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Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Making memory work: Performing and inscribing HIV/AIDS in post-apartheid South Africa Thesis How to cite: Doubt, Jenny Suzanne (2014). Making memory work: Performing and inscribing HIV/AIDS in post-apartheid South Africa. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000eef6 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Making Memory Work: Performing and Inscribing HIV I AIDS in Post-Apartheid South Africa Jenny Suzanne Doubt (BA, MA) Submitted towards a PhD in English Literature at the Open University 5 July 2013 1)f\"'re:. CC ::;'.H':I\\\!:;.SIOfl: -::\ ·J~)L'I ..z.t.... L~ Vt',':·(::. 'J\:. I»_",i'~,' -: 21 1'~\t1~)<'·i :.',:'\'t- IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl,uk PAGE NUMBERING AS ORIGINAL Jenny Doubt Making Memory Work: Performing and Inscribing HIV/AIDS in Post-Apartheid South Africa Submitted towards a PhD in English Literature at the Open University 5 July 2013 Abstract This thesis argues that the cultural practices and productions associated with HIV/AIDS represent a major resource in the struggle to understand and combat the epidemic. Research into HIV I AIDS is dominated by biomedical scholarship, and yet in South Africa, the main drivers of the epidemic are social and economic. The cultural productions analysed in this thesis confront and illuminate many of the contradictory and unresolved questions facing HIV I AIDS research today. The primary materials analysed in this thesis are the cultural texts that explore representations and performances of HIV I AIDS in South Africa from 1995-2012. I locate experiences of HIV I AIDS in a range of theatrical, literary and visual artworks, including prose, drama and memoir, as well as film and critical work across an array of genres. More than simply surveying HIV I AIDS cultural artefacts, I offer socially and historically contextualised accounts of how stories from post-apartheid writers, performers, artists and subjects engage with HIV I AIDS within a climate hostile to their existence. In my analysis of the texts considered, I develop an argument that underlines the interventionist capacities of cultural production around HIV I AIDS. I investigate to What degree these texts aim to change consciousness and challenge the social behaviours that contribute to HIV prevalence. I argue that the most significant responses to HIV / AIDS in the last thirty years have been grassroots cultural practices that empower those who otherwise have had little agency in dictating their own circumstances and histories of the epidemic. These findings lead me to argue for a paradigm shift in HIV / AIDS research: from the widespread application of medical hegemony to the consideration of community-level cultural interventions in addressing the epidemic. 2 Acknowledgements This project is a contribution to the Leverhulme project Performing Memory: Theatricalising Identity In Contemporary South Africa. I gratefully acknowledge the Leverhulme Trust for making this PhD possible, and to other members of that team. My thanks go in particular to my supervisor Dennis Walder, for his invaluable guidance in both the UK and South Africa, and to Yvette Hutchinson and Awelani Moyo at Warwick University. David Johnson, my supervisor at the Open University, provided time, guidance, challenge and support throughout. To Dennis and David I owe a debt of gratitude and fortune I could never hope to repay. I also acknowledge additional funding provided by the Open University, which made travel to conferences abroad and within the UK possible, and would like to thank Kai Easton at the School of Oriental and African Studies, for guiding me with care during my time at SOAS in the lead-up to commencing my PhD at the Open University. In South Africa, Isa Lee Jacobson, Sam De Romijn, Vivi Cohen, Miki Flockerman, Rayda Baker, Robert Morrell and Phyl Fenton helped me make important inroads on my many trips to Cape Town; their generous time and efforts on my behalf have added invaluable originality and quality to this thesis. I am likewise indebted to Jane Solomon, Peter Hayes and Mike van Graan in Cape Town and Lois Moyo in Pietermaritzburg for allowing me to meet and interview them. In my estimation, the projects for which they are 3 responsible provide a valuable contribution to the 'fight' against HIV / AIDS in South Africa. Lauren Fabian in Cape Town opened her home to me on several occasions. Her generous hospitality and wann friendship provided a first compass point to my time in South Africa and will not be forgotten. Three people in particular allowed precious friendships to morph into valuable PhD networks: Dr Bianca lackson and Duncan Proudfoot helped me find company and contacts in Cape Town. Bianca additionally provided invaluable navigation and advice throughout the entire PhD process. Krishna Vadrevu at the Global FundlUN helped me find my way around the United Nation's institutionalisation of the epidemic, and provided a constant reminder of the different applications for my research. Additional thanks to aunts, uncles, cousins, godparents, godchildren and friends in London and Montreal and also in Wales, Toronto, Ottawa, Sheffield, Zanzibar, Abidjan, New York and Cape Town. I am grateful to you all for never having lifted your fingers from my winding page. Thanks especially to Ruth Benfield, for her invaluable support throughout this process. As with all of the undertakings of the Doubt clan, the realisation of this project bears traces of the encouragement, intellectual challenge and love from the 4 family I had the good fortune of being born into. To my mother, father, brother and sister, who listened patiently as I put the possibility and actuality of this thesis together, who discussed and proofread its contents, sent clippings and opinions of interest across the ocean, who got on planes to cheer me on in person and who love me regardless of the outcome. Thank you for your unflappable pride. A special note to my sister, Emma, who having watched carefully, picks up where I have left off: may you enjoy and better the journey - never lose sight of its privilege; To my Grandfather, the late Rev'd George Benfield, who transformed one of his life's regrets into a gift for mine. This work is - aptly -dedicated to his memory, but also to his scholarship: A single voice can scatter on all sides Since each new voice gives rise to others, once the first divides And splinters into many - as oftentimes a spark of flame Divides itself and kindles many other fires the same Therefore, even places screened back from our view abound With voices ... 1 1 Lucretius, The Nature of Things, trans. by A.E. Stallings (London: Penguin Books, 2007). Kindle edition, p. 125-26. See also Selections from Lucretius, ed. by G.E. Benfield and R.e. Reeves (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967». Table of Contents Table ofIllustrations p. 6 Acronyms p. 7 A Note on Terminology and a Handful of Dejinitions p. 8 Introduction Making Memory Work: Performing and Inscribing HIV I AIDS in Post-Apartheid South Africa p. 10 Chapter One Creating Spectacle from HIV / AIDS in the Early Years of Democratic Rule in South Africa: Mbongeni Ngema's Sarajina 11 p.31 Chapter Two Beyond the Stage: Masculinity, Life-Writing and HIV I AIDS p. 56 Chapter Three Beyond the Page: Women, AIDS Orphans and Silence p. 123 Chapter Four Return to the Stage: Interrogating the 'Theatre of Outrage' in Athol Fugard's Coming Home and Mike van Graan' s Iago 's Last Dance p. 193 Chapter Five The Virus Goes Viral: Archiving South Africa's HIV I AIDS Epidemic p. 254 Conclusion HIV/AIDS in 2012: All the World's a Stage p.304 Works Cited p. 312 Appendix A p. 343 6 Table of Illustrations 1. Madam & Eve, 'Sarafina Movie' p. 49 2. TAC photograph: 'Western Cape - March for Resources for Health: Meet the NSP targets for HIV ITB treatment and prevention. Universal access now!' p.74 3. Zapiro, 'The Health Minister uses a Parliamentary Briefing on ARVs to Promote her Alternative Remedies' p. 79 4. Zapiro, 'AIDS Message' p.140 5. Photographs of two memory boxes taken from the Sinomlando office in Pietermaritzburg p. 176 6. Nondumiso Hlwele's bodymap p.178 7. Nomawethu's bodymap p.181 8. Ncedeka's bodymap p.181 9. Keiskamma Altarpiece: Panel one p.286 10. Keiskamma Altarpiece: Panel two p.287 11. Keiskamma Altarpiece: Panel three p. 288 7 Acronyms AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANC African National Congress ARV antiretroviral drugs BEE Black Economic Empowerment CBT community-based theatre CD4 glycoprotein-4 GEAR Growth Employment and Redistribution HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRVC Human Rights Violation Commission IFP Inkatha Freedom Party MAA Museum of AIDS in Africa MCP multiple concurrent partnership MRC Medical Research Council (of South Africa) MTCT mother-to-child transmission MK Umkhonto wa Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) NACOSA National AIDS Council of South Africa NAPWA National Association of People Living with AIDS NGO N on-governmental organization NP National Party OVC orphans and vulnerable children PEP post-exposure prophylaxis RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SANAC South African National AIDS Council TAC Treatment Action Campaign TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS 8 A Note on Terminology and a Handful of Definitions Racial categories in South Africa are freighted with the weight of apartheid.
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