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Rediasporizing Bahia: the Lived Experiences of Blackness and the Cultural Politics of Bahian Hip-Hop

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Rediasporizing Bahia: the Lived Experiences of Blackness and the Cultural Politics of Bahian Hip-Hop REDIASPORIZING BAHIA: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF BLACKNESS AND THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF BAHIAN HIP-HOP BY BRYCE M. HENSON DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communications & Media with a minor in Latin American & Caribbean Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Cameron McCarthy, Chair Associate Professor Isabel Molina-Guzmán Associate Professor Junaid Rana Professor Norman Denzin ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes how Blacks in Salvador da Bahia are disrupting dominant representations of Afro-diasporic cultures and race in Brazil’s most “African” locale. Cultural representations, tourism groups, and government agencies commonly portray Salvador as brimming with exotic and premodern Africanisms through the retention of African roots, traditions, and origins. This uses essentialist tropes that Blacks in the African Diaspora are connected together by a common ancestry and culture. This has in turn been used to reify popular Brazilian mythologies of racial harmony, a mestiço racial identity, and an African- derived ethnicity. These cultural representations of the African Diaspora in Salvador have been used to argue that race relations in Brazil are far superior to the United States and that racism is not a problem. However, this obscures the social stigma of Blackness, as a queer subaltern figure and sociocultural threat to civilization, and how antiblack racism structures everyday life in Salvador. Drawing on Black feminism, African Diaspora studies, media studies, and race relations studies, this dissertation is a study that links the social realties of race and Afro-diasporic expressions by examining the local hip-hop movement, its Afro-diasporic reception and production of hip-hop media cultures. Drawing on social anthropological and media studies approaches to ethnography, it explores how Black hip-hop artists are using and producing, thus produsing, the African Diaspora to speak back against the silences and invisibility of antiblack racism. To do so, it probes how Blacks in the Bahian hip-hop movement are rediasporizing Bahia by situating it between race relations and Black Atlantic cultures. Using race relations studies and African Diaspora studies, it contextualizes the historical layers of socially articulated structures and processes of race; the lived experiences of Blackness; and the symbolic and ii material violence of antiblackness in Bahia. Drawing on media studies and Black feminist studies, it then explores how Blacks under these racial regimes are using Afro-diasporic hip-hop cultures in local contexts to articulate a subaltern Blackness that is part of a diasporic experience. It also illuminates how Blacks are producing their own Afro-diasporic hip-hop texts to challenge local knowledges of race, culture, and diaspora in Bahia. It calls for attention to the lived experiences and imaginaries of Blacks who are most invisible and marginal at diasporic and local levels. Finally, it strongly argues for emphasis on the role of media uses, cultural productions, and technology in the study of the African Diaspora. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT (SAUDADES) The Portuguese word, saudades, is one of the most difficult words to translate in the English language. Some define it as nostalgia and longing or sickness For me, saudades connotes the people, spaces, experiences, and objects that leave an indelible mark on our lives, souls and bodies. For this reason, saudades seems more appropriate than acknowledgement. I would first express the saudades for the Bahian hip-hoppers who participated in my research. This dissertation is as much cultural production as it is knowledge production done in collaboration with them. Without them, this dissertation would never have taken place. I am constantly touched by the generosity and friendship they have bestowed upon me. Beyond sharing their work, they have also shared their love and lives. I hope this research is as disruptive as their music, lyrics, and graffiti and that it amplifies the reverberations they are already making in Brazil, hip-hop, and the African Diaspora. That said, I take full responsibility for the flaws and mistakes. The pure genius and innovation is all theirs. Axé. Um só caminho. My trips to Salvador are always marked with matando as saudades when I am reunited with my Bahian friends and family. I am hugely indebted to two amazing women: Jizelli Brito Sampaio and Bella Reis. Bella in particular has always made sure I was taken care of, safe, and connected. Together, these two have been instrumental in my “baianazando” process. Graças a deus for César Ramos, Wilkins Oyodo, Reinaldo Costa, Elineide Quiroz, Steve Mbous, Jessica Mbous, Jorge Lisboa. and Carlos Assunação in my life. Eu agradeço para minhas duas tias: Rosana Almedia and Marinyze Prato de Oliveira. International fieldwork is also a matter of finances and I have been extremely lucky to be supported by the University of Illinois. This research has been supported by the Institute of Communications Research summer fellowship from 2011-2013; a Foreign Language and Area Studies fellowship in Portuguese from the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies iv (CLACS) for 2012-2013; a Tinker Grant from CLACS that supported my preliminary research in 2013; a Graduate College Dissertation Travel Grant for fieldwork in summer 2014; and the Illinois Program for Research in the Humanities graduate fellowship for 2015-2016. A condensed version of chapter 4 was presented at the Association for the Study of the World Wide African Diaspora conference in November 2015 in Charleston, SC. Chapter 5 was presented at the Digital Blackness Conference at Rutgers University in April 2016. My life would be much greyer without my Pacific Northwest friends, who are true rays of sunshine: Sean Thayer, Suzanne Vogt, William Chu, Kathleen Rocha, Marco Martinez, Adrian Montalvo, Jamil Suleman, Jennifer Moore, Valentina Alvarez, Aaron Jacob, Serg Khandzhayan, Pary Khandzhayan, Camille Elmore-Trummer, Daniel Trummer, Sarah Feldman, Yumi Sullivan, Jonathan Warren, Ralina Joseph, Andre Jackson, Luis Rodriguez, Leona Moore-Rodriguez, Flor Revolorio, Chris Shaw, Kirby Teuila Grey, and Zack Tucker. I couldn’t ask for a better best friend in Chris Dunford. He always knows the right thing to say. Plus, he reminds me that if a young ruffian from the Finch can get a doctorate, then anything’s possible. The remarkable Shantel Martinez, whom I have known since the University of Washington, made the transition to the cornfields much easier. Her, her partner Vincent Velasco, and their furry children have been key pillars of support during my doctoral program. Shantel has heard me mispronounce continental philosophers, championed my work, assured me my growing pains were normal, and subtly but forcefully pushed me towards transnational feminisms and queer color of critique. The camaraderie in the Institute of Communications Research (ICR) is incomparable. Myra Washington has been more than a peer mentor and is a valued friend. Saudades for Robert Mejia, Michelle Rivera, Kerry Wilson, Stephen Hocker, Desiree Yomtoob, Karla Palma, Ted Faust, Ergin Bulut, Nina Li, Joy Jiang, Carolyn Randolph, Christina Ceisel, v Diana Leon, and Katia Curbelo. Beyond Greg Hall, many saudades to those that have made Illinois feel like home: Kimberly and Reggie Otchere, Moises Orozco, Durell Callier, Ivory Berry, CC Suarez, Joanna Perez, John Ben Solieau, Todd Kato, Victor Perez, Veronica Mendez- Johnson, Gabe Rodriguez, Christian Garcia, Belia Ortega, Carlos Rosales, and Christine Peralta. Special shoutout to Kyle Mays, Eduardo Coronel, and Kevin Whalen. We have made sure that we do not let academia reduce us ourselves solely to our work and our identities to just being academics. I wouldn’t trade our Thursday debriefings for anything. NOT GONNA BE ABLE TO DO IT! There’s so much to say but I’ll just say y’all my brothers. I could not ask for a better dissertation committee. Junaid Rana has long supported this project to think race and culture through the complexities of nation, diaspora, and transnationalism. Throughout this process, I constantly hear his voice say: “So, what’s your intervention?” Isabel Molina-Guzmán pushed me to make this project more applicable in the Latin American context and to critique dominant paradigms in the Anglo-American academy. My understanding of nationalism, national identity, and national culture is no doubt better because of her. Norman Denzin made sure that my methods reflected my theories and values. I am honored to have an advisor of the higher caliber: the mighty Cameron McCarthy. Before we met, people suggested that our mutual affinity for Cultural Studies, the Birmingham School, and the work of Stuart Hall would be an excellent fit. Still, I remember being intimidated to ask such a brilliant scholar to be my advisor. It was all for naught. His keen insight saw the importance of my work before I could. Cameron has been more than kind and patient as a mentor. He allowed me to the space to discover the possibilities of my research on my own terms without ever letting me stray. I assure you this is no small feat. I would not be the scholar I am today without him. Thank you, Cameron. #TeamCMC. vi Without my family, I would not be who I am today. They remind me what “real” work is and how fortunate I am to pursue the life of the mind. Uncle Joe and Aunt Janet are always excited when their “career student” nephew would visit home in Spokane. Aunt Marge has been a beacon of love in both Washington and Illinois. My cousin, Jeneva, has proved on numerous occasions that family is always there, especially when I just drop in on her in Chicago. Uncle James always lent an ear but more importantly gave sage advice through his stories over his Cajun seasoned eggs and turkey bacon. After I graduated from the University of Washington, my cousin Angie was more than supportive when she let me move into her home in Atlanta.
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