DOCSLIB.ORG

Diagnosis, Transmission, and Management of Phytoplasmas Infecting Rubus Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diagnosis, Transmission, and Management of Phytoplasmas Infecting Rubus Species Hochschule Geisenheim University and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Institut für Phytopathologie FB09 – Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement Diagnosis, Transmission, and Management of Phytoplasmas Infecting Rubus Species Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) Submitted by Holger Linck, M. Sc. Born: 26 July 1986 Ravensburg, Germany Geisenheim, January 2019 This thesis was accepted on 08 July 2019 as a doctoral dissertation/thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) by the Hochschule Geisenheim University and the Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen. Examination Committee Supervisor and 1st Reviewer: Prof.Dr. Annette Reineke Supervisor and 2nd Reviewer: Prof.Dr. Karl-Heinz Kogel 3rd Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Ralf T. Vögele Examiner: Prof. Dr. Heiko Mibus-Schoppe Examiner: Dr. Erika Krüger-Steden Head of the Committee: Prof. Dr. Claudia Kammann Parts of this thesis have been published in peer-reviewed journals as: Linck, Holger, Erika Krüger, and Annette Reineke. 2017. "A Multiplex TaqMan qPCR Assay for Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Phytoplasmas Infecting Rubus Species". PLoS ONE 12(5):e0177808. Linck, Holger and Annette Reineke. 2019. "Preliminary Survey on Putative Insect Vectors for Rubus Stunt Phytoplasmas". Journal of Applied Entomology 143(4): 328-332. Linck, Holger, Christa Lankes, Erika Krüger, Annette Reineke. 2019. "Elimination of Phytoplasmas in Rubus Mother Plants by Tissue Culture Coupled with Heat Therapy". Plant Disease 103(6): 1252-1255. Linck, Holger, and Annette Reineke. 2019. "Rubus stunt: a review of an important phytoplasma disease in Rubus spp.". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-019-00247-3 I Contents List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................... IV List of Figures ...................................................................................................... VI List of Tables ....................................................................................................... XI 1 Summary ........................................................................................................ 1 2 Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................... 3 3 General Introduction ..................................................................................... 5 3.1 Phytoplasmas .......................................................................................... 6 3.1.1 Morphology, Symptoms, Genomics, and Taxonomy ...................... 6 3.1.2 Transmission and Control ............................................................ 13 3.2 Rubus stunt ............................................................................................ 16 3.2.1 History, Geographic Distribution, and Phytoplasma Agents ......... 16 3.2.2 Symptoms and Transmission ....................................................... 17 3.2.3 Economic Importance and Control ............................................... 21 3.3 Molecular Plant Disease Detection ........................................................ 22 3.4 Aim of this Thesis ................................................................................... 25 4 A Multiplex TaqMan qPCR Assay for Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Phytoplasmas Causing Rubus Stunt ........................................................ 26 4.1 Abstract .................................................................................................. 27 4.2 Introduction ............................................................................................ 27 4.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 29 4.3.1 Plant Material and Plant DNA Extraction ..................................... 29 4.3.2 Insect Samples and Insect DNA Extraction ................................. 33 4.3.3 Oligonucleotide Primers and Probes ............................................ 33 4.3.4 Standard Curve ............................................................................ 37 II 4.3.5 TaqMan qPCR Assay .................................................................. 38 4.3.6 Nested PCR ................................................................................. 39 4.4 Results ................................................................................................... 39 4.4.1 Standard Curve ............................................................................ 39 4.4.2 Validation of the Multiplex TaqMan Assay for Plant Material ....... 41 4.4.3 Validation of the Multiplex TaqMan Assay for Phytoplasmas Present in Insects ........................................................................ 45 4.4.4 Field Validation of the Multiplex TaqMan Assay .......................... 47 4.5 Discussion .............................................................................................. 48 5 Screening of Putative Insect Vectors of Rubus Stunt Phytoplasmas .... 53 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 54 5.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 55 5.2.1 Sampling of Insects ...................................................................... 55 5.2.2 Insect DNA Extraction and Phytoplasma DNA Detection ............. 58 5.3 Results ................................................................................................... 59 5.4 Discussion .............................................................................................. 59 6 Propagation of Healthy Planting Material ................................................. 68 6.1 Susceptibility of Different Raspberry Cultivars to Rubus stunt after Artificial Graft Inoculation ....................................................................... 68 6.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 68 6.1.2 Materials and Methods ................................................................. 70 6.1.3 Results ......................................................................................... 73 6.1.4 Discussion ................................................................................... 77 6.2 Elimination of Phytoplasmas in Rubus Mother Plants by Tissue Culture Coupled with Heat Therapy .................................................................... 80 6.2.1 Abstract ........................................................................................ 81 6.2.2 Introduction .................................................................................. 81 6.2.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................. 83 6.2.4 Results ......................................................................................... 90 6.2.5 Discussion ................................................................................... 91 III 7 General Conclusion .................................................................................... 94 8 References ................................................................................................... 98 9 Acknowledgments .................................................................................... 118 10 Funding ...................................................................................................... 120 11 Statutory Declaration ................................................................................ 121 IV List of Abbreviations % percent °C degree Celsius µl microliter µmol micromole bp base pair Ca. Candidatus CC Creative Commons license cf. confer/conferatur, meaning compare cm centimeter Cq quantification cycle CTAB hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide Cy5 Cyanine 5 d day dd.mm.yyyy date as two-digit day followed by two-digit month followed by four-digit year DNA deoxyribonucleic acid E East EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization FAM fluorescein amidite FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database g gram ha hectare kb kilo base pairs kg kilogram l liter LAMP loop-mediated isothermal amplification L x W x H length by width by height m meter M molar (moles per liter) V min minute ml milliliter MLOs mycoplasma-like organisms mM millimolar mm millimeter mol% mole percent N North NaCl sodium chloride ng nanogram NGS Next-Generation Sequencing nm nanometer No. number(s) NTC no-template control PCR polymerase chain reaction pH decimal logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion activity qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction R2 coefficient of determination RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism RNA ribonucleic acid ROX rhodamine X rpm revolutions per minute s second SD standard deviation sec second sp. species (singular) spp. species (plural) Tris-HCl 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride UV ultraviolet V volt VI List of Figures Figure 1: Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of phytoplasmas floating in the sieve element (SE) lumen. (A, B) Phytoplasmas are mostly roundish, sometimes elongated; a few are dividing (black arrows). (C) Aggregates of SE actin form unipolar fields on the phytoplasma surface in the SE lumen (white arrow). The arrowhead in (B) indicates the attachment of a phytoplasma to the SE plasma membrane. In (A), the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • STUBBORN, GREENING, and RELATED DISEASES
    STUBBORN, GREENING, and RELATED DISEASES Visualization of Spiroplasma Citri in the Leafhopper Scaphytopius Nitridus (De Long) M. Russo, G. L. Rana, A. L. Granett, and E. C. Calavan Spiroplasma citri Saglio et. al. is the Although these experiments indicated causal agent of stubborn disease of citrus that S. citri multiplies within leafhoppers, (Markham et al., 1974). Unlike most they provided no visual evidence that it other phytopathogenic mycoplasmalike was present inside the insect cells. For organisms (PMLO), S. citri can be cul- this investigation we fed S. nitridus adults tured on artificial media (Fudl-Allah et on 5 per cent sucrose solutions containing al., 1971; Saglio et al., 1971). Most S. citri. (Groups of these insects were PMLO are known to be vectored by one macerated and S. citri was isolated from or more leafhoppers or psyllids (Whit- most groups. After 40 days several indi- comb and Davis, 1970; Kaloostian et al., viduals were dissected, fixed and embed- 1971), but the natural vector or vectors ded for electron microscopy. of stubborn have been difficult to dis- My co plasmalike organisms (MLO) cover. Recently workers in England were found abundantly in thin sections of (Daniels et al., 1973; Markham et al., some, but not all leafhoppers. MLO were 1974) obtained transmission by injecting present in several organs of the insect, S. citri cultures into Euscelis plebejus namely, intestine (figs. 1 and 2), salivary (Fallen), and feeding the injected insects glands (fig. 3), and intact (fig. 4A,B) or on citrus. In California, S. citri was degenerating somatic muscles. In the lat- cultured from macerates of the beet ter, groups of MLO were encased in leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker), sack-like membranous structures (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' (Quaglino Et Al., 2013)
    ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (Quaglino et al., 2013) Synonyms Phytoplasma solani Common Name(s) Disease: Bois noir, blackwood disease of grapevine, maize redness, stolbur Phytoplasma: CaPsol, maize redness phytoplasma, potato stolbur phytoplasma, stolbur phytoplasma, tomato stolbur phytoplasma Figure 1: A ‘dornfelder’ grape cultivar Type of Pest infected with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Phytoplasma solani’. Courtesy of Dr. Michael Maixner, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI). Taxonomic Position Class: Mollicutes, Order: Acholeplasmatales, Family: Acholeplasmataceae Genus: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ Reason for Inclusion in Manual OPIS A pest list, CAPS community suggestion, known host range and distribution have both expanded; 2016 AHP listing. Background Information Phytoplasmas, formerly known as mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs), are pleomorphic, cell wall-less bacteria with small genomes (530 to 1350 kbp) of low G + C content (23-29%). They belong to the class Mollicutes and are the putative causal agents of yellows diseases that affect at least 1,000 plant species worldwide (McCoy et al., 1989; Seemüller et al., 2002). These minute, endocellular prokaryotes colonize the phloem of their infected plant hosts as well as various tissues and organs of their respective insect vectors. Phytoplasmas are transmitted to plants during feeding activity by their vectors, primarily leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids (IRPCM, 2004; Weintraub and Beanland, 2006). Although phytoplasmas cannot be routinely grown by laboratory culture in cell free media, they may be observed in infected plant or insect tissues by use of electron microscopy or detected by molecular assays incorporating antibodies or nucleic acids. Since biological and phenotypic properties in pure culture are unavailable as aids in their identification, analysis of 16S rRNA genes has been adopted instead as the major basis for phytoplasma taxonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Pl Path 502 Phytoplasma
    Phytoplasmas Pl. Path. 502 Dr. PN SHARMA Department of Plant Pathology CSK HP Agricultural University Palampur-176 062 (HP State) INDIA What are Phytoplasmas ? Phytoplasmas have diverged from gram-positive eubacteria, and belong to the Genus Phytoplasma within the Class Mollicutes. Mycoplasmas dramatically differ phenotypically from other bacteria by their minute size (0.3 - 0.5 and lack of cell wall. The lack of cell wall was used to separate mycoplasmas from other bacteria in a class named Mollicutes. Due to degenerative or reductive evolution, accompanied by significant losses of genomic sequences, the genomes of mollicutes have shrunk and are relatively small compared to other bacteria, ranging from 580 kb. to 2,200 kb. Phytoplasma •Phytoplasma are wall-less prokaryotic organisms •Seen with electron microscope in the phloem of infected plant •Unable to grow on culture media •Pleomorphic shaped and spiral Phytoplasma •Most phytoplasma transmitted from plant to plant by • leafhoppers, • but some are transmitted by Psyllids and planthoppers •Caused Yellowing, Big bud, Stuntting, Witchbroom •Sensitive to antibiotics, especially Tetracycline group Mycoplasma (Phytoplsma): Doi et al. (1970) are submicroscopic, measuring 150- 300 nm in diameter having ribosomes and DNA strands enclosed by a bilayer membrane but not the cell wall, replicate by binary fission, can be cultured artificially in vitro on specific medium and are sensitive to certain antibiotics (tetracycline not to penicillin). E.g. Little leaf of brinjal, Peach yellow Spiroplasm citri (Fudt Allh et al. 1571) Citrus stubbesh. Classification Class : Mollicutes Order: Mycoplasmatales. Three families, each with one genus: Mycoplasmataceae, genus Mycoplasma, Acholeplasmataceae, . genus Acholeplasma, Spiroplasmataceae . genus Spiroplasma.
    [Show full text]
  • The Leafhopper Vectors of Phytopathogenic Viruses (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) Taxonomy, Biology, and Virus Transmission
    /«' THE LEAFHOPPER VECTORS OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC VIRUSES (HOMOPTERA, CICADELLIDAE) TAXONOMY, BIOLOGY, AND VIRUS TRANSMISSION Technical Bulletin No. 1382 Agricultural Research Service UMTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals gave valuable assistance in the preparation of this work, for which I am deeply grateful. I am especially indebted to Miss Julianne Rolfe for dissecting and preparing numerous specimens for study and for recording data from the literature on the subject matter. Sincere appreciation is expressed to James P. Kramer, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., for providing the bulk of material for study, for allowing access to type speci- mens, and for many helpful suggestions. I am also grateful to William J. Knight, British Museum (Natural History), London, for loan of valuable specimens, for comparing type material, and for giving much useful information regarding the taxonomy of many important species. I am also grateful to the following persons who allowed me to examine and study type specimens: René Beique, Laval Univer- sity, Ste. Foy, Quebec; George W. Byers, University of Kansas, Lawrence; Dwight M. DeLong and Paul H. Freytag, Ohio State University, Columbus; Jean L. LaiFoon, Iowa State University, Ames; and S. L. Tuxen, Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Co- penhagen, Denmark. To the following individuals who provided additional valuable material for study, I give my sincere thanks: E. W. Anthon, Tree Fruit Experiment Station, Wenatchee, Wash.; L. M. Black, Uni- versity of Illinois, Urbana; W. E. China, British Museum (Natu- ral History), London; L. N. Chiykowski, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa ; G. H. L. Dicker, East Mailing Research Sta- tion, Kent, England; J.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Phytoplasma Taxon Associated with Japanese Hydrangea Phyllody
    international Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1 999), 49, 1275-1 285 Printed in Great Britain 'Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum', a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Japanese Hydrangea phyllody Toshimi Sawayanagi,' Norio Horikoshi12Tsutomu Kanehira12 Masayuki Shinohara,2 Assunta Berta~cini,~M.-T. C~usin,~Chuji Hiruki5 and Shigetou Nambal Author for correspondence: Shigetou Namba. Tel: +81 424 69 3125. Fax: + 81 424 69 8786. e-mail : snamba(3ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp Laboratory of Bioresource A phytoplasma was discovered in diseased specimens of f ield-grown hortensia Technology, The University (Hydrangea spp.) exhibiting typical phyllody symptoms. PCR amplification of of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 113-8657, DNA using phytoplasma specific primers detected phytoplasma DNA in all of Japan the diseased plants examined. No phytoplasma DNA was found in healthy College of Bioresource hortensia seedlings. RFLP patterns of amplified 165 rDNA differed from the Sciences, Nihon University, patterns previously described for other phytoplasmas including six isolates of Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252- foreign hortensia phytoplasmas. Based on the RFLP, the Japanese Hydrangea 0813, Japan phyllody (JHP) phytoplasma was classified as a representative of a new sub- 3 lstituto di Patologia group in the phytoplasma 165 rRNA group I (aster yellows, onion yellows, all vegetale, U niversita degli Studi, Bologna 40126, Italy of the previously reported hortensia phytoplasmas, and related phytoplasmas). A phylogenetic analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequences from this 4 Unite de Pathologie Vegetale, Centre de and other group Iphytoplasmas identified the JHP phytoplasma as a member Versa iI les, Inst it ut Nat iona I of a distinct sub-group (sub-group Id) in the phytoplasma clade of the class de la Recherche Mollicutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ability of Euscelidius Variegatus to Transmit Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma with a Short Latency Period
    insects Article Ability of Euscelidius variegatus to Transmit Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma with a Short Latency Period Luca Picciau 1, Bianca Orrù 1, Mauro Mandrioli 2 , Elena Gonella 1,* and Alberto Alma 1,* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (B.O.) 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita (DSV), University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, I-41125 Modena, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (A.A.) Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 1 September 2020; Published: 5 September 2020 Simple Summary: Phytoplasmas are a group of phloem-restricted phytopathogens that attack a huge number of wild and cultivated plants, causing heavy economic losses. They are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects of the order Hemiptera; the transmission process requires the vector to orally acquire the phytoplasma by feeding on an infected plant, becoming infective once it reaches the salivary glands after quite a long latency period. Since infection is retained for all of the insect’s life, acquisition at the nymphal stage is considered to be most effective because of the long time needed before pathogen inoculation. This work provides evidence for the reduced latency period needed by adults of the phytoplasma vector Euscelidius variegatus from flavescence dorée phytoplasma acquisition to transmission. Indeed, we demonstrate that adults can become infective as soon as 9 days from the beginning of phytoplasma acquisition. Our results support a reconsideration of the role of adults in phytoplasma epidemiology, by indicating their extended potential ability to complete the full transmission process.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Vectors of Phytoplasmas - R
    TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT – Vol.VII - Insect Vectors of Phytoplasmas - R. I. Rojas- Martínez INSECT VECTORS OF PHYTOPLASMAS R. I. Rojas-Martínez Department of Plant Pathology, Colegio de Postgraduado- Campus Montecillo, México Keywords: Specificity of phytoplasmas, species diversity, host Contents 1. Introduction 2. Factors involved in the transmission of phytoplasmas by the insect vector 3. Acquisition and transmission of phytoplasmas 4. Families reported to contain species that act as vectors of phytoplasmas 5. Bactericera cockerelli Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The principal means of dissemination of phytoplasmas is by insect vectors. The interactions between phytoplasmas and their insect vectors are, in some cases, very specific, as is suggested by the complex sequence of events that has to take place and the complex form of recognition that this entails between the two species. The commonest vectors, or at least those best known, are members of the order Homoptera of the families Cicadellidae, Cixiidae, Psyllidae, Cercopidae, Delphacidae, Derbidae, Menoplidae and Flatidae. The family with the most known species is, without doubt, the Cicadellidae (15,000 species described, perhaps 25,000 altogether), in which 88 species are known to be able to transmit phytoplasmas. In the majority of cases, the transmission is of a trans-stage form, and only in a few species has transovarial transmission been demonstrated. Thus, two forms of transmission by insects generally are known for phytoplasmas: trans-stage transmission occurs for most phytoplasmas in their interactions with their insect vectors, and transovarial transmission is known for only a few phytoplasmas. UNESCO – EOLSS 1. Introduction The phytoplasmas are non culturable parasitic prokaryotes, the mechanisms of dissemination isSAMPLE mainly by the vector insects.
    [Show full text]
  • 154 Detection of Phytoplasmas Associated with Kalimantan Wilt Disease of Coconut by the Polymerase Chain Reaction
    Jurnal Littri 12(4), Desember 2006. Hlm. 154 –JURNAL 160 LITTRI VOL. 12 NO 4, DESEMBER 2006 : 154 - 160 ISSN 0853 - 8212 DETECTION OF PHYTOPLASMAS ASSOCIATED WITH KALIMANTAN WILT DISEASE OF COCONUT BY THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION J.S. WAROKKA1, P. JONES2, and M.J. DICKINSON3 1 Indonesian Coconut and Other Palms Research Institute. PO Box 1004 Manado 95001, Indonesia. 2 Bio-Imaging unit, Rothamsted Research. Harpenden Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. 3 School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. ABSTRACT penyebab penyakit layu Kalimantan adalah phytoplasma. Teknik ini juga secara efektif dapat mendeteksi phytoplasma dalam jaringan tanaman Coconut is the second Indonesia’s most important social commodity kelapa yang sudah terinfeksi maupun yang belum menunjukkan gejala after rice. There are more than 3.6 million hectares of coconut plantations penyakit. DNA phytoplasma dapat dideteksi pada 95 sampel dari 116 in Indonesia equivalent to one third of the total world coconut area. sampel (81.9%) yang dianalisis. Berdasarkan jenis sample yang diperiksa However, the production and productivity of the coconut are very low and ternyata phytoplasma dapat dideteksi pada sample yang terinfeksi maupun unstable for various reasons, including pests and diseases. Kalimantan wilt yang belum menunjukkan gejala penyakit masing-masing 95.1% dan (KW) disease causes extensive damage to coconut plantation. In previous 67.3%. Hasil penelitian ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa penyakit layu investigations, bacteria, fungi, viruses, viroids and soil-borne pathogens Kalimantan disebabkan oleh phytoplasma. such as nematodes were tested, but none of them were consistently associated with the disease. The objective of this research was to detect Kata kunci: Kelapa, Cocos nucifera L., penyakit tanaman, penyakit layu and diagnose the phytoplasma associating with KW.
    [Show full text]
  • Spiroplasma Citri: Fifteen Years of Research
    Spiroplasma citri: Fifteen Years of Research J. M. Bove Dedicated to Richard Guillierme* I-HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE mas, molecular and cellular biology of OF SPIROPLASMA CITRI spiroplasmas, spiroplasma pathogen- icity, ecology of Spiroplasma citri, It is now well recognized that the biology and ecology of Spiroplasma agent of citrus stubborn disease was kunkelii. Volume IV of IOCV's Virus the first mollicute of plant origin to and Virus-like diseases of citrus (7) have been cultured (19, 33) and for also covers isolation, cultivation and which Koch's postulates were fulfilled characterization of S. citri. Stubborn (25). The serological, biological and disease has been reviewed (24). biochemical characterizations of the Methods in Mycoplasmology offers in citrus agent revealed it to be a new two volumes the techniques used in mollicute, one with helical morphol- the study of mollicutes including the ogy and motility (34), hence the name spiroplasmas (30, 37). These proceed- Spiroplasma citri, adopted from ings also cover epidemiology of S. Davis et al. (14, 15) who had given citri in the Old World (4) and spiro- the trivial name spiroplasma to helical plasma gene structure and expression filaments seen in corn stunt infected plants. These "helices" were cultured (5). and shown to be the agent of corn stunt disease in 1975 (9,44); the agent 11-MAJOR PROPERTIES is now called S~iro~lasmakunkelii OF SPIROPLASMA CITRl (40). The first bre;kthrough in the study of yellows diseases came in 1967 Spiroplasma citri is a mollicute with the discovery of mollicute-like (42). Mollicutes are prokaryotes that organisms (MLO) in plants (17).
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.The Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Molecular
    Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología ISSN: 0185-3309 [email protected] Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C. México Almeyda León, Isidro Humberto; Rocha Peña, Mario Alberto; Piña Razo, Jaime; Martínez Soriano, Juan Pablo The use of polymerase chain reaction and molecular hybridization for detection of phytoplasmas in different plant species in Mexico Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, vol. 19, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2001, pp. 1- 9 Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, A.C. Texcoco, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=61219101 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGIA/ 1 The Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction and Molecular Hybridization for Detection of Phytoplasmas in Different Plant Species in Mexico Isidro Humberto Almeyda-León, Mario Alberto Rocha-Peña, INIFAP/Univ. Aut. De Nuevo León, Unidad de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Apdo. Postal 128- F, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México CP 66450; Jaime Piña-Razo, INIFAP-Centro de Investigación Regional del Sureste, Apdo. Postal 13 Suc. B, Mérida, Yucatán, México; and Juan Pablo Martínez-Soriano, CINVESTAV-Unidad Irapuato, Apdo. Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México CP 36500. Correspondence to: [email protected] (Received: November 28, 2000 Accepted: March 8, 2001) Abstract. probes hybridized with DNA extracted from symptomless Almeyda-León, I.H., Rocha-Peña, M.A., Piña-Razo, J. and coconut palms from coconut lethal yellowing affected areas, Martínez-Soriano, J.P.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani', a Novel Taxon Associated with Stolbur
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2013), 63, 2879–2894 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, a novel taxon associated with stolbur- and bois noir-related diseases of plants Fabio Quaglino,1 Yan Zhao,2 Paola Casati,1 Daniela Bulgari,1 Piero Attilio Bianco,1 Wei Wei2,3 and Robert Edward Davis2 Correspondence 1Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Universita` degli Robert Edward Davis Studi, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy [email protected] 2Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 3Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College park, MD 20742, USA Phytoplasmas classified in group 16SrXII infect a wide range of plants and are transmitted by polyphagous planthoppers of the family Cixiidae. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence identity and biological properties, group 16SrXII encompasses several species, including ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma japonicum’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fragariae’. Other group 16SrXII phytoplasma strains are associated with stolbur disease in wild and cultivated herbaceous and woody plants and with bois noir disease in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Such latter strains have been informally proposed to represent a separate species, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, but a formal description of this taxon has not previously been published. In the present work, stolbur disease strain STOL11 (STOL) was distinguished from reference strains of previously described species of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ genus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and a unique signature sequence in the 16S rRNA gene. Other stolbur- and bois noir-associated (‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’) strains shared .99 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with strain STOL11 and contained the signature sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Vectors of Phytoplasmas and Their Control – an Update
    Bulletin of Insectology 60 (2): 169-173, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 Insect vectors of phytoplasmas and their control – an update Phyllis G. WEINTRAUB Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, D.N. Negev, Israel Abstract Phytoplasmas are phloem-limited, insect-transmitted, plant pathogenic bacteria that are responsible for hundreds of diseases world-wide. Because transmission occurs quickly, plants become infected before insecticides can act on the vector. The single most effective means of controlling the vector is to cover plants with insect exclusion netting; however, this is not practical for most commercial crops. Because of these limitations, researchers are turning to genetic manipulation of plants to affect vector populations and pathogen transmission. These novel control schemes include symbiont control (SyBaP), plant lectins, and sys- temic acquired resistance (SAR). Key words: Taxonomy, symbiont control, plant lectins, systemic acquired resistance Introduction fected plants. The feeding duration necessary to acquire a sufficient titre of phytoplasma is the acquisition access Phytoplasmas are important phloem-limited, insect- period (AAP), which can be as short as a few minutes, transmitted pathogenic agents causing close to a thou- but is generally measured in hours; the longer the AAP, sand diseases, many of which are lethal, in hundreds of the greater the chance of transmission (Purcell, 1982). plant species. They are non-cultivable degenerate gram- However, it is unknown how phytoplasma titre in plants positive prokaryotes in the class Mollicutes. A large affects the AAP. The period of time that elapses from body of research has accumulated in the past 20 years initial acquisition to the ability to transmit the phyto- that addresses the biology, ecology, vector relationships plasma is known as the latent period (LP) and is some- and epidemiology of crop diseases caused by phyto- times referred to as the incubation period.
    [Show full text]