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Encyclopedia of Buddhism J: AF Encyclopedia of Buddhism Encyclopedia of Catholicism Encyclopedia of Hinduism Encyclopedia of Islam Encyclopedia of Judaism Encyclopedia of Protestantism Encyclopedia of World Religions nnnnnnnnnnn Encyclopedia of Buddhism J: AF Edward A. Irons J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor Encyclopedia of Buddhism Copyright © 2008 by Edward A. Irons All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the pub- lisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Irons, Edward A. Encyclopedia of Buddhism / Edward A. Irons. p. cm. — (Encyclopedia of world religions) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-5459-6 (alk. paper) 1. Buddhism—Encyclopedias. I. Title. BQ128.I76 2007 294.303—dc22 2007004503 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti- ties for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Spe- cial Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon Maps by Dale Williams Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30% post-consumer recycled content. contents K About the Editors and Contributors vi List of Illustrations viii List of Maps x List of Tables x Preface xi Buddhism: An Introduction xiii Chronology xxiv ENTRIES A TO Z 1 Appendix 599 A Bibliography of Buddhism and Related Eastern Asian Religions 601 Index 611 about the editors and contributors K Series Editor Contributors J. Gordon Melton is the director of the Institute David Gray received a Ph.D. in the history of for the Study of American Religion in Santa religions, with a focus on Buddhism, from Barbara, California. He holds an M.Div. from the Columbia University, New York. He is an Garrett Theological Seminary and a Ph.D. from assistant professor of religious studies at Santa Northwestern University. Melton is the author Clara University, California. of American Religions: An Illustrated History, The Gail M. Harley teaches religious studies at the Encyclopedia of American Religions, Religious University of South Florida. She is the author Leaders of America, and several comprehensive of several books, including Facts On File’s works on Islamic culture, African-American Hindu and Sikh Faiths in America, and is the religion, cults, and alternative religions. He editor of the Encyclopedia of Women in American has written or edited more than three dozen Religious Life. books and anthologies as well as numerous Huang Zuei-jane (indigenous name Inai Savon) is a papers and articles for scholarly journals. He Daoist priestess in the Quanzhen Dao lineage. A is the series editor for Religious Information member of the aboriginal Pazeh ethnic group in Systems, which supplies data and information Taiwan, she serves as a committee member with in religious studies and related fields. Melton is the Indigenous Peoples Commission, Taipei City a member of the American Academy of Religion, Government. She is currently a doctoral candidate the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, at Taiwan National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, the American Society of Church History, the focusing on Daoist philosophy, postmodern Communal Studies Association, and the Society educational philosophy, and ethics. for the Study of Metaphysical Religion. Charles B. Jones received a Ph.D. from the University of Virginia. He is a specialist in Volume Editor East Asian Buddhism and author of Buddhism Edward A. Irons is director of the Institute for in Taiwan: Religion and the State 1660–1990 Culture, Commerce and Religion, in Hong (University of Hawaii Press, 1999) as well as Kong. He holds a Ph.D. from the Graduate coeditor of Religion in Modern Taiwan: Tradition Theological Union, Berkeley, California. and Innovation in a Changing Society (University vi About the Editors and Contributors vii J of Hawaii Press, 2003). He is currently an Buddhism and the interface between Buddhism associate professor at The Catholic University and Shamanism. of America, Washington, D.C. John M. Thompson, Ph.D., is assistant professor Bill Magee received a Ph.D. in Tibetan Buddhism of Religious Studies at Christopher Newport from the University of Virginia. He has published University, Virginia. He is author of The World’s books and articles on Tibetan language Religions: Buddhism (Greenwood Press, 2006) and philosophy. He lives in Charlottesville, and Understanding Prajna: Sengzhao’s “Wild Virginia, and Taiwan, where he teaches Tibetan Words” and the Search for Wisdom (Peter Lang, Buddhism at the Chung-hwa Institute of forthcoming). Buddhist Studies. Alex Wilding, M.A. (Oxon.), M.Phil. (Leics.), MITI Ronald Y. Nakasone, Ph.D., is affiliated with has practiced and studied Buddhism under the Center for Art, Religion and Education Kagyu and Nyingma teachers since 1974. He at the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, has worked as an engineer, in education, and California, and the Stanford University Center now as a freelance translator from the German for Geriatric Education. to English. Elijah Siegler received a Ph.D. in religious studies Robert B. Zeuschner received a Ph.D. in from the University of California at Santa comparative philosophy, specializing in Barbara. He currently teaches at the College of Buddhist philosophy and ethics from Charleston, South Carolina. He is the author of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is the textbook New Religious Movements (Prentice associate professor of philosophy at Pasadena Hall, 2006). City College, Pasadena, California, and the Angela Sumegi received a Ph.D. in religious author of Edgar Rice Burroughs: The Exhaustive studies from the University of Ottawa. She is Scholar’s and Collector’s Descriptive Bibliography currently an assistant professor at the College (McFarland, 1996) and Classical Ethics East of the Humanities, Carleton University, and West: Ethics from a Comparative Perspective Ottawa, Canada, specializing in Indo-Tibetan (McGraw-Hill, 2000). list of illustrations K Seated Amitabha figure in Stone image of Kokushi 87 Bronze image of wood and lacquer 14 Worshipper before image of Kshitigarbha 296 Carved wood image of Guan Yin 98 Congxu Daoist temple, Buddha 26 Reproduction of the Le Shan southern China 315 Massive “sleeping” Buddha 27 Buddha 99 Rare double-image of two Head of massive marble The Le Shan Buddha 100 seated Buddhas 326 Buddha 27 Chenghuang (City God) Contemporary image of the Feet of sleeping Buddha 28 Temple, central Taiwan 106 Buddha Maitreya, Buddha of Three lions, symbol of Confucius Temple at Nanjing, the future 326 Asoka 30 eastern China 125 Large bronze combination Stone image of the god The Great Buddha 134 mandala and incense Ebisu 43 Large incense burner 144 burner 329 Two generations of monks 44 Large stone stele (carved Marble image of the Monks line up to receive rice monolith), placed on philosopher Mencius 339 at monastery 45 turtle 145 Monks’ quarters 343 Buddhist nun 46 Stone image of the Buddha Guan Yin temple near Kunming, Chart showing the eight informing the universe of southwestern China 345 trigrams 56 his enlightenment 178 Images of nats (folk spirits) Buddha’s mother giving Temple to Guan Gong, from Mahagiri shrine 350 birth 59 Taiwan 221 Burmese monk 351 Buddha preaching his Large painted Guan Yin Large seated Buddha 352 first sermon to the five figure 222 Six-armed white Avalokitesvara ascetics 61 Zuisen-ji (temple), Japan 274 (Amoghapasa Lokesuam) Gautama Buddha, temple near Small stone images of Jizo bodhisattva figure 363 Kunming, China 62 (Kshitigarbha), the Signpost for Nichiren Shoshu Bodhidharma, the founder of bodhisattva concerned with Myosen-ji, Silver Spring, Chan Buddhism 86 those in the afterlife 295 Maryland 367 viii List of Illustrations ix J Da Yan Ta (pagoda) 382 Rubbing of stone carving Marble slab incised with Stone carving showing the showing the Buddha’s a portion of the Pali Buddha peacefully entering feet 482 Tripitaka 520 nirvana 387 Congregation bowing before a Three major deities Carved image of Virudhaka, Tiandao altar 509 worshipped in a True one of the four Deva Kings Qiniandian (Hall of Prayer for Buddhist school temple in (Caturmaharaja) 415 Good Harvests), at Tiantan Taipei, Taiwan 521 Novice monks seated for the (Temple of Heaven) in True Buddha School noonday meal 465 Beijing 512 lead temple, Seattle, Central stupa and western A novice lama assists a Washington 522 entranceway to Schwedagon worshipper in lighting Wheel of Life 559 temple 471 incense at the Yonghe Gong A 212-foot bronze image Rare cloisonné (metal with Temple in Beijing 515 of the Buddhist inlaid enamel) stupa Shrine to the Shinto deity pilgrim 576 dating from Qing dynasty Zeni-arai Benten, Kamakura, Wanfodian (Hall of 10,000 China 472 Japan 519 Buddhas) 586 list of maps K Political Map of Asia xiv Sites Associated with the Life of the Buddha 60 Spread of Buddhism in Asia xix Sacred Sites in East Asia 414 list of tables K Major Dynasties and Modern Periods in Chinese The First Six Patriarchs of Chan/Zen 599 History 599 Major Mahayana Sutras 599 Japanese Historical Periods 599 The Books of the Pali Sutta-pittaka 600 x preface K The Encyclopedia of World Religions series has in India across southern Asia and then through been designed to provide comprehensive coverage Tibet and China to Korea and Japan. Each time of six major global religious traditions—Buddhism, it crossed a language barrier, something was lost, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism, but something seemed equally to be gained, and and Protestant Christianity.