artistiche più affermate in ambito italiano ma anche per l'importanza delle ambizioni filologiche che l'intero programma prevedeva dando così modo al committente di unire alla celebrazione dell'evento matrimoniale del figlio, l'esaltazione delle virtù familiari e l'ostentazione della propria ideologia politica sulla base della quale legittimare la propria presa di potere da un lato e creare i presupposti per garantire al figlio una degna successione nel tentativo di unire i destini della propria famiglia a quelli della libertas senese. 8 CAPITOLO 1 ARTE ED IDENTITA' CIVICA: ISTITUZIONI POLITICHE E COMMITTENZE PRIVATE NELLA SIENA DI FINE QUATTROCENTO 1.1. Il rapporto tra politica ed arte nel Rinascimento senese Nel corso del Quattrocento la libertas senese trova, in campo artistico, un mezzo di espressione di temi iconografici e stilistici in grado di costituirsi come garanzia e forma di conservazione dei valori della repubblica medievale. Questa dinamica contrasta apertamente con l'instabilità della situazione politica che rappresenta una costante del primo Rinascimento, generata dalla trasformazione delle oligarchie trecentesche in fazioni, che garantiscono il perpetuarsi di un potere familiare. I "monti"1, infatti, lungi dal rappresentare dei partiti, si delineano piuttosto come lo strumento di affermazione politica delle nuove classi di mercanti e banchieri che avevano sostituito, nell'economia cittadina, le aristocrazie fondiarie su cui si era fondata la fortuna della città ghibellina. Pur derivando formalmente dai governi trecenteschi, i Nove, i Popolari ed i Riformatori,2 non si caratterizzano per una 1 “Monte” o “Ordine” era il termine con cui a Siena venivano designati i gruppi politici. Essi erano composti dai discendenti dei risieduti, ossia di coloro che avevano fatto parte del governo in un determinato tempo, assumendo la determinazione che, in detto tempo, aveva connotato il governo stesso. Così si ebbero il Monte dei grandi o del Gentiluomo, dei Riformatori, del Popolo
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